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GENEALC" ' COLLECTION

ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 1833 01074 6649

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PIONEER COLLECTIONS.

12- El i» O 12, T

OF THE

lONEEE SOCIET

OF THE

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

TOGETHER WITH

♦

Eeports of Ooukty, Town, and District Pioneer Societies.

■VOL.. v^i.

LANSma, MIOH.:
W. S. GEORGE & CO., STATE PRINTERS & BINDERS,

1884.

EntererJ according to Act of Congress, in the year 1884, by tlie

"PIONEER SOCIETY OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,"
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.

W. S. GKORGK & CO., PUINTEIIS,
LANSING, MICH.

PREFACE.

1144434

The Pioneer Society of the State of Michigan, in givins? to the public the sixth volume
of " Collections," cannot but congratulate the pioneers of Michigan upon the success that
has attended their efforts to secure from all parts of the State authentic narratives of
those who were most prominent in its settlement, and in the gradual extinguishment of
the Indian Claims and the removal of most of the tribes from the State. The wise but
guarded liberality of the Legislature in granting aid to the society which is reimbursed
from the proceeds of the sales of the Collections," has enabled the committee of histo-
rians to publish the proceedings of the society and a part of the valuable material which
it has collected much more rapidly than could otherwise have been done. This and the
interesting annual meetings of the society have been of great service in the influence they
have borne of the work that is being done in collecting and preserving mateiial for the
future historian. Our work of necessity is of a miscellaneous character, but all having a
tendency to bring out most distinctly by whom and in what manner our pioneers laid the
foundation of the government, and of the various departments and institutions of the
State in which we all so justly take great pride.

The material collected and carefully filed, indexed, and preserved, so as to be easily
obtainable when required for use, is much greater than that printed in the six volumes;
and if the society shall in the future receive from the State and from individuals the same
helping hand as heretofore, it will in a few years form a collection of historic matter bear-
ing on its settlement, as complete if not more so, than any State in the Union.

We confidently expect and thankfully receive contributions of historical matter from
all those who can aid us in preserving our early history. Every communication of this
nature is carefully preserved and published as rapidly as the means of the society will
justify.

The interest taken in the work being done is manifested by the largely increased
attendance at our annual meetings, and more particularly by the largely increased sale
of the '* Collections" as the volumes are issued. We submit volume six io the society and
to the public, confident that it will be found of equal interest and value with the volumes
which have preceded it.

MICHAEL SHOEMAKEK, Chairman,

TkLCOTT E. WING,

p. C. COMSTOCK,

HEZEKIAH G. WELLS,

N. H. GOODRICH,

HAEEIET A. TENNEY, Secretary,

Committee of Historians.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Appropriation for Society 1

Officers elected, June 14th, 1883 3

Annual Meeting, June 13tli, 1883 5

Report of Kecording Secretary 6

Corresponding Secretary 10

Treasurer 11

Committee of Historians 11

Welcome to the Pioneers — Wm.Larabie 13

The Copper Nugget— B. O. Williams 14

Last Visit to Michigan — Rev. Geo. Taylor 15

Veterans of the War with Mexico; 18

Dr. Henry Tappan 25

Rev. George Palmer Williams 26

Rev, P]rastus Otis Haven 35

How Michigan got into the Union^ 59

Toledo War Song— Crawford 60

History of the Press of Michigan— T. S. Applegate 62

The Abolishment of Death Penalty— H. H. Bingham 99

Remarkable Instance of Capital Crime— C Colton 103

Michigan, My Michigan— W. C. Ransom 106

Canada and the United States 113

The Michigan State Agricultural College — President Abbot .... 115

History of Hillsdale College— John C. Patterson 137

List of New Members of State Pioneer Society 166

Allegan County:

My Jewels— Mrs. Mary E. Waldron 167

Memorial Report 168

Alpena County:

History of Alpena County— Wm. Bolton 170

Bay County:

Memorial Report— W. R. McCormick 211

Berrien County:

Ninth Annual Meeting of Pioneers 213

Memorial Report—A, B. Leads 215

Branch County:

Sketches of Early History— Harvey Haynes . , . . . . .216

Song to Our Pioneers— Mrs. Emma Tuttle 324

Contents.

Page.

Quincy's semi-centennial Celebration 225

Semi-Centennial Poem — D. M. Campbell 228

Semi-(yentenMial Address — Hon. Chas. Rynd ........ 232

Semi-Centennial History— Rev. J. E.Fisher 237

Calhoun County:

How Battle Creek Received its Name — O. Poppleton 248

Memorial Report— A. O. Hyde 251

Clinton County:

Memorial Report— Hon. S. S. Walker -. . 265

Eaton County:

Memorial Report— D. B. Hale 270

Genesee County:

Memorial Report— Gov. Josiah W. Begole . . . . . . . 273

Gratiot County:

Memorial Report 281

Ingham County:

County Pioneer Society 282

History of Mictiigan Female College— Mrs. Eliza C. Smith . . . 284

Burning of the Old Capitol 290

Location of the Capital at Lansing . . 292

Reminiscential — Geo. P. Sanford 292

Memorial Report— George H. Greene 295

In Memoj-iam— Rev. Geo. Taylor 298

Ionia County:

Christmas in Ionia fifty years ago — P. H. Taylor 300

Memorial Report 301

Jackson County:

Memorial Report— John L. Mitchell 306

Kalamazoo County:

The Pioneer Picnic 308

In Memoriam — A. D. P. Van Buren 315

To the State Pioneer Society— Henry Bishop 317

Memorial Report — Henry Bishop 319

Kent County:

Our Banks 319

Growth of Grand Rapids 325

Memorial Report — Robert Hilton 328

Lenawee County:

Memorial of Fernando C. Beaman— F. A. Dewey 338

Memorial Report— F. A. Dewey . . , 339

Livingston County:

Memorial Report— Nelson B. Green 342

Mackinac County:

County of Mackinac— D. H. Kelton 343

Ancient names of Rivers, Lakes, etc. 349

Marquette Monument Association 351

Marquette 352

Point St. Ignace 354

Old iMackinaw 355

Macomb County:

. Early settlement of Mt. Clemens— Gen. John Stockton .... 357

Mt. Clemens and Vicinity— Edward Tucker 359

Contexts. vii

Page.

Monroe County:

Early History— Hon. T. P. Christiancy 361

History of Monroe, continued— Talcott E. Wing 374

Memorial Keport— J. M. Sterling 3S3

Oakland County:

First Settlement of Pontiac— Orisson Allen 384

Memorial Report— E, W. Peck 386

Ottawa County:

Old Settlers' Association 386

Rev. Wm. M. Ferry 391

A Reverie— L. M. S. Smith 397

Memorial Report — Henry Pennoyer 399

St. Clair County:

History of St. Clair County— Hon. Wm. T. Mitchell . . . . .403

Legends of Indian History— Hon. Wm. T. Mitchell 416

Lake St. Clair in 1880— C. Colton 418

St. Joseph County:

Annual Meeting of County Pioneer Society 420

Maple Sugar making 422

Early occurrences about Kottawa Sepe — Wm. H. Cross .... 423

Saginaw County:

Pioneer Life in 1830— Mrs. Azuhah L. Jevvett 426

Shiawassee ('ounty:

Memorial Report— B. O. Williams 430

Van Buren County:

Memorial Report — Eaton Branch 431

Washtenaw County:

Early Settlement of Ann Arbor— Bethuel Farrand 443

Memorial Report — E. D. Lay 446

Funeral Services of Hon. J. Webster Childs 450

Death of George W. Lee 458

Wayne County:

Indian Affairs around Detroit in 1706 458

The Battle of Brownstown, 1812— Levi Bishop 464

The Battle of Monguagon — Levi Bishop 466

Anecdotes of tlie Bar — Levi Bishop • . 470

Incidents in the Life of Eber Ward— Mrs. E. M. S. Stewart ... 471

Biographical Sketch of Onesiraus Price — Levi Bishop 474

Biographical Sketch of Gen. Van Aiken— Levi Bishop .... 476

Biographical Sketch of Charles C. Trowbridge — Hon. J. V. Campbell . . 478

Life of Mrs. Eliza S. Bagg— Levi Bishop 491

Marie Anne M. Godfrey— Levi Bishop . . . . • . . . . 497

The Knaggs Farm and Windmill— J. C. Holmes 500

Gen. Cass and the British Flag 502

Sketch of Executive Mansion in 1826— T. L. McHenry .... 503

Pontiac and the siege of Detroit 504

Biographical Sketch of Rev. Charles Fox— Wm. H. Fox .... 513

Memorial Report — Hon. Philo Parsons 517

General Index 522

Index of Names 531

AN ACT

TO PROVIDE A'N APPROPRIATION FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE
PIONEER SOCIETY OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN FOR
THE YEARS 1883 AND 1884.

Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact. That there is hereby
appropriated from the general fund for each of the years eighteen hundred
and eighty-three and eighteen hundred and eighty-four, to the Pioneer Society
of the State of Michigan, the sum of five hundred dollars, to be expended
from time to time, whenever needed, for the purposes of said Society, in col-
lecting, embodying, arranging, and preserving in authentic form a library of
books, pamphlets, maps, charts, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary,
and other materials, illustrative of the history of Michigan ; to rescue from
oblivion the memory of its early pioneers ; to obtain and preserve narratives
of their early exploits, perils, and hardy adventures; to secure facts and
statements relative to the history, genius, progress, or decay of our Indian
tribes ; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities, and the past and present resources
of Michigan ; but no part of such annual appropriation shall ever be paid
for service rendered by its officers to the society.

Sec. 2. There is hereby further appropriated from the general fund for
each of the years eighteen hundred and eighty-three and eighteen hundred
and eighty-four, the sum of two thousand dollars, or as much thereof as may
be necessary for the publishing by the State printer, in each of the years
eighteen hundred and eighty-three and eighteen hundred and eighty-four,
under the direction of the Pioneer Society of the State of Michigan, one
volume of matter prepared and selected by the officers of said society, said
volume in each year not to exceed seven hundred and twenty pages; and to
be in type, style of printing, and binding, similar to the Pioneer Collections
heretofore published by said Pioneer Society ; the number of copies so to be
published under the direction of said Pioneer Society, not to exceed in
each year three thousand volumes.

Sec. 3. Five hundred copies of each volume to be published as heretofore
in this act provided for, shall be deposited in the State library of Michigan,
for exchange with the pioneer and historical societies of other States, govern- •
ments, and countries. A further distribution of said volumes to be made by
the officers of said Pioneer Society, to each of the duly incorporated public
libraries in the State of Michigan, when demanded by the proper officers of
said libraries, and the balance to be placed in the hands of the State librarian,
to be sold at a price not less than seventy-five cents per volume, the proceeds
to be deposited in the State treasury to the credit of the general fund.

Sec. 4. The money appropriated by this act may be drawn from the State
Treasury from time to time, on warrant of the Auditor General, based on the
requisition of the proper officers of the Society, subject to the requirements
of law in regard to filing vouchers and accounts.

Approved April 26, 1883.

PIONEER SOCIETY OF THE STATE OF MIOHiaAN,

OFFICERS

OP THE

PIONEER SOCIETY OF THE STATE
Elected June 14, 1883.

PRESIDENT.

HON. CHAS. I. WALKER, Detroit.

VICE-t>RESIDENTS.

County. Name. Residence.

Allegan, .... Don. C. Henderson, Allegan.

Barry, David G. Eobinson, Hastings.

Bay, Wm. K. McCormick, Bay City.

Berrien, Alex. B. Leeds, .... Berrien Springs.

Branch, . . . . CD. Randall, Coldwater.

Calhoun, A. O. Hyde, Marshall.

Clare, Henry Woodruff, . . . . . Farwell.

Clinton, Samuel S. Walker, St. Johns.

Eaton, David B. Hale, Eaton Rapids.

Emmet, Isaac D. Toll, Petoskey,

Oenesee, Josiah W. Begole, Flint.

Grand Traverse, . . J. G. Ramsdell, .... Traverse City.

Hillsdale, .... E. O. Grosvenor, Jonesville.

Ingham, Orlando M. Barnes, Lansing.

Ionia, Hampton Rich, Ionia.

Jackson, John L. Mitchell, Jackson.

Kalamazoo, . . . Henry Bishop, Kalamazoo.

Kent, Robert Hilton, . . . . . Grand Rapids.

Lapeer, .... John B. Wilson, ...... Lapeer.

Lenawee, .... Francis A. Dewey, Cambridge.

Livingston, .... Nelson B. Green, .... Fowlerville.

Macomh, .... John E. Day, Armada.

Marquette, .... Peter White, Marquette.

Monroe, .... J. M. Sterling, Monroe.

Montcalm, .... Joseph P. Shoemaker, .... Amsden.

Muskegon, . . . Henry H. Holt, Muskegon.

Oakland, . . . .0. Poppleton, Birmingham.

Oceana, .... Oliver K. White, New Era.

Ottawa, .... Henry Pennoyer, Nunica.

Saginaw, .... Charles W. Grant, .... East Saginaw.

Pioneer Society of Michigan.

County. Name. Residence.

Shiawassee, . , . Roger Haviland, Byron.

St. Clair, .... Wm. T. Mitchell, Port Huron.

St. Joseph, .... H.H.Riley, Constantino.

Tuscola, .... TowNSEND North, Vassar.

Van Buren, .... Eaton Branch, Decatur.

"Washtenaw, . . . Ezra D. Lay, Ypsilanti.

Wayne, .... Philo Parsons, Detroit.

RECORDINO SECRETARY.

HARRIET A. TENNEY, Lansing.

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

GEORGE H. GREENE, Lansing.

TREASURER.

EPHRAIM LONGYEAR, Lansing.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

CHARLES I. WALKER, ex-offlcio, Detroit.

ALBERT MILLER, Bay City.

JOHN C. HOLMES, Detroit.

HENRY FRALICK, Grand Rapids.

COMMITTEE OF HISTORIANS.

MICHAEL SHOEMAKER, Jackson.

TALCOTT E. WING, Monroe.

OLIVER C. COMSTOCK, Marshall.

HEZEKIAH G. WELLS, Kalamazoo.

M. H. GOODRICH, Ann Arbor.

FRANCIS A. DEWEY, Cambridge.

HARRIET A. TENNEY, Lansing.

PIOMER SOCIETY OF MICHIGAN.

ANNUAL MEETING, JUNE 13, 1883.

ADDKESS OP HON. C. I. WALKEK, OF DETKOIT, PRESIDENT OF THE
STATE PIONEER SOCIETY.

You are to be congratulated upon the increasing interest that is being taken
in the transactions of the society, and we trust that interest, as it should, will
continue to increase, and its usefulness thus be enlarged.

It is not ten years since this society was organized. Its object, as stated in
the articles of association, was to collect and preserve historical, biographical
and other information in relation to the State of Michigan. It has within
this time fully shown its right to exist, by its works. It has gathered a large
amount of valuable material illustrative of the history, condition, and
resources, much of which would otherwise have been hopelessly lost. It has
published three volumes of collections, and a fourth will soon be issued. The
contents of these volumes are of rich and varied interest. They represent a
large amount of careful research, as well as the recorded recollections of a
large number of early settlers, many of whom have already passed away.
Some of these recollections ave of romantic interest.

While these collections are from their very nature, miscellaneous and frag-
mentary in their character, they will fall into harmony, and furnish to the
future historian rich material for a history of our state, and enable him to
get a vivid picture of its early social condition.

Not having been an active member of the society, I can speak with freedom
of the zeal, energy, and wisdom with which its affairs have been conducted ;
and while many others have been eflScient and successful workers, especial
credit is due to the recording secretary, Mrs. Tenney, and the chairman of the
historical committee, J. 0. Holmes, for the results achieved.

While much has been done, much yet remains to be done in the line of work
in collecting and preserving the material illustrative of the early history of our
State, and its material and social condition during the different stages of its
progress.

While Michigan is one of the newer States it has a peculiarly rich and

PiOKEER Society oe Miohig-an.

romantic history, reaching back for more than two centuries through the
English and French dominion to that of the savage tribes that inhabited our
borders. The history in all its details should be preserved, and the respon-
sibility of doing this now rests largely upon this society. The Legislature has
shown its confidence by making appropriations to facilitate the publication of
our collections and there is no other organization engaged in the work. The
membership should be largely increased, and efforts should be made to attract
attention to the great value and interest of our publications. ISTo Michigan
library should be considered complete without them.

Since our last meeting some of the pioneers have fallen asleep, and among
them one of our oldest and most valuable members, — Charles 0. Trowbridge.
It would be difficult to name a man who was at once so widely known and so
beloved and revered. For more than 60 years he had been a resident of
Michigan, and intimately connected with its history. He not only made his-
tory, but he wrote history. Some of the most interesting papers in our col-
lections are from his pen. I do not propose to pass any eulogy upon him,
but I am glad to state that we may expect a tribute to his memory from one
whose long and intimate acquaintance with Mr. Trowbridge especially fits
him for that work of love — Hon. James V. Campbell. I trust that this
annual gathering will be at once a. pleasant and useful one.

EEPORT of the RECORDINa SECRETARY.

Office of the )
" Pioneer Society of the State of Michigan," >
Lansing, June 13, 1883. )

In accordance with the provisions of the constitution of the "Pioneer
Society of the State of Michigan/' I herewith present my ninth annual
report.

ANNUAL MEETING, 1882.

The ninth annual meeting of the society was held in Representative Hall,
commencing at 2 o'clock Wednesday afternoon, June ?, 1882.

OFFICERS PRESENT.

President — Prof. John C. Holmes.

Vice-Presidents— K. H. Morrison, J. M. Begole, E. F. Wade, F. A. Dewey,
J . M. Sterling, A. C. Baldwin, T. North, A. B. Copley, E. D. Lay.

Recording Secretary — Harriet A. Tenney.
Corresponding Secretary — Geo. H. Greene.
Treasurer — E. Longyear.

Executive Committee — Judge Albert Miller, Henry Fralick, F. A. Dewey.

Committee of HistoiHans — Col. M. Shoemaker, Dr. 0. C. Comstock, M. H.
Goodrich, Harriet A. Tenney.

The president, John C. Holmes, called the society to order. The exercises
of the first session were opened with the reading of scriptures and prayer by
Rev. M. Hickey, and the audience united in singing "My country, 'tis of thee,"
led by Miss Addie Berridge, organist.

The reports of the recording and corresponding secretaries and the treasurer

Annual Meeting-.

were read, accepted, and adopted. Guide me, 0 thou Great Jehovah" was
sung by the audience.

The report of the committee of historians was made verbally by Col. M.
Shoemaker, — the chairman, H. G. Wells, not being present.

Memorial reports were received from Allegan, Berrien, Genesee, Shiawassee,
Hillsdale, Kalamazoo, Lenawee, Monroe, Oakland, Tuscola, Washtenaw, and
Wayne counties. The audience then sang Blest be the tie that binds."

Henry M. Utley, of Detroit, read a memorial paper on the life and character
of Chancellor Henry P. Tappan, the first president of the Michigan University,
' and, on motion of Philo Parsons, of Detroit, the thanks of the society were
voted to Mr. Utley for his valuable paper.

The president appointed as a committee on the nomination of officers for
1884, Henry Fralick, W. J. Baxter, J. M. Sterling, B. 0. Williams, and A.
B. Copley.

Kev. Geo. Taylor presented his report as chairman of the committee on
Pioneer Hospital. The report was accepted and placed on file. Albert Miller
requested that the same committee might be continued, and report further at
the next annual meeting. On motion of Dr. H. B. Shank, the report was
made the subject of special order for Thursday afternoon, immediately after
the election of officers.

The society then adjourned to meet again at 7 o'clock in the evening.

Wednesday Evening.

The society met according to adjournment, the president in the chair.
The exercises of the evening were opened with reading of scriptures and prayer
by President T. 0. Abbot of the Agricultural College.

" Like as a father pitieth his children " was sung by the quartette, Messrs.
H. A. Lee and L. A. Baker, and Mesdames E. B. DeViney and D. F. Woodcock,
with Miss Addie Berridge as organist.

John C. Holmes, the president, then delivered his address, which was fol-
lowed by a solo and chorus, The harvest time is passing," sung by the
quartette.

Hon. Geo. H. Hopkins, of Detroit, read a valuable memorial on the life of
Ex-Governor John J. Bagley. The quartette followed with that beautiful
song, *'Lead me gently home, Father."

A poem, Recollections of pioneer life," by George B. Turner, was read by
T. C. Abbot. ''The revolutionary rising," or " The spirit of ' 76," a recitation,
was beautifully rendered by Miss Oara L. Peck. "Good night to the day"
was sung by the quartette, and the society adjourned to meet again Thursday
morning at 9 o'clock.

Thursday Morning.

The society met according to adjournment, and was called to order by the
president. Eeading of scriptures and prayer were offered by Rev. Geo. Taylor,
and the audience joined in singing ''Nearer, my God to Thee."

A paper on the life and times of Wm. A. Burt, of Mt. Clemens, was read by
Scott Cannon. A song in the Indian language, with translation, was sung by
Rev. Manasseh Hickey.

Col. M. Shoemaker read a memorial of Levi Bishop, prepared by J. E.

Pioneer Society of MicmaAK.

Vanderwerker. *'The schools of Detroit from 1816 to 1819," being personal
reminiscences, was read by B. 0. Williams, of Owosso.

Dr. 0. 0. Oomstock, chairman of the committee on invitations, read a letter
of regrets received from Dr. James H. Jerome, of Saginaw.

{Note. — For notice of the death of Dr. Jerome, see vol. 4, Pioneer Collec-
tions, page 542.)

Hon. Witter J. Baxter read a paper on **The rise and progress of Michigan,"
prepared by Hon. Thomas W. Ferry.

President Holmes observing that ''Father Little," an aged colored man,
was present, moved that he be made a member of the society. The resolution
was adopted. A sketch of Mr. Little's life was given verbally by Dr. Wm.
Haze. It was thought that he was about 90 years of age. Mr. Little being
called upon, made a few appropriate remarks and placed his name on the
membership book. He stated that Mrs, Berry, of North Lansing, taught him
his letters. Mrs. Berry's grandfather owned him as a slave in Wayne county,
State of New York.

{Note, — A notice of the death of Father Little will be published in vol. 7,
Pioneer Collections.)

By request, Eev. M. Hickey sang "He died at his post." The society thea
adjourned till 2 o'clock, p. m.

Thursday Afternoon.

The society met according to adjournment, the president in the chair.
The exercises of the afternoon were opened with prayer, offered by Eev.
George Taylor, and "Rock of Ages" was sung by the audience.

Eev. Manasseh Hickey read a continuation of his paper of one year ago,
entitled ''Eeminiscences as minister and missionary of the Methodist Episcopal
church in Michigan in 1847."

'* Eecollections of things that occurred in Michigan over 40 years ago," was
read by Mrs. S. L. Withey, of Grand Eapids. ''The sword of Bunker Hill,"
a solo, was sung by W. L. Smith, and by request, Mr. Smith also sang " In a
hundred fathoms deep."

The following preamble and resolutions were offered by Col. M. Shoemaker,
and adopted :

Whereas, The Historical Society of Michigan is not now continuing its labors,
and has no longer an active existence ; and

"Whereas, That society did, during the time when it was in working order, collect
many valuable books, papers, and other articles which are of great historic value, and
which are still in the possession of members of that society; and

Whereas, It is important that all these collections should be placed where their
preservation will be ensured, and where they will be accessible to the reader and
historian. Therefore,

Besolved, By the Michigan State Pioneer Society, that the members of the Histor-
ical Society of Michigan be, and they are hereby, requested to place the valuable
collection of books, papers, and articles belonging to it in charge of the State
Pioneer Society, to be by them placed in the section of the State Library assigned
to the society, where the collection will be held as a State charge, and from which no
part of the same can be removed without the consent of the Legislature of the State,
or used for any purpose except for reference under the rules of the State Pioneer
Society.

Besolved, That the corresponding secretary send a copy of this preamble and
resolution to Judge James V. Campbell and Hon C. L Walker, with the request that
they will give their aid and influence in the procuring favorable action by the
Historical Society of Michigan.

Anisttjal Meeting.

A telegram conveying the regrets of Hon. Thomas W. Palmer for not being
able to attend this meeting was read by the president.

Miss Oara L. Peck gave a recitation, "Whistling in Heaven."

Talcott E. Wing presented a continuation of his history of Monroe county,
and A. B. Copley followed with a paper on the Early settlement of south-
western Michigan." Hon. Josiah W. Begole read a paper, being '^Eecollections
of our homes, manners, customs, and the way we lived fifty years ago."
Henry Fralick read a memorial of Jonathan Shearer, third president of the
State Pioneer Society, and then a favorite hymn of Mr. Shearer, Brightest
and best of the sons of the morning," was sung by the audience.

Mr. Fralick presented his report as chairman of the committee on the nom-
ination of officers for 1883. The report was accepted, and the nominees were
unanimously elected.

(Note. — For list of officers elected see pages 3-4 of this volume of the Pioneer
Collections.)

The audience joined in singing **Tell me the old, old story," and the
society adjourned to meet again at 7:30 in the evening.

Thursday evening.

The society was called to order by the President, and the exercises of the
evening were opened with prayer by Rev. Geo. Taylor, and the audience joined
in singing *'A11 hail the power of Jesus' name." C. B. Stebbins read *^The
story of another pioneer," and Judge C. A. Stacy presented a paper on " The
early members of the Lenawee county bar."

Miss May Kingf favored the audience with a violin solo, "The last rose of
summer." A memorial of Rev. John D. Pierce was read by Dr. 0. C. Corn-
stock. Miss Jessie Baker sang a solo, "By the sad sea waves." A paper
entitled " Early days in Michigan," written by Robert E. Roberts of Detroit,
was read by Philo Parsons. W. L. Smith followed with a solo, ^*The
watcher."

Dr. 0. 0. Comstock offered the following resolution, which was adopted :

Besolved, That to the State officers for the use of Kepresentative Hall for our
sessions, to the Presbyterian choir, the organists, Miss Berridge and Miss Barnard,
to Miss Kin^, Miss Baker, and W. Ij. Smith for the charming and artistic music with
which they have enlivened our sessions, to Miss Peck for her eloquent and effective
recitations, the thanks of the Pioneer Society are due, and are hereby most cordially
tendered.

Dr. O. C. Comstock also offered the following resolution, which was
adopted :

Besolved^ That the thanks of this society are due, and are hereby tendered to retir-
ing president, Prof. J. C. Holmes, for the able, efficient, and impartial manner in
which he has discharged the duties of his position, and that his efficiency as an officer
assures his continued interest and efficient services as a private while his health and
strength remains ; and of the long continuance of these his fresh and youthful appear-
ance gives cheering promise.

Hon. Philo Parsons gave some account of Michigan at the Yorktown cen-
tennial, and in connection therewith made a most noble and manly defense of
the character and acts of Governor David H. Jerome. Mr. Witter J. Baxter
also denounced the statements made in certain quarters against the Governor
as pure fabrications, from his personal knowledge of facts.

Many anecdotes were told and remarks made by the old pioneers during the
2

Pioneer Society oe MicmaAisr.

various sessions of this meeting, and the exercises were finally closed by the
audience joining in singing the *'01d folks' song," (Auld Lang Syne). The
benediction was pronounced by Eev. Geo. Taylor.

DONATIONS.

The donations made to the society since the last report are not large in
numbers, but are of great historical value. They are recorded in detail on the
record books of the society, and are in numbers as follows :

Historical manuscripts 30

Bound volumes of books 9

Unbound books 5

Pamphlets _ _ 26

Newspapers containing historical articles 22

Posters of the Central Michigan Agricultural Society 4

MEMBERSHIP.

The increase in the membership of the society is not as large as usual.
The names are as follows : Charles Grant, A. D. P. Van Buren, Dr. William
H. Haze, Florus S. Finley, Mrs. Jane M. Finley, David H. Jerome, Geo. H.
Cannon, James Little, Mrs. Florence (Bagley) Sherman, George H. Hopkins,
Goodnough Townsend, Martin V. Montgomery, George M. Parks, Eaton
Branch, John L. Mitchell, Mrs. Marian L. Withey, Artemas J. Dean, John T*
Goodman, Joshua Manwaring, Alexander B. Leeds.

These make an addition of twenty members during the past year, and the
total number of names now enrolled upon our membership book is five hun-
dred and sixty.

HAERIET A. TENNEY,

Recording Secretary,

REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

Lansing, June 13, 1883,
To the Officers and Memlers of the Michigan State Pioneer Society:

In conformity to custom I herewith submit the file of letters and com-
munications received during the year, all of which have been promptly
answered or acknowledged. No correspondence of a special character has
occured since my last annual report.

Immediately after the close of our last annual meeting I sent notices to all
the vice presidents elect, informing them of their election and instructing
them in their duties ; the principal of which is to procure biographical
sketches and obituary notices of all pioneers of their county who have died
during the year, and report the same either in person or by letter, at the
annual meeting. On the 14th of May I again sent them notices reminding
them of the approaching meeting and of their duties, requesting them if
possible, to be present with their report; or if they could not come, to for-
ward it in time to be presented at this meeting. I have received several of
these reports, which will be presented at the proper time.

Since our last meeting, as far as I have been able to ascertain, nine mem^

Ai^-KUAL Meeting.

bers of this society have been taken away by death ; viz. : Geo. W. Lee of
Ypsilanti, died June 8, 1882; Mrs. Abigail Eogers Pratt of Lansing, Sept.
2O3 1882; Hon. J. Webster Ohilds of Augusta, Washtenaw Co., Nov.
9, 1883; Ebenezer P. Wade of Corunna, vice president for Shiawassee
county, Nov. 13, 1882; Cyrus Hewitt of Lansing, Nov. 23, 1882; Samuel
F. Drury of Olivet, Feb. 13, 1883 ; Duncan A. McMartin of Allegan, vice
president for Allegan county, April 10, 1883; Gen. Ralph Ely, vice pres-
ident for Gratiot county, April 12, 1883 ; and William H. Horton of Vevay,
June 12, 1883.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

GEO. H. GREENE, Corresponding Secretary.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

To the Officers and Memlers of the State Pioneer Society of Michigan :
Your treasurer submits the following report :

E. LONGYBAK, TEEASURER, IN ACCOUNT WITH THE SOCIETY.

Receipts.

To amount on hand at last report $391 55

Received for membership fees _ 72 00

from sale of Pioneer Collections, Vols. 1 and 2 43 50

on State appropriations 1,000 00

from miscellaneous sources - 64

11,507 69

Dislursements.

On account of publishing fund _ $404 05

^' general fund 342 98

By balance, cash on hand, June 13, 1883 760 66

$1,507 69

E. LONGYEAR,

Treasurer,

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF HISTORIANS.

Lansing, Jitne 13, 1883,
The committee of historians beg leave to report that the manuscript for
volume 4, "Pioneer Collections," was arranged and made ready for the
printers early in December, 1882, but the State printers, by whom the volume
is to be printed, were very busy at that time printing the annual reports of the
State officers, and from the time the Legislature convened in January until

12 PiOKEER Society oe Michigais'.

the close of the session on the 9th inst. they were so crowded with work for
the Legislature they were unable to commence work on the society's volume 4.

It being the expressed wish of many members of the society that the por-
traits of the ex-presidents, the present president, and the recording secretary,
with a short biography of each, should be published in the Pioneer Collec-
tions,'' the executive committee and the committee of historians, at a joint
meeting, had the matter under discussion, and decided to comply with the
request; consequently, the ex-presidents, the present president, and the record-
ing secretary, furnished photographic negatives that alberttype might be made
from them to be published in volume 4.

Your committee opened correspondence with several of the leading artists
upon the subject of furnishing alberttypes, and finally they made a contract
with the Forbes Company of Boston to print alberttypes of six ex-presidents,
the present president, and the recording secretary. Two of the ex-presidents
having steel plate engravings of their portraits, they were used instead of
alberttypes, so that in vol. 4 there will be ten portraits, viz., eight alberttypes
and two steel plate engravings. Your committee were in hopes to have the
alberttypes here by the time of this meeting, but they have not yet arrived.

A short biography of each of the persons represented will accompany the
alberttypes. It is the intention of the society to have a portrait of each of the
succeeding presidents, with other illustrations, appear in the future volumes
of the pioneer collections.

Volume 4 will be published as soon as the printers and book-binders can get
it out. Persons wishing for copies of volume 4 can leave their orders with the
recording secretary, who will forward them as directed. The price of each of
the four volumes here in Lansing is 75 cents; if sent by mail the postage will
be 25 cents per volume, making the cost of a volume $1.00.

Volumes 5 and 6 will be printed by the State printers.

Volume 5 will contain the proceedings of the annual meeting of June, 1882,
and other pioneer matter.

JOHN C. HOLMES,
OLIVER 0. OOMSTOOK,
M. H. GOODRICH,
H. G. WELLS,
M. SHOEMAKER,
TALCOT E. WmO,
HARRIET A. TENNEY,

Committee.

Welcome to the Pioneers.

WELCOME TO THE PIONEERS.

BY WILLIAM LAMBIE, YPSILANTI.

Read at the annual meeting, June 13, 1883.

Welcome to every Wolverine,

To tell how happy we have been,

In glorious days forever gone,

When Michigan was first our home.

Muster, great city of the straits,

And those encircled by the lakes ; .

From where St. Joseph's waters flow,

To the vines and wines of rich Monroe.

From the fields and forests of Washtenaw,

Through the towering pines to Mackinaw.

Welcome, like days in lovely June,

When forests wave and orchards bloom,

Ye Hillsdale farmers, brave and true,

And noble men from Kalamazoo;

Welcome old friends so leal and kind.

To sing the days of "Auld lang syne;"

The days of wolves and Yankee doodle,

Mrs. Sheldon and McDougal.

Welcome all who struck the sturdy strokes,

From Berrien, Buffalo, and Three Oaks.

Eich Pontiac records her struggles.

In early days of Parson Ruggles.

Ladies, unroll the page of knowledge.

Of love and labor in the college ;

With Taylor's worthy cause advancing,

Shout ye' Methodists of Lansing,

Who fought the grand Toledo war.

When Walker stormed Detroit Bar.

Mrs. Finley tells of Washtenaw,

Since Geddes first began to saw.

When the only shelter from a shower.

Was a log house in a lady's bower.

Then Port Huron's judge dined on a bear,

And wrote the legends of St. Clair.

Welcome from Grand Rapids river,

The Ball and Campau men forever;

Welcome Branch county Pioneers,

Coldwater and the cup that cheers.

Welcome to all the silver grays.

To talk of happy, early days.

When in the woods we worked and sung,

When hope was high and life was young.

Some dear, delightful friends have gone,

Leaving our hearts so sad and lone.

While love does warm these hearts of ours,

In thoughts we strew their graves with flowers.

Dear, good, old friends so tried and true,

We bid you all a kind adieu.

The tryst is on the golden shore.

Where' love and life will fade no more.

Pioneer Society oe MicHiaAi^.

THE COPPER NUGGET.

PEESENTED BY B. 0. WILLIAMS.

To the State Pioneer Society of Michigan, assembled at Lansing, June 13,
1883.

I herewith donate in the interest of science, this accompanying copper
nugget purchased by me June 11th instant, from Isaac N. Moss the finder,
and I am fully persuaded and believe that it belongs to the drift period, and
when discovered showed no signs of having before been in human hands.

Two other specimens of copper have been found in the same vicinity,
one enclosed in a large boulder found by myself in 1857, upon spliting open a
rock ; another in an excavation in the earth. These discoveries may aid in
showing the direction of the drift from the mines of Lake Superior.

B. 0. WILLIAMS.

LETTER FROM ISAAC If. MOSS.

This copper nugget weighing about 64 lbs. was found by me, Isaac N. Moss,
upon my farm in the township of Caledonia, Shiawassee county in May,
1883, on section 30 ; being 1^ mile southeast of the city of Owosso, upon the
ridge of sand south of the river. When found it had no appearance of ever
having been cut or pounded by artificial means. The cutting and pounding
as now shown was done by me. I have disposed of it to Mr. B. 0. Williams
of Owosso, who designs to deposit it in the State Pioneer Society collections
at the State Capitol at Lansing.

ISAAC MOSS.

Owosso, June II, 1883.

TO SEARCHERS IN SCIENTIFIC FIELDS AND SEARCHERS IN THE MINERAL

WORLD.

My experience in mining of the precious metals, as well as of the baser,
has fully convinced me that all masses of native metals, such as gold, silver,
copper and galena, are the results of electric and galvanic actions whenever
and wherever found in true veins, without regard to the size, density, or purity
of the nuggets or masses, and that the pressure of water in such veins is, or
was, during the process of decomposition, necessary as a conducting agent,
combining with the forces of attraction and cohesion, and it is no doubt true
that the Ash Beds, amygdaloidal and conglomerate copper deposits, were the
result of heat, as volcanic action combined with the aquatic and possibly
electrical agencies.

B. 0. WILLIAMS.

Owosso, June 12, 1883.

FlEST YlSIT TO MiCHiaAiT.

FIRST VISIT TO MICHIGAN.

SOME INCIDENTS CONNECTED WITH EAELY METHODISM IN DETROIT.

BY REV. GEO. TAYLOR.

Read at the annual naeeting of the State Pioneer Society, June 13, 1883.

It was on Monday morning, early in the month of July, 1837, in company
with Hon. Joseph Sibley and others, of Eochester, Monroe county, Y.,
that I left that city by packet boat on the raging canal, arriving at Buffalo
the same day in the afternoon. By a severe storm on Lake Erie, we were
here detained one whole day. On Tuesday evening, the storm having some-
what abated, we left Buffalo on board the steamboat New York, bound for
Detroit, Michigan. The New York was a very old boat, had two high-pres-
sure engines, which in every revolution made the vessel tremble from stem to
stern as though ready to fall to pieces, adding a continual coughing as though
a volcano had the hiccoughs. As the result of her worn machinery, she
became disabled before we had reached Erie, and it was with great difficulty
that we made that port, where we were detained twenty-four hours for repairs.
Twice after this her machinery gave out; and once, under signal of distress,
we were picked up near the Canadian shore, and towed across the lake to
Cleveland, where, after more repairs, we went on, but were soon again dis-
abled, and towed into Sandusky, helpless. After more substantial repairs, the
rickety old craft ventured out to sea once more, making a successful trip to
Detroit reaching that city about ten o'clock on Sunday morning; thus
accomplishing our voyage from Eochester, N". Y., in six days. Hearing the
sound of the church-going bell, with others I hastened ashore; and for the first
and only time in my life, visited the barber's shop for a shave on the Lord's
day; and then hurried away to the sanctuary, with a heart full of gratitude
for deliverance from this tedious and dangerous voyage.

If my recollections are not at fault, Detroit at that time had no paved
streets, few sidewalks, but an abundance of deep, black mud, through which
it was difficult to wade.

Leaving Detroit on Monday morning at eight o'clock, in a four-horse stage,
and the first coach sent out that season, we succeeded in reaching Ypsilanti
by two o'clock after midnight, a distance of only thirty miles; nearly one-
third of which some of us walked, and helped the stage along. Two of our
fellow passengers were called Judge O'Keife and Mr. Vandyke, attorneys
en route to the village of Wayne, on law business. We found them very

Pioneer Society oe MicHiaAK.

intelligent and agreeable companions. The Judge had made himself very-
proficient in the vulgar tongue, and as often as the stage would take a lurch
into a mud hole, his Honor would pour out a volley of epithets not found in
ordinary vocabularies.

We also had a passenger on board who doubtless counted himself a profes-
sional wag, and who rendered us some good service by diverting our minds
from the tediousness of the journey. He seemed to know, or at least he
could tell more about Michigan than any man I had ever met with. Some of
his communications were so wonderful that I doubt not but you will agree
with me that they are worthy of a place among the archives of this State
Pioneer Society.

Many remarkable things have been told about the impassable condition of
the roads in the State ; of the swamps and mire through which travelers had
to wade while looking land, or migrating from one settlement to another.
His description of the road through what he called the " Big Swamp," lead-
ing from Detroit to Pontiac, surpassed all I have ever heard before or since.
His account of it ran thus: ^'Several strangers looking land, starting out on
this Pontiac road were wending their way over bogs and around stumps, some-
times on this side of the road, and sometimes on that, and in constant danger
of being swallowed up in the mire. One of these men, a little in advance
of the rest of them, discovered, as he thought, a good beaver hat lying in the
center of the road, and called his companions to a halt while he ventured to
secure it. At the risk of his life, he waded out, more than knee deep to the
spot, and seizing the hat, to his surprise he found a live man's head under it,
but on lustily raising a cry for help, the stranger in the mire declined all
assistance, saying: **Just leave me alone, I have a good horse under me, and
have just found bottom; go on, gentlemen, and mind your own business."
Such a story, of course, could but have a tendency to highten in a stranger's
estimation, the wonderful attractions of the new State of Michigan.

Another incident related by this loquacious friend had reference to the
ancient river Kouge, which in its progress to the great lakes passes through
the town of Dearborn, at that time the location of a United States arsenal.
This river has ever borne the reputation of a sluggish stream. He informed
us that after one of the settlers had left home for the fields one morning his
wife discovered a stranger on its banks whose actions excited her fears that he
might be insane, or was contemplating suicide. Now stooping down as if
touching the water with his hand, then walking up and down the stream, and
again falling back a distance as if preparing to run, and by a fatal leap end a
wretched existence in its fearful, muddy depths. In this state of excitement
she watched him for more than three long hours. Immediately on the return
of her husband, being informed of the facts, he hastened to the river and
inquired of the mysterious stranger if he could render him any assistance,
when the following dialogue ensued : Do you live anywhere around here?"
*'Yes, sir," was the courteous reply, pointing to a log house in the clearing,

that is my residence." "About how long have you lived here ?" ''Nearly
four years, sir." " Good !" exclaimed he, ''then I guess you may be of some
service to me. You see, stranger, I am a traveler from the east, and passing
through the country am taking notes of climate, soil, and production; of the
rise and course of rivers and streams, etc. You see that feather out yonder?
Well, some four hours ago I threw that into the water to ascertain its course ;
sometimes it moves a little that way and then a little this ; but now it lies still

FiEST Visit to Michigait.

just about where I first put it in, and for the life of me I cannot find out
which way the river does run." The settler giving him the desired informa-
tion, he perfected his notes and went on his way rejoicing.

My parents, William and Sarah Taylor, of Mereworth, Kent, England,
settled in Pittsfield, Washtenaw county, Michigan, in the year 1836 ; but
although often visiting them I did not take up my permanent residence in the
State until the fall of 1845. In 1849 as a minister of the Michigan confer-
ence of the Methodist Episcopal church, being stationed in Detroit, I found
among my parishioners a Mr. Robert Abbott, who was the first Anglo-
American child born in Detroit, and the first individual that bowed as a
penitent, and professed conversion to the Christian religion under Protestant
preaching in the Territory of Michigan. His conversion took place in the
year of my birth, 1810, under the labors of Rev. William Case, a missionary to
the Indians in Canada. He also was one of those who helped form the first
Protestant Christian church in Detroit, and took an active part in the erection
of the first Protestant meeting-house built in the state. This first Protestant
church was built of hewed logs, and stood about five or six miles from Detroit,
on the river road to Dearborn. It was dedicated in 1818, and its first pastor
was Rev. Gideon Lanning, who was appointed to that work by the Genesee
conference, Detroit circuit then being recognized within its bounds. Learning
the fact from Mr. Abbott that this first Protestant church, built by the first
protestant penitent and convert, and being the first Methodist Episcopal
church of Michigan, had been destroyed by the hand of the incendiary, I
resolved to obtain a relic for preservation if it was possible to procure it, and,
taking with me Revs. James Shaw, E. H. Pilcher, and L. D. Price, visited the
spot and were rewarded by the discovery of a partially burned foundation log
in a state of rapid decay, and taking it to the city had the soundest portions
of it turned into walking canes, one of which is now present for examination.

One of these canes has been thus ordained to perpetuate the historic facts
related, and may become an object of great interest to yet unborn great-great-
grandchildren of Michigan pioneers. Procuring an agate, some native silver
and copper from the upper peninsula, sending them to New York, where they
were properly prepared and the cane suitably engraved and beautifully orna-
mented, it was presented to Rev. Glezer Fillmore, of the Genesee conference
of the Methodist Episcopal church, the writer's beloved father in the ministry,
and at his decease is to be held by the oldest member of that body through all
coming time.

In conclusion, permit me to present the following brief statistical facts,
which I think cannot fail to deeply interest you.

Seventy-five years ago there was no resident Protestant minister of the
gospel, and no Protestant religious society existing in this territory. At that
time the cause of the Redeemer could claim but one lone convert. But this
lone convert, Mr. Robert Abbott, became the nucleus of Methodism, which
then was without church, without ministers, and without members; but to-day
the Methodist Episcopal church alone can count 1,000 ministers, traveling
and local, a membership of 60,000, and from one house of worship in 1818, 650
in 1883. Other denominations will more than make these figures double,
giving us more than 2,000 Protestant ministers, nearly 150,000 church mem-
bers, and probably 1,500 church buildings.

What hath God wrought? Surely the desert is made to ''blossom as the
rose," and ''the wilderness has become a fruitful field."

PioxEEB Society of MicmaAN.

VETERANS OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE MICHIGAN
ASSOCIATION OF VETERANS OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO,
HELD AT DETROIT ON JUNE 19, 1878.

OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION.

President, — Andrew T. McReynolds, Grand Rapids.
Vice President, — James E. Pittman, Detroit.
Secretary, — Isaac Gibson, Ludington.
IVeasurer, — F. W. Curtenius, Kalamazoo.

Executive Committee — Col. Andrew T. McReynolds, Grand Eapids; Col.
James E. Pittman, Detroit; Major Isaac Gibson, Ludington ; Capt. F. W.
Curtenius, Kalamazoo; Capt. Norton B. Rowley, Detroit; Dr. Charles S.
Bostick, irew Troy.

CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION.

Whereas, it is proper to perpetuate the memory of the achievements of
our Spartan band in the war with Mexico, the results of which have been so
important to the glory and the material prosperity of our country, and to
keep alive the fraternal sympathies engendered by the mutual hardships and
successes ; we therefore, in the name of the Michigan Association of the
Veterans of the War with Mexico, adopt the following Constitution :

ARTICLE I.

Any soldier, sailor, or marine of the War with Mexico, and honorably dis-
charged, may become a member of this association.

ARTICLE II.

The officers of this association shall consist of a President, Vice Presi-
dent, Secretary, Treasurer and Executive Committee, to consist of the offi-
cers and two persons to be appointed according to the wish of the association.

ARTICLE III.

An annual fee of one dollar shall be required of all members who are able
to pay the same. Those who are unable to pay may so report to any mem-
ber of the Executive Committee.

ARTICLE IV.

Veterans of the War with Mexico, residing in other States, and honorably
discharged, will be enrolled as honorary members of this association.

VeTEEAJSTS pF THE War WITH MeXICO. ' 19

PROCEEDINGS OE THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING,

Held at Young Men's hall in the city of Detroit, on Wednesday, June 19th,
1878.

At the sound of the bugle by James D. Elderkin, the association met and
was called to order by the President, Andrew T. McReynolds. The Secretary
then called the roll, and the following members answered to their names :

Levi J. Allen,
Clark R. Beach,
Samuel E. Beach,
Edgar Bogardus,

Bassett.

A. 0. Barnes,
Philetus P. Birch,
Alanson Cane,
J. M. Coleman,
Albert S. Church,
Seymour Case,
A. W. Davis,
Louis Lemaist,
Andrew T. McEeynolds,
Ephraim Marble,
Edward Mcintosh,
Daniel N. McConnell,
Thomas S. Newell,

Freeman Norvell,
W. H. Patten,
Enos Parish,
James E. Pittman,
John B. Ryan,
Norton B. Rowley,
James D. Elderkin,
Charles R. Fuelerton,
J. W. Farran,
Nicholas Guesel,
Michael Gordon,
James G-leason,
Isaac Gibson,
Richard Graff e,
John Graham,
R. M. Hinman,
J, Harrison,
Charmes Hobbs,

E. W. Hollingsworth,
P. Kellogg,
Martin Lipe,
Isaac Regal,
C. W. Sandford,
Henry Starkey,
John A. Sandborn,
Joseph D. Stearns,
Joseph Salkeld,
Reuben R. Tingley,
P. S. Titus,
Isaac D. Toll,
Edward H. Thomas,
W. D. Wilkins,
Wm. A. White,
C. B. Wood,
J. C. Wilkinson,

After roll call, the veterans were welcomed to Detroit, through the chair-
man of the committee of arrangements. Col. Norvell, who delivered the
following address of welcome.

Comrades — Upon me has been devolved the most agreeable duty of ten-
dering to you on the part of your old associates and your friends in Detroit,
a hearty, hospitable, and honest welcome to our beautiful city.

Nearly thirty-two years ago you started from this same city on a mission of
patriotic duty for a far distant, foreign country. At the call of your govern-
ment you gave up home, family, comfort, and independence for camp pri-
vations, and the restrictions of military discipline. Health and safety were
imperiled, and sickness and danger braved. You departed in the flush of
early manhood, full of enthusiasm and hope ; and you offered your best ser-
vices, and your blood and lives, to sustain the just demand of your country in
defending the rights and territory of a State, which having conquered its inde-
pendence from Mexico, sought in annexation and affiliation with the great
republic, which could alone insure it that peace and prosperity which its coun-
terfeit had sought to destroy.

That this war of defense merged into one of aggression and conquest ; that
indemnity for the past and security for the future required large accessions of
territory not originally contemplated ; that this policy prolonged your service
and increased your hardships, only adds to the debt due you from your coun-
try for your efforts and the general results.

A few of us again meet, after a generation has passed, in this same city, our
numbers diminished and infirmities increasing. But our spirit is unimpaired,
and the bond that unites us is only tightened.

Comrades, you are welcome to Detroit.

PiONEEK Society of Michigan.

Col. Norvell's remarks were heartily applauded.

The address of welcome was responded to on behalf of the Association, by
Col. Andrew T. McReynolds, President, as follows :

Me. Peesident and Comeades — It is my pleasant duty to recognize the
kind words of welcome which have just been extended to us, and it is most
gratifying to me to hear the voice of welcome from this city, the city around
which have clustered all my affections for many years. I came here young,
inexperienced, and a stranger, nearly half a century ago. I made this city
my home, and recur to it not only as my early home, but as my most cher-
ished home, where I have always been received with kindness and warm words
of welcome. I am also pleased that the words of welcome just given to us
are from the lips of one whose father was honored as the first Senator from
Michigan to the Congress of the United States, and a warm and dear personal
friend of my own.

Thirty-one years ago, on April 26, I marched through this noble thorough-
fare— Jefferson avenue — to Woodward avenue, and thence to the river, at
the head of 104 as brave and stalwart men as ever marched to the battlefield,
and we took passage on the boat on our way to Mexico, to defend the rights
and principles of our country — those 104 men, sir, whom that noble and true
patriot. Gen Brady, who in his day and generation was worshiped by the peo-
ple of Detroit, said that he "had seen most of the soldiers of the British
army, and all the soldiers of the war of 1812, and as fine a looking body of
men organized as our company he had never before seen."

When that company marched away to battle, it was a question whether we
could — although able to crush opposition in our own borders — do successful
war within the boundaries of foreign countries. The trial was made, the issue
came, and the 104 men marched from Vera Cruz, under that mighty captain.
Gen. Scott, until they reached the gates of the Mexican capital, and in tri-
umph unfurled and planted in victory the stars and stripes. Of the 104 brave
men of Company K, Third United States Dragoons, of which company I had
the honor to be the captain, but seventeen returned to tell the story, and but
five are here with us to-day.

I remember, too, with kindness, the feeling and affectionate words of adieu
that were showered upon us as we walked to the river on our way to Mexico,
only to be repeated as words of welcome double fold as we returned to meet
the thousands of citizens of Detroit and Michigan, who assembled to receive
us when the battles had been fought and won.

I do not wonder that we are equally pleasantly received now, that other
courtesies await us ; and I can only say in behalf of my comrades, that we
gratefully appreciate these kindnesses of the citizens of Detroit.

If there is any one thing dear to a true soldier beyond his own home and
family circle, it is the remembrance of his service on the battle field ; and
the feeling that such service is appreciated and recognized as such. Thus we
receive the favors of the citizens of Detroit as evidences of appreciation,
with warm thanks to all. I hope we may ail meet, soldiers and citizens, in
the future, and that we shall sit together, grateful to Almighty God that our
country is blessed with peace, and I hope a lasting peace.

Col. McReynolds was repeatedly interrupted with rounds of applause from
both veterans and citizens present. At the close of Col. McReynolds'
remarks E. N. Wilcox, Esq., of Detroit, was introduced, and read the follow-
ing beautiful ode, prepared by him for the occasion.

Veterans of the War with Mexico.

What booming sound is this salutes the ear,
As If old Ocean, tossed with maddening roar.

Flung his wild billows o'er the ramparts sheer
Of Heaven's battlements. Upon the shore
Of Mexico's gulf see Ringgold's batteries pour
The deadly cannonade! The conflict's o'er;

La Vega's fallen; behold the rout,

On Palo Alto and Resaca's last redoubt!

But other fields are to be won. The Lone Star

Its bloody fulgence from Jacinto's grave,
Sheds back on Alamo. Malignant War

Drinks deep at Buena Yista, blood of braves

Well worth each other's steel. The slaves
Of despots never won such fight as they —

Sons of the Starry banner: See, it waves,
O glorious spectacle ! O glorious day!

Above the dizzy heights of hard fought Monterey.

What joy pulsates the Nation's swelling heart,
As the glad news is messaged through the land;

Not in a flash to earth's remotest part —
The lightning's wing unsubject to our hand:

Our gallant chief is called from his command.
The undying laurel twined around his brow —

Which shall grow greener as the years expand,
To fill what Washington did first endow
With dignity: the loftiest seat a people can bestow.

Where frowns the castle o'er Ulloa's walls,

Where erst the Spaniard vexed the treacherous coast,
In search of gold: the Aztec's ancient halls ;

And midst his burning ships, beneath the Host,
Cortez the chivalrous, swore his daring boast;

Another chieftain of grand lineage and fame,
Of all our country's warriors honored most.

Of tenderest heart within a giant's frame,

Queenstown and York's hero, with fleets and armies came.

'Twas he who towered like Oeizaba's peak,
Pure as th' eternal snow upon its height.

Who could not stooj) a base revenge to seek,
Who led you to the Teocalli's light ;
Where Montezuma's splendors rapt your sight.

The patriot pacificator; he
Who at Aroostook foiled the British might.

Made nullifying friends their folly see,

And, dying, drew his mighty sword at last for unity.

With this short summons spake that grand array,
" Surrender!"—" Never!" was the proud reply:

The pride of old Castile was up that day.
Gun answering gun lit up the lurid sky,
And neighboring headlands uttered their defie;

And screeching shells, the meteors of hell.
Quenched in the churches woman's piteous cry.

Oh, who the short-shrived agony can tell,

Of those who stained the altars where they knelt and fell.

Pioneer Society of MicmaAN".

" On to Jalapa !" our victorious cry —

Like "On to Richmond!" at a later day;
But Cerro Gordo, stretching to the sky,

With iron throated ramparts blocked the way.
The mountain charge, the howitzers full play,

The rifles whiz, the rattling sabres clang.
Our dauntless legions furiously obey,

And as each trooper to his saddle sprang,

The echoing shout through all the vales and mountains rang,

But why with hundred battles fill my song,

Contreras, Churubusco, and King's Mill,
Chapultepec : or weary march prolong,

Or bivouac on the cold and drenched hill!

Let us recount the brilliant valor, skill
Of Kearney, Twiggs, McReynolds, Williams, '

Shields, Brown, Wilkins, Patten, who are with us still?
Whose wounds yet gape, and who on latest fields
Struck for that liberty which only union yields.

O comrades— would that I might call you such!

Your ranks are thinning faster now than when
Ye felt the Tierries Calienties touch

With parching breath the flowery plain or glen.

Where Flora's treasures trance the souls of men;
But as you cheerful march life's down hill way,

Trusting that future which no man may ken.
Let us with hands unclasp our country pray
One undivided recompense for blue and gray.

The poem was received with marked approbation, every sentiment it
expressed receiving cheering applause, showing that the poet was appreciated
and his effort a success.

Col. Isaac D. Toll, the orator of the day, then delivered the annual
address.*

The following is from the Detroit Post and Trihme, of June 20th, 1878.
(The Secretary of the association took the liberty to add that the orator's
company, carrying" the Regimental Flag, was therefore, in the very hottest
of the battle, and his voice was constantly heard, as the ranks were thinned,
shouting ^'Michigan Boys, Rally to the Flag!")

"In accordance with a general request, we give space to-day in our columns for
the full text of the oration delivered at the reunion of the Mexican Veterans in
this city, on Wednesday, June 19th, by Col. Isaac D. Toll, of Fawn River. Its title
was "Michigan's Record in the War with Mexico," but as the author modestly
omitted all allusion to his own share in that service, we will add ourselves that Col.
Toll commanded Company E, Fifteenth U. S. Infantry, to which was entrusted the
regimental colors, that he led his men with true gallantry, and that at Churubusco
he was especially conspicious in the hottest of the fight. With this preface we give
the oration of the day in full."

At the close of the address, the committee on nomination of officers for
the ensuing year, through its chairman, Col. Norvell, reported in f aivor of the
re-election of the present officers, which report was accepted and unanimously
adopted.

Col. Wilkins, chairman of the committee on resolutions, reported as
follows :

*The address of Col. Toll will be found in Vol. 2, Pioneer Collections, page 171.

Veteraits of the War with Mexico.

That we tender our thanks to our efficient Secretary, Major Gibson, for the labor
he has so cheerfully given and the devotion by him exhibited to the interests of our
Association ;

And to the Orator, for his able, brilliant and feeling address;

And to the President, Vice President, Col. Norvell and Capt. 1^, B. Rowley and the
members of the Executive Committee, for the distinguished ability which has
marked their efforts in making our re-union and welcome extended, successful and
satisfactory to the veterans.

The following resolutions were then unanimously adopted :

The thanks of this Association are hereby tendered to E. X. Wilcox, Esq., for the
beautiful poem with which he has honored the Association by writing for the occas-
ion of this re-union.

That the thanks of the Mexican War Veterans' Association be and are hereby
tendered to Luther Beecher, Esq., for the free use of his Young Men's Hall, for the
holding of this, its annual meeting.

The Secretary then read the correspondence between himself and the fol-
lowing members of Congress, of this State, viz. :

Hon. Charles 0. Ellsworth, Hon. Edwin W. Keightly, Hon. Jay A. Hub-
bell, Hon. John W. Stone, and Hon. Mark S. Brewer, who each oppose the
pension bill for political party reasons.

The Secretary also read a letter from the Hon. Goldsmith W. Hewitt, of
Alabama, warmly supporting the bill as a matter of simple justice, and
assuring the veterans of his untiring efforts to pass the bill. A letter to the
Secretary from Hon. D. W. Voorhees, United States Senator from Indiana,
setting forth that he had charge of the bill in the Senate, and it should have
his best services in getting it through that body.

Letters were read from General Gideon J. Pillow and General James
Shields, to President McReynolds, and Secretary Gibson, thanking the associa-
tion for the honor conferred by electing them honorary members of the
society; also a letter from ex-Secretary Chas. H. Bostick, regretting his ina-
bility to attend the meeting. The Secretary also presented a letter from Hon.
Wm. L. Webber, returning his thanks for the invitation to attend the
re-union, and his regrets that business prevented him from such pleasure,
wishing the veterans a pleasant time and health to enjoy many such meetings.

All the railroad companies in the State generously gave reduced rates of fare,
and furnished excursion tickets to the veterans — for which the thanks of the
association were tendered.

A resolution was adopted changing the time of holding the annual meet-
ings until the first Wednesday of October.

Whereupon, the business proceedings being completed, it was resolved that
when the Association adjourn, it adjourn to meet at Lansing, on the first
Wednesday in October, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine, (1879).

The Association then adjourned until 9 o'clock P. M., to meet at the ban-
quet prepared by the citizens and their comrades of Detroit.

At 9 o'clock P. M., the members of the Association and invited guests
assembled in the banquet hall of the Biddle House, where, after listening to
sweet music by a band under the direction of Veteran Elderkin, they dis-
cussed a splendid banquet which had been spread. After the supper, the
Veterans indulged in a series of toasts and responses, with Ool. Freedman
Norvell as master of ceremonies. The regular toasts were as follows :

1. ''Our Country forever and unchangeable, except by expansion."
Response by Col. A. T. McReynolds.

2. "The United States Army,— the noblest of our military system. In

Pioneer Society of MicmaAN.

peace we should cultivate it, and in war we should join and emulate it."
Response by Adj. Gen. Robertson.

3. " The Michigan Association of Mexican Veterans. Since their service
many have acquired forms that are bent, and sight that is dimmed, but there
is still left intact their patriotism, devotion, and old-time enthusiasm."
Response by Col. Wm. D. Wilkins.

In response to the toast, ''The Volunteer Companies of Michigan," Col.
Toll dwelt with great force and eloquence upon the necessity of a well-drilled
militia, the nation's chief defense, and to be relied upon in all emergencies.
That our best youth should come forward, and our foremost citizens should
aid in stimulating volunteer companies. The spirit of our institutions is
opposed to large standing armies ; that a bitter experience had demonstrated
that a sleepless vigilance to preserve what our ancestors had suffered for, alone
would be effectual ; and that legislation as well, was necessary to provide a
military chest.

Col. McReynolds, Col. Wilkins and others replied in most eloquent terms
to volunteer toasts, receiving hearty applause. Gen. Robertson's speech to
'^ The Regular Army," was interesting, and was interrupted with applause.

Major Gibson spoke in the warmest terms of the untiring efforts of Capt.
N. B. Rowley in getting up the banquet ; alluding to every detail involving
the pleasure of the guests that his brother veterans were honored by his kind
attentions. All united in acknowledging the kind and courteous treatment
received at the hands of their respected comrade, Capt. N. B. Rowley.

The above exercises, with music by a vocal quartette, and social intercourse,
served to pass the time pleasantly to a late hour, and furnish a fitting finale
to the meeting of the veterans.

Whereupon the association adjourned.

ISAAC GIBSON, Secretary.

Dk. Henry P. Tappan.

DR, HENRY P. TAPPAN.

SOUVENIES FOR HIS "BOYS" OF THE CLASS OF '58.

From Detroit Free Press, July 20, 1884.

A year ago the class of |'58 of Michigan University celebrated their quarter
■centennial at Ann Arbor. Affectionate memories of their venerated Presi-
dent, the lamented Dr. Tappan, are still cherished, fresh and unsullied by
time and death ; and will so remain until the end shall come for all that far
scattered band. At the quarter centennial reunion the loving veneration of
the class for the Doctor took tangible form in the way of a class album con-
taining the autographs of all the members then present. This souvenir
accompanied by an appropriate inscription was forwarded to Mrs. Tappan at
her widowed home in Yevey, Switzerland, and its receipt is now acknowl-
edged by her in a letter to Mr. W. E. Quinby of Detroit. Accompanying
her letter were photographic views of Dr. Tappan's grave and surroundings ;
intended, as her letter says, for the gentlemen of the class of '58, who so
kindly sent me their autographs in the precious album which I so much
prize.''

Vevey, the place of Dr. Tappan's peaceful rest, is perhaps^ the most beau-
tiful spot in Europe. At least it disputes that distinction with Edinburgh and
Constantinople. The grave is situated on the slope of a hill that overlooks
Lake Geneva, and commands a prospect of the Castle of Chillon, and a noble
view of the Jura Mountains, so often celebrated in song and story, — notably
by Lord Byron. All around it flourishes the purple grape," whose vines
rise tier on tier, giving the scene a charm like unto that which springs from
no other beneficence in nature. The grave itself is marked by a plain mar-
ble shaft that fitly commemorates the solid and noble simplicity which was
the foundation of Dr. Tappan's character, and the sure index of his great-
ness. Happy, let us believe, must he be who thus sleeps the sleep of the
just, with nature's most radiant smile forever beaming on his grave.

[For a sketch of the life of Dr. Tappan, by H. M. Utley, see vol. 5, Pio-
neer Collections.]
4

Pioneer Society of MicmaAisr.

REV. GEORGE PALMER WILLIAMS, LL.D.

A MEMORIAL DISCOURSE ON HIS LIFE AND SERVICES, DELIVERED IN
UNIVERSITY HALL, BY REQUEST OF THE SENATE,
DECEMBER 4, 1881.

BY JAMES V. CAMPBELL, LL.I)., MARSHALL PROFESSOR OF LAW.

PROCEEDINGS OIT THE [DEATH OF REV. GEORGE PALMER WILLIAMS, LL.D.

At a meeting of the University Senate, held September 5, 1881, the fol-
lowing memorandum relative to the death of Professor George P. Williams,
was ordered to be placed in the minutes :

With profound emotions the senate of the university has received intelligence of
the death of its oldest member, Professor George Palmer Williams. Yesterday at
sunrise he expired without a struggle, at the ripe age of seventy-nine years and four
months.

By this death is severed the last of those living links that connect the present
condition of the university with its earliest history. Appointed to a professor's
chair in 1841, Dr, Williams welcomed the first student that came to Ann Arbor for
instruction; as president of the faculty he gave diplomas to the first class that grad-
uated; and from the day of his appointment to the hour of his death his official con-
nection with the university was never broken.

During the whole of this long term of educational service many qualities of a high
order shone out with peculiar luster in the life of Dr. Williams.

His loyalty and devotion to the university were without reserve; his faith in the
principles on which the institution is founded was unflagging; and the interest with
which he watched the various phases of its development ended only with the
approach of death. On the last day of his life his conversation frequently turned
upon its condition and its interests.

In his intercourse with his colleagues he was remarkable for the dignified courtesy
of his bearing, the hearty warmth of his greetings, and the radiant humor of his
conversation. His wit was proverbial; but it was so free from the bitterness of
malice and the stings of sarcasm that it was always a source of pleasure, never a
source of pain. To meet him was always a pleasure ; to take his hand always a satis-
faction.

But it was in his relations with his pupils that the peculiar qualities of his nature
were most marked. In extraordinary measure he impressed upon them his own
character. Of the hundreds that sat under his instruction many, perhaps, have for-
gotten the science he taught; but there is probably not one that does not feel that
he was made better by his friendly admonition or his fatherly advice. His bearing
was felt to be a rebuke of every mean act. His interest in all his pupils had the
gentle qualities of a personal and almost a paternal fondness; and hence it was but
the natural and spontaneous expression of his heart that even to the end of his life
he spoke of them all as " his boys." By his boundless sympathy and his fatherly
interest many a wayward youth was turned into the path of true advancement; and
there are not a few who look to his words and his influence as the beginning of a

Eev. George Palmer "Williams. 27

new life. There are some who, if they would, might say with Samuel of old: "Thy
gentleness hath made us great."

As the intelligence of the death of Dr. Williams goes over the country it will fall
upon hundreds of hearts with the shock of a personal bereavement. Probably in
every state in the Union there are those who will mourn his loss; but there is not
one of his pupils who will not remember the lofty nobility of his character and the
all-embracing charity of his affection, and who will not rejoice that it was his
privilege to sit under the instruction of so true a friend and so good a man.

We extend our hearty sympathies to the family of our friend in the hour of their
bereavement; and we desire in a body to join with them in the last sad tribute to
his earthly remains.

ADDRESS OF HOK. JAMES V. CAMPBELL.

There are few more profitable possessions for any learned institution than
the memories of those who have made their lives a part of its history.
Removed from the daily round of labor and progress, with its cares, and
doubts, and jealousies, as well as its passing triumphs, they cause no envy,
and disturb no peace. They appear in a new light, as perpetual benefactors,
whose hands have built enduring houses, and whose skill has set agencies in
motion that may continue their work through distant years. Those who can
recall their living presence, and tell their story, are heard as chroniclers of
worthy themes. And when the time comes that never is very far off, when
they and all who knew them in the flesh have passed into tradition together,
their names are spoken tenderly, as children speak of honored ancestors. It
needs no stretch of fancy to think of them as still gliding silently among the
scenes of their earthly labors, and casting benignant glances on the young
disciples who glean in the fields which they planted. The very earth which
they trod, and the senseless walls which echoed their words, become imbued
with associations that sometimes last when the busy scenes have ceased to be
busy, and the populous hive has become solitary. There are not many who
cannot feel with the English moralist when he first set his feet on the holy
island where Oolumba taught the pure precepts of the Gospel : '*That man is
little to be envied whose patriotism would not gain force upon the plains of
Marathon, or whose piety would not grow warmer among the ruins of lona."

It sometimes happens that an old man is himself able to hear some of the
voices of the future, and to look, almost as a spirit might look from unseen
haunts, on the places that knew him when he had active work to do among
them. When that gentle presence quietly passes away it makes no break in
the daily course of things; but those who have seen it flitting among the
evergreens, or slowly moving through the halls, think of it as only gone for a
while, and would hardly be surprised at any time to meet it where its coming
was always welcome. And he, too, looking at life here as but the herald of
the great hereafter, might well say to it as it passed on toward the twilight : —

" Then steal away, give little warning,
Choose thine own time;

Say not Good Night,— but in some brighter clime

Bid me Good Morning."
A few weeks ago, when autumn was just at hand, we followed to the grave
the venerable form of a good man, whose memory we have met to-day to
recall and to honor. The pleasant summer wind blew softly over his grave,
and in the calm surroundings of the quietly fading season there were no
signs of gloom, and no tokens of bitter sorrow. The friends that came
together from many quarters, to pay their last tribute to one whom to know
was to revere, were not cast down as those who grieve without hope. A peace

PiOK^EER Society ot' MicmaAisr.

that was almost cheerful came upon them all, as they laid the worn-out body
in the ground, in the sure trust that his immortal part had gone to a better
country. Long and patiently he had waited for that journey ; and the eyes
that were sometimes weary with looking on the things which lay on this side
of the horizon, had learned to see beyond it, and to know the green fields and
the still waters where he would find everlasting rest. Those who for more
than an ordinary generation had been familiar with that presence that car-
ried a blessing wherever it went, and had noted the gradual changes that
made its appearance more and more rare among the scenes of old activity,
could only feel, as they looked on the placid features for the last time, that
his Father had been very gracious to the faithful servant, and had not
removed him until all of his work had been well done, and he was ready for
his reward. The place that knew him will know him no more as a man
walking among men ; but this town where his ripest years were spent, and
this University which began its career with his unaided teaching, can never
cease to be filled with memories and tokens of his useful and blameless life,
that will be undying influences of good.

The feeling which has led so many to give expression to their respect for
him is deeper and purer than the civic pride that loves to recall the worth of
those who have done credit to public station. Honorably and faithfully he
performed every duty laid upon him. But the sober zeal that was never self-
seeking, the generous self-sacrifice that was hardly conscious of its devotion,
the unfailing kindness which made all who knew him feel that he had a
father's heart for every soul that needed sympathy, were elements of nobility
that deserve more than honor, and earn more than veneration. A sense of
personal bereavement is at once the sorrow and the consolation of the many
hearts that love his memory.

It is no easy task to speak adequately and fitly of such a friend, when the
pleasant associations of gentleness and amiable goodness, which cannot fail to
come up when his face is recalled, almost shut out from view the solid attain-
ments and wisdom which made him so conspicuous a figure during his long,
active life. Perhaps we may all be the wiser if we recognize the truth which
his example has taught us, that after the graces and powers of intellectual
worth are taken into the account, the force and sweetness of personal character
may yet be the best and strongest influence of all. The life we wish to
remember is worth remembering with gratitude, for merits that were neither
solitary nor confined within narrow bounds. It contained no series of con-
spicuous events, and moved in a more than commonly even tenor. The story
of its outward transactions might be given in a very few words. But its course
is worth noting in its modest career as one of continued usefulness in which
at every step some good was done to others, and some seed sown that will bear
fruit when all of us have passed away.

George Palmer Williams was born in 1802, in Woodstock, Vermont, a state
which has furnished many valuable sons to the service of this commonwealth.
We cannot now learn much about his boyhood. There is no reason to believe
it was peculiar or eventful. Among his early friends — though somewhat older
— was the late Chancellor Farnsworth, to whom this University is largely
indebted for its prosperity and its early guidance, and quite as much for the
employment of Professor Williams in its service. They were kindred spirits
in common-sense wisdom, as well as in broad and scholarly tastes, and as long
as both lived they were very intimate. After the usual preparation he entered

Key. George Palmer Williams. 2^

the University of Vermont, and received his bachelor's degree in 1825. He
soon thereafter went to the Theological seminary at Andover, where he spent
about two years in the studies of that institution. He did not, however, com-
plete the ordinary course there ; and as his preferences when he left it appeared
to be for a different school of theology, it is probable that at this time he had
not any settled determination concerning his future career, except that in
some way or other he would give up his time and energies to the improvement
of other minds. He devoted his entire life to teaching, and whether he meant
it or not, to be his sole future employment, he did it conscientiously and
thoroughly.

It has been supposed by some persons who knew him only as a professor in
this University, that he was a specialist in his studies, and chiefly devoted to
the exact sciences. But this was not so. He was earnestly and enthusiastic-
ally opposed to any system which made no provision for exercising all of the^
intellectual powers harmoniously. He thought that the studies of early life
should be followed for discipline rather than for mere acquirements, and that
no education was complete which did not arm the scholar at all points, and
enable him, after finishing his novitiate, to deal with such special topics and
studies as his tastes or his necessities might lead him to pursue. While he
had the desire, which most good citizens have, to see the ordinary school sys-
tem foster all sound learning, and flourish to the utmost, he did not believe in
the notion which is so prevalent, that the years of preparation may be
profitably extended at the expense of discipline, by pursuits involving little but
the exercise of memory, which often yield but a smattering of useful knowl-
edge, without clear order or full digestion. While his love for mathematical
and scientific studies was eager and enthusiastic, and his proficiency in these
amounted to genius, he always regarded the discipline of languages as the
most effective of all instruments for training young and flexible faculties.
His own education was very thorough, and his intellect was so well balanced,
and so quick in its workings, that he had no difficulty in mastering any sub-
ject speedily and completely. Those who had occasion to consult him found
his knowledge varied and profound, and made so as much by the rectitude
of his judgment as by his readiness of apprehension. He kept informed on
the advance of science, and other means of enlightenment, and few men
detected so quickly, or exposed so easily, the pretensions of sophists, and the
false lights of sciolists. He had no fears that any truth could endanger any
other truth, but he had no respect whatever for such noisy champions as
claim to be the especial defenders of science, when they have never lodged
within its gates. His mind in its plain integrity detected fallacies as if by
instinct; and he had no morbid inclination to walk in doubtful paths, or to
imagine any road to be the right one that ended in confusion. Healthy in his
tastes, and broad in his pursuits, he was admirably fitted to lead and stimu-
late young minds and hearts, at the season when their need for guidance was
strongest.

His first important work in teaching was at Gambier, in 1828. Kenyon
College was then in its infancy, and like most western colleges of that day,
had found its chief difficulty in the lack of good preparatory schools. Pro-
fessor Williams in that year assumed charge of the Grammar School. He
left at the end of the year 1830, and spent, a year or more as professor of
languages in the Western University of Pennsylvania, at Pittsburg. During
this absence the Grammar School of Kenyon was divided, and in 1832 he was

Pio^TEER Society oi^ MiCHiaAN.

induced to return, and placed at the head of the Senior Grammar School, the
junior being under Dr. Dyer, who remained in charge during the rest of the
sojourn of Professor Williams, and for some years thereafter. During this
period some very eminent men passed under his tuition, and his success was
marked. His life then, as afterwards, was too well regulated to be very
eventful ; but the qualities that endeared him to all who knew him in his
later years, were as conspicuous then as since. Those who try to describe
him at any period, find themselves constantly passing over his intellectual
worth, to dwell on the qualities that made him such a power morally and social-
ly. In reply to a request made to Dr. Dyer for information concerning that
time of our friend's history, he bears the strongest witness to his character in
this respect. He says :

"He was engaged as a teacher in the preparatory department of Kenyon College
for several years, and was greatly esteemed as a teacher and a gentleman of refined
and courteous manners. His patience and amiability were truly remarkable. Noth-
ing, not even the pranks and freaks of wild boys and young men, could put him out
of temper, or make him hurry. He was regarded as a very accurate scholar, and had
the faculty of attaching the pupils to him very strongly. While I cannot recall any
incidents connected with his life at Gambier, of particular interest or Importance, I
can recall his whole appearance as he walked the streets, or sat in his class-room, or
mingled in society. He was always affable, gentle, and kind— nobody's enemy, but
everybody's friend. As I now see him, in his swallow-tail coat with its brass buttons,
and his spectacles mounted on his nose, his whole figure and manner become a living
reality. Though never particularly intimate with him, I always regarded him as a
man of great excellence and worth. Though more than forty years have elapsed
since I have seen Dr. Williams, I have a vivid remembrance of his manifold virtues,
but of his vices or failings, if he had any, I do not remember one. At that day his
life and example were a perpetual benediction, as I believe they were till he entered
on the life above. I am sorry I cannot add something more, but a nature so quiet as
his, and a life so even in all its ways, afiord but little to be expressed in words.
The impressions he made remain, and they remain to bless all upon whom they
were made."

It was a fortunate choice made by his discerning friend that secured such
a man to lay the foundations of this University. The first step of the
Eegents, after the State government was organized and means were provided
for making a beginning, was to establish branches, which were to serve as
preparatory schools. The branch at Pontiac was placed, in 1837, under the
charge of Professor Williams, who retained it until appointed, in 1841, to
begin work in the College Department. His nominal colleagues at this time
were Dr. Douglass Houghton, the distinguished geologist, and Professor
Joseph Whiting, who had been Principal of the branch at Niles. Dr.
Houghton died before his special work was provided for. Professor Whiting
in due time assumed his duties at Ann Arbor, but his useful life was ended a
short time before the first class graduated. Professor Williams was in the
beginning placed in the chair of Ancient Languages, and afterwards in that
of Mathematics and Physics. For a time he conducted all the Ann Arbor
work alone, including some preparatory teaching. As senior Professor he
was virtually head of the University for more than ten years, and his infl.u-
ence during that formative period was of incalculable value, in encouraging
in young men the union of manliness with generous and frank courtesy and
good feeling. The classes were small enough to make personal influence
sensibly felt, and no one among them, whether well or ill inclined, could
ever find occasion to think of Professor Williams except with respect and
gratitude. No one could be more tolerant of the overflow of young spirits,
or more charitable for youthful faults. And with all of this kindness, no

Eey. George Palmer Williams. 31

one had reason to suppose it resulted from want of knowledge. The benevo-
lent sage was as well informed in all the ways of college mischief as any
ringleader in the ranks. There was little satisfaction to be gained from
tricks that never deceived, and were not raised into importance by serious
treatment. An offense which, if magnified by austere rebuke or punishment,
might have hardened the offender into rebellion, appeared under this mild
and sensible dealing too childish to be repeated ; and the culprit thenceforth
yielded to kindness, an obedience that no sternness could have enforced.

But this considerateness alone would have done very little in the general
improvement. His faculty of instruction was very remarkable. He taught
nothing that he did not fully understand, and he understood what he had
learned as living and kindred knowledge, and not merely as laborious attain-
ment. He recognized the family relationship of all wisdom and learning as
the necessary condition of educational advancement, and their natural order
and system as the only key to their complete comprehension. He insisted
above all things on accuracy — not as a pedant might dwell upon it as chiefly
important for its own sake, but as a wise master builder who knows that a
fault in the shape and placing of the corner stone will set the whole building
out of true proportions. He was no mechanical teacher or student in anything,
and he never liked to see his pupils deal with their studies as task work. If
he had any intolerance for the failings of students it was for the want of that
love of knowledge without which study is of small account.

He never put himself forward as an author, but his fame was not unknown.
In 1849 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Kenyon
College. Not the least satisfactory recognition of his scientific eminence was
the dedication to him of a work in astronomy by his former colleague, Profes-
sor Brunnow, the first astronomer of the observatory of this university, and
famous everywhere. This sincere and warm expression of esteem from one of
the foremost men of the age was a graceful tribute, and a well-earned
testimonial, which will be recognized through the scientific world as an honor
to both of these modest and accomplished scholars. Professor Williams
excelled as a teacher of astronomy, and in spite of meagre appliances, excited
much enthusiasm in that pursuit.

Few men have so shared their very being with those on whom their influence
has been exerted, as the wise scholar and good man who has had, and who
will never cease to have, such a place of honor in this university. He had
great learning. No branch of knowledge was foreign to his mind. He had
wonderful quickness of perception and apprehension, so that few things
escaped his notice. He had a keen love for all that was beautiful in appear-
ance or in nature, and a versatility of fancy that enabled him to follow the
highest flights of poetry and art. And he had a generous and lively enthusiasm
which kept his faculties always on the alert, and made him desire to have all
about him share in his riches.

There are forms of humor that display nothing but vileness. But shy and
retiring scholars, as well as active men of zeal and lofty aims, have often been
noted for their bright sayings, as pure from harshness as from evil. And no
one would have better enjoyed intercourse with Sir. Thomas More and his
equally witty friend Erasmus, or with his own quaint predecessor in science,
Sir. Thomas Browne, or with his ancestor in the faith, the learned and
martyred Latimer, the quaintest of them all, than the friend whom we remember
as full of the graces and amenities that quicken and brighten social life.

Pioneer Society oe MiCHiaAN.

He would have found congenial company in Izaak Walton, the friend and
biographer of some of the noblest and saintliest men that ever lived — walk-
ing in the morning through woods and fields, and roaming down the burnside,
with eyes wide open to all the beauties of nature, and hearts in harmony with it.
It was one of his favorite pastimes for many years to go with some friend for a
day's ramble in the country, equipped, perhaps, with rod or gun, and enjoy the
pure air and fresh flowers and verdure, strolling where passing fancy led them,
and talking, without care or method, as his thoughts shaped themselves under
the mild influences of the season. He had a keen eye for all that moved or
grew, and was familiar with living creatures as with trees and plants. It may
be that like Walton, as he sat upon a bank and his eyes fell on the blooming
meadows, he thought they were too pleasant to be looked on but only on
holidays." To his sensitive spirit, which was now and then dashed with melan-
choly, there was infinite solace in such quiet scenes. He was fond of dwelling
on such enjoyments, and his conversation on these play-day occasions was
animated and cheerful. In society his company was always attractive. He never
urged ponderous topics where lighter ones were more fitting, but brought forth
from the varied treasures of his memory things new and old. He illuminated
all that he touched with playful wit or bright good sense, and fascinated his
hearers as unconsciously as a bird that sings from a thicket. He had wit that
might cut keenly and deeply, but he never loved to deal harshly with any one,
and would rather spare than strike, unless where his conscience compelled him
to deal severely, and then he never trifled.

But best and highest of all, he was a true and earnest man. His soul was
not alien to anything human, and went out to meet every appeal to his human
brotherhood. His kindness was not measured, but it was no mere easy form of
self indulgence. He had that unflinching boldness that comes from a single
and honest heart, and was not neutral when he felt it his duty to be decided.
But no one questioned his integrity, and those whose views were different
never blamed him for the difference. He had a remarkable insight into all the
ways of human nature, and a stern and righteous indignation for all that was
vile and unworthy. His yea was yea, and his nay was nay. Yet the keen eye
that saw the sin was as keen to see the redeeming qualities of the sinner ; and
in that great day when his works shall be made manifest, there will be many to
bless the strong and gentle hand that led them from error into the way of
safety.

But that great and simple character did not gain its strength from human
sources. From the days of his youth he gave himself up to the service of his
Lord. In the church with which he was closely connected through all his
long manhood, he kept up an active and valuable interest. His name appears
as a delegate in the early conventions of the Diocese of Ohio ; and there, as
afterwards in Michigan, his counsels were eagerly sought, and modestly but
boldly given, on all occasions requiring his wise and prudent help. He began
his studies in theology early, and he never relaxed them. He was known to
all who met him, as a devout and firm believer, and his life was a continuous
display of the beauty of holiness.

Yet his profound humility kept him back for a long time from assuming
the office of a Christian minister. For more than twenty years he kept that
place before his mind, as the one he desired to fill, and during all that time
he was preparing to fill it worthily. He made no secret of his wishes, and
when he offered himself as a candidate, he was readily and thankfully

Kev. Geokge Palmer "Williams.

accepted. But the holy and humble servant of God, from whom men of all
ranks in the church were glad to seek wisdom, had doubts of his worthiness,
and of his capacity for the sacred calling that he longed for. Once he with-
drew after acceptance. At last his scruples were removed, and in 1846 he was
ordained to the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In that place
he did no regular parish work, except for a short time in Ann Arbor; but he
was, nevertheless, a constant and laborious servant in the cause of his Master.
His loving and judicious advice reached many of the young who were not so
easily molded by others, and among both old and young, wherever he went, his
influence was a great power for good, and his presence was heartily welcomed.
In the very trying position of a minister without a parish, dwelling in the
parish of another, he raised no jealousy with pastor or flock, and was held in
equal reverence by both. "When the ear heard him, then it blessed him, and
when the eye saw him it gave witness to him."

But there was no place where he was more revered than among the fre-
quenters of this university. In the common course of nature he had seen
most of his colleagues disappearing from their old surroundings, until he stood
where he began, as the only representative of the earliest faculty. During
that long sojourn he had seen his own pupils advanced to responsible offices
here and elsewhere, and he found the infirmities of age limiting his means of
knowing the hundreds of students that were yearly succeeding the little band
that received from him most of their mental and moral training. But every
eye looked with aSection on the beaming countenance that all knew and loved
to recognize ; and every heart was warmed, when it was felt that to him above
any others was due nearly all that is generous and ennobling in their surround-
ings. The spirit that he infused into the infant college was too healthy and
vigorous to die out. His memory, as its truest early founder, needs no bronze
or marble to preserve it. It has become a perpetual guest of the houses where
learning congregates, and one of the first and best of the traditions that will
make up the fame of this university, as long as its fame continues.

Long before he ceased to do the work of his professorship, such words of
praise as do not often reach the ears of the living came forth spontaneously
whenever any meeting was held where the past came up for review. The old
alumni made their first pilgrimage to his door, and he was in their eyes the
embodiment of all that was pleasantest in their recollections of their days of
youth and promise. There was something striking in the spectacle of such
devotion. It is nothing new to see followers crowding around a leader of
thought or action. The world has often witnessed such scenes. But it does
not so often witness the plain simplicity, and cordial friendliness, that made
these meetings memorable. The wise veteran did not parade his wisdom, or
put on the airs of one proud and conscious of his prominence. Though some
were themselves long past the meridian, and were known as leaders and men
of mark, they were all his boys, as he and they lived their lives over again, and
they gathered afresh the dew of their youth. Not one of them, as he left
that happy company, with a smile on his lips and a tear in his eye, could bring
to mind, from the storied past or the busy present, a figure that he would
rather choose as the pattern of a perfect gentleman, who, in little and in great
things, was noble, and brave, and loving.

At the annual festival, when the old graduates welcomed the new^ his name
was made an unfailing theme of eulogy. However formal and dull may have.
5

Pioi^EER Society of MicHiaAK.

been the commonplaces that must form much of the discourse on such occa-
sions, nothing was deemed trite which honored him. It was impossible to
think or speak of him without emotion and enthusiasm.

But time will not halt for the good or for the evil. The young that pass
their prime do not move on faster than the old that started before them.
The soul of the patriarch may not lose its youth as it gains the sagacity which
comes from experience, but there is no drug that can keep the body young,
and no fountain that can renew it.

And so a time came when the willing spirit was unable to carry its daily
burdens. The habits of a long life could not easily be laid aside. When the
relief of knowing what each hour demanded was lost, and the busy mind
had no work planned for its needs, there was a little while when the heart
that had always cheered the woes of others was unequal to consoling itself.
A horror of great darkness came over him. That pure soul that seemed as
white as imperfect humanity can be, was overwhelmed with fears of deadly
guilt. Yet even when he struggled in the dismal abyss he never lost his faith
in God nor his love to man. In that extremity of sorrow the bread he had
cast upon the waters came back after many days. The reverent attachment
of. his old pupils brought them again around him. Their liberality provided
a fund to cheer his declining years, and to found a memorial chair to repre-
sent his fame when he should pass away. That thoughtful act restored his
serenity, and after a few more years of active good, and holy example, he
went down to his grave in peace. The setting sun lit up the valley of the
shadow of death, and as he passed the dark river it became clear as

"Siloa's brook that flowed
Fast hy the oracle of God."

The most loving and tender of all who cherished him cannot wish to dis-
turb that peace. He has gone to lie down with kings and councilors of the
earth. The small and great are there. There the wicked cease from troub-
ling and the weary are at rest. In that blessed company are many with
whom he talked in thought across the centuries, whose words were his famil-
iar conversation. Friends whom he knew in the body and friends whom he
knew in the spirit are there to welcome him. Many wise men are there who
have left their wisdom as an inheritance to mankind. And many simple
folk are there, in whose tranquil and steady faith was the highest wisdom.

Our eyes cannot penetrate the veil that lies between us, but we know what
offers have been made to those who would pass through the gates of pearl
into the Holy City. Among them was one saying, ever foremost in the
thoughts and displayed in the life that was made so fragrant by learning and
virtue :

"Whosoever shall not receive the Kingdom of God as a little child, shall
in no wise enter therein."

Kbv. Beastcts Otis Haven.

REV. ERASTUS OTIS HAVEN, D. D., LL. D.

1144434

A MEMORIAL DISCOURSE 01^ HIS LIFE AND SERVICES DELIVERED
IN UNIVERSITY HALL, BY REQUEST OF THE SENATE,
NOVEMBER 6, 1881.

BY PROFESSOR ALEXANDER WINCHELL^ LL. D.

PROCEEDINGS ON THE DEATH OF REV. ERASTUS OTIS HAVEN, D. D., LL, D.

At a meeting of the University Senate, held in the room of the President,
August 5, 1881, the following testimonial of respect for the memory of Dr.
E. 0. Haven, Ex-President of the University, was ordered to be placed on
the records of the Senate. It was also ordered that copies should be sent to
the family of the deceased and furnished to the press for publication :

Rev. Erastus O. Haven, D. D., bishop in the Methodist Episcopal church, and
an Ex-President of this University, died at Salem, Oregon, on the second day of
August, 1881.

Dr. Haven held the chair of the Latin language and literature in this University
iu 1853, and that of history and English literature in 1854 and 1855, and the oflfice of
President of the University from 1863 to 1869.

The Senate has received with profound grief the intelligence of his death. Cut
down suddenly, almost at the beginning of the sacred duties of the high and respon-
sible office to which he had been called by the church of his choice, while still strong
and vigorous, and, to all appearance, capable of doing good service in the cause of
his Master for many years to come, he has left a record of great and manifold and
fruitful labors to perpetuate his memory, and to console the multitude of friends,
brethren, and associates who mourn his loss.

The uninterrupted successes of his life, from the day of his graduation at Middle-
town to the day of his death in Oregon, were due to his unwavering faith in Christ,
his indomitable energy, his ready adaptation to circumstances, his versality of tal-
ent, and breadth and variety of attainment, his prudence and tact in administration,
and, not least, his remarkable facility and felicity of expression in writing, and
especially in public speaking.

He was elected to many and honorable positions, involving either educational, minis-
terial, or literary labor; but among all the high duties to which he w^as called, none
did he discharge with more distinguished ability than those of the presidency Of
this University. During the six years of his administration, the attendance of
under-graduates was constantly increasing, while the institution was steadily pro-
gressing in its proper work, and growing in popular favor. Nor less was his admin-
istration distinguished for the internal harmony and unity promoted by his large
and kindly spirit, which at the same time attached all members of the University
heartily and firmly to his person.

This University will ever cherish and honor the memory of President Haven, and
while it mourns his death it is thankful for the good which a kind Providence has

PiOKBER Society of MicmaAK".

permitted him to achieve not only here, but in many fields of beneficent enterprise.

The Senate, while thus expressing its sense of the loss sustained by education and
religion in the death of Bishop Haven, desires most sincerely and respectfully to
extend its sympathies to the family so suddenly visited by a mysterious but wise
and merciful Providence with this great sorrow and heaviest of earthly bereave-
ments.

By order of the Senate,

HENRY S. FRIEZE,
Acting President.

CHARLES K. ADAMS,

Secretary.

ADDRESS OF PROF. ALEX. WINCHELL.

The story of a successful life commands the interest of every young man.
We are all aiming to adorn our lives with such good deeds that those who live
after us will be gratified to contemplate them. We even hope to set examples
which others may profitably imitate. When a successful career has been
achieved, we are glad to know the methods and the springs of its success. A
completed life which has been guided throughout by the pole-star of Chris-
tian integrity, which has exemplified the best of human virtues, which has
grappled with material and spiritual difficulties, and turned them to occasions
of a noble triumph, which has been a perpetual example of moderation, self-
control, purity, and ever increasing usefulness — such a life presents an attract-
ive and inspiring subject for contemplation. Such a life was that of Erastus
Otis Haven.

It is twelve years since he was one of us; but the University of Michigan
still retains many distinct impressions of his hand. To some of us, who
have seen the dawn and close of so many scholastic years, it seems but yes-
terday that President Haven was lifting up his voice in lecture room and
chapel, and moving to and fro in his sleepless care over the interests of this
great western University. The sweetness of his life amongst us is a fragrance
which, will never perish. We respect him more, we honor him more, we love
him more as, with the lapse of time, his administration recedes from the
smoky and distorting atmosphere which always envelopes the present. He
gave our University six of its most prosperous and most beautiful years.
An earlier connection with us dates back now twenty-nine years. He gave us
nine years out of the best part of his life. He was thirty-three when he first
identified himself with the University ; he was forty-nine when he finally
withdrew for another field of usefulness. Beyond all question, the most
earnest efforts of his life were put forth upon these grounds. Here his life
witnessed its meridian. To this period he always turned back with profound
interest and modest self-felicitation.

But we do not invito your interest in a sketch of his life because he was
once President of this University. It is a life worthy of the interest and
emulation of every noble-spirited young man. In such a life we are doubly
interested, because it was lived amongst us; we were witnesses of the
motives which dashed against it from without, or sustained and strengthened
it from within.

The birth of Erastus Otis Haven occurred in Boston, Massachusetts,
November 1, 1820. His father was a Methodist preacher. The story of his
boyhood I have not sought to uncover. One incident illustrates that bright-
Dess of intelligence which was so characteristic of his adult years. His par-
ents were stationed at Falmouth, on Cape Cod, and the school committee

Key. Ekastus Otis Haven.

paid an official visit to the school to which the young boy belonged. One of
the gentlemen — the Unitarian clergyman of the place — attracted by the
smartness of the pupil, was led inb make the prediction, That boy will yet
make his mark in the world." The lad was too young to understand the
metaphor, and supposed the allusion was to some tracing in the sand of the
beach, where he had been accustomed to make his marks.*

He entered the Wesleyan University in 1838, and received the degree of
Bachelor of Arts in 1842. His college life fell in the interval between the
administration of President Fisk and that of President Olin. Soon after
graduation he assumed the principalship of a private academy at Sudbury,
Mass., but in September, 1843, he entered upon duty in Amenia Seminary,
Duchess county, N. Y., as teacher of natural science. The present speaker
was at that time just entering on the last year of his preparation for college.
The acquaintance of his teacher soon ripened into a friendship which remained
unbroken by the vicissitudes of thirty-eight years.

Young Haven was now twenty-three years of age, but such was his maturity,
abundance of knowledge, and copiousness of speech that, to his pupils, he
seemed a veteran in experience. The interest imparted to class instruction by
his vivacity and versatility are well remembered. The evening experimental
lectures in chemistry and natural philosophy, were a center of univer-
sal attraction in the Seminary, and yielded both instruction and delight,
unequaled by the efforts to which some of us listened during a collegiate
career.

In 1846 the young teacher was called to the principalship of the institution.
He succeeded Rev. Joseph Cummings, afterwards president of the Wesleyan
University, and now the executive of the Northwestern University. The lat-
ter was the successor of Kev. Davis W. Clark, who was afterwards Bishop of
the Methodist Episcopal Church. It may also be stated that Principal Haven
was succeeded by his cousin, Rev. Gilbert Haven, afterwards Bishop. The
facts show that Amenia Seminary was in those days, an institution which
offered a theatre of activity for men of the first abilities. The post of prin-
cipal was never filled more gracefully, more peacefully, or more successfully
than by the subject of this sketch. As a personal witness of his striking apti-
tude for executive duty in this seminary, 1 never hesitated afterwards to rec-
ommend him for kindred positions. His ever ready flow of original ideas,
and his vigorous, graceful style of language and delivery gave an interest to
the Sunday afternoon discourses which relieved them of all the odium of per-
functory duties, and drew together multitudes of willing students and citizens.

He was married July 28, 1847, to Miss Mary Frances Coles, of New York.
She was a daughter of Rev. George Coles, a man of extraordinary sweetness of
nature, who served the Methodist church not only as a preacher, and for many
years as editor of the Christian Advocate, in New York, but as the real
inaugurator of Sunday-school literature.

The following year Principal Haven resigned his position and joined the
New York conference. He was first stationed at Twenty-fourth street church,
now Thirtieth street church. In 1850 he was designated by Bishop Janes to
to proceed to Oregon as a missionary. He accepted the appointment, but for
some reason the plan was changed, and he was sent to Red Hook mission on
the Hudson river. At the end of his term, in 1852, he was stationed at

* Rev. R. H. Howard, in Northern Christian Advocate, August 18, 1881.

Pioneer Society oe MiCHiaAisr.

Mulberry street church, now St. Paul's Methodist church, New York. In
the midst of his term of service here, he was called, in 1853, to the University
of Michigan, as "Professor of the Latin Language and Literature." He
occupied the residence since assigned to the use of the College of Dental
Surgery.

The university was at that time in process of reorganization. Dr. Henry P.
Tappan, an educator and author of distinction, had been called to the presidency
in 1852, in pursuance of the law requiring a discontinuance of the system of
rotating presiding ojBficers. James E. Boise, of Brown University, had been at
the same time installed as "Professor of the Greek Language and Literature."
New life had been imparted to the university through the influence of three
causes : 1. The increase in the endowment. 2. The re-organization, and the
appointment of a president. 3. The high character of the incumbents of the
new chairs. When Professor Haven first entered upon duty, the number of
students in the university was 222. Of these, 162 were in the medical depart-
ment, and 60 in the department of " Science, Literature, and the Arts." *

Professor Haven by the simplicity and affability of his manners, and by hi&
attractive public discourses, contributed greatly to the revival of popular
interest in the university. He had hardly entered upon duty when the discus-
sions on the common school question which had been raised by the claims of
the Roman Catholics, led to the delivery of a public address entitled Common
Schools Vnsectarianf f the fame of which still filled the air when the present
speaker arrived in Ann Arbor nearly a year afterward.

In 1864, on the appointment of the present incumbent of the chair of Latin,
Professor Haven was transferred to the chair of "History and English Litera-
ture." At the following commencement he delivered the annual address before
the literary societies on "The increased mental activity of the age, its causes and
demands." J This was one of the best considered addresses which he ever deliv-
ered. He inquired, first into the causes of the modern enlargement of the
empire of mind, and discovered them in the influence of Christianized civiliza-
tion, and the immediate and ulterior consequences of the discovery of America.
The dangers of this modern mental activity are the tendency to the demolition
of everything ancient, whether good or bad, and an indifference to innovations
whether hurtful or harmless. The remedy is thorough mental culture,
especially of the clergy, and a noble, overmastering, if not inspired purpose on
the part of scholars. In another address delivered at the inauguration of
Dickinson institute at Romeo, || in discussing the value of science he was led to
utter a prediction whose fulfillment is now taking place. Speaking of elec-
tricity, he said, "more of it lies quiet in a gill of water than is present in a
flash of lightning that cleaves the oak of a hundred years. * * * Who can
say that this power will not yet be controlled so as to move machinery and to
light our houses and streets ?"

He was honored this year with the degree of Doctor of Divinity from
Union College.

In April, 1855, the Annual meeting of the State Teachers' Association
was held in Ann Arbor. On this occasion he read a Report " On the Advan-
tages of a Critical study of the Classics in the English Language, in

* According to the Catalogue of 1852-3. In 1851-2, the number was 57.

t Discourse delivered in the M. E. church at Ann Arbor, Michigan, March 6, 1853. Published on
the solicitation of a large committee of citizens.
t Delivered June 2G, 1854, and published by request of the Literary Societies.
II October 18, 1854. Published by the Institute.

Key. Erastus Otis Haveist.

Schools."* This was the first time any voice had been raised in Ann Arbor
in behalf of a critical study of the English masterpieces. One of his points
is thus summarized : " To the most advanced scholars in college or in insti-
tutions where any, male or female, enjoy the last advantages of oral instruc-
tion, criticism should be taught as an art; some of the best specimens of
literature should be exhaustively reviewed ; the students themselves should
make formal and critical reviews of one or two authors, and the best general
directions should be given."

This session of the Teachers' Association was especially signalized by an
earnest and intelligent discussion on the question of the admission of women
into colleges and universities. f A number of the leading educators of the
State participated, and among them was Dr. Haven, who with his charac-
teristic and elegant earnestness took sides in favor of co-education.

In 1856 Dr. Haven appeared before the world as an author in a small book
entitled "The Young Man Advised."

From some reason which to the present writer was always involved in
mystery, Dr. Haven now resigned his chair. So far as the impelling motive
was ever made known to me it was done only in confidence. It was an act
universally regretted, and apparently inexplicable. He entered at once upon
the duties of editor of Zion's Herald, the oldest, and in many respects the most
highly esteemed Methodist newspaper in the world.

His Boston life for seven years was one of ceaseless and excited activity. As
an editor he accomplished an amount of work seldom equaled. But during a
portion of the time he also had charge of a church in Maiden. From 1858
to 1863 he was a member of the Massachusetts Board of Education, and
member of the State Board of Overseers of Harvard College. In 1862, and
again in 1863, he was elected to the Massachusetts Senate, where he served
with considerable distinction as chairman of the joint committee on education.
In 1863 he received the honorary degree of doctor of laws from the Ohio
Wesleyan university.

On the 25th of June of this year the board of regents recalled Dr. Haven by
a unanimous vote to the university, to assume the presidential chair just
vacated. They also assigned to him the duties of the professorship of rhetoric
and English literature. This action, by instruction of the board, was mailed
'^forthwith" to Dr. Haven, and five days afterward he penned his acceptance.
What would have been his decision had he known by what means the pres-
idency became vacantj it is idle to conjecture. Certain it is that he was unin-
formed of the removal of Dr. Tappan, and had accepted the position offered
before he could have learned the cause of the vacancy. It is equally certain
that he must have felt bound by his word, though a more timid man would
have shrunk from the storm which was preparing to burst upon him.

As early as July 6th, the University Senate made a wise and conservative
attempt to forestall the consequences of the coming reaction. Forbearing to
express any opinion on the wisdom of the action taken by the Board of
Eegents, tliey resolved to *' recognize the appointment of Dr. Haven as an

* Read April 3, 1855, and published in The Michigan Journal of Education, vol. ii. pp. 147—52.

t Introduced by a Report on Co-Education" presented by Prof. Putnam of Kalamazoo College.
See Mich. Jour, of Education, vol. ii, pp. 133—37, 139—41. This discussion is referred to m the
Report of a Committee of Regents On the Admission of Females, submitted Sept. 29, 1858. See
Froc. Board of Regents, 1858—1864, A pp. p. 13. , ^ „

% On the 25th of June the Board of Regents adopted the foUowing: ''Resolved, That Dr. Henry
P. Tappan be and he is hereby removed from the offices and duties of the President of tue
University and Professor of Philosophy therein." Five regents voted in the afiirmative, two were
absent and one was excused from voting. Proc. Board of Regents, 1858-1864, p. 178.

PioisTEER Society or Michigtak.

accomplished fact — as the present legally established order of things in the
University — which its peace and best interests will not allow to be treated as
unsettled, or open to agitation and doubt," and to "cordially extend to our
new President our pledge of an earnest disposition to unite with him in
laboring for the purposes to which we have agreed to devote ourselves by
assuming our respective offices, and we receive him in full confidence that
his character and ability will enable him to secure the respect and reliance of
the public, and the continuance of the esteem with which we welcome him."*
President Haven appeared at the meeting of the Board of Regents in
August, and on the 9th of September, the youthful Director of the Observa-
tory, Professor Watson, revealed the existence of a new star, Eurynome,
which rose upon the vision of men as an auspicious omen for the new admin-
istration. At the beginning of the Academic year. President Haven delivered
his Inaugural Address. His special theme was Ujiiversities in America,\
While he recognized the disadvantages of ''church colleges," he insisted
that State institutions of education are essentially and necessarily religious,
because the people who create and maintain them are a Christian people.
''I maintain," he says, ''that a State University in this country should be
religious. It should be Christian without being sectarian." With other
words of similar purport, he adds: "Especially should the bonds of union
between science and revelation be shown. The professors should be men
capable of perceiving and illustrating the evidences of the divine origin of
Christianity, in language, mathematics, the laws of material things and of
vegetable and animal life ; in history and art, and in the mind of man.
* * * Those questions upon which denominations differ — however vital
they may appear — should be left to their acknowledged teachers out of the
University, or be so respectfully and impartially stated as not to offend the
conscience of any sincere believer." Nor does he apprehend for the Univer-
sity any political complications. Our freedom from political embarrassments
creates a feeling of wonder that dangers from this source can appear so large
in the eyes of eastern educators. President Haven also maintains that the
means of a University may be legitimately employed to promote scientific
investigation. But he holds fast here, as everywhere, to the importance of
the study of the ancient classics. He recommends an extension of the elec-
tive system. He seems to feel the pressure of the problem which in our day
is bearing with such weight that we shall be compelled to seek its solution.
In the multitude of subjects of study which modern science has made
important, what shall be set down as compulsory, what elective? And how
long shall the undergraduate be detained in the courses deemed " secondary?"
The most obvious way to relieve our embarrassment is simply to make the
greater part of these studies elective. This was the recommendation of
President Haven ; and this simply is the extent of the relief afforded by the
next recent action of the University. President Haven recommended, like-
wise, as a prospective measure, the appointment of a "Professor of Hebrew
and Oriental Languages," and a "Professor of Ecclesiastical History,"

President Haven's familiarity with current national events is shown in his
annual message to the third moot congress of the law department, J and his
marked ecclesiastical breadth, and liberality towards those who had plunged

* Proc. Board of Regents, 1858—1864, pp. 184—5.

t An Inaugural Address delivered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, October 1st, 1863. 31pp.,8vo. Pub-
lished by the University.
% DeHvered October 24, 1863, and published by the law students.

Bet. Erastus Otis Haven^.

the nation into war, are exemplified in a thanksgiving sermon preached this
year.*

On the first of February, 1864, an entirely new board of regents entered
upon office. Those who deposed the late president and installed his successor
were now powerless ; and it was the belief of a considerable number of people
that it would be the duty of the new board to restore the former status. The
friends of the old president and the new were manifesting a deep interest in
the issue which it was understood would be reopened. Of all these fears and
hopes President Haven seemed to have no knowledge. Of the thousands
interesting themselves at the beginning of this year in the affairs of the Uni-
versity, President Haven seemed to be the least discomposed. On meeting
the assembled Board, he proceeded at once with his official communications.
After some appropriate formalities, he referred to the enlargement of the
Medical College building as an immediate necessity. He renewed his recom-
mendation of the two professorships mentioned in his Inaugural, and set
before the Board the necessity of a Gymnasium for the use of the students.
To this time the Steward had never kept an office apart from his private place
of business in the city, but President Haven now urged the importance of
removing his office to the University grounds. In the course of the morning,
however, one of the Kegents introduced memorials from students requesting
the re-instatement of the late President. It is impossible not to feel that
the situation of the new President had become painfully embarrassing. A
certain number of his own students had expressed a wish for his retirement,
and had preferred their request before a body possessing full power to comply
with their wishes. Many men in the position of President Haven would have
felt goaded to some expression of indignation or defiance. But Dr. Haven
preserved the imperturbability of a summer sky. Many men would have
marked the petitioners for future remembrance, but no student signing the
petition could ever affirm that President Haven had not always treated him
as well as he did his best friends. Every person remained in complete igno-
rance of the purpose of the Board. The crowd of onlookers was in a state of
excited expectation. The petitions were made the special order for an after-
noon hour. When that hour arrived resolutions were adopted deprecating
the interference of students in the matter of appointments and concluding
with permission to the petitioners to withdraw their petitions.

But the friends of the late President did not consider the question as settled.
They felt that an act of injustice had been done which ought to be redressed.
They accordingly made preparations to press their demands at a meeting of
the Board which was to be held on the sixteenth of the following month. On
the appointed day a delegation of ^'distinguished citizens" from Detroit
appeared before the Board to present memorials for the reinstatement of the
former President, and to argue the question on its merits. The memorials
were considered at an executive session on the evening of the same day, and
referred to a special committee, who reported on the 18th of February, two
days afterward. The report was an admirably temperate and courteous con-
sideration of the claims of the memorialists, and the alleged facts on which
they rested. It pays a tribute of esteem to the late President, but recom-
mends in conclusion, ''that the request of the memorialists be not granted.'' f
The report was adopted with but one dissenting vote.

* ''Shoiild the natioa be thankful?" A thanksgiving discourse Nov; 26, 18C3. 19pp.8vo. Published
"by the citizens of Ann Arbor.

t Proceedings of the Board of Regents 1864—1870, pp. 21—24.

Pioneer Society or MiCHiG-Aisr.

It is impossible to estimate justly the character of our deceased friend
without considering his conduct in this painfully trying crisis. I take no
pleasure in recalling the struggles of 1864, but justice to the memory of the
man who passed unscathed through those fiery trials, commands me to
commemorate the Christian moderation, the heroic fortitude, the unruf-
fled patience and the unfaltering steadiness with whicli he bore himself
through the prolonged ordeal. I do not wish to reflect the feeblest per-
sonal judgment on the merits of the controversy. I should lose my self-re-
spect, to take sides on an occasion like this. I admit that the leaders o^ both
parties were actuated by high motives, and sought only the best welfare of the
University. But the painful character of the situation was a fact. The most
admirable bearing of the President was a fact. His grand moral triumph
was a fact. That it was one of the most lustrous successes of his life is a
fact. That his friends always felt proud, not of his victory over a rival, but
his victory over himself, and of his subsequent control of turbulent elements,
is a fact. That his subsequent peaceful, dignified, and conciliatory policy won
the admiration of many of his opposers, is a fact. Why then should we pass
in silence over this epoch, so fruitful of honor to one of the chief actors, and
one which stands so prominent in the memory of all who have known the
University eighteen years? An administration for which many predicted dis-
order, decadence, and disaster, was led by the hand of gentleness and wisdom
to an ever growing and brightening success. It revealed no heart-burnings, no
hatred. There was no proscribed list. Universal amnesty of past hostilities
reigned in the peaceful breast of the man who, had he been no more than a
common man, would have felt the chafing of the situation during his term of
office, and might have sought to bury his enemies even beneath the ruins of
the University. We can all unite in honoring such a man. He has left us
a grand example of Christian character.

At the ensuing medical commencement, he delivered the annual address to
the graduates. The discussion presented was On the Relation of the Medical
Profession to Science.* He considered the historical and subjective relations
of medicine to the growth of the natural sciences, and advocated high scien-
tific acquirements for physicians.

In his Annual Report to the Board of Regents presented in September, he
announced that the standard of admission to tlie Academical Department
had been raised, so that none could enter unless qualified for admission to
either the Classical or the Scientific Course. He advised moderate rigor in
fixing the terms of admission; and recommended that the proceeds of the
Detroit property, amounting to $22,000, be constituted the nucleus of a
Library Fund. This recommendation was adopted, and for some years the
Board struggled to maintain it intact; but the dire financial pressure which
succeeded, reduced its existence to a nominal thing, which at the present time,
I think, is no longer even named. f

At the March meeting of 1865, a'* School of Mines" was established, and
at the Commencement of the Law Department, President Haven delivered
the address to the graduates on The Legal Profession in America.]; He
spoke of the abstract nature of the conception of law. Unwritten law, he

♦March 30, 18G4. 20 pp., 8 vo. Published hy the Board of Regents, at the request of the Medical
Faculty.

tit was absorbed in the "General Fund by Resolution of the Board of Regents June 30, 1875.
t March 29, 1865, 19 pp. 8 vo. Published " in response to airequest of the Faculty of the Depart-
ment of Law."

Key. Ebastus Otis Hayen.

said, antedates statutory law, aad exists in human consciousness long before
written law is known. He pointed out the ancillary character of all other
knowledge in the theory and practice of law. ''All science," he said,
converges here."

On the loth of April, 1865, intelligence of the assassination of President
Lincoln thrilled the civilized world. On the 19th, a mass meeting convened
in Ann Arbor, at which President Haven presented one of the finest out-
bursts of extemporaneous and impassioned oratory ever heard in the city.*
The peroration closes with the following apostrophe :

''And then Lincoln! thou hast so suddenly been called away from a
nation just jubilant with gratitude at thy success — though thou wert not
permitted to live and receive the grateful thanks of the whole reunited people
and the whole Christian world, yet, perhaps, from the serene regions of
immortality, surrounded by thousands of the brave oflQcers and men who,
like thee, have sacrificed their earthly life for their country's good — thou
shalt look down, first upon a weeping, and then upon a thankful nation,
among whom, in proportion to its purity, integrity and patriotism, thy virtues
will be emulated and thy name honored ; and America will ever point with
patriotic pride to the two grand historic names, Washington and Lincoln, the
Father and preserver of their native land !"

In his Annual Report for 1865, he advises the connection of all professional
schools with the University ; he deprecates haste in beginning the study of
the professions; he again recommends more exacting examinations for
entrance to the Medical Department ; he sets forth the pressing need of a
suitable chapel, and makes appeal to the private munificence of the State in
behalf of the University.

During the following year appeared a work from his pen entitled The Pil-
lars of Truth, f It consisted of twelve Sunday afternoon sermons delivered to
the Students of the University, and offered to the public in pursuance of a
request from the "Young Men's Christian Association" of the University. I
have not the time at my disposal to point out the characteristics of this vol-
ume in respect to style and doctrine. It must suffice to state that in method
and substance it possesses the simplicity and the transparency which so pre-
eminently belonged to the character of the author. His breadth of view,
his doctrinal catholicity, his philosophical apprehension of idolatries and
heathenism, his disregard of shadows, traditions, cant, and conceit, his love
of man, and especially of young men, his faith in Christianity, and his uni-
versal reliance upon it everywhere conspicuous, make this a volume on which
seekers after religious counsel may rest with trust and affection.

The breadth and generosity of his nature were further reflected in a Cen-
tennial Sermon on Methodism and the Sources of its Power, delivered before
the Detroit Conference in September. J

The University had now reached a narrower financial strait than had been
passed since 1841, on the first opening of its doors to collegiate classes, and
when the State loaned the institution one hundred thousand dollars, and col-
lected interest and principal out of the Endowment Fund. The cost of all

* Memorial Proceedings in honor of the lamented President of the United States, Abraham
Lincoln, held in Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the address of Rev. E. O. Haven, D. D., LL. D., Presi-
dent of the University of Michigan. 14 pp. 8 vo. Published by the citizens.

^ The Pillars of Truth, a Series of Sermons on the Decalogue. Crown 12mo. 248 pp., New lorK,
Carlton & Porter.

t Before the Detroit Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Chxtrch, September, 1866. 8vo., 24
pp. Published by resolution of the Conference.

PioKEEK Society of Michigan.

materials and commodities was eoormously enhanced by the inflation con-
sequent upon the prosecution of the war ; but the income of the University
was a fixed quantity. All the unprofessional employes of the University were
demanding increase of compensation ; and the increase granted between 1864
and 1866, amounted to fifty per cent. The salaries of the professors had
remained the same as in the ante-bellum period, until the present year, when a
slight increase was temporarily ordered.* But the treasury was absolutely
exhausted, and the current expenses were in excess of the regular income. It
was truly saddening to witness the perplexities and anxieties of those placed
in charge of the interests of the institution. The finance committee gravely
pointed out the seriousness of the situation. They enjoined the most scrupu-
lous and exacting economy, but ended their report with the following painful
confession: *'We have passed the point where the current revenues of the
University meet the current expenses. * * * jt jg yery import-
ant that immediate steps be taken to increase the permanent fund of the
University. Your committee are not prepared to recommend a plan to
that effect, but urge the consideration of the subject upon the Board at its
present session." f

But the board was powerless. The constitution forbade the imposition of
charges upon the students for tuition, though the ever increasing number of
students imposed an ever increasing burden of expense. A slight advance was
made in matriculation and annual fees, but the relief to be anticipated was
trifling. It was at one time contemplated to make an appeal to the people
of Michigan," declaring the present condition of the university," and
''urging the immediate attention of the people to this subject."! It was
pathetic to contemplate the distressing anxiety and dark forebodings of those
who had undertaken to guard the interests of the university and secure its
perpetuity. I desire to tender the thanks of all friends of higher education to
the brave hearts and clear heads which sustained our university through the
peril of those days. I will not withhold even here, the expression of (my admir-
ation and gratitude to the successive boards of regents who, from the sole love
of righteous well-doing, have devoted their unpaid services to the custodianship
of a great university which has too often demanded of them wisdom, and
forbearance, and patience more than human.

In all the anxieties and expedients of this trying period, President Haven
was a large participator. But no despairing cloud ever shadowed the sunny
cheerfulness of his nature. He grappled personally with the grave difificulties
of the situation, and it was his geniality, wisdom, and tact which finally led
the university through the strait. He drew up a carefully studied memorial
to the Legislature of 1867 in whi^h he set forth plainly the serious fact that the
university of the State had attained the utmost limit of its development unless
the endowment could be increased. He demonstrated that in this condition
it must begin immediately to fall in the rear of all progressive institutions of
similar grade — even of those of more western states which had, so far, followed
the University of Michigan as a model. He vindicated the popular character
of the university, cited the eulogies which had been bestowed upon it by the
highest educational authorities, and expressed his rational trust in the purpose
of the people to come to their own university with such aid as seemed to be

*The increase was fifteen per cent, and was subsequently made permanent. In. 1872 professors'
•salaries were put at 82,500, but in 1879 they were lowered to $2,200.
t Proceedings of the Board of Regents, 1864—1870, p. 161.
X Proceedings of the Board of Regents 1864-1870, p. 181.

Eey. Erastus Otis Haven.

imperatively needed. He suggested an addition of $200,000 to the endowment,
or what would be better, a small annual tax upon the property of the State.'"*"

The appeal succeeded. A bill was introduced imposing an annual tax of
one-twentieth of a mill on the property of the State, and it seemed likely to
pass by large majorities. The friends of the university besjan to feel jubilant.
But at last a proviso was appended conditioning the aid on the appointment of
a homoeopathic professor in the medical department of the university; and
thus hampered, the bill became a law.

The cloud of gloom still hung over the heads of the president and board of
regents. At an April meeting the Eegents at first contemplated establishing
a separate homoeopathic college, as they were persuaded that the introduction
of homoeopathy into the medical department would result in its disintegration.
The project, however, was postponed for a year. Meantime the accommoda-
tions of the medical department imperatively demanded enlargement. Women
were pressing for admission and accommodations in the university. The
chemical laboratory was also calling for larger quarters, and a sum was bor-
rowed from the ^'reserve fund" to supply this demand.

The President in his Baccalaureate Sermon f this year reaffirmed the
essentially religious basis of American Colleges. He ably defended national
education against charges of secularism. He pressed the claims of Christi-
anity upon young men, arguing that the religious character is most perfect,
and that the tendency toward perfection is a law of nature. He showed the
superior strength of a religious character and exhorted young men by their
ambition to impress and improve the age, to seek the alliance of that strength
imparted by Christian symmetry of character.

His Annual Report for 1867 echoes first of all, the cry of the overcrowded
Medical Faculty for enlarged accommodations.]; He states that opportunities
to students for elections have been extended until six courses of study were
now offered. He renews his recommendation for more rigorous entrance
examinations in the Medical Department. He describes his labors with the
Legislature, but argues against the admission of homoeopathy, and advises
the Regents to decline the proffered aid with its impracticable conditions.
The question of co-education of the sexes in the University pressed again
upon the attention of the authorities. President Haven argues it in his
Report, with a sincere desire to promote the higher education of women, but
concludes with the recommendation that no change be made.||

The universal good will felt toward the President was well exemplified in
October in an invitation to address the Father Mathew Total Abstinence
Benevolent Society" of Ann Arbor,§ and the President's easy and affable
adaptability to all situations is equally exemplified in the happy strain with
which he responded in his address.

One of his University sermons delivered in November, on Science and
Religion,^ attracted marked attention. It was affluent in those crisp and
often metaphorical and antithetical phrases, tense with thought, which he
delighted to project upon his audiences. As there was no subject on which

* House document No. 1. Session of 1867.

t Public Education and Religion. A Baccalaureate Sfermon delivered June 23, 1867. 8 vo. 16 pp.

t In 1866-7 there had been 525 medical students enroUed. This great number probably resulted
from causes growing out of the war. So high a figure has not been reached in any subsequent
year. The average enrollment for the past ten years has been 333.

II Proceedings of the Board of Regents 1868—1870, p. 233.

§ Address delivered October 10, 1867, and published by A. Chase, Ann Arbor.
TT Delivered November 3, 1867, and repeated, by request, in the Methodist Episcopal Church,
April 19, 1868. PublisLed by A. W, Chase, Ann Arbor.

Pioneer Society of MicHiaAx.

he did not at some time formulate an opinion, so here he lays down the
proposition that the Bible contains nothing either for or against Preadamites.

His University sermon of February 2, 1868, on The Kesponsibility of
Finite Beings,* was one of the best elaborated and thoughtful essays of his
life. I regret that the time at my disposal is insufficient to justify an
abstract.

At the March meeting of the Board of Regents he again urged the import-
ance of a gymnasium. At the same meeting the government of the Uni-
versity felt itself so oppressed by increasing demands for ampler financial
means that it was decided to accept the aid offered by the State, under the
belief that the law would be fulfilled by the location of a Homoeopathic College
at some other point than Ann Arbor. The State Supreme Court, however,
did not sustain the correctness of this view, and the University remained,
therefore, groaning beneath its burdens. In his annual report for 1868, Pres-
ident Haven deprecates the tendency manifest in some of our high schools to
exclude the ancient languages. He repeats for the third time, the statement
that **we ought to have a gymnasium," and then proceeds to lay down certain
general principles which render indefensible the position that the University
may be justly called upon to maintain instruction in any special theories of
medicine. All that is true and useful is embraced in the purview of the recog-
nized science and practice of medicine, based on the totality of human knowl-
-edge ; and no professional narrowness should exclude from this science any-
thing of such usefulness that a medical sect could base upon it an appeal for
public countenance and support. It is known to the speaker that President
Haven felt this to be an impregnable position, and experienced peculiar satis-
faction in summoning the Regents and the people to its defense. He makes
this an occasion for returning to the discussion of co-education ; and caused
no little surprise by reaching a conclusion the opposite of that enun-
ciated a year previously. He closes with an appeal prompted by the question
then uppermost in all minds. ^^Michigan has a population," he sajs, "of
nearly a million ; it will yet have several millions. Shall the University then
have no more income than now? * * * The fathers of Michifijan
did well, and the University has repaid their far-seeing enterprise in honor and
usefulness — will not the present generation imitate as well as eulogize their
fathers?''

On the assembling of the Legislature of 1869, the president of the Univer-
sity was invited by resolution to address that body on the needs of the institu-
tion. This was the kind of opportunity which the president might well have
coveted. Pew could resist the winning simplicity and honest earnestness of
his customary public address. He pleaded for the removal of the impracticable
condition on which public aid had been offered by the preceding Legislature.
He succeeded. As a consequence of this, the tax of one-twentieth of a mill
levied and collected for two years, was then due the University. The whole
amount was eventually paid. The University experienced relief. The Board
of Regents was jubilant. The president professed profound satisfaction, but
maintained his usual undemonstrative composure.

This was a consummation of triple significance. 1. It brought immediate
relief to the University. 2. This relief was based on the just principle that
the amount of annual aid should grow with the population and wealth of the
State. 3. It inaugurated the principle of legislative support for higher edu-

* 12 mo. 15 pp. Published by A. W. Chase, Ann Arbor.

Eev. Erastus Otis Havek.

cation, and established a precedent which would predispose future legislators
to contemplate the University with more enlarged and more generous views
than had heretofore been entertained. The fruits of this single achievement
we are still gathering. The State tax now yields the University $31,500 annu-
ally, which is equivalent to an endowment of $453,000 at seven per cent
interest ; and the other appropriations made to the University at the last ses-
sion of the Legislature aggregate $160,000. It can now be truthfully boasted
that the State University subsists not chiefly by the bounty of the general gov-
ernment, but by the munificence of the State.

I know personally that these results were intelligently forecast by President
Haven. It is not surprising that he felt that he had accomplished a culmin-
ating and supreme service for the University. To us who acknowledged
unreservedly our gratitude for such service, he seemed to be upon the thresh-
old of still greater usefulness. We were picturing a future of assured peace,
public confidence, and growing prosperity. But at this juncture we were
astounded and dismayed by President Haven's announcement of his intention
to resign his office at the close of the collegiate year.

To this announcement the Board of Regents responded as follows :

" We have heard with deep regret from Dr. Haven that he tenders the
resignation of his trust as president of the university ; that the continued
prosperity and enlarged usefulness and fame of the university, in all its
branches during the past six years, has been to a large extent due to the learn-
ing, skill, assiduity, and eminent virtues of Dr. Haven ; that we accept with
deep regret his resignation. At the same time we respectfully request him to
remain with us until the next meeting of the board, or until the board shall
have had time to take action under the delicate and highly responsible trust
again devolved upon us ; that we feel undiminished confidence in the peculiar
fitness of Dr. Haven for the position of president of an institution of learning,
and confidently trust that his usefulness may remain undiminished."

At the board meeting of August 1? President Haven read his sixth and last
annual report. In this he recites the history of his transactions with the
Legislature, and congratulates the board that the Legislature of Michigan
passed "the noblest act ever passed for higher education by the Legislature of
-any American State." On this occasion he enumerated several important
advances in the working of the university, and these I shall presently embrace
in a general summary.

During this year President Haven again appeared before the public as the
author of a work entitled. Rhetoric : A Text Book designed for use in Schools
and Colleges, and for Private Study.* This is a work which our Professor
Tyler held in high esteem; but I am compelled here to forego all examination
of its merits.

The presidency of Dr. Haven was signalized by great progress and solid
prosperity in the affairs of the university. He found the literary department
with 366 students and left it with 422; the medical department with 252
students, and left it with 358; and the law department with 134 students^
while he left it with 342. He found the university with 652 students, and
left it with 1114. Two years before he left there had been 1255 ; but during
two years the Medical Department fell off 167, or from 525 to 358. Had it
held its own, the total in the University in 1869 would have been 1281. The
law department also fell off 53, or from 395 to 342. Had this also held its

* 12 mo., 318 pages. Published by Harper & Brothers, New York.

Pioneer Society or MicHiaAisr.

own, the total in the university in 1869 would have been 1334. The number
of new students admitted to the literary department in 1863 was 113; in 1868
it was 156. The number of old students who returned was annually increased.

The progress of the university during President Haven's administration was
further shown by the following consummations, which I name in the order of
time : The office of the steward was located upon the grounds, and he was
required to devote his whole time to the duties of the position (March 30,

1864) . The Rominger collection of European fossils was purchased (March
30, 1864). The Houghton herbarium was received (June ^8, 1884). A
reserve fund for the endowment of the library was created which, in August,
1869, amounted to $17,166. A school of mines was inaugurated (March 28,

1865) . The astronomical observatory was enlarged (Sept. 26, 1865). The
Sager botanical collection was received (March 29, 1866.) The policy of con-
ferring honorary degrees was adopted (June 26, 1866). The Fletcher law
library was received (March 27, 1866). The Fletcher professorship of law was
established (June 28, 1866). State aid through a property tax of one-
twentieth of a mill was obtained first with conditions (1867) and afterward
without conditions (1869). The medical college building was enlarged (April
9, 1867). The Ford anatomical collection was purchased (March 25, 1868).
A course in mechanical engineering was organized (Dec. 22, 1868). The
university hospital was established (March 31, 1869). The Sager anatomical
collection was purchased (April i, 1869). Steam-heating apparatus was
introduced (April 1, 1869).

President Haven could easily have accomplished the admission of women,
but his scruples regarding the practicability of the measure, expressed in 1867,
led him to throw his influence at first, in the opposite direction. The co-edu-
cation of women in the University had been before the attention of the
authorities and people since the memorable discussion in the State Teachers'
Association in 1855, in which Professor Haven was a strong advocate of the
principle, and when it was Resolved, That in the opinion of this Association,
co-education of the sexes is in accordance with true philosophy, and it is prac-
tically expedient."* The State Senate adopted a report in 1857, strongly
favoring the system, f In March, 1858, Miss S. E. Burger notified the Board of
Regents that she and several other young ladies would make application for
admission in June, and this was done, but the application was refused. In
September, 1858, the Regents, after long examination of the question, were
led to adopt an adverse report, resolving that *^at present it is inexpedient to
introduce this change into the institution."! In 1859 a petition was received
from 1,476 citizens in favor of the admission of women, and Miss Burger ||.
and three other ladies renewed their application. The Regents, however, only
reaffirmed their action of the previous 3^ear. It is a traditional fact, however^
that their action would have been favorable but for opposition proceeding from
representatives of the Faculties of the University. The question now remained
dormant till 1867, when the Legislature adopted a joint resolution declaring
"that it is the deliberate opinion of this Legislature that the high objects for
which the University of Michigan was organized will never be fully attained
until women are admitted to all its rights and privileges." In pursuance
of this declaration. Regent AVillard induced the Board, in April, to refer

* Michigan Journal of Education, vol. ii, p. 139.

t Reproduced in Michigan Journal of Education, vol. ii, pp. 72-4.

% Proceedings Board of Megents, 1858— 18CI, p. 31.

II Now the wife of Judge Ozora P. :5tearns, of Duluth, a graduate of 1858.

Eev. Erastus Otis Hayejt.

the question again to the executive committee.* I do not learn that the
executive committee ever reported, but the subject was discussed by President
Haven in his annual report for 1867, and the measure was pronounced inex-
pedient. In his reporfc for 1868, however, he expresses the conviction which
he had enunciated thirteen years before, that women have rights in the
University which it is expedient to respect. But the subject was passed over
by the Board until the April meeting of 1869, when Resfent Willard renewed
his attempt by introducing the resolution '*That in the opinion of the Board
no rule exists in any of the University statutes which excludes women from
admission to the University." It was the impression of the majority, how-
ever, that the conservatism lingering in the Faculties would prevent the
experiment from receiving a fair trial, and they perhaps still believed that
some expensive rearrangements of the buildings would be demanded. Mr.
Willard's second attempt, therefore, found its way to a resting place ^*on the
table." This was the status of the question when President Haven took his
final leave of the University. But the germ of success was developing. At
the first regular meeting after the retirement of President Haven, Eegent
Willard, with the persistence of a true reformer, returned to the attempt to
secure the natural and legal rights of women in the University, by intro-
ducing the following unostentatious resolution :

"i2eso?ve(^, That the Beard of Regents recognize the right of every resident of
Michigan to the enjoyment of the privileges afforded by the University; and that
no rule exists in any of the University statutes for the exclusion of any person
from the University, who possesses the requisite literary and moral qualifications."

The resolution was laid upon the table, but was subsequently taken up, on
motion of Regent Willard, and adopted by a vote of six to two. This was on
January 5, 1870.

Though the consummation was reached after President Haven had entered
upon another field of duty, it was only a fruit whose ripening ho had nur-
tured and watched.

Dr. Haven, in the autumn of 1869, assumed the presidency of the North-
western University. I have not time to speculate on the motives which may
have prompted him to determine on a change which seemed so regrettable to
our University, and so little advantageous to himself. Nor can I discuss
here the question whether his new position presented greater opportunities for
serving the cause of education, or even the interests of his own church. His
work at Evanston was prosecuted with characteristic energy, industry, watch-
fulness, and fertility of intellectual resources. From the late Acting Presi-
dent of that institution I have obtained a summary statement of valuable
consummations reached during the three years of Dr. Haven's administra-
tion. ''He found the Northwestern University a small college; he left it a
well-organized American University, with more students in attendance upon
the college and professional courses than there were in attendance at any
denominational institution west of the Alleghenies. He added the Depart-
ment of Medicine; made the preliminary arrangements for adding the
Department of Law; and the Theological School was united to the Univer-
sity in work, and registered in the same Catalogue. The College Library
was increased from 5,000 to 25,000 volumes. The College Faculty was
enlarged, and elective courses of study were established. Women were

* Proceedings Board of Regents, 1864—1870, pp. 200-1.

50 Pioneer Society of MiCHiGAisr.

admitted to study and to degrees under its presidency for the first time. It was
a good work that he did. He told me that if he could see how $100,000
could be raised, which he needed to complete his plans, and have the finances
in a sound condition, he would not leave."* So writes the late Acting Presi-
dent, Dr. Marcy.

Dr. Haven was a member of the General Conference of 1872, as he had
been of the two preceding ones. It was the general expectation that he
would receive from this Conference the honor of election to the Board of
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church; but he fell slightly short of the
requisite number of votes. It is understood that he was opposed by some
of his best friends, who, as friends of the Northwestern University, greatly
desired, his continuance at the head of that institution. Dr. Haven had been
long contemplated as a suitable person for the episcopal office. At the Gen-
eral Conference of 1868, held at Chicago, he occupied in the debates and
councils, a most conspicuous position. One of his biographers, alluding to
this occasion, writes: "Erastus 0. Haven would have been easily selected
as the man of us all with a large future. He was Chancellor of Michigan
University, then ranking not lower than third among American institutions
of learning. He could do everything easily, well, popularly. We were all
proud of his good fight at Ann Arbor — one of the most Christian victories on
record. If a Bishop had been chosen he was easily first. One had some
difficulty in comparing him with Dr. McClintock, but it was easy to see that
Dr. Haven was the wider, if not the stronger, man. He was so affluent in all
kinds of resources, so ready in all manner of work, and looked so well bal-
anced in physique that he stimulated the imagination and hope of friends,
as few men have eVer done."f

President Haven did not cooperate with the opposition stimulated by the
desire to retain him in the Northwestern University. He resigned his posi-
tion in the summer of 1872. It would not be extravagant to allege that this
step was as mysterious and unexplained and also as deeply regretted, as both
his resignations from the University of Michigan. In this case, he stepped
into no office or occupation comparable in dignity or opportunities for useful-
ness. He accepted the Secretaryship of the Board of Education of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, and discharged its duties faithfully for two
years. But here were neither the resources nor the prestige, nor the field,
for great work. I doubt if the position was generally considered worthy of
him; and it may not be straining probabilities to affirm that such was his own
conviction. It was not surprising, therefore, that when, in June, 1874, he
received the offer of the Chancellorship of Syracuse University, he was found
in the mood of acceptance. I do not allege that this step was taken as a
dernier resort; but it cannot be denied that a glamour had been thrown
about this institution which was more dazzling than the bottom facts of his-
tory justified ; and Dr. Haven in entering upon duty here, did not, like
Cortes, burn his ships behind him. For six years he labored with fidelity;
but the situation was depressing. As one of his late colleagues has recently
written to me, *'he was weak bodily and discouraged mentally. He was some
way lacking in that true courage and unfaltering faith in this enterprise
which are so essential to inspire others to connect themselves and their
fortunes with us." It was the fault of the situation and not of the man,

* Private letter of October 28, 1881.

t The Methodist, New York, August, 1881.

Eev. Erastus Otis Haveit.

that no great achievement was won during his administration. But his
administration was not fruitless. The University was maintained. Not
even the straitness of the finances was allowed to prompt to any undignified
expedients. Everybody loved and honored Chancellor Haven. He shed "a
certain intangible aroma on all with whom he came in contact. * * He
never had an enemy. * * * The community honored him. He was a
Christian gentleman." This language is much less glowing than others have
employed on the same subject ; but it is not a conclusion which I have trusted
myself to formulate ; it comes from a perfectly authentic source.

In 1876, Chancellor Haven was a delegate to the Greneral Conference at
Baltimore, and was again a prominent candidate for the episcopal office. He
was chosen a delegate to bear the greetings of his church to the English and
Irish Wesleyans — an appointment which gave him in 1877, his first opportu-
nity for observation in the old world.

In May, 1880, the General Conference in session at Cincinnati cast its vote
for Chancellor Haven as one of the Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal
Church. Few men ever received promotion at the hands of a delegated body
with more cordial or unanimous acclamation from its constituency. It had
for twelve years been felt that Dr. Haven's remarkable executive abilities, his
winning suavity of manners, his various learned acquirements, and his lofty
Christian character, were qualifications by which Providence had pointed him
out as a suitable incumbent of the highest office in the gift of the church.
He entertained an unobtrusive aspiration to enter a field of usefulness for
which he felt his nature and attainments fairly adapted ; and it cannot be
doubted that he had reason to feel, and probably did feel, that he had reached
now the threshold of his great life-work. The absorbing devotion with which
he entered upon his duties testified that only one thought now occupied his
soul. I fear it was a devotion too absorbing which resulted in cutting short
the days of its continuance.

His official residence was assigned to San Francisco. He was to undertake
the entire episcopal supervision of our Pacific coast for one year. Instead of
proceeding directly to his special field of duty, he made a wide and laborious
detour through Kentucky, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas, holding con-
ferences and visiting the churches. His observations and the suggestions
based upon them proved valuable to the general administration. In October,
1880, while presiding at the Kentucky Conference, he **felt the first warning
of his fatal disease which, by will and work, he was striving to overcome."
He went to the Pacific coast deeply impressed with the magnitude and impor-
tance of his charge; and he gave to it all the diversified energies of body,
intellect, and soulT Bishop Harris testifies to the value of his administrative
work. At the memorial service held in San Francisco, he said: Bishop
Haven was a wise counselor in all matters pertaining to the interests of the
church. I learned this more particularly in the last year when in the closest
intimacies, and the careful consideration that we were called upon to give to
the most delicate and difficult questions of church administration — matters
that affected the church from centre to circumference—I found him the most
thoughtful, judicious, and wise man to whom it has been my privilege to listen
in the discussion of such questions."*

On the first of June, 1881, he delivered the Commencement Address before

*Oalilornia Christian Advocate, August, 1881.

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the University of California. He spoke of *'The Function of Universities.*
This was one of the most inspiring elforts of his life. He argued that univer-
sities can never become obsolete. It has always been something of the nature
of universities which has disseminated the seeds of civilization. He main-
tained that a university must not assume to be a sole centre of civilizing
thought, nor an authority to decide infallibly between truth and error. In our
days all the world thinks, and countless crude opinions are continually thrown
upon the stream of thought. It is less necessary for the University to origi-
nate, than to regulate, discriminate, classify, select, reject, value, and stamp.
But the University must be able to teach the most advanced pupils. It must
encourage all original investigation. It must determine the true relative value
of knowledges and arts. There may come, in the future, a recoil against
science, art, and culture, as there is now, to some extent, against established
forms of religion. In such an emergency, the University must defend the
rights of intellect. The special forms of University activity must vary with
the times, but the University can never be dispensed with as long as civiliza-
tion endures.

His episcopal visitations took him to Salem, Oregon. Here, on the 24th of
June, he delivered his lecture on *'The Modern American." The next day,
with Kev. F. P. Tower, presiding elder of Portland district, he rode to a
quarterly meeting about thirty miles away. They returned through a drizzling
rain ; and shortly afterward Bishop Haven was prostrated by a congestive chill.
While suffering from the effects of the chill, he delivered the Baccalaureate
sermon at Willamette University, Salem. The next day, Monday, he spoke
at the chapel exercise, and that evening he rose from the table at supper and
said : ' I will bid you good evening now, and after a little I will say good
morning.' The good morning is yet to come." f

"During the early part of his sickness he endured spells of extreme pain.
Feeling one of these paroxysms coming on, he prayed to God to alleviate the
terrible agony, and in a moment it all passed away. Mr. DenisonJ came in
shortly after, and found him praising God. He spoke of his prayer, and
looking at his friend with earnest affection and trust, he seemed to see his
thoughts, and said: 'I am not superstitious; I am intensely scientific; but I
say to you, that prayer was answered.' "

By the 21st of July he felt his strength so far exhausted that he deemed it
a duty to inform Bishop Harris of his inability to meet all the appointments
which had been assigned. This seemed to grieve him more than the prospect
of death itself. His last letter, written to Bishop Harris on this subject, is
most pathetic. It was dictated to his son Theodore. After referring to his
sickness, and the encouragement offered by his physicians, he continues :

"I have provided for the holding of the Columbia River Conference, and
hope to ordain their candidates, if there shall be any. The doctor tells me
that I will probably be able to go to East Portland and preside at the Oregon
Conference. Perhaps the Lord will help me to take care of the California and
Southern California Conferences. But I confess Nevada frightens me ; and I
am afraid, if it depends on me, it will have no president. Should I be able

* " The Function of Universities." An address by Bisliop E. O. Haven, D. D., LL. D., ex-Presi-
dent of the University of Michigan. Delivered at the Commencement Exercises of the University
of California, June 1, 1881. San Francisco. 15 pp. 8 vo.

t The last incidents of Bishop Haven's life are taken from an editorial account by Dr. B. F.
Crary, in the California Christian Advocate, and reproduced in the Michigan Christian Advocate,
Detroit.

$ Rev. J. N. Denison, of Salem, Oregon, Avith whom Bishop Haven was a guest.

Eev. Erastus Otis Haven-.

to reach Central New York, I hope a brother Bishop will be there to aid me.
These are the facts.

•'*Allow me now to add that during every moment of my physical ilhiess,
the Lord has consciously been with me, and I have had a peaceful assur-
ance that He is mine and I am His. May the Lord bless you all ! I am, my
dear brother, and brethren, yours in the love of Christ, and in the care of all the
churches." In a postscript he adds: ^'I feel very, very weak this afternoon.
The fever is all gone."

The hopes expressed by the dying Bishop were not destined to be fulfilled.
From this date he sank rapidly. But his religious experiences were joyous.
On the 30th, the Sunday evening before his death, he felt unusual joy, and
then, as those dearest to him thought, the spirit began to free itself from the
body. For the sake of family, friends, and church, he desired to live ; but
surrendered everything to God's will. The last hours were marked by numer-
ous exclamations of Christian trust and sustaining hope, ''Do you feel bet-
ter, father?" enquired his son, the night before his death. He hardly seemed
to hear the question, but said, "I feel happy, oh, so happy ! I feel within me
a new life.'' Then he lay quiet a moment, and afterwards sang the stanza
beginning,

" Blest be the tie that binds."

By his consent a telegram had been sent to Bishop Harris, requesting him
to arrange a supply for the conferences that were soon to meet. On the
morning of his death he expressed regret that this had been done, as he did
not wish it to go on record that he had not done his full duty. A little later
he listened to the reading of the newspaper dispatches respecting the Presi-
dent's wound, and expressed satisfaction at the favorable character of the
news. Soon after this he passed into a quiet sleep, from which he returned
to consciousness but once. He was then asked, '^Are you trusting in
Jesus?" and when the question was repeated he answered with emphasis,
"Yes, oh, yes." And these weie the last words of a life for whose sweetness,
and usefulness, and grandeur we thank God, but whose unexpected and
untimely termination has brought pain to thousands of hearts. He expired
August 2, ]881.

His remains were buried at Salem, almost by the side of those of his old
friend and teacher, Cyrus Shepard, at Weston, Massachusetts, and on the spot
to which Bishop Janes in 1850 had assigned him missionary duty. A few weeks
before, he had stood by the side of Shepard's grave in pensive mood and
penned communications to the papers suggested by the impressive circum-
stances. His communication to the Pacific Christian Advocate, entitled "Prefa-
tory Thoughts," was published June 10; the other, to Zion's Herald, entitled
"The Plymouth Eock of Oregon," was published July 21. "How full of
strange windings is every human life,'^ he said, " and we who have traced the
windings of the life of this faithful Christian worker repeat the sentiment,
and trustfully imitate the example of our dear brother by leaving the ordering
of our ways to that wisdom which sees not as man sees.

Bishop Haven in physique was light but wiry and enduring, and his large
brain overbalanced his bodily frame. His constitution was not frail, but he
had many reminders of the necessity of sanitary carefulness. He seldom
admitted the existence of any serious indisposition, and muo-h of his work was

Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAN.

done under the depressing influence of illness which would have sent many
men into retirement.

His intellectual qualities were remarkable. In versatility few men excelled
him. He knew something on almost all subjects, and, if in ignorance, a few
glances of investigation set to work that intuition which pierced the subject
through and through. His fertility of projects was wonderful. The whole
field covered by a practical problem spread before his mind's eye, and nothing
possible escaped his notice. He possessed, accordingly, wonderful adaptability
to men and to situations. He was equal to every occasion. He never shrank
from an embarrassment or a trial of strength.

His style possessed marked features. His readiness of expression was a
marvel. Whether he spoke on science at an evening lecture in Amenia
seminary, or responded to the call of his fellow citizens at Ann Arbor for a
mouthpiece to express their sorrow over the assassination of a president, or
grappled with Ingersoll on a Syracuse platform, before the assembled intel-
ligence of the city, he was always equally full, equally facile, equally charm-
ing. He rose to his feet at a moment's notice, and the veil which to most
minds would have obscured the comprehension of the question was rolled
aside, and he contemplated it instantly in all its relations. Every fact which
could illuminate was at the bidding of his recollection ; every comparison,
every thought which held alliance with the theme rushed gladly into his
service. His strictly extemporaneous efforts were among his most admirable
ones. His discourse was marked by extreme simplicity, but sometimes rose to
a glowing and vigorous strain. In his address in 1853 on Common Schools
Unsectarian, occur such passages as the following :

*'The greatest honor of Michigan to-day, next to her religion, is her com-
mon schools. * * * And shall Michigan give them up? Shall she tear
this crown from her head and trample it under her feet? Shall she denude
herself of her robe of beauty, claim affinity with European despotisms, and
plunge backwards into the Dark Ages? * * * Shall the tide of freedom,
rolling westward, the astonishment of the nations and the hope of the world,
here be checked, in this Peninsular State, and the future historian, as with
sad pathos he chronicles the ruin of the United States, record that freedom
received its death blow in the State of Michigan? * * Forbid it, patriots!
Forbid it. Christians ! Your noble lakes, whose waters roll unrestrained as
the ocean waves, command you to forbid it! Your beautiful springs, gushing
up free and perennial from the common mother earth and offering their
bounties to all, command you to forbid it ! Your contiguity to a foreign land
under another government, for the sake of a good example to them, commands
you to forbid it ! And your central position in this vast Union, from east to
west,' urges upon you to forbid it ! "

Some of us remember his prolonged service as supply for one of the Con-
gregational churches of Detroit, and his offer of a permanent engagement.
We recall, likewise, one or more occasions when he consented to preach in a
Unitarian pulpit in Detroit. We recall, also, the criticisms uttered by some
of his less catholic brethren in the ministry, and remember his sharp-edged
essay contributed to one of his church papers about this time, on Super-
denomination alism."

Dr. Haven was an unreserved devotee to the institutions of his native
country. I could quote many passages in evidence of this.*

* Increased Menial Activity, 12-15; Baccalaureate, 1867, li-15. See also his letters in Northern
Christian Advocate contributed during his trip to Europe.

Eev. Erastus Otis Hayen^.

He was instinctively and enthusiastically an optimist. He could extract
honey from every bitter weed, and discover uses for every abuse. His
Thanksgiving Sermon, delivered in 1863, in the midst of civil war, is aglow
with the light of divine mercy beaming through rifts in the clouds of national
disaster.*

He had little veneration for tradition, usage, or antiquity. Mould and dust
had for him no sanctity. The acclamation of a generation moved him less
than the whisper of a fresh conviction. Age was venerable only for the excel-
lence of the thing it graced. Posterity," he says, **will not show their
veneration for their fathers by petrifying what they did, and adhering ever to
old forms, however glorious in their day, but by imitating the principles of
their fathers, discarding the false and useless, though old as the earth, and
adopting the good, though never recognized till this hour." f

'^We are not now in the Middle Ages of Europe," he says, in his Berkley
address of last June (p. 4), '*and can never reproduce its history. * * *
The days of crusades, knight-errantry, and the inquisition have passed away.
* * Quj. age i^as its peculiar atmosphere, and we, being to the
manor born, exult in it."

His views of death were significantly reflected in a memorable communication
entitled, Light and Darkness in the Last Hours," which appeared in the
New York Christian Advocate of August 25th, three weeks after his death.
It was a citation of the different moods in which dying persons approach and
pass the boundary of another life. It was an opportunity for him to press the
superior beauty of a Christian death. ^^One characteristic of Christian com-
fort in the departing hour," he said, ^'isthe apparent absence of all conscious
bracing up for the occasion. The Christian does not seem to be nerved to
meet a foe. He is peacefully or joyfully about to start on a journey, and he
seems to fear no lack of pleasant society on the way. It is a parting without
the usual sign of grief, on his side. * * * Some Christians, perhaps fool-
ishly, indulge fears about death. It is really, to one who dies, a matter of no
consequence at all whether it is slow or sudden, attended with peace and joy
or not. I have long since determined to indulge consciously no choice on the
subject." He narrates the incidents of the death of an aged woman, over
whose sinking form her daughter, as she leaned, caught the faint whisper —

" Vital spark of heavenly flame,
Quit, oh, quit this mortal frame :
Trembling, hoping, lingering, flying—
Oh, the pain, the bliss of dying."

"Little did the Roman Emperor Hadrian think," the writer continues,
" when writing his ode to a departing soul, or Pope, when writing his imita-
tion of it, that Christians would die repeating his words.

" An English philosopher could relieve the unconcealed anxiety of his later
hours by a fancied dialogue between himself and the ferryman who should
bear his soul over the fancied river; the old Koman could cover his face and
turn to the wall and die ; it is left to the Christian to remain unmoved and
passive, and receive the summons which thrills the soul with the foretasted joy
of heaven."

Who shall say that these words were not penned in the full view of his own
approaching dissolution? I recall from his own lips expressions of the serene

* See, also, Address to Laiv Department, p. 13; Report to Regents, 1365, Min. Regents' Froc, 109;
Report, 1868, 284; Increased Mental Activity, 17, 29.
t Increased Menial Activity, 13. See, also, p. 29.

Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAisr.

composure with which he contemplated death He was always consciously
prepared. Nor had he earthly work which so engrossed him that he felt like
asking the Lord to adjourn the day appointed for his departure. This was
his habitual mood; and when the solemn hour arrived, he was not disap-
pointed by the inroads of dreaded agitation or concern. The Lord called upon
him, and took him by the hand, and he departed with the Lord. It was a
sweet repose — an exemplary death. It was a glorious translation from a
world of shadows to a realm of sunlight. A wearied spirit lay down to peace-
ful slumber. The friend of Grod and man rests in the bosom of his God, and
his memory lives in the love of man. It was a sublime and inspiring close of
a life of active usefulness and pure Christian example.

Certain states of society, he said, '*may be roused to duty by an ignorant
but sincere ministry. But a cultivated community need leaders of another
grade. * * * j^qJ^ l^j^a^ ^j-^e gi-gl^ grand requisite of those who

would be leaders of public sentiment, the formers of character, the propaga-
tors of thought, and the saviors of their country in this nineteenth century, is
thorough culture."*

He never omitted an opportunity to encourage classical learning. In the
enumeration of the requisites of a perfect seminary, he says : " The sweets of
classical literature too, should be tasted, and those Elysian fields, the earthly
heaven of the student, in which scholars of all ages have loved to roam, should
be more than pointed out or entered, and the student prepared not for drudg-
ery at college, but for an easy, delightful passing through and lingering in the
history, poetry, and philosophy of ancient times." f

Again, he says: "A thorough G-reek or Latin scholar has necessarily culti-
vated an accuracy of discrimination, a power to see connections of thought,
and to grasp principles, and to discriminate between false and true, which
constitute the highest order of mental cultivation." J

He was not, however, a narrow classicist of the effete school. He sought to
encourage all science; and his writings abound in passages reflecting his broad
appreciation of science. He was himself well informed in the natural sciences,
and continued to preserve his intelligence abreast of the march of science.
Nevertheless, he delighted to prod the scientist occasionally for his presump-
tion and his over-confidence in doctrines which still remained within the pro-
vince of speculation. He was an unfl.inching champion of the freedom of
intellect. One or two passages will illustrate his positions :

*'We glory in independence — the independence of mind. The ancients
generally distrusted truth, as the bat-like conservative does now. They think
that they must help it. They look at the eagle, and fearing that he may
injure himself in flight, they clip his wings, and tie his feet together, and
throw him in a cage and exclaim to the world : *See how we love the truth !
We have him secure in a golden cage.' America replies : ' If you really love
the truth as we do, pull off his manacles and let him fly I Away with your
golden bars and your human framework to hold up the heavens. What help
does God Almighty ask from the muscles and nerves of men?' "||

"There is but little danger," he says on another occasion, in the freest
thought, if the heart loves purity and the soul acknowledges and cultivates
allegiance to the holy God. Thought must be free."§

* Increased Mental Activity, p. 20.

t Dickinson Institute Address, pp. 22-3.

t Report on English Classics, 1S55, Mich. Jour. Ed,, ii, 14S.

II Increased Mental Activity, p. 17.

§ Baccalaureate address, 1867, p. 10.

Eey. Erastus Otis Havek.

Bishop Haven's moral qualities were beautiful, and in all respects a credit
to Christian life. The simplicity of his character and manners opened the
way of approach for the humblest and the most timid. His manifest guile-
lessness and integrity awakened a sense of security and trust in those who had
intercourse with him. His gentleness and forbearance gave a sweetness to his
character and a charm to his society. He never allowed himself to resent an
injury. His most intimate friends never heard a disparaging remark con-
cerning his bitterest enemies, unless as a statement of fact bearing on the
decision of a business question. Partisanship found no shelter in his soul.
He was not only generous to his detractors, but the spirit of church denomi-
nationalism never prevented him from forming fair judgments and cherish-
ing warm friendships for the whole body of religious faiths and believers.
Even in his centennial sermon, delivered before an annual conference of his
own church, he says : Before I attempt to show what Methodism is, what it
has done, and we hope will do, allow me to state clearly that I do not intend
to make any arrogant claims for this department of the Christian church, or
to underrate what others have accomplished and are now doing." He then
proceeds with a generous enumeration of the prominent excellences of the
** Roman church," *^the Lutheran churches," '^the national church of Eng-
land at home, and its daughter in this country," *'the Presbyterians in
Scotland and other lands, and particularly in our own country," and the
^'Puritans and modern Congregationalists." At the end he exclaims: ''I thank
God that in this noble work we have many compeers in other churches. God
bless them. Our aim is the same — our work is one."

Bishop Haven's extraordinary versatility of nature and attainments, with
his facility and vivacity of expression, gave him very superior qualifications ^
as an editor and newspaper correspondent. He had a fund of information
-available on almost all subjects, and required little or no preparatory reading
or reflection to pen a paragraph or an article which the general reader would
peruse with admiration and profit. During his entire life he was much in the
habit of throwing off communications for the papers — especially the religious
papers of his own church. At Syracuse, while Chancellor of the University,
he seemed to be drawn by affinity to the companionship of the genial editor
of the Northwestern Christian Advocate. He wrote often for that paper,
and even contributed occasional editorials. Dr. Warren relates some pleas-
ing incidents in connection with Chancellor Haven's ready assumption of the
editorial chair for the purpose of affording needed relief to the overworked
regular incumbent.

It is unavoidable, perhaps, that one so facile ot speech and pen should yield
to the temptation of putting productions before the world on themes which
required more elaboration than he had opportunity to give them. Hence,
while all the emanations of his pen possessed vivacity, originality, and interest,
many of them were suited only to an ephemeral usefulness. Probably this is
all which he intended for most of them. Similarly, he suffered himself to
-appear before audiences on numerous occasions, which were not worthy of his
talents or his station — seeming to forget that the hours devoted to an address
in a country school-house would suffice for bringing something of enduring
value before a world-wide audience. But this illustrates also, how lavish he
was of himself. It may also betray his greater fondness for immediate
results than for that postponed but fairer fruition which slowly ripens only
8

58 PioNEEE Society oe MicmaAK.

under the warmth of a long cherished plan and a fond and patient period of
study.

As an educator, his style of instruction was marked by perfect simplicity
and lucidity of exposition, and telling aptness of illustration. As a matter of
course, with intellectual resources like his, a very broad range of facts, anec-
dote and doctrine was brought to bear on the discussion of every theme. His
gentleness toward his pupils, his consideration, forbearance, and kindness
were always conspicuous. He believed in the inherent honesty and nobility
of student nature, and would rather be imposed upon a dozen times than fail
to accept the ingenuousness of one at its full value. He was sometimes;
accused of laxity of discipline. In some Instances evil students undoubt--
edly traded on his good nature and his instinctive trust in man; but I am.
sure the act brought shame and remorse which must have exerted more of a
reformatory influence than sterner discipline. Few persons can continue to
impose on an unsuspecting and generous nature. Prying inquisitions, cease-,
less suspicion, unrelenting discipline, relieve the student of his instinctive
and powerful obligations to generous appreciation; and the more spirit he
possesses, the more he feels aroused to meet and grapple with the efforts to
suppress him. These traits in Dr. Haven awakened an affectionate and
endearing regard in the minds of his pupils. Wherever he went he found
the pupils of former years, and they loved to approach him and renew the
friendship of their youth. His family have related to me the exuberance of
joy with which he recounted an unexpected meeting of this kind in a distant
State. In traveling through Arkansas he was compelled to spend a Sunday
at some point where he supposed himself without acquaintances. Informa-
tion of his presence in the town became circulated, ^^and in the afternoon he
was visited by lawyers, merchants, and physicians who had been his students
at Ann Arbor." He seemed delighted at the evidence that his old pupils
still respected and loved him. This particular incident he used to relate with
almost gleeful satisfaction, while he spoke to his family concerning the Uni-
versity life of these gentlemen and their subsequent careers as he had heard
of them from their own lips.

His views on education were liberal and philosophic. He was pleased with
the broader education of modern times. "The ancient method of educa-.
tion/' he said, "was by what might be called tight lacing from without.
Souls were educated like Chinese ladies' feet. If any feature was becoming
too large, a mould was clapped on similar to the apparatus of the Flathead.
Indians, and firmly fixed till the inward force, by a kind of law of nature,,
was absorbed."*

*Increaised Menial A.ctivity^ p. 15.

How Michigan got into the Union.

HOW MICHIGAN GOT INTO THE UNION.

The American Historical Record, vol I, page 158, gives the following
account of the method pursued to reverse the decision of the State convention
held in September, 1836, not to come into the Union on the terms prescribed
by Congress. It is a sequel to the foregoing '^Journal of the State Conven-
tion." The author of this sketch is William Duane, of Philadelphia.

On the 14th of November, 1836, a committee of the Democratic conven-
tion of Wayne county issued a circular recommending the holding of another
convention. It set forth that the representatives of Washtenaw county had
voted in the first convention against giving the assent of the State to the
terms of admission ; that if their votes had been given for accepting these
terms, the result would have been different ; that since the holding of the
convention, the people of Washtenaw county had chosen members of the
Legislature favorable to accepting the terms by a very large majority, and had
adopted resolutions for the immediate holding of another convention. It
was urged that speedy action was necessary to *^save to the State her share of
the surplus revenue, and the five per cent on the proceeds of the sales of pub-
lic lands," amounting to at least six hundred thousand dollars. The com-
mittee, therefore, recommended the people of the State to elect delegates to
a new convention on the fifth and sixth days of the following month, Decem-
ber; and that the convention meet at Ann Arbor on the 14:th of December.

Governor Stevens T. Mason, in a letter to the people of Washtenaw county,
informed them that, in his opinion, the consent of the Legislature to the
holding of a new convention was not requisite.

Delegates to the new convention met at Ann Arbor on the 14th of Decem-
ber, 1836. The county of Monroe, the southeastern county of the State,
containing Toledo and a larger part of the disputed territory than any other
county of the State, was not represented in this second convention. Some of
the smaller counties were also unrepresented. The convention unanimously
adopted a long preamble and a resolution ''by the people of Michigan in con-
vention assembled, that the assent required in the foregoing recited act of
the Congress of the United States is hereby given."

A letter to the President of the United States, informing him of the result
of the convention, was adopted by a committee, signed by the president of
the convention, and entrusted to a committee of two to proceed to Washing-
ton, and deliver it to the President of the United States.

The validity of the doings of this convention was recognized at Washing-
ton city (January 26th, 183?) and Michigan took her place in the Union.

NOTE— See also Executive Documents, Nos. 46 and 68 House of Representatives, 24tli Congress,
2d session; especiaUy the paper marked B. , . ,.

[John Quincy Adams advocated the admission, although the proceedings were mtormal, and ic
would add another Democratic State to the Union,— Compilek.1

PioisTEER Society op Michigan.

TOLEDO WAR SONG.

From the Lansing Republican, September 5, 1873.

Our friend, Dr. H. A. Atkins, of Locke township, Ingham county, sends us
a ballad of the belligerent times when Michigan was emerging from territorial
pupilage into an independent State of the Union. This ballad possesses the
merit of picturing the public feeling and the leading events of that epoch,
and will be new to the lovers of history and romance. Mr. Atkins says it
was composed by a young man named Crawford, one of the immortal veterans
who lived in Oakland county, near Pontiac. He was talking with 0. Gr.
Dunckel, of Locke township, about the Republican's articles and comments
on the Toledo war, when the latter said there was a nice song about that war
which he learned in 1835 of the man who composed it, but that he had for-
gotten the greater part of it. When the first two stanzas were sung, Mr.
Atkins was very much pleased with it. Mr. Dunckel, who had not thought of
the song for ten or fifteen years, continued to hum over the verses he knew
till all the others came gradually to mind. He thinks it is probably the only
song ever written concerning that interesting period of our history.

Come, all ye Michiganians, and lend a hearing ear;
Remember, for Toledo we once took up sword and spear,
And now, to give that struggle o'er and trade away that land,
I think it's not becoming of valiant-hearted men.

In eighteen hundred thirty-five there was a dreadful strife
Betwixt Ohio and this State ; they talked of taking lile.
Ohio claimed Toledo, and so did Michigan;
They both declared they'd have it, with its adjoining land.

There was jN'orvell and McDonell, and several other men ;
They were all "Hurrah for Jackson! we won't give up that land;
We will fight that rebel Lucas with his millions of men ;
We know that we can flax him out with one man to his ten."

Old Imcas gave his order for all to hold a court;
And Stevens Thomas Mason, — he thought he'd have some sport.
He called upon the Wolverines, and asked them for to go.
To meet this rebel Lucas, his court to overthrow.

Our independent companies were ordered for the march;
Our officers were ready, all stifiened up with starch;
On nimble-footed coursers, our officers did ride,
With each a pair of pistols and sword hung by his side.

There was Wayne, Macomb, and Oakland, Monroe, and Washtenaw,

They held a general muster to see what they would do ;

They drawed on the militia and fitted them for war.

With musket, ax, and bayonet, with sword and shield and spear.

Toledo War Song.

On the thirteenth of September old Lucas set his day,
He thought to take Toledo from Michigan away;
But may it be remembered, it justly happened so.
On the first week in September we marched for Toledo.

We held a general muster; we trained till past sundown.

At the head of all the Wolverines marched Mason and old Brown,

A valiant-hearted General, — a Governor likewise—

A set of jovial Wolverines, to bung Ohio's eyes.

When we got down to Toledo old Lucas was not there;
He had heard that we were coming, and ran away with fear;
To hear the wolves a howling scared the poor devil so.
He said, before he'd fight them, he'd give up Toledo.

We staid at this Toledo the space of three long days;

We thought it would be foolish to make a longer stay;

On two most splendid steamboats, the Brady and the Jackson,

We took a soldier's passage and slowly moved along.

We came into a village, I think they called Monroe,
At four o'clock on the same day that we left Toledo;
And early the next morning we formed a hollow square.
And listened to a speech made by our Governor.

His speech was not so lengthy as to occupy much time;
We then packed up our little all, and bade them all good bye;
On the thirtieth of September we reached our native home,
Which ended the immortal war of Lucas and Mason.

But mark the alteration that has lately taken place;
John Norvell and McDonell, and all that noble race, —
Such valiant-hearted soldiers, such noble-hearted men, —
That styled themselves Republicans, the friends of Michigan.

Mark the republic spirit that they have now displayed;
At first they'd have Toledo or lose their lives in aid;
But now the song they sing to us is: " Trade away that land
For that poor, frozen country beyond Lake Michigan."

They say that we must surely trade, or we shall be cast out;
That we shall lose our five per cent as sure as we do not;
That we can't be admitted into the bold Union,
But that we must, like the fifth calf, stand back and just look on.

And if we're not admitted, a member we can't send.

All for to represent us to be good and honest men, —

As honest as John Norvell, McDonell, and some more;

If their good names were mentioned, there would be half a score.

Then let us drink a health to those honest, upright men.
To all those true Republicans, the friends of Michigan;
And when we have another war for the disputed land,
May they be ready, cocked and primed to fight for Michigan.

PiOKEER Society of Michigai^.

A HISTORY OF THE PRESS OF MICHIGAN.

PEEPARED FOR THE CENTEN^NIAL BY ORDER OF GOV. JOHN J.

BAGLEY.

TOM S. APPLEGATE, COMPILER.

compiler's note.

In the preparation of this brief history of the press of Michigan, the com-
piler found many difficulties. He was, himself, crowded with other work, and
this seemed to be the case with the rest of his journalistic brethren in the
State. It was with great difl&culty that they could be prevailed upon to fur-
nish the data absolutely necessary to the preparation of the work, and the
responses to the compiler's repeated requests for information have extended
over a period of five months. Of necessity, then, the work is imperfect, but
such as it is, it is done, not indeed to the satisfaction of the compiler; still
less, perhaps, does it fill the idea of others under whose notice it may fall.

It is tolerably certain that many changes have occurred since the prepara-
tion of the work has been begun. Such changes as have been brought to the
compiler's attention have been noted in the work ; probably others have escaped
notice.

In concluding his task the compiler has the hope that, perhaps he has col-
lected material that may aid some abler hands in the preparation of a volume
that shall be a more complete and perfect history, and which may do more
ample justice to the subject. But he entered on an untrod field, in which but
for the help he has received, he would have been hopelessly lost. To such as
have rendered him assistance he extends thanks, and only wishes that their
numbers had been commensurate with his needs. Then would the task which
devolved upon him have been better accomplished.

T. S. A.

Adrian, May i, 1876.

THE DAILY PRESS OF DETROIT.

Detroit, the commercial metropolis of Michigan, is conspicuous among the
cities of the Union for the high character, the enterprise and the ability of
her newspaper press, and in this State perhaps more than any other, the jour-
nals of our chief city have a commanding influence. It has been thought no

A History of the Press of Michigan.

more than a fit recognition of the daily press of Detroit, that it should have
in this history, a department of its own, and the following sketches of the
four daily newspapers of that city have been, at the request of the compiler,
prepared by gentlemen connected with the various journals mentioned.

THE DETROIT ADVERTISER AKD TRIBUNE.

"The Detroit Advertiser and Tribune, now publishing a daily, a weekly, and
•a tri-weekly edition, represents the consolidation of a large number of news-
paper interests, among them the first daily ever published in Detroit, or in
Michigan, the initial number of which was issued on June 11, 1836. The
present newspaper, however, really sprang from the Northwestern Journal,
which was first published on November 20, 1829. It was a weekly and was
established in opposition to the Democratic party by the Whig friends of John
Quincy Adams. The Journal was edited, at different times, by Wm. Ward ;
by Mr. Bellows, afterwards a distinguished Unitarian clergyman; by Major
Thomas Rowland ; by George Oorselius, and by George Watson. The Detroit
Courier was established in December, 1830, as an anti-Masonic and religious
sheet, and was soon consolidated with the Courier. In September, 1835, a
semi-weekly edition of this paper was issued under the name of the Journal
and Advertiser, and on August 28, 1835, a tri-weekly edition was established.

On June 11, 1836, as has been said, the first number of its daily edition was
issued, under the name of the Daily Advertiser, b6ing published by George L.
Whitney, who believed that Detroit, with its then population of six thousand
inhabitants, would support a daily newspaper. Franklin Sawyer, a graduate
of Harvard College, and a man of fine abilities, was for a long time its editor,
and among its contributors were Augustus S. Porter, Jas. A. Van Dyke, John
Talbot, Charles Jones, Gen. A. S. Williams, and Gen. 0. B. Wilcox, all of
them prominent and well-known men in their day. Mr. Whitney closed his
connection with the paper in September, 1839, and was succeeded by George
Dawson, afterwards of the Albany Evening Journal, and Morgan Bates, after-
wards proprietor of the Grand Traverse Herald and Lieutenant Governor
of Michigan. Hon. Augustus S. Porter had been the proprietor of the
office for some time before this change. In March, 1842, Mr. Bates purchased
Mr. Dawson's interest, and on November 10, 1843, the paper was sold to A.
S. Williams, since a General in the Union army, and M. C. from the Wayne
county district, who was then a prominent member of the Whig party, the
principles of which the Advertiser had always supported. Gen. Williams con-
tinued to be the publisher of the paper until January 1, 1848, when he sold
out to ihe firm of Rawson, Duncklee & Co., for whom George W. Wisner
became the editor. Gen. Williams at this time taking the position of Lieut.
Colonel of the First Michigan Volunteers in the Mexican war. On May 17,
1849, Mr. Wisner was succeeded in the editorial chair by Rufus Hosmer, one
of the most original and accomplished of northwestern journalists.

The Detroit Tribune was established on November 19, 1849, with Josiah
:Snow and Henry Barnes as editors, and was published by F. B. Way & Co.
It was also a Whig journal, and started as a cheap evening paper. In 1853 it
passed into the hands of George E. Pomeroy & Co., with Joseph Warren as
editor, and under this management rendered most important and invaluable
service in bringing the Whig party into affiliation with the anti-slavery Dem-
ocrats, which resulted in the formation of the Republican party in 1854, and
broke the long hold of the Democratic party on power in this State. In 1856,

Pioneer Society of Michigan.

Mr. Barnes again became editor and proprietor, which position he retained
nntil the paper was consolidated with the Advertiser, Mr. J. F. Oonover doing^
the principal editorial work in the political department.

Another daily journal was ushered into existence in April, 1853, as a Free
Soil paper, and was known as the Free Democrat. It was published by the
Kev. Seymour A. Baker, with whom was associated James F. Conover.* Mean-
while, some changes had taken place in the ownership of the Advertiser, and
Rufus Hosmer retired as editor, and was succeeded by the Hon. James M.
Edmunds, now of Washington, the paper having been gradually enlarged
during all this time, and appearing in 1854 as a 32-column journal.

On January 13th, 1854, yet another paper was founded — The Inquirer,
established by Rufus Hosmer and Theodore Williams, but early in 1855 it was
consolidated with The Free Democrat, under the title of The Democrat and
Inquirer, and Rufus Hosmer became the editor. In July, 1855, the proprie-
tors of The Democrat and Inquirer purchased the Advertiser establishment for
the sum of $23,000, and consolidated the two, the business then being carried
on by the firm of R. F. Johnstone & Co., and Rufus Hosmer continuing as
editor. On November 22d, 1856, the ownership of the consolidated concern,,
known as the Advertiser, passed into the hands of Hon. Silas M. Holmes, and
matters continued in that shape until the summer of 1858, when Frederick
Morley became the publisher of the paper, and Joseph Warren succeeded Mr.
Hosmer as editor. Finally, in November, 1861, The Advertiser establishment
was purchased by the firm of Geiger & Scripps, and on July 8th, 1862, The
Advertiser and The Tribune were consolidated, under the name of The Adver-
tiser and Tribune, the proprietorship taking the form of a corporation, with
Henry Barnes, of The Tribune, as editor, and James E. Scripps, of The Adver-
tiser, as business manager, its general affairs being regulated by a Board of
five directors, elected annually. On July 18th, 1863, a weekly political sheet.
The Free Union, was established by Mr. F. B. Porter, but in 1864 it also was
purchased by The Advertiser and Tribune Company, making the sixth journal
of which The Advertiser and Tribune is to-day the living representative. It
has, since the last consolidation, continued to exist as a corporation, having
live directors, and the usual corporate officers. For several years Henry Barnes
continued editor-in-chief, being succeeded by James F. Conover, who was in
turn succeeded by Charles K. Backus. The general management of the
business of the concern remained with Mr. Scripps until 1873, when he
resigned, and was succeeded by Henry E. Baker, the present incumbent of this
responsible position.

When the Whig party passed out of existence, and the Republican party was
organized, both The Tribune and The Advertiser supported the new move-
ment, and the consolidated Advertiser and Tribune has always been a steady
advocate of the principles enunciated and maintained by the Republican party.

The histories of the journals which have gone to make up the present
Advertiser and Tribune illustrate very well the history and growth of the State
and of Michigan journalism. From insignificant beginnings, and supported
only by small frontier settlement some forty years ago, the little newspaper
of twenty-four small columns, has developed into a metropolitan journal, sup-
ported by a rich and powerful State. Even in 1841, when George Dawson
bought an interest in the Advertiser, the paper was sold for $5,000; its weekly
circulation amounted to only 2,000 copies, when put upon a cash basis, and

* Rev. Jabez Fox, now of Washington, D. C, was also connected with this paper.— [Compiler.

A History of the Press iisr MiCHiaAisr.

its daily edition counted hardly 400 sales. Now its weekly circulation
approaches 20,000, besides large daily and tri-weekly issues, while its buildings
and land, together with its equipments, represent a value of $100,000.

A.mong the calamitous incidents which have characterized the history of the
journals that were consolidated into the Advertiser and Tribune, were four
destructive fires. The Advertiser office was burned on December 31, 1841 ;
the Tribune building was destroyed by fire in 1856, and again in 1858, and
the Advertiser and Tribune building, on its present site, on Larned street
west, Nos. 42, 44, and 46, was totally consumed by an unusually destructive
conflagration, on April 13th, 1873. ,

THE DETKOIT FREE PRESS.

The Detroit Free Press was born into the world on the fifth day of May,
1831, and ever since that date has been doing as well as could be expected.
The paper was established four years before the Territory of Michigan was
made a State, and before railroads, canals, and telegraph lines were of pub-
lic service. There was only a sparse population, but the Weekly Free Press
received such encouragement for the first four years of its existence, that,
September 28, 1835, the Daily Free Press was issued, being the first daily in
the State, and the first in the northwest. It had the first power-press used in
the west, and newspaper men came to Detroit from Chicago and other cities,
to see the press work before they would invest. The Free Press office has been
burned out only twice since the first copy was issued, having, in comparison
with other old dailies, a remarkable streak of luck in escaping such disasters.

The Free Press is, and always has been, a leading exponent of democratic
principles. But while steadfastly believing that in a return to tried and
proven democratic principles of government lies our political salvation, its
editorials are habitually written in an independent spirit of fairness and
impartiality, alike free from personal rancor or undue favoritism. Indeed, the
candor with which it discusses political questions, has drawn from its editorial
opponents openly expressed appreciation on more than one occasion, and its
absolute freedom from personalities has been admiringly commented upon.
This dignified attitude has enabled it to view all questions of public moment
from a more elevated standpoint than that of the mere partisan.

During the forty-five years of its existence. The Free Press has had several
changes of proprietors. Previous to 1862 it had been held as an individual
property, but in that year it was merged into a stock company, and has since
been published by The Detroit Free Press Company, of which Wm. E.
Quimby is president, and A. G. Boynton secretary.

The daily edition from 1836 to 1860 compared favorably in typographical
appearance and editorial matter with the eastern dailies.

The last decade has made a vast improvement in the style and make-up of
most of the dailies in America, and The Free Press has often been highly
complimented on its artistic and neat appearance. At the present time the
paper is as widely known as any in the land, and much oftener quoted from.
Its circulation has reached a figure never attained by any other paper in the
State, and is still rapidly increasing. The paper spends more money to secure
telegraphic news and correspondence than any other daily along the lakes,
outside of Chicago, and its daily supply of local and general news is so full
that it finds its way into hundreds of families in the city who do not agree
9

PioisTEER Society oe Michigan.

with its politics. The Free Press lays claim to being a representative^ news-
paper of Michigan, and the aim of its conductors evidently is to deserve the
title, by striving to keep in advance of its contemporaries in everything going
to make up a bright, newsy, and interesting paper.

THE DETKOIT POST.

The first number of The Detroit Daily Post was issued on the 27th of March,
1866, and of its tri-weekly and weekly edition the same week. It was estab-
lished by a joint stock company, organized under the laws of the State of
Michigan, by prominent members of the republican party in Michigan, to
represent the radical and aggressive element of the party. Carl Schurz was its
editor-in-chief, and continued such for a year. Since that time its editorship
has been impersonal. The capital of the paper was furnished by the republi-
cans mentioned below, and in smaller sums by members of the party all over
the State. Among the owners of the paper are, or have been, Messrs. N. L.
Avery and William. A. Howard, of Grand Kapids ; Jacob M. Howard, Zacha-
riah Chandler, John Owen, E. B. Ward, John S. Newberry, T. A. Parker, and
Allan Shelden, Detroit; V. P. Collier, Battle Creek; R, H. Crapo, Flint;
Thomas W. Ferry, Grand Haven; Charles T. Gorham, Marshall; E. 0. Gros-
venor, Jonesville ; J. W. Sanborn, Port Huron ; Charles Upson, Coldwater.

THE EVENING NEWS.

The Evening News was founded August 23d, 1873, in pursuance of a con-
viction on the part of Mr. James E. Scripps that a cheap, popular newspaper,
like The Boston Herald, The New York Sun, and the Philadelphia Public
Ledger, could be made a great success in the west, though all previous attempts
of the kind had proved failures. Mr. Scripps came of a family of journalists,
his grandfather being the publisher of the London (England) Daily Sun,
three-quarters of a century ago, and of The London Literary Gazette down to
the time of his death. He had himself had fourteen years' connection with
the Detroit press. The new paper was thoroughly advertised in advance of its
publication, a strong corps of assistants was secured, and a four-cylinder Hoe
press purchased — the second ever brought to Michigan. The paper was popu-
lar from the start. Ere five months had passed it had an actual circulation
of over 5,1 00 copies, and was fully paying expenses. In July, 1874, The Daily
Union, a democratic paper of ten years standing, was purchased and merged
into the Evening News. By the end of the year the circulation had increased
to over 10,000 copies. The year 1875 was marked by many exciting events,
under the stimulus of which the circulation made rapid strides, and the year
closed with an average of about 16,500 copies daily. Since then the increase
has still continued, and the first of May, 1876, finds the Evening News with a
do7ia fide circulation of about 1 8,000 copies. Mr. Scripps attributes the remark-
able success of his journal — 1st, to its cheapness, it being sold to the public at
two cents per copy, and 2d, to the great care taken to make its contents pithy
and readable. Its original size was 20x28 inches, and two successive enlarge-
ments have made it 22x32 inches, seven columns to the page. It circulates
largely throughout the entire State. In politics it is strictly independent. Its
present proprietors are James E. and George H. Scripps.

A History of the Press m MiCHiGAisr.

THE PRESS OF MICHIGAN.
ALLEGAK COUNTY.

This county, with a population of 32,381, has five weekly papers; two, The
Allegan Journal and The Allegan Democrat, being located at the county seat
— Allegan — and the others being located, The Lake Shore Commercial (dem-
ocratic) at Saugatuck, the Plainwell Republic (republican) at Plainwell, and
the Union (independent) at Otsego. The politics of the papers published at
Allegan are indicated by their names.

The first paper published in the county was established in 1842, by Alex-
ander L. Ely, and was democratic in politics. It was called the Allegan and
Barry Record, and it ceased to live in 1862.

The Allegan Journal was established April 30, 1856, by D. 0. Henderson.
It is republican in politics, and its present proprietors are its founder and E,
0. Reid.

The Allegan Democrat is owned by the Northwestern Bible and Publishing
company, but no data in relation to its establishment have been furnished.

The Lake Shore Commercial, published at Saugatuck, was started July 1,
1867, by Frank Pattie, and is at present published by 0. M. Winslow.

The Plainwell Republic was established February 10, 1871, by Jerome Win-
chell, who is the present proprietor.

The Union, published at Otsego, was established August 2, 1875, by C. H.
Harris and V. V. Campbell, and its present proprietors are C. H. Harris and
G. A. Morgan.

ANTKIM COUI^TY.

This county, with a population of 3,240, has one paper, a weekly. The
Traverse Bay Progress, republican in politics, published at Elk Rapids. It
was established in May, 1872, by E. L. Sprague, as a monthly publication.
Previous to this The Traverse Bay Eagle was printed in this county, but is
now published at Traverse City, Grand Traverse county. The Progress is now
published by H. E. Gamberling, who purchased it of its founder, in October,
1874.

ALPENA COUKTY.

This county, with a population of 4,807, has two weekly papers and one
monthly, all published at Alpena. The first paper issued in the county was
called The Thunder Bay Monitor, which was established April 30, 1863, by
Daniel R. Joslin. In March, 1866, the name of the paper was changed to
The Alpena County Pioneer, and it continues under that name. The paper is
republican, and A. C. Tefft is the publisher.

June 19, 1871, M. M. Viall established The Alpena Argus, a democratic
paper, and still continues to publish it. July 12, 1872, Alpena was visited by
a fire which destroyed the Argus office, which was uninsured, but on August
27 the paper was re-issued.

August 11, 1873, Wm. Boulton established The Frolic, an independent
republican paper, published monthly. He still continues to publish it.

BAREY COUNTY.

This county has a population of 22,051, and has four papers, all weekly.
Their names, location, politics, present proprietors and date of establishment.

Pioneer Societt oe Michigiait.

are as follows : The Republican Banner, Hastings, republican, E. B. Dewey,
proprietor, established May 1st, 1856; The Home Journal, Hastings, independ-
ent Democratic, Dennis & Holmes, proprietors, established 1868 ; The Barry
County Republican, Middleville, republican, P. W. Niskern, proprietor,
established April, 1870; The News, Nashville, independent, Orno Strong,
proprietor, established October 3, 1873.

Messrs. Dennis & Holmes, proprietors of the Hastings Home Journal, fur-
nish the compiler with some interesting bits of the early history of journal-
ism in Barry county. George A. Smith, in 1851, started the first paper ever
printed in the county, and named it appropriately the Pioneer. It was dem-
ocratic in politics. It is probable that not more than twenty-five papers were
ifesued in the first year, for some of the time this pioneer had no money with
which to buy stock, and was compelled to work at other business. Through
harvest no paper was issued, the editor having to work in the field to procure
bread for the year. An addition to his family necessitated a delay of the
issue of his paper for three weeks as he had to be nurse and domestic. In
1852 he received a little help, and in the fall of that year he disposed of the
paper to A. A. Knappen. The independence of the new proprietor disgusted
some of the '^ring" politicians of those days, and, in 1853, they put G-eorge
A. Smith again in the field, and the Review was started as an opposition dem-
ocratic paper. The next year the papers were consolidated under the name
of the Pioneer. The future existence of the Pioneer was precarious. It
appeared at intervals, changed proprietors frequently, and finally gave up the
ghost November 1, 1866.

In 1856, the republicans, with a joint stock company, of which J. S. Van
Brunt was manager, started the Republican Banner. George Mills was the
first editor ; he was succeeded by John M. Nevins, and he by the present pub-
lisher, George M. Dewey.

In the spring of 1867, W. Rosco Young took hold of the material of the
Pioneer, and started a paper called the Independent. In the spring of 1868,
the office was burned, and in the fall a subscription was raised, and the Dem-
ocrat started, with Young as proprietor. After publishing the Democrat a
year, he sold out to Gibson Bros., who changed the name to the Hastings
Home Journal. In November, 1870, the paper was sold to Dennis, Aiken
& Co., who were succeeded by the present proprietors.

In April, 1870, Marvin & Dunn established a paper at Middleville, called
the Plaindealer. They sold it to P. W. Niskeru, the present proprietor, who
changed the name to the Barry County Republican.

BAT COUNTY.

This county, with a population of 24,832, has three weekly papers and one
daily. Wenona has a paper, The Herald, and the others are published in
Bay City. The daily is the Tribune, the weeklies are The Chronicle, The
Michigan Odd Fellow, and The Lumberman's Gazette. The latter, as its name
implies, is devoted to the lumber interests. The Odd Fellow to the interests
of that order ; the politics of the other papers of the county are republican.

To Mr. E. T. Bennett, publisher of The Lumberman's Gazette, I am
indebted for the following interesting facts relative to the journalistic his-
tory of Bay county : The first newspaper published in Bay City, called the
Bay City Express, published in 1856, was owned by Perry Joslin; James
Birney was the editor, and it was republican in politics. It lived but a few

A History of the Press m MicnaAN-. 69

weeks. Succeeding it came a weekly paper called The Press, and afterward
The Bay City Press and Times. It first appeared September 14, 1859, was
published by W. A. Bryce, and was neutral in politics, until the campaign of
1860, when it became republican, and was continued until 1864, when the
publisher entered the army as Quartermaster of the 29th Michigan infantry,
and the paper was discontinued. In the same year The Bay City Journal,
with John Culbert as editor, made its appearance. It was republican in
politics, and was continued until February, 1873, when it was purchased by
the proprietor of The Bay City Chronicle, which was established by James
Birney, February 17, 1871. The Journal was issued by R. L. Warren, as a
daily, for some time previous to its purchase by Mr. Birney, but he discon-
tinued the daily issue, until, in 1874, it was revived by him under the name of
The Daily and Weekly Chronicle, the publication of the daily edition being
suspended in the fall of 1875. The Weekly Chronicle is still continued by
Arthur M. Birney.

April 5, 1873, The Bay City Tribune was established by G-riffin Lewis, T.
K. Harding, E. Kroenche, and John Culbert, with Henry S. Dow, editor and
manager. It was republican in politics, and continued to be of that political
faith, Mr. Dow, however, retiring, until 1874, when its control passed into the
hands of the democracy, and it continued democratic until the spring of
1876, when the republicans again obtained control, with G-. K. Shaw as
editor and manager. It was from its start a daily paper, and still continues to be.

In June, 1864, The Bay City Signal was established as a weekly demo-
cratic paper by Wm. T. Kennedy, who continued the publication a little more
than four years, when he died, and I. Gr. Worden assumed the publication,
continuing it for about two years, when it was sold to The Chronicle company.

In July, 1872, The Lumberman's Gazette was established as a monthly
journal, devoted to the lumber and salt interest, with Henry S. Dow as editor
and proprietor. In May, 1874, the paper was changed to a weekly. In Feb-
ruary, 1875, Mr. Dow died, and was succeeded in the control of the paper by
Messrs. Bates & Bennett, who were succeeded in October, 1875, by E. T.
Bennett, the present proprietor. Its circulation is large, extending into every
state and territory. It is now a sixteen-page paper.

The Michigan Odd Fellow, published at Bay City, was established March
8, 1875. It is devoted to the interests of the order whose name it bears, and
is published by the Odd Fellows' Publishing company, E. Newkirk, manager.

In addition to the above, a small paper called The Growler, is published
weekly by D. E. Curry, having no particular object, political or otherwise.
The Growler was established in 1869, meeting with unexpected success for a
time, but suspending in 1871, to be revived in 1875 by its original proprietor,
and is favored with a large circulation.

BEKZIE COUNTY.

This county, with a population of 2,663, has two papers, both weekly. The
Express, published at Frankfort, independent in politics, and The Benzie
County Journal, republican in politics, printed at Benzonia.

The Frankfort Express was the first paper established in the county, having
been started June 6, 1870, by W. F. Cornell. It was republican in politics.
Its present proprietors are Allen and J. A. Brewer.

The Benzie County Journal was established January 9, 1872, by R. H.
Brainard. It is now owned by a stock company, with J. R. Roth, as editor.

70 Pioneer Society of MiCHiGAisr.

An anti-Masonic paper, called The Benzonia Citizen, was started at Ben-
zonia, July 15, 1870, but after about one year's publication it ceased to exist.

BEEIIIE]N- COUNTY.

This county, with a population of 35,029, has twelve weekly and one quar-
terly publication, the latter being The Niles District Eecord. It is published
in the interest of the M. B. church within the bounds of Niles district. It
was established March 2, 1875, by J. W. and A. E. Eobinson. J. W. Kob-
inson is the present proprietor.

Passing to the secular papers, we give their names, places of publication,
and politics, as near as may be in the order in which they were established, as
follows : The Democrat, Niles, democratic ; The Traveler and Herald, St.
Joseph, republican ; The Eepublican, Niles, republican ; The Berrien County
Eecord, Buchanan, republican ; The Palladium, Benton Harbor, republican ;
The Eepublican, St. Joseph, republican; The Journal, Berrien Springs, re-
publican ; The Times, Benton Harbor, democratic ; The Echo, Three Oaks,
independent; The Independent, I^ew Buffalo, independent; The Mirror,
Niles, democratic and greenback, and The Era, Berrien Springs, republican.

The Gazette and Advertiser was established by Henry Barnes, September 5,
1835, and passed through various hands until it reached those of the present
proprietors of The Niles Democrat, Messrs. Horn and Hern, and was merged
in their paper. This is the state of facts reported from the office of The
Democrat.

The Traveler and Herald, printed at St. Joseph, reports the establishment
there of The Herald, in 1833, by A. E. Draper. It was neutral in politics, and
suspended about 1838. The present Traveler commenced to travel under the
guidance of M. Gr. Carlton, in January, 1859. The Herald was established in
May, 1868, by H. W. Guernsey. This gentleman and L. J. Merchant are the
proprietors of the consolidated paper.

The genealogy of The Niles Republican is thus given : March 1, 1866, The
Niles Inquirer and The Berrien County Freeman were purchased by L. A.
Duncan and E. C. Dana, and the two offices consolidated, the new paper being
called The Kiles Weekly Times. In 1868, Mr. Dana withdrew, leaving Mr.
Duncan in sole control. About this time the name of the paper was changed
to The Niles Eepublican. Mr. Duncan still continues to be editor and pro-
prietor.

The Berrien County Eecord, published at Buchanan, is the successor of The
Buchanan Union, which was the successor of The Buchanan Vindicator,
which was the successor of The Buchanan Independent, which was established
in 1859. The ofiSce was purchased in 1867 by D. A. Wagner, who established
the paper under its present name. John G. Holmes is the present proprietor.

The Benton Harbor Palladium was established by L. J. Merchant, October
9, 1868. C. E. Eeeves is the present proprietor.

The St. Joseph Eepublican was established in January, 1874, by Eicaby &
Botham. Wm. Eicaby & Son are the present proprietors.

The Berrien County Journal was established May 9, 1874, by Dr. L. E.
Barnard & Co., who are the present proprietors.

The Benton Harbor Times was established July 15, 1875, by Thomas B.
and William Hurley. A. H. Potter is the present proprietor.

The Three Oaks Echo was established by its present proprietor, L. S.
Boyntou, August 27, 1875.

A History of the Press ik Michiga^t.

The New Buffalo Independent was established by its present proprietors, J.
R. & A. H. Hill, September 1, 1875.

The Niles Mirror was established by D. B. Cook, March 22, 1876, who is
the present proprietor.

The Berrien Springs Era was established by Fred McOmber, January 5th,
1876, and he still owns it.

BRANCH COUNTY.

This county, with a population of 25,726, has one semi-weekly paper, three
weekly and one monthly. The semi-weekly is the Republican, Ooldwater,
republican in politics. The weeklies are The Reporter, Ooldwater, independent;
The Register, Union City, republican ; and The Times, Quincy, republican.
The monthly is The Literary Reporter, and is published at Quincy.

The compiler desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to a history of the
press of Branch county, contributed to The Ooldwater Republican by Hon.
Harvey Haynes, for most of the facts which follow:

The first paper printed in the county was issued about July 1, 1837, at
Branch, then the county seat. It was called The Michigan Star, was issued
by the Branch Oounty Printing Oompany, and was edited by Charles P. West.
It was democratic in politics, and after struggling for a few months, died.
The rival village of Ooldwater was in the field with a paper about the same
time, called The Ooldwater Observer. The name was subsequently changed
to The Branch Oounty News ; it was neutral in politics, and its publication
was not long continued. The office was, however, owned by the solid men of
Ooldwater, and some months after The Branch Oounty Democrat was started,
but some misunderstanding occurred, and the second Ooldwater paper gave up
the ghost. In 1841, The Ooldwater Sentinel was started, and continued
eight years under the control of its founder, E. B. Pond, now of The Ann
Arbor Argus, was his successor. After sundry changes of proprietorship, the
office was finally moved to Port Huron and there printed The Port Huron
Press.

The Branch Oounty Journal, a whig paper, wgs established in 1852, and
after changing owners several times, the office was moved from the State.

In 1857 The Branch Oounty Republican was started by Messrs. Eddy &
Gray. In 1861 its name was changed to The Branch Oounty Gazette. In
1868 it was consolidated with The Republican. ,

In 1859 The Democratic Union was started, but in 1861 the proprietor went
to the war and his paper was discontinued. The paper was democratic.

In 1863 The Southern Michigan News was brought out. Existence short;
politics republican.

In 1864 The Ooldwater Union Sentinel was established as a democratic
paper. It was published until 1870, when a fire weakened its resources, and
it closed publication.

In 1866 Major D. J. Easton started The Republican. It has passed through
many changes in proprietorship, and is now issued as a semi-weekly, by A. J.
Aldrich & Co. It is republican in politics.

The Bronson Herald, born in the fall of 1865, ended publication in the fall
of 1871.

The Quincy Times was started September 12, 1868, by R. W. Lockhart. It
is republican in politics, a weekly, and A. 0. Culver is the proprietor.

PioisTEER Society of Michig-ak.

The Union City Eegister was started in August, 1869, by Boweu & Easton.
It is issued weekly, is republican in politics, and D. J. Easton is the present
proprietor.

The Ooldwater Reporter was established by J. S. Oonover, May 12, 1872.
M. L. Knowles and S. H. Egabroad are the present proprietors. It prints a
weekly edition, and is independent in politics.

The Literary Reporter, Qiiincy, was started in January, 1873, by its present
proprietor, 0. W. Bennett. It is a literary journal of monthly issue.

CALHOUN COUNTY.

This county, with a population of 35,655, has thirteen publications. At
Battle Creek, in this county, is the headquarters of the Seventh-day Advent
Publishing company. This association issues The Review and Herald, weekly,
The Youth's Instructor, illustrated, monthly. The Health Reformer, monthly,
The Advent Tidende (Danish), monthly, and The Svensk Advent Harold
(Swedish), also a monthly. Elder James White is the president, and Mrs. E.

H. Sisley the secretary of the association, which was incorporated under act
of the State, May 3, 1861. The printing rooms of the association now occupy
three large brick and one wooden building, and the aggregate circulation of
their publications is 22,500. The present president of the association estab-
lished The Review and Herald, in 1850, at Paris, Me. In 1851 it was removed
to Saratoga Springs, and published there until March, 1852. It was then
removed to Rochester, N. Y., where it continued nearly four years. In Novem-
ber, 1855, it was removed to its present location. The Youth's Instructor, an
illustrated monthly publication, was established in August, 1852. The Health
Reformer is also a monthly. It was established in August, 1866. The Advent
Tidende (Danish) is issued monthly. It was established in January, 1872.
The Svensk Advent Harold (Swedish) is also a monthly. It was established
January 1, 1874. All the publications named are religious, except The Health
Reformer, the scope of which is sufficiently indicated by its title.

Of the secular papers, the first established in the county (December, 1836),
was The Calhoun County Patriot. Henry C. Bunco was the projector. It
was printed at Marshall, and was democratic in politics. January 1, 1841,
the name was changed to The Democratic Expounder and Calhoun County
Patriot, which title was retained until March, 1875, when the last half of the
name was dropped. The founder of the paper retired from its management
about 1853. The present publisher, Z. H. Denison, assumed charge October

I, 1875.

In 1839, also at Marshall, Seth Lewis established The Statesman. Morgan
Bates is the present proprietor. It is republican in politics.

Tlie first paper published in Battle Creek was commenced in 1845, by
Leonard Stillson. It was called the Western Citizen, and was Democratic in
politics. Mr. W. W. Woolnough came from Rochester, JN". Y., with the
material. To him the compiler is indebted for many of the following facts :
The Citizen lived about a year, and in August, 1846, W. W. Woolnough
issued the first number of a new whig paper, called The Michigan Tribune.
The Tribune gave up the ghost after nearly two years of life. In 1848 The
Liberty Press was started by Messrs. Dougherty & Woolnough, as publishers,
and Hon. Erastus Hussey, as editor. It was the organ of the Liberty party
in the State, and was designed to fill the place of the old Signal of Liberty,
which had been published at Ann Arbor. In 1849 fire destroyed the oflB.ce,

A History of the Press in Michigaj^.

and for a time Battle Creek was without a paper. la 1850 the Journal
was established by Mr. Woolnough, who published it until 1863, when it
was sold to Mr. Charles E. Griffith, who continued to publish it for nearly
four years, when he disposed of it to Hon. George Willard, the present pro-
prietor. Though the Journal was originally a whig paper, it urged the dis-
banding of that party and the formation of the republican, which party it
has since supported. The Journal publishes a daily as well as a weekly
edition.

In 1870 a new paper called The Michigan Tribune, was issued by Messrs.
Pease & Reed, and in 1871 it passed into the hands of Messrs. Woolnough &
Bordine, who still continue its publication. In politics The Tribune is inde-
pendent.

The Albion Mirror, located at Albion, is a democratic weekly paper. It
was established October 11, 1855, by Lawrence W. Cole, who is the present
owner.

Albion has also a weekly republican paper, known as The Recorder, but no
data in relation to it have been received.

Tekonsha has an independent weekly paper, The Reporter, but nothing in
relation to it has been received.

Homer has a neutral weekly paper, The Index, but no facts of its birth or
career have reached the compiler.

CASS COUNTY.

This county, with a population of 20, 525, has five weekly papers, two repub-
lican, one democratic, one independent, and one neutral.

The first paper established in the county was The Cass County Advocate,
which, in March, 1846, was established by E. A. Graves at Cassopolis. It
ceased publication in 1849.

The National Democrat was established at Cassopolis, in 1850, by a stock
company of democrats. C. C. Allison is the present proprietor. It is demo-
cratic in politics.

The first paper established in Dowagiac was in 1851, the office having been
removed from Cassopolis. Its politics are unknown. Its name was subse-
quently changed to The Dowagiac Times, and subsequently to the Cass
County Republican. The office was destroyed by fire in 1854. J. L. Gant
established The Cass County Tribune the same year. The name was subse-
quently changed to The Cass County Republican, and the office sold to Wm.
Campbell, from whom it was purchased in May, 1868, by H. C. JBuffington, who
published it until September, 1875, when it was purchased by its present
proprietors, Messrs. Holmes & Greenleaf. The paper is republican in politics.

The Cassopolis Vigilant, a republican paper, published at Cassopolis, was
established May 1, 1872, by D. B. Harrington and M. H.Barber. The present
proprietor is W. H. Mansfield.

The Messenger, a neutral paper, printed at Marcellus, was established by
its present proprietor, S. D. Perry, January 1, 1875.

The Argus, an independent paper, published at Edwardsburg, was established
by its present proprietor, Will A. Shaw, October 23, 1875.

CHARLEVOIX COUNTY.

This county has a population of 2,360, and has one paper. The Sentinel,
republican in politics, printed at Charlevoix, by W. A". Smith, who estab-
lished it March 10, 1869. It was the first paper printed in the county.

74 PiONEEK Society of MicmaAis'.

CHEBOYGAK COUKTY.

This county, with a population of 3,070, has two weekly papers, The
Northern Tribune and The Cheboygan Free Press. The Tribune is owned
and printed by William Chandler, who established it July 17, 1875. It is
republican in politics.

The Free Press is democratic in politics, and was established by its present
proprietors, Bentley & Brown, January 6, 1876.

The first paper printed in the county was called The Manitoba Chronicle.
It was established January 28, 1871, by W. P. Maiden, was independent in
politics, and deceased June 3, 1871. It was succeeded by The Times, that
by The Independent, and that by The Free Press, under its present
management.

CLINTON COUNTY.

This county has a population of 23,601 ; has four papers, all weekly. Two-
are independent in politics, one is republican, and one democratic.

The first paper in the county was established in 1850, by Mark A. Childs,
at DeWitt. It was called The Express, and was sold by its founder to Milo
Blair, and by him to John Ransom, who moved the office to St. Johns in
1857, and the name was changed to The Northside Democrat, then to The
St. Johns Democrat, and then suspended in 1858. The St. Johns Herald
was afterwards started by a stock company, but gave up the ghost after about
six months' existence.

The Clinton Republican, published at St. Johns, was established at DeWitt,
by its present proprietor, Henry S. Hilton, in 1856, and subsequently moved
to its present location. Its political character is indicated by its name.

The Clinton Independent, a democratic paper, now published at St. Johns,
by Corbit & Estes, succeeded The St. Johns Herald, whose demise is chroni-
cled above. It was established by John H. and James A. Stevenson, August
20, 1866.

The Register, an independent paper, now published at Ovid, by Reeves &
Carrier, was established July 1, 1866, by James H. Wickwire.

The Messenger, an independent paper, published at Maple Rapids, was
established by its present proprietors, J. A. & F. 0. Dickey, April 17, 1874.

DELTA COUNTY.

This county has a population of 4,741, and one weekly paper. The Tribune,
published at Escanaba. It was established December 9, 1868, by Edward P.
Lott, was and is neutral in politics. Charles D. Jewell is the present pro-
prietor. The Tribune is the only paper ever established in this county.

EATON COUNTY.

Six weekly papers minister to the wants of 26,907 people in Eaton County.
Three of them are independent, one neutral, one democratic, and one
republican.

The year 1843 is the date of the establishment of the first paper in Eatoa
county. The name of the paper was The Gazette, it was neutral in politics, and
Warren Isham printed it in a log hotel, at Charlotte, then the only business
house in the place. A year of life ended its existence. In March, 1845,
The Eaton Bugle was established by W. Johnston, and this venture lived.

A History of the Press in Michig-ak.

about two years, when it gave up the ghost, and the proprietor moved to
Ohio, where he became a member of Congress.

The Republican was established at Charlotte by E. A. Foote, in 1853, but
Joseph Saunders became the owner after two or three years, and published
the same until the commencement of the present year, when it was purchased
by K. Kittredge. It is republican in politics.

The Eaton County Argus was originally established at Eaton Rapids, but
about 1853 or 1854, it was removed to Charlotte by Dr. E. D. Burr, the pro-
prietor. It changed hands several times until seven years ago it was purchased
by J. V. Johnson, who changed the name to The Charlotte Leader. The
present proprietor, Frank A. Ells, took possession January 1, 1875. The
Leader is democratic in politics.

The Saturday Journal is an independent paper printed at Eaton Rapids.
It was established by J. B. Ten Eyck in December, 1865. Frank C. Oulley is
the present proprietor.

The Independent is a weekly paper printed at G-rand Ledge. It was estab-
lished in 1869 by B. F. Saunders. Its present proprietor is W. C. Westland.
It is independent in politics.

Bellevue has The Gazette, a neutral paper. It was established June 9, 1871,
by A. Rindge. Edwin S. Hoskins is the present proprietor.

The Enterprise, an independent paper, is printed at Vermontville. It was
established by J. C. Worcester, in October, 1874. G. W. Hoskins is the
present proprietor. The place has less than 1,000 inhabitants.

EM3IET COUNTY.

Population, 1,272. It has one paper, The Emmet County Democrat, which
was established at Petoskey, April 30, 1875, by Eoyelle Rose, the present pro-
prietor.

GENESEE COUNTY.

Genesee county has 34,568 population, and five weekly newspapers. Two
are republican, one democratic, and two independent.

The first paper established in the county was in 1839. It was called The
Flint River Gazette. It was democratic in politics, J. K. Averill was the pub-
lisher, and the paper lived about six months only.

The I^orthern Advocate succeeded the pioneer paper. It was published by
W. A. Morrison, and was discontinued after two years' existence. It was fol-
lowed by several short-lived papers, among which were The Genesee Herald,
published by Perry Josliu, and The Western Citizen, owned by 0. S. Carter.
From the office of the latter, after its death, emerged February 23, 1850, the
first issue of The Wolverine Citizen, F. H. Rankin editor and publisher.
And it is worthy of special record that Mr. Rankin still continues in sole
charge of the paper. It is republican in politics.

About 1854, R. W. Jenny published for the proprietor. Gen. C. C. Hascall,
a democratic paper called The Flint Republican. When its publication was
discontinued, Mr. Jenny started a paper of his own. The Genesee Democrat,
and continued its publication until his death. The paper is still published.

The other paper published at Flint, for the city has three, is The Flint
Globe, republican in politics. It was established in August, 1866, by Charles
F. and Robert Smith, and H. S. Hilton. The present proprietor is A. L.
Aldrioh.

76 Pioneer Society of Michigan.

At Fenton is published The G-azette, an independent paper. It was estab-
lished October 17, 1865, by W. H. H. Smith, and the projector and his son
are the present proprietors.

At Fenton is also published The Independent. It was established in May,
1868, by H. N. Jennings, who still continues the proprietor.

GRAND TEAVERSE COUNTY.

Grand Traverse county has a population of 5,340, and two papers, both pub-
lished at Traverse City, The G-rand Traverse Herald, republican, and the
Traverse Bay Eagle, independent. The first named paper was established
November 3, 1858, by Morgan Bates, late Lieutenant Governor of Michigan.
It was when established, it is believed, the first paper north of Grand Eapids.
In 1867 Morgan Bates sold the establishment to D. 0. Leach, the present pro-
prietor.

The Traverse Bay Eagle was established by Elvin L. Sprague, in April,
1864. The founder and James Spencer are the present proprietors.

GRATIOT COUNTY.

Gratiot county has a population of 13,886, and two weekly papers. The
Journal, republican in politics, printed at Ithaca, the county seat, and the
Herald, democratic in politics, printed at St. Louis.

In May, 1857, Eobert Sutton established at Ithaca, the Gratiot News,
which was the first paper published in the county. It was neutral in politics,
and ceased to exist September, 1865. It was at once succeeded by the
Journal, established by Church & Taylor. Robert Smith is the present pro-
prietor.

The St. Louis Herald was established March 17, 1871, by Wm. W. Cook.
Jared B. Graham is the present proprietor.

HILLSDALE COUNTY.

This county has a population of 31,566, and six papers, all weeklies. They
are the Standard, Hillsdale, republican; the Democrat, Hillsdale, democratic,
the Business, Hillsdale, republican ; the Independent, Jonesville, republican :
the Press, Eeading, independent, and the Gazette, Litchfield, neutral.

Concerning the press history of Hillsdale county, James 1. Dennis, of The
Jonesville Independent, has favored the compiler with some interesting facts.
The first printing press brought into the county of Hillsdale, was purchased
of the widow of one L. C. Clark, who had, in his life-time, owned a printing
office at the village of Branch, then the county seat of Branch county. Mr.
Clark had, by will, left his personal property to his wife, and, in 1839, she
sold the press and type to W. W. Murphy (late U. S. Consul at Frankfort-
on-the-Main), and James K. Kinman, both residents of Jonesville. The pur-
chasers had loaded the material on wagons and were ready to move, when a
difficulty arose in the shape of an attachment issued by the circuit court
of Branch county against the property of the previous owner (then deceased),
of the office, on the ground that the said L. C. Clark **had absconded from
the county to the injury of his creditors." There was no lawyer then at
Branch, but three prominent citizens of the town, holding the positions of
County Clerk, County Kegister, and Judge of Probate, looked up the law in
the case, and concluded they could hold the printing office on an attachment
against its dead owner. These citizens, learned in the law, were Jared Pond

A History of the Press in MiCHiGAisr. 77

father of Ashley Pond, of Detroit, 0. P. West, and A. Burlingame, father
of the late Minister to China. The trouble with the Branch people was, that
they had paid the dead printer for some papers he had not issued, and at
length a compromise was effected, by Messrs. Murphy & Kinman agreeing to
print 200 copies a week of the Branch Gazette, to complete the term of
the unexpired subscription. The Hillsdale County Gazette was then, April,
1839, established at Jonesville. The Gazette was neutral in politics, but
some of the zealous Whigs thought it leaned too much to the democracy,
and The Michigan Expositor was established, with a Mr. Brewster as mana-
ger, Hon. Eobert Allen editor, and the Jermain brothers printers. The county
seat was soon after moved to Hillsdale, and with it went the Gazette. It sus-
pended publication in Hillsdale, in 1856. In a short time (1842), the Jermain
brothers saw a better opening in Adrian, and removed The Expositor ofi&ce to
that place, leaving Jonesville without a paper. When the line of the M. S. road
reached Jonesville, however, W. W. Murphy and others purchased printing
material, and in May, 1850, The Jonesville Telegraph was established. After
a year or . two the name was changed to The Independent, which it has since
borne. Messrs. Dennis & Eggleston are the present propretors.

The removal from Jonesville to Hillsdale of The Gazette, and its suspen-
sion there has been previously recorded. Next in order of date comes The
Hillsdale Standard, which, June 30, 1846, was established by H. B. Rowlson
and S. D. Clark. H. B. Rowlson is the present proprietor.

The Hillsdale Democrat was established in 1852, by N. B. Welper. W. H.
Tallman is the present publisher.

The Weekly Business was started in Hillsdale in 1870, by its present pro-
prietor, H. T. Far nam.

The Reading Press was established by George Gray, in 1871. B. J. Kings-
ton is the present proprietor.

No data concerning The Litchfield Gazette have been received.

HOUGHTON COUNTY.

This county has a population of 19,030, and two papers.

The Portage Lake Mining Gazette was established at Houghton, June 16,
1859, by its present proprietor, J. R. Devereaux. It has no politics.

The Northwestern Mining Journal was established at Hancock, May 1,
1873, by Kibber & Wilson. Edward P. Kibber is the present proprietor.

HURON COUNTY.

This county has a population of 11,964, and two papers, both weekly.
The Huron County News, at Port Austin, and The Advertiser, at Caseville,
both republican in politics.

In June, 1861, C. H. Gallup, R. W. Irvin, R. Winsor, and C. B. Cottrell,
purchased printing material and hired a printer to publish a paper for them.
It was called The News, and was established at Sand Beach, then the county
seat. After two years' publication the ofi&ce was burned, and for a year and
a half no paper was printed in the county. The county seat being then
removed to Port Austin, The News was revived by its former proprietors,
volume and number being retained. In June, 1871, the present proprietor,
William F. Clark, purchased the office.

The Caseville Advertiser was established January, 1874, by Thomas

Pioneer Society of Michigan.

Wood worth and Albert 0. Quinn. Quinn & Winsor are the present pro-
prietors.

INGHAM COUNTY.

This county has a population of 29,193, and has five papers. The Lansing
Republican issues a semi-weekly and a weekly edition. It is republican in
politics. The other papers are all weeklies, and they are : The Journal,
Lansing, democratic; The News, Mason, republican; The Herald, Leslie,
Independent; and The Enterprise, Williamston, neutral.

The first paper published in the county was printed at Mason, and named
The Ingham County Telegraph. It was established by Mark A. Childs, in
April, 1842. It was whig in politics, and lived only until December of the
year of its birth.

January 11, 1848, The Free Press was established, but the name was soon
changed to The Michigan State Journal. It was the first paper printed at
Lansing, the new State capital. In 1861 or 1862 The Journal suspended.
June 6, 1866, it was re-established as The Lansing State Democrat, by John
W. Higgs. July 12, 1872, he disposed of it to Wm. H. Haze and Geo. P.
Sanford. January 1, 1873, Mr. Sanford became sole proprietor, and still so
continues.

The Lansing Republican was first launched as a weekly on April 28, 1855,
by Henry Barnes of Detroit. He issued two numbers and then the paper
was taken by Rufus Hosmer as editor and George A. Fitch as proprietor.
The name of Herman E. Hascall appeared as publisher in No. 5, and he
continued to fill that position until Aug. 4, 1857. The publishers subse-
quent to Fitch & Hosmer have been Hosmer & Kerr, John A. Kerr & Co.,
Bingham, George & Co., and W. S. George & Co. Mr. Fitch retired Aug.
11, 1857, and was succeeded by John A. Kerr. Mr. Hosmer died on April
20, 1861, and was succeeded by George Jerome of Detroit as a silent partner.
Mr. Kerr died July 30, 1868, and was succeeded Jan. 1, 1869, by W. S.
George. S. D. Bingham, who had been editor of the Republican for several
years, was a partner for one year commencing May 1, 1868. So much for
the publishers. On June 19, 1855, the name of Dewitt C. Leach appeared as
editor with Rufus Hosmer. Mr. Leach retired Aug. 26, 1856, to canvass the
district as republican candidate for congress. He returned to the editorship
Nov. 11, and gave his final valedictory July 28, 1857. Rufus Hosmer's name
did not appear as editor of the paper after Dec. 4, 1855, but he con-
tributed to its columns for some time afterwards. C. B. Stebbins succeeded
Mr. Leach in 1857, and held the position about one year. Isaac M. Cravath
took the editorial chair on May 1, 1861, but joined the Union army as a
captain of volunteers in October following. In April, 1863, he returned to
editorial work, but relinquished it finally on the following August. S. D.
Bingham's first connection with the paper was from October, 1861, until
April, 1862. His name next appeared Dec. 6, 1865, and he was general editor
until May, 1871, but up to September, 1873, he contributed political articles to
the columns of the Republican. George I. Parsons was editor for one year
ending April, 1863, and Theodore Foster for nearly two years from Dec. 23,
1863. Nelson Jones and George P. Sanford both held the position of local
editor. Sanford Howard was agricultural editor for nearly three years, and
since his death the position has been ably filled by his widow. On the retire-
ment of Mr. Bingham in 1873, the chief editor has been W. S. George with
James W. King as city editor and principal assistant.

A HiSTOKY OF THE PeESS IN MlCHIGAl!T.

The early history of The Ingham Oouuty News, published at Mason, is
particularly interesting, and the compiler is pleased to be able to present it so
much in detail. The material is furnished by the founder, D. B. Harrington,
in a series of articles written by him for the News. Mr. Harrington says he
reached Mason June 1, 1859, having his printing material in a wagon. This
material consisted of the dohris of what had been known as The Public Senti-
ment office, a small paper which had been printed at Grass Lake, Jackson
county, during the **great conspiracy" troubles. The newspaper type had
before this been used in printing The Michigan Essay, which was established
in Detroit in 1809. It was French type, and its age could only be guessed at.
When Mr. Harrington began to unload his printing office, he found his body
type in pi," in the bottom of the wagon. He took it into the office in pails,
and occupied his first ten days in sorting pi." He tells amusing stories of
his first issue, which was made June 23, 1859. Mason then had but seventy
voters, and the settlers were very poor. Notwithstanding this. The News was
not the first paper printed there. Long before the republican party was
organized, a whig paper, called The Ingham County Herald, was published
there by D. W". 0. Smith. Afterward, The Ingham Democrat was published
in Mason by a Mr. Danforth. Those pioneer papers were supported principally
by the income from publishing the "tax sales," which, at that time, yielded
a handsome revenue. It was in Mason where the celebrated Wilbur F. Story,
present proprietor of the Chicago Times, started in his editorial career, once
publishing a democratic paper there. The News was started as a neutral
paper, but in April, 1860, hoisted the republican flag. The present proprietor
is Willis F. Cornell.

The Leslie Herald was established in 1868 by Vanvelsor & Ford. J. W.
Allen is the present proprietor.

The Williamston Enterprise was established June 6, 1873, by Humphrey
4&; Campbell. Eber S. Andrews is the present proprietor.

IONIA COUNTY.

This county, with a population of 28,376, has six weekly papers; one is
democratic, two are republican, and the remaining three are independent.
Two are printed at Ionia, and Hubbardston, Portland, Muir, and Saranac
each have a paper.

The first paper printed in the county was established at Ionia, in February,
1843, by Childs & Robinson, and was called The Ionia Journal. It was neu-
tral in politics, and gave up the ghost about 1846. In the same year E. D.
Burr started The Ionia Democrat, but in October, the same year, the press and
type were taken from the office in the night and thrown into Grand river.
This ended the publication of the paper. In 1849 E. R. Powell started The
Ionia Gazette, and continued it until August, 1867, when he moved the office
into another county, where he still continues in business as a publisher.

The Ionia Sentinel was established May 1, 1866, by Taylor & Stevenson.
T. G. Stevenson & Co. are the present proprietors. It is published at Ionia,
and is republican in politics.

The Portland Observer was established October 24, 1867, by J. H. Wick-
wire. The next year the office was sold to Joseph W. Bailey, the present pro-
prietor. It is located at Portland, and is independent in politics.

The Ionia Standard was established at Ionia in 1869, by W. T. Kinsley. J.

Pioneer Society of MicmaAisr.

P. Stevenson and Wm. E. Kidd are the present proprietors. The paper is
democratic in politics.

The Advertiser, located at Hubbardston, was established October 6, 1870, by
Charles W. Seaver. The second week after its establishment, A. V. Phister
was associated with the proprietor. The office burned the first year, but was
re-established by A. V. Phister, who still continues the proprietor. It is repub-
lican in politics.

The Grand River Herald was established at Muir, October 21, 1871, by
Benton Bement. The present proprietors are Eunge & Mickel. It is inde-
pendent in politics.

The Reporter was established at Saranac, July 14, 1875, by 0. H. Smith,
who continues its publication. It is independent in politics.

IOSCO COUNTY.

This county has a population of 4,782, and one paper. The Iosco County
Gazette, weekly, republican in politics. It was established November 1, 1868,
by The Gazette printing company. H. E. Hoard is the present proprietor.

ISABELLA COUNTY.

This county has a population of 6,059, and two weekly papers, both pub-
lished at the county seat — Mt. Pleasant.

February 25, 1864, 0. B. Church established The Pioneer at Mt. Pleasant.
The name was subsequently changed to The Enterprise. It is republican in
politics, and J. R. Doughty is the present proprietor.

Morgan's Watchtower was established September 24, 1875, by J. Morgan,
its present proprietor. It is independent in politics, with democratic pro-
clivities. .

JACKSON COUNTY.

This county, with a population of 37,988, has two daily papers, both issued
in the city of Jackson. Weekly papers are also issued from both offices.
These papers are The Patriot, democratic, B. L. Carlton and W. W. Van
Antwerp, proprietors, and The Citizen, republican, James O'Donnell, propri-
etor. Outside the city are The !N"ews, a weekly paper printed at Concord,
established in 1873, neutral in politics, of which Wetmore & Paddock are the
proprietors, and The Public Advertiser, a monthly paper, printed at Parma,
established in 1865, of which Charles W. Gillett is the proprietor, and which
is also neutral in politics.

The first paper established in the county was The Jacksonburg (now Jack-
son) Sentinel, which was established in May, 1837, by Nicholas Sullivan. In
politics this pioneer was independent, but with whig proclivities. It suspended
in 1840, and was succeeded by The Michigan State Gazette, Hitchcock &
George publishers. The Gazette continued publication eight years, and was
succeeded by The American Citizen, established by A. A. Dorrance, succeeded
by C. V. De Land, he by Bently & DeLand, and they by its present proprietor,
James O'Donnell, who established the daily edition in 1865.

The first issue of a democratic paper in Jackson county, was made March
8, 1838, George W. Raney and Reuben S. Cheney bein^ the proprietors. It
was called The Michigan Democrat. When it suspended publication is not
definitely known. Wilbur F. Story, now of the Chicago Times, was next in

A History of the Press in MiCHiaAK.

the field, he establishing The Patriot, which he subsequently transferred to
R. S. Cheney. Mr. Cheney sold out to the Bouton Bros., who in turn sold
to Higgs & Chapin. Subsequently Higgs bought Chapin's interest, and
became sole proprietor. In July, 1865, Van Antwerp purchased a half inter-
est from Higgs, and the paper was published by Higgs & Van Antwerp until
April, 1866, when Carlton purchased the interest of Higgs, and The Patriot
has since been published by Carlton & Van Antwerp, the present proprietors,
who established the daily edition August 20, 1870.

The Eagle, an independent weekly, was established March 20, 1862, by Be
L. Carlton, and was published four years, when it was merged in the Patriot.

In 1838, there was a Free Soil paper published at Jackson, called The
American Freeman, and a temperance paper, The Michigan Temperance
Herald. Both were semi-monthly publications, and there are no records at
hand showing the date of their establishment, the proprietors, or when publi-
cation was suspended.

September 27, 1848, appeared the first issue of The Michigan State Journal,
A. A. Dorrance, proprietor. When it suspended, is not known.

KALAMAZOO COUNTY.

)

Two daily papers, four weeklies, and two monthly periodicals are furnished
by this county to its 32,284 population. The Kalamazoo Telegraph and The
Kalamazoo Gazette issue both daily and weekly editions. The Michigan
Teacher and the Michigan Freemason are monthly publications, the scope of
which is indicated by their titles. These are all printed in Kalamazoo. The
Despatch and News is published at Schoolcraft, and The Monitor at Vicks-
burg.

The Gazette, the democratic organ of the county, is the oldest paper. It
was first established at White Pigeon, by Henry Gilbert & Chandler, and
moved to Kalamazoo, with the land office, in 1835. As before stated. The
Gazette issues a daily as well as a weekly edition. A. J. Shakespeare is the
present proprietor.

September 10, 1844, the first issue of The Telegraph appeared, Henry B.
Miller being proprietor. It was a weekly paper, and soon after its establish-
ment, George Torry, father of the present manager of The Telegraph, became
editor. Mr. Miller left the paper within the first year, and Mr. Torry, with
partners, had charge until 1850, when he sold the paper to George A. Fitch,
who continued, for the most part, its editor and proprietor until 1866, when
the Stone Bros, purchased it. It is now owned by a stock company, known
as the Kalamazoo Publishing company. The daily edition was permanently
established in 1868. The Telegraph is republican in politics.

Next in order, according to date of establishment, comes the educational
journal, The Michigan Teacher, a monthly publication. This was established
in December, 1865, by Messrs. Payne, Whitney and Goodison. Henry A. and
Kate B. Ford are the present proprietors.

Next in order of establishment comes The Michigan Freemason. This was
established in July, 1868, by W. J. Chaplin and Thomas Rix. It is of
monthly issue, and the Kalamazoo Publishing company are the present pro-
prietors.

The Despatch and News, published at Schoolcraft, was established July 1,
1869, by V. C. Smith, who continues to publish it. It is a weekly paper,
independent in politics.
11

PiOiTEER Society of MiCHiaAisr,

The Vicksburg Monitor, printed at Vicksburg, was established January,
1876, by 0. W. Bailey & Bro., the present proprietors.

KALKASKA COUNTY.

This county has but 1,259 population, and one paper, The Kalkaskian,
printed by 0. P. Sweet, its founder, at Kalkaska. It is republican in politics.
When the paper was started, March 6, 1874, there were only some 600 inhabi-
tants in this county, and but two dwelling-houses in the place. Its first issue
had but 60 subscribers. But it was the pioneer paper for a large section, and
its success has been good.

KENT COUNTY.

This county has a population of 62,671, and is supplied with three daily
papers, nine weekly, and one semi-weekly. The Eagle, The Democrat, and
The Times, Grand Eapids, issue both daily and weekly editions. The Post is
a semi-weekly. The Michigan Staats Zeitung is a German paper, and The
Vrijheids Banier, and De Standaard, both Holland papers. These are all
printed at Grand Rapids. The Journal, a weekly paper, is printed at Lowell.
The Clipper, also a weekly paper, is printed at Cedar Springs, and the Reg-
ister, also a weekly, at Rockford.

The compiler is indebted for much of the valuable information which fol-
lows, to Mr. Albert Baxter, editor of the Grand Rapids Eagle : The first
newspaper printed in Kent county was called the Grand River Times, and was
started by George W. Pattison, in 1837, and the first number pablished April
18th, of that year. The press on which this paper was printed was drawn up
the river from Grand Haven, on the ice, by a team of dogs. It was pur-
chased the winter previous at Buffalo. At Detroit it was shipped to Grand
Haven on the steamer Don Quixote, which was wrecked off Thunder Bay, and
the press taken around the lakes on another boat. The paper was politically
neutral, and open for both whig and democratic articles. The writers for
the Democratic side were from time to time, Simeon M. Johnson, Charles H.
Taylor, Sylvester Granger, and Charles 1. Walker; for the whig side, George
Martin, Wm. G. Henry, E. B. Bostwick, and T. W. Higginson. Noble H.
Finney assisted as editor at first. James H. Morse had an interest in it for a
time. In May, 1841, it passed into the hands of Morse and Simeon M. John-
son, and the latter as editor, being a great admirer of the Richmond paper
of that name, changed its name to The Inquirer. In 1843, E. D. Burr
became a partner, and it hoisted the democratic flag, with John C. Calhoun
for president. The following year it supported Polk, and a campaign sheet
was issued in connection with it, called Young Hickory. About 1845, Jacob
Barns, for Mrs. Stevens, became its manager, and a few years later it was
purchased by Taylor and Barns (C. H. Taylor and Jacob Barns), who pub-
lished it till 1857. Thomas B. Church was its editor for some years, from
about 1845 to 1850.

In March, 1855, A. E. Gordon started the first daily paper in Grand Rap-
ids, called The Herald. In November following. The Inquirer issued a daily
edition, and in May, 1856, The Daily Eagle was started. The Eagle having
previously been published weekly only.

In 1857, J. P. Thompson, who had for some time been employed as editor of
The Inquirer, formed a partnership with A. E. Gordon, of The Herald, and
they purchased The Inquirer, and the two were merged under the name of

A History of the Press m MiCHiaAisr.

The Inquirer and Herald. The proprietors soon disagreed, and Thompson
retired, and soon after it was closed out by a mortgage, and for a time discon-
tinued. It was resurrected by N. D. Titus, and afterward a Mr. Fordham
became a partner, in the early part of the war period. About the close of the
war it passed into the hands of Merrills H. Clark, and the name was changed
to The Grand Rapids Democrat. With a succession of partners, among them
0. 0. Sexton, Robert Wilson, Dr. 0. B. Smith, and Frank Godfrey, it has
been published by "M. H. Clark & Co." for the past ten years.

The Grand Rapids Eagle was started December 25, 1844:, as a whig news-
paper, by Aaron B. Turner, then but 22 years of age, who has ever since been
and is now, its principal owner and controller. George Martin and Haley P.
Barstow at first assisted as editors, then Ralph W, Cole, in 1848, and for two
or three years. James Scribner became part proprietor in 1851, for a short
time, then A. F. Proctor about 1852, Mr. Turner soon after repurchasing
their interest. During those years times were hard," Grand Rapids was
isolated almost from the rest of the world, and ''all sorts of produce'^ was
the currency taken for newspaper subscriptions in most cases where it was not
sent on credit. In 1852, immediately after the defeat of the whig party in
the Scott campaign. The Eagle abandoned that party, and for a year and
upward was published as ''An Independent Democratic journal," and in the
spring of 1854 ran up the "Free Democratic" ticket at the head of its col-
umns, and in July following, on the organization of the republican party,
immediately" espoused it, and has been published as a republican journal ever
since. The daily issue of The Eagle began May 26, 1856, and has continued
without interruption. The present proprietors of The Eagle are A. B. Turner,
E. F. Harrington, and Fred. H, Smith, Mr. Albert Baxter being editor-in-
chief.

The Grand Rapids Times (daily and weekly) was established in April, 1870,
by C. C. Sexton. Its present proprietors are Tarbox & Pierce. It is repub-
lican in politics.

The Grand Rapids Post (two editions a week), was established by D. 'N.
Foster, October 4, 1873. Mr. Foster still continues to publish it. The Post
is independent in politics, and is a large, handsomely printed, and influential
paper.

The Vrijheids Banier (Banner of Liberty), a Holland paper, weekly, and
republican in politics, was established November 1, 1868, by Verburg & Van
Leeuwen. Jas. Van der Sluis is the present, proprietor, and he claims the
largest circulation of any Holland paper in the United States.

The States Zeitung, a German weekly paper, independent in politics, was
established November 25, 1874, by its present proprietor, Wm. Eichelsdoerfer.

De Standard, a Holland paper, democratic in politics, was established
January 20, 1875, by D. Schram and T. Van Strien. The last named is the
present proprietor.

This completes the list of Grand Rapids papers.

The Journal was established at Lowell, in July, 1865, by Webster Morris.
James W. Hine is the present proprietor. It is a weekly, and republican in
politics.

The Cedar Springs Clipper is an independent weekly -paper, printed at
Cedar Springs, and established by its present owner, L. M. Sellers, Decem-
ber 29, 1869.

Pioneer Society or ^Michigan".

The Register, a weekly paper, independent in politics, published at Rock-
ford, was established by its present proprietor, 0. H. Oowdin, February 8, 1871.

LAKE COUNTY.

This county, with a population of 1,813, has a paper, The Star, republi-
can in politics, and of weekly issue, printed at Baldwin City. It was estab-
lished May 1, 1873, by John P. Radcliffe. Charles K. Radcliife, the present
proprietor, was editor of the paper at the start, and has been proprietor
throughout, with the exception of a few weeks.

LAPEER COUNTY.

This county has a population of 25,140, and five weekly papers: The
Clarion, republican, and The Democrat, democratic, printed at Lapeer, The
Herald, republican, at Almont, The Advance, independent, at Imlay City,
and The Observer, independent, at North Branch-

The first paper printed in Lapeer county was called The Plain-dealer. It
was established by an association, in 1839, and Col. E. H. Thompson was the
editor. It was democratic in politics. The ofi&ce was destroyed by fire in
1845, and the paper ceased publication.

In 1856 The Lapeer Republican association established The Clarion. S. J.
Tomlinson is the present proprietor.

The Lapeer Democrat was established in July, 1874, by J. B. Graham. H.
S. Harcourt is the present proprietor.

The Almont Herald was established by its present proprietor, A. H. Pat-
terson, in January, 1875.

The North Branch Observer was established by its present proprietor, V. S.
Miller, May 22, 1875.

Edward B. Griffiths established The Imlay City Advance, June 25, 1875.
He still continues to print it.

LEELANAW COUNTY.

This county, with a population of 5,031, has one paper, weekly, republi-
can in politics, published at Northport, by its founder, A. H. Johnson. It
was established June 11, 1873. It is called The Leelanaw Tribune.

In 1872, some parties endeavored to establish an independent paper, called
The Leelanaw County Courier, but it lived less than a year,

LENAWEE COUNTY.

This county has a population of 46,084, and nine papers. The Times and
Expositor, The Press, and The Journal are printed at Adrian; the last named
is a weekly, and the others issue both daily and weekly editions. Hudson has
two papers — The Post and The Gazette, both weeklies ; Tecumseh has two
papers — The Herald, and the Raisin Valley Record — both weeklies; Biissfield
has one weekly. The Advance; Morenci has one, The State Line Observer ;
and Deerfield has a juvenile paper, the Ray.

In this county were printed two of the first half-dozen papers issued in
Michigan, and the second power press ever brought into the State was put up
in Adrian. In 1834, R. W. Ingalls reached Adrian from Cooperstown, New
York, and on October 15, 1834, the first number of The Lenawee County
Republican and Adrian Gazette saw the light. At that time there were two

A History of the Press iisr Michigan. 85

papers in Detroit, one at Monroe, and one at Ann Arbor. The paper was
neutral in politics for about nine months, when the name was changed to
The Watch-Tower, and it came out as a democratic paper. In 1849, Mr.
Ingalls was elected State Printer, the first and only one ever elected in Michi-
gan. As State Printer he put the first steam presses in Lansing. After serv-
ing the term for which he was elected — two years — he received the contract
for furnishing the printing, and did so for two years. He continued, however,
to own and print The Watch-Tower, establishing a daily edition June, 1853,
and, with occasional change of partners, continued to publish it until October,
1863, when he disposed of an interest in the paper to Greo. W. Larwill and
Tom S. Applegate. Subsequently they formed a partnership with Dr. J. H.
Champion, who had long officiated as editor, and purchased Mr. Ingalls' inter-
est. Mr. Larwill retired from the firm after some ten months, and Cham-
pion & Applegate published the paper until September 9, 1865, when Cham-
pion disposed of his interest to Gen. Wm. Humphrey, who in conjunction with
Tom S. Applegate, established The Times, daily and weekly, September 11,
1865. With a change of name came a change of politics. The Times was
a republican paper from the start. In November, 1866, Gen. Humphrey was
elected Auditor General, and disposed of his interest to A. H. Lowrie and
Rev. Z. Ragan, who were then proprietors of The Michigan Expositor, and
the two papers were consolidated under the name of The Times and Expositor.
In March, 1867, Rev. Z. Ragan sold his interest to Capt. Jerome H. Fee, and
August 5, 1869, A. H. Lowrie disposed of his interest in the paper to his part-
ners, Applegate & Fee, who still continue the publication. Having thus fol-
lowed out the history of the pioneer paper of this county, through its lineal
descendant, it is only necessary to add that its founder still resides in Adrian,
though not engaged in the printing business.

In 1836, J. M. Patterson came to Adrian with a printing office, which he
brought from Syracuse, New York, and established a whig paper, called The
Constitutionalist. Patterson published the paper some two years, when he
disposed of it to Henry J. Tyler, who changed the name to The Michigan
Whig. Tyler died in 1842, and his paper followed his example the same year.
In September, 1843, S. P. and T. D. Jermain moved The Michigan Expos-
itor, a whig paper, from Jonesville to Adrian, to occupy the ground left
vacant by the demise of the Michigan Whig. In the spring of 1848, they
put in their office the second power press ever brought to Michigan. They
established a tri-weekly edition of the Expositor, in 1851, which was changed
to a daily in 1856, and also published The Pledge of Honor, the organ of the
Sons of Temperance. This was subsequently changed to The Dollar Weekly,
and under that name reached a large circulation in the State. In 1857, Mr.
T. D. Jermain retired from the firm, and purchased the Milwaukee Sentinel,
and associated himself with H. Brightman. The firm, under the name of
Jermain and Brightmaia, published the Sentinel until 1869, when Mr. Jermain
disposed of his interest in The Sentinel, and after a tour of Europe, returned
to Adrian, where he now resides. In 1866, Mr. S. P. Jermain sold The
Expositor to Dr. Kost, of Adrian. He transferred it to Lowrie & Ragan,
and they consolidated with The Times, as above stated.

The Adrian Journal was established January 1, 1866, as a democratic
weekly, by Holmes, Cook & Bonner. For a short time a daily edition was
issued from the office, but that was soon suspended. The office was sold to
Japheth Cross, who continues to issue the paper.

86 PiONEEB Society oe MiomaAisr.

The Adrian Press was established as a daily and weekly, May 17, 1873, by
W. A. Whitney, who still continues the publication. The paper is democratic
in politics.

This conclues the history of the press of Adrian.

Tecumseh claims to have had a paper, the same year as Adrian — 1834. It
was called The Tecumseh Democrat, was democratic in politics, was printed
on a Kamasje press, and its forms were inked with balls, as in the olden time.
Beriah Brown was the publisher of this paper, and its publication was con-
tinued until 1837, when it suspended publication, and was succeeded by The
Village Record, which went the way of all the earth in 1847. From that
date until 1850, Tecumseh was without a paper.

May 35, 1850, The Tecumseh Herald appeared, James H. Perry being the
publisher. In less than four months he sold the establishment to L. Gr.
Sholes & Co., and during the ensuing two years the establishment changed
hands several times. In October, 1852, the paper was purchased by Eichard
& Baxter, who conducted it for three years, when Mr. Baxter retired, leaving
it in the control of Wm. Richard, who managed the paper either directly or
indirectly for a period of eleven years thereafter. The office, in January,
1866, was sold to 0. M. Burlingame, who conducted the business until Novem-
ber, 1874, when it was sold to S. 0. Stacy, who still continues to publish it.
The Herald is independent in politics, and is published weekly.

The Raisin Valley Record was established September 15, 1866, by P. R.
and P. W. Adams. It is republican in politics, of weekly issue, and Ohas,
T. Ohapin is the present proprietor.

The first paper printed in Hudson was issued by W. H. Bowlsby, January
9, 1853, and was called The Hudson Sentinel. It went down in 1855, and
in September of that year The Hudson Courier, a republican paper, was
started, and this was subsequently succeeded by The Saturday Evening News,
independent, and this on March 36, 1858, by The Gazette, W. T. B. Schermer-
horn, editor and proprietor. The G-azette is of weekly issue, independent in
politics, and its founder still continues to issue it.

The Huron Post is a weekly republican paper, issued by James M. Scarritt,
but the compiler is without data as to its history, previous to Mr. Scarritt' s
becoming its proprietor.

The Advance is a weekly neutral paper, issued at Blissfield, which was
established April 9, 1874, by Hamblin & Samson. Mr. Hamblin is the present |
proprietor. '

The State Line Observer is a weekly neutral paper, issued at Morenci^ by
E. D. Allen, but the compiler is without data as to its history.

The Ray is a juvenile paper, published fortnightly, at Deerfield, by George
W. Grames, who established it June 1, 1875.

LIVINGSTON COUNTY.

Four weekly papers provide the 30,330 people of Livingston county with
reading matter. Two of these, The Republican and The Democrat, are
printed at Hovvell. Their politics are indicated by their names. The Review '
is printed at Fowlerville; it is neutral in politics; and The Citizen at
Brighton ; politically it is independent.

January 10, 1843, The Livingston Courier was established at Brighton, by j
AV. Sullivan as publisher, and F. C. Whipple as editor. After running in '
Brighton something over a year, The Courier was removed to Howell, the

A History of the Press in Michigan^. 87

county seat. It passed through various hands until 1856, when it came into
the possession of George P. Root, under whose ownership the paper died. It
gave up the ghost in April, 1857.

August 5, of the same year, Joseph T. Titus, having purchased The Courier
type and material, started The Livingston Democrat, and still continues its
publication, under the firm name of Joseph T. Titus & Co.

The Republican was established .in May, 1855, by H. and L. M. Smith. J.
D. Smith & Co., are the present proprietors.

The Brighton Citizen was established in 1871, by A. Gr. Blood. Gr. W. Axtell
is the present proprietor.

The Fowlerville Review was established June 19, 1874, by W, H. Hess.
Hess & Adams are the present proprietors.

MACOMB COUNTY.

This county has a population of 28,305, and has four papers, all weekly.
The Monitor (republican), the Press (democratic), and The Reporter (neu-
tral), are all printed at Mt. Clemens. The Observer (republican), is printed
at Romeo.

In 1836, J. K. Bourne established at Mt. Clemens, The Macomb Republi-
can. It was democratic in politics, and died in 1838. Between that time
and 1864, in which year both The Monitor and The Press were started, the
compiler is without any journalistic history of Macomb county.

In 1864, E. Weeks and W. L. Lee established the Monitor. The present
proprietors are W. L. Lee and W. C. Stockton.

In 1864, Messrs. Longstaff and Eldredge established The Press. Spencer
B. Russell is the present proprietor.

The Uomeo Observer was established in May, 1866, by Rev. John Russell.
George A. Waterbury is the present propretor.

The Mt. Clemens Reporter was established in July, 1873, by Lewis M. Mil-
ler. Keeler, Miller & Co. are the present proprietors.

MARQUETTE COUNTY.

This county has a population of 21,946. • Its principal industry is mining,
and consequently its three papers are devoted to mining interests to the exclu-
sion of political bias. The three papers are The Mining Journal, published
at Marquette, The Iron Herald, at Kegaunee, and The Iron Home, published
at Ishpeming.

The Mining Journal claims to be the lineal descendant of the pioneer news-
paper on Lake Superior, and from an article in its columns we take the fol-
lowing facts to substantiate its claims : In the summer of 1846, John N.
Ingersoll, now editor and proprietor of The Corunna American, issued from
the Astor House, Copper Harbor, the first number of The Lake Superior ISTews
and Mining Journal. In 1849 Mr. Ingersoll moved the office to Sault de Ste.
Marie, and afterward sold the office and material to J. V. Brown, who was
publisher in 1850. He rechristened the paper, calling it The Lake Superior
Journal. Soon thereafter Hon. John Burt became proprietor, and he moved
the office to Marquette, some time previous to 1858. In 1868 the files, type,
and all the matedal were destroyed by fire. The present proprietor, A. P.
Swineford, became proprietor the same year, and he changed the name to that
it at present bears. The Mining Journal.

Pioneer Society of MiOHiaAN".

The Negaunee Iron Herald was established at Negauuee by its present
proprietor, 0. G-. Griffay, November 1, 1873.

The Iron Home was established by Hiram Morley & Co., in April, 1874.
Hiram Morley is the present proprietor.

MANISTEE COUNTY.

This county, with a population of 8,471, has three weekly papers, all pub-
lished at Manistee. They are The Times and Standard, The Advocate, and
The Times.

The first paper printed in Manistee county was called The Manistee G-azette.
It was established by Rice & Wentworth, in March, 1864, and was republican
in politics. In 1867 it was sold to S. W. Fowler, and the name changed to
The Manistee Times. In September, 1874, Fowler bought The Standard,
which was started as a democratic paper in April, 1870, by 0. H. Goodwin.
Mr. Fowler consolidated the two papers under the name of The Times and
Standard, and still continues to publish it as a republican paper.

The Advocate was established in December, 1874, by E. J. Cody. It is a
democratic paper, and the Advocate Printing company publishes it at present.

The Times was started in May, 1873, as a prohibition and republican
paper. It is published by App M. Smith.

MASON COUNTY.

This county has 5,361 population, and two weekly papers, both published
at Ludington, one being Republican, the other Democratic.

The Mason County Record was established September 17, 1867, by George
W. Clayton. It is republican in politics. The present proprietors are Hop-
kins & Darr.

The Ludington Appeal was established June 27, 1873, by Wm. B. Cole, its
present proprietor. It is democratic in politics.

MECOSTA COUNTY.

This county has a population of 9,132, and two weekly papers, both printed
at Big Rapids, and both republican in politics.

The Mecosta County Pioneer was established in April, 1862, by Charlie
Gay.. He and M. W. Barrows are the present proprietors.

The Big Rapids Magnet was established June 21, 1870, by Elias 0. Rose,
who still continues to publish it.

MENOMINEE COUNTY.

This county has a population of 3,490, and one paper. The Herald, pub-
lished at Menominee. It was established in 1864, by E. S. Ingalls, is repub-
lican in politics, and is at present printed by The Herald Publishing company.
It was the first paper established in the county.

MIDLAND COUNTY.

This county has a population of 5,306, and but one paper, The Indepen-
dent, printed at Midland, and republican in politics.

The first paper printed in the county was called The Midland Sentinel. It
was established by Nathan T. Carr in April, 1858. The name was afterward
changed to The Midland Independent, and it passed through several hands
until it reached those of the present proprietor, Frank S. Burton.

A History of the Press in* MionaAi^".

MISSAUKEE COUNTY.

This county is credited by the census with but 606 population. In October,
1873, S. W. Davis started, at Lake City, The Missaukee Reporter. It was
republican in politics, but only continued publication until October 33, 1875.
The Normal Herald, an educational weekly, is nominally published at Lake
City, though really printed at Park Ridge, a suburb of Chicago. It was first
printed by S. W. Davis at St. Johns, Mich., removed to Lake City, where
The Reporter was started, and both papers issued from the same office. The
Herald was originally a monthly, but became a weekly when the office was
removed to Park Ridge.

MONROE COUNTY.

This county has a population of 30,111, and three weekly papers. Two,
The Monitor, democratic, and The Commercial, republican, are printed at
Monroe ; The Enterprise, independent, is printed at Dundee.

The first paper published in Monroe county was issued at Monroe in 1825.
Edward D. Ellis was the proprietor, and it was called The Michigan Sentinel.
It was democratic in politics. Next came The Monroe Journal and Michigan
Inquirer, started by Abner Morton in 1834. It was sold the same year to E.
J. Van Buren, when the paper was discontinued and the office removed. In
1836 Mr. Ellis sold The Sentinel to A. Morton & Son, who changed the
name to The Monroe Advocate. Early in 1837, the Mortons sold the paper
to a company consisting of L. S. Humphrey, Alpheus Felch, A. E. Wing, and
others, and the paper was edited during the year of the famous Woodbridge
and Reform" campaign by C. C. Jackson, now pay director in the U. S.
navy. After the campaign the office was sold back to A. Morton & Co., who
discarded the name of The Times, and again adopted that of The Monroe
Advocate, which they continued to 1849, and then adopted the name of The
Monroe Commercial. The late Hon. E. C Morton was connected with the
paper from 1837 to 1856, when it was purchased by republicans and its politics
changed. In 1861, the present proprietor, M. D. Hamilton, assumed control.

The Monroe Gazette was started in 1836 by Mr. Hosmer, of Toledo, and
was afterward edited by Charles Lanman, continued several years, and sus-
pended. In 1850 The Commercial was printed as a daily, a few months, by
Morton & Spears, but it did not pay, and the daily was discontinued. In 1848
a paper was started called The Monroe Sentinel, by W. H. Briggs & Co., which
was short-lived. In 1856, after the purchase of The Commercial by the
republicans, a democratic paper, called The National Press, was started by A.
C. Salsbury, edited by E. G-. Morton. In 1861, Titus Babcock purchased the
office, published the paper about a year, independent of politics, and then
removed the office to Hudson.

In May, 1862, E. Gr. Morton started The Monroe Monitor. At the time of
his death, which occurred December 15th, 1875, Messrs. Lee & Kurz were
associated with him in the ownership of the paper. These gentlemen are the
present proprietors.

The Dundee Enterprise was established October 10, 1871, by John Cheever.
Wm. W. Cook is the present proprietor.

MONTCALM COUNTY.

This county has 20,815 population and seven weekly papers. The Inde-
pendent, republican, and The Democrat, democratic, are printed at Greenville.
12

90 Pioneer Society oe MiCHiaAN.

Stanton has The Herald and The Journal, republican, Howard City has The
Kecord, independent, and Carson City The Commercial, also independent.

The first paper established in the county was The G-reenville Independent.
Milo Blair was the first, and E. F. Grabill is the present owner.

The Montcalm Herald was established at Stanton, September 11, 1867, by
E. 0. Shaw. E. E. Powell & Son are the present proprietors.

The Greenville Democrat was established in 1870, by D. B. Sherwood. J.
Wesley Grifiith is the present proprietor.

The Howard City Kecord was established August 15, 1872, by the present
proprietor, Wayne E. Morris.

The Carson City Commercial was established December 10, 1874, by the
present proprietor, S. Armes.

The Montcalm County Journal was established September 24, 1875, by its
present proprietor, Joseph K. Fairchild.

The Lakeview Citizen was started January 21, 1867, by its present proprie-
tor, G. J. Massey.

The Coral Enterprise and The Sheridan Era were born and died in 1875.

MUSKEGOIvT COUNTY.

Muskegon county has a population of 19,375, and four weekly and one
semi-weekly newspapers. The latter is The News and Keporter, independent
democratic in politics, published at Muskegon. The weekly papers are : The
Chronicle, republican, and The Lakeside Eegister, democratic, published at
Muskegon; The Forum, republican, is printed at Whitehall, and The Lum-
berman, independent, at Montague.

Concerning the early history of journalism in Muskegon county, the com-
piler has been unable to obtain any accurate information. It seems tolerably
certain that The Muskegon Chronicle is the oldest of the papers at present in
existence there. It was established in 1857, by Fred Lee. 0. B. Curtis is
the present proprietor.

The News and Reporter is the consolidation of The Reporter, established
in the spring of 1860, and the News, started in 1864. In 1865, the present
proprietor, F. Weiler, purchased and consolidated both offices. The semi-
weekly issue was begun in 1874.

The Lakeside Register, of which Charles S. Hil bourn is the present editor
and publisher, is the successor or descendant of The Muskegon Telegraphy
The Muskegon Enterprise, The Gazette and Bulletin, and The Michigan
Lumberman. The Register was first issued in November, 1873.

The Whitehall Forum was established October 28, 1869, by Ben. Frank.
C. P. Nearpass is the present proprietor.

The Montague Lumberman was established November 27, J 873, by H. C»
Sholes & Co. It is now printed by the Lumberman company.

NEWAGO COUNTY.

This county has 8,758 population, and three weekly papers.

The Republican is the oldest paper in the county. It was established at
Newago by James H. Maze, in 1856. It is republican in politics. E. Oc
Shaw is the present proprietor.

The Times, republican, Sprinted at Fremont, was established March, 1874,
by Piatt & Matthews. W. P. Piatt is the present proprietor.

A History of the Press in MicmaAK. 91

The Tribune, printed at Newago, was established by its present proprietor,
J, Palmiter, March 27, 1875. It is republican in politics.

OAKLAND COUNTY.

This county has 38,082 population, and eight newspapers, as follows: The
Gazette, republican, and The Bill Poster, democraitic, both published at
Pontiac ; The Register and The Times, Hollj/ ; The Times, Milford ; The Era,
Rochester; The Good News (semi-monthly), Orion; The Journal, Oxford.
The Good I^^ews is neutral, the others named are independent.

To Mr. W. P. Nisbett, formerly of The Pontiac Bill Poster, the compiler
is indebted for much of the material herewith presented, in regard to the
press of Oakland county. The first paper printed in Oakland county was
established in 1829, by Thomas Simpson. It was called The Oakland Chron-
icle. It gave up the ghost in about two years. The Democratic Balance
appeared from 1836 to 1838, when it was merged into The Pontiac Herald,
which died a few years later. About 1835, The Pontiac Courier was started
by A. G. Sparhawk, and after having changed hands several times, the name
was changed to The Jeffersonian, which after a short time was merged into
The Gazette, which had been started by William Thompson, in 1842. At
present. The Gazette is printed by The Pontiac Gazette company, 0. F. Kim-
ball and C. B. Turner, proprietors.

January 1, 1868, Wm. P. Nisbett started the Pontiac Bill Poster as a
monthly journal. After a year and a half it was changed to a weekly. The
proprietor sold a half interest in 1874 to E. J. Kelley, and January 1, 1876,
that gentleman purchased Mr. Nisbett's interest, and continues sole proprie-
tor of The Bill Poster.

The Holly Register was established in 1863. H. Jenkins is the present
proprietor.

The Milford Times was published by its present proprietor, Isaac P. Jack-
son, February 18, 1871.

The Orion Good News was established January 1, 1873, by Rev. J. R. Cor-
don. James W. Seeley is the present proprietor.

The Kochester Era was established May 21, 1873, by its present proprietor,
T. B. Fox.

No information in regard to the other Oakland county papers has been
received.

The Pontiac Jacksonian, once one of the best known democratic papers in
the State, was established in 1839, and died in May, 1873.

OCEANA COUNTY.

This county has a population of 8,360 and two weekly papers — The Journal,
published at Hart, and The News, at Pentwater, both republican.

In 1860, the first paper. The Oceana Times, was established by F. W.
Ratzel; it suspended in 1870. In 1870, Amos Dresser, Jr., established The
News, at Pentwater; Dresser & Porter are the present proprietors.

The Oceana County Journal was established at Hart, the county seat, May
1, 1870, by J. Palmiter. B. F. Saunders is the present proprietor.

ONTONAGON COUNTY.

This county has a population of 2,406 and one paper. The Miner, published
at Ontonagon. It was established as The Lake Superior Miner, by J. D.

PiOKEEK Society of Michigai!^-.

Emerson, date not given, and claims to be the oldest paper published on Lake
Superior, which has been published in the village continuously since its start.
It is devoted to mining and local news, exclusive of politics. Alfred Meads is
the present proprietor.

OSCEOLA COU2!5"TY.

This county has a population of 6,216 and three weekly papers. The Out-
line, Hersey ; The Review, Evart ; The Clarion, Reed City ; all republican in
politics.

The Osceola Outline was established January 17, 1870. It was the first
paper in the county. Dr. A. Blodgett was the projector, and W. G. Cameron
is the present proprietor.

In October, 1872, W. H. Hess established The Evart Review. Irvin Chase
is the present proprietor.

May 9, 1873, Joseph K. Fairchild established The Reed City Clarion.
Thos. D, Talbot is the present proprietor.

OTSEGO COUNTY.

Otsego County has one paper. The Otsego County Herald, printed at Otsego
Lake. It was established by its present proprietor, Charles L. Fuller, May
14, 1875. It is republican in politics.

OTTAWA COUNTY.

This county has eight weekly and one semi-monthly publications, and 29,929
population. The Herald (republican) and The News (democratic) are printed
at Grand Haven ; The Crichton and Courier (republican) at Coopersville ; The
Independent (independent) at Spring Lake; The News (democratic) at Holland,
as are De Grondwet (republican), De Hollander (democratic), De Hope
(religious), and De Wachter (true reformed). The four last mentioned are
in the Holland language, and the last is of semi-monthly issue.

The first paper printed in Ottawa county was established at Holland in
April, 1851. It was in the Holland language, was called the Ottawa Register,
was established by Moses Hawks, and the name was subsequently changed to
De Hollander, which is now published by Wm. Benjaminse. This is the
report from Holland.

Grand Haven reports the establishment there in July, 1851, of the Grand
River Times, and claims it as the first paper printed in the county. It was
established by Barns & Angel, and was removed from Grand Haven to East-
man ville, where it expired. It was democratic in politics.

The Grand Haven News was established in 1858 by John W. and James
Barns. For the past six years it has been published by John H. Mitchell.

De Grondwet, Holland, was established in May, 1860, by Roost & Hoog-
esteger. Hoogesteger & Ualder are the present proprietors.

The Independent, Spring Lake, was established July, 1869, by Lee & Don-
ald. John G. Lee is the present proprietor.

The Grand Haven Herald was established in August, 1869, by H. S. Clubb.
C. H. Dubois is the present proprietor.

The Holland News was established February 24, 1872, by S. L. Morris.
G. Van Schelven is the present proprietor.

The Coopersville Courier was established October 20, 1875, by Hy. Potts,
who continues the publication.

A History or the Pkess m MiCHiaAir.

No information in regard to De Hope or De Wachter has been received.

The Grand Haven Clarion was established April, 1855, by H. S. Glubb. It
was republican in politics, and gave up the ghost in November, 1862.

The Grand Haven Union was started in August, 1862, by L. M. S. Smith,
as a republican paper. In June, 18 ?2, it was sold to N. Church, changed to
liberal, and suspended October, 1872.

SAGIKAW COUNTY.

Saginaw county has a population of 48,409, and five papers. The Courier,
East Saginaw (democratic) issues both a daily and a weekly edition. The
others are weeklies, except The News, which is semi-weekly. The Republican
(republican) and The Zeitung, German (independent), are also printed at
East Saginaw. The Saginawian (democratic) and the Saginaw Valley News
(republican) are printed at Saginaw.

The first paper printed in the county was the Saginaw Journal, printed by
J. B. Bennett, at Saginaw, in March, 1837. It was democratic in politics,
and lived but two years.

The Saginaw Enterprise was established at East Saginaw, as a Republican
weekly, August, 1853, by F. A. Williamson and A. J. Mason. Subsequently
it printed a daily edition, in connection with its weekly. It suspended publi-
cation in April, 1874.

The Saginaw Courier was established in July, 1859, by George F. Lewis.
It is now printed by The Courier Company.

September 1, 1868, The Enterprise Company began the publication of The
Saginaw Zeitung. It is now printed by The Saginaw Zeitung Company.

May 1, 1869, The Saginawian was born. It was established by its present
proprietor, George F. Lewis.

August 1, L 859, was the date of the establishment of The Saginaw Republican.
Milo Blair was the projector. F. A. Palmer & Co. are the present proprietors.

The Semi-weekly Valley News was established at Saginaw, July 7, 1874, by
its. present proprietor, Charles H. Lee.

The North Star was started at Saginaw, in 1844, by R. W. Jenny, and The
Spirit of the Times in 1849, by L. L. G. Jones. Both were democratic, and
each lived about five years.

SANILAC COUNTY.

This county has a population of 16,292, and one paper. The Jeffersonian,
published at Lexington, of weekly issue, and republican in politics.

The first paper published in the county saw the light in 1854. It was called
The Sanilac County Leader, was established by Joseph C. Wyllis. In 1856 it
became republican. In 1859 it was purchased by the democrats, and the next
year it gave up the ghost.

In 1856 The Sanilac Signal was established as a democratic paper, and
continued so for two years, when it was purchased by other parties and the
name and politics changed, it becoming republican in politics, and named The
Jeffersonian. Nims and Beach are the present proprietors.

SHIAWASSEE COUNTY.

This county has 21,773 population, and three weekly papers. The Press,
democratic, is published at Owosso ; The American, republican, at Corunna,
and The New Era, grange, at Owosso.

PiOKEER Society of Michig-ais-.

The first paper published in the county was called The Shiawassee Argus
and Clinton County Advocate, was democratic in politics, and was established
by Edward L. Anient at Owosso in 1841. It suspended in 1843, was succeeded
by The Owosso Argus, and that about 1854 by The Owosso American. In
1862 M. H. Clark, the owner, removed the paper to Corunna, and changed
the name to The Corunna Democrat. Clark subsequently sold to A. J.
Patterson, and in 1862 he sold the material to the proprietor of the Corunna
American.

March 15, 1854, Charles C. G-oodale issued in the city of Corunna, the first
number of The Shiawassee American. John IST. IngersoU is the present
proprietor.

In September, 1862, Hanchett & Lyon, in the city of Owosso, issued the
first number of The Owosso Press. J. H. Champion & Co., are the present
proprietors. The senior member of the present firm was for some years
editor of The Adrian Watch Tower.

In March, 1874, A. B. Wood commenced publishing in Owosso, The New
Era and Grange Index. It is now known as The New Era.

ST. CLAIR COUKTY.

This county has a population of 40,688, and four papers. The Times,
Port Huron, republican, issues a daily and a weekly edition, The Commercial,
Port Huron, democratic, is a semi-weekly, The Eepublican, St, Clair, repub-
lican, is a weekly, as is The Gazette, Marine City, which is also republican in
politics.

November 25, 1834, the first paper published in the county made its appear-
ance. It was published in what was then the village of Palmer, now the city
of St. Clair, by T. M. Perry. In politics it was whig, and it lived two years,
suspending in 1836.

The Port Huron Commercial was started by George F. Lewis in 1850. It
is now published on Sundays and Wednesdays, and James Talbot and Sons
are the proprietors.

The St. Clair Republican was born May 24, 1856, Benjamin B. Bissell
being the projector. H. P. Wands is the present proprietor.

June 25, 1869, the first number of The Port Huron Times saw the light.
It was under the management of James H. Stone. It is now published
daily and weekly by The Port Huron Times company, J. H. Stone editor,
and L. A. Sherman business manager.

The Marine City Gazette was established by its present proprietor, P. D.
Bissell, June 4, 1874.

ST. JOSEPH COUNTY.

This county has a population of 25,906, and six papers, all weekly.

Tiie first paper published in the county was known as The Michigan States-
man. It appeared in White Pigeon, in 1833, was democratic in politics, and
H. Gilbert was the proprietor. About 1836 it was removed to Kalamazoo.

The St. Joseph County Advertiser and Constantino Weekly Mercury was
established at Constantine, by Albert E. Massey and Horace Metcalf, in Feb-
ruary, 1845. In 1850 the office passed into the possession of the present
proprietor, Levi T. Hull. It is republican in politics.

The Journal-Times is a republican paper, published at Sturgis, where it

A History of the Press MiCHiaAi^-.

was established July 1, 1860, by J. G. Wait. T. F. Thornton is the present
proprietor.

Wilber H. Olute established The Reporter, at Three Rivers, January 1,
1861, and still continues to publish it. In politics it is republican-greenback.

The Herald, now published at Three Kivers, was started at Burr Oak, in
18693 and subsequently moved to its present location. Orrin Arnold is the
present proprietor. The paper is democratic in politics.

The Mendon Times, an independent paper, was established by A. Rindge,
October 2, 1874. He continues to publish it.

April 9, 1875, The Republican, published at Centreville, was established by

H. & S. H. Egabroad. H. Egabroad is the present proprietor. The politics
of the paper are indicated by its title.

TUSCOLA COUNTY.

This county has 16,998 population and two papers, one. The Pioneer, repub-
lican, published at Vassar, and The Advertiser, republican, published at Oaro.
Both are weekly.

The Pioneer was the first paper printed in the county. It was established
by Wallace R. Bartlett, November 24, 1857. Alex. Trotter & Sons are the
present proprietors.

The Advertiser was established at Oaro, August 21, 1868, by H. G-. Chapin,
who is the present proprietor.

In the fall of 1871, a stock company started The Oaro News. It changed
editors four times in eighteen months, and then died. It was democratic in
politics.

In the fall of 1872, a temperance paper. The Tuscola Enterprise, was started
by W. H. Gresbam. It lived six weeks.

VAN BUEEN" COUNTY.

Van Buren county has 29,156 population and nine papers, one of which is a
monthly literary publication, the others being of weekly issue.

The first paper printed in the county was started January 1, 1842, was
called The Paw Paw Democrat, was democratic in politics, and H. B. Miller
was the projector. It lived less than a year.

In 1844, The Paw Paw Free Press was started by Gieger & Gantt. John
McKinney, afterward Secretary of State and State Treasurer, was subsequently
a proprietor. In 1855, S. T. Conway, now of The True Northerner, was pro-
prietor, and he sold to a stock company, and the company disposed of it to

I. W. Van Fossen, who published it for about a year, and then discontinued
it and established The Van Buren County Press, which he still continues to
issue. It is democratic in politics.

In March, 1855, J. B. Butler started The True Northerner, at Paw Paw.
It is republican in politics, and S. T. Conway is the present proprietor.

The Van Buren County Republican was started at Decatur, in June, 1867,
by Blackman & Bellows. It is independent in politics, and E. A. Blackman
is the present proprietor.

June 18, 1867, D. M. Phillips started The Sentinel at South Haven. It is
republican in politics, and Wm. E. Stewart is the present proprietor.

The Day Spring, Hartford, was established in 1871, by its present pro-
prietor, 0. D. Hadsell. It is democratic in politics.

The Courier, Paw Paw, was established by Matthews & Lamphere, January

96 Pioneer Society of Michig-an.

1, 1873. Irvin A. Lamphere is the present proprietor. It is republican in
politics.

January 1, 1874, Wm. W. Secord established The Reflector, at Bangor. It
is republican in politics, and 0. 0. Phillips is the present proprietor.

The Advertiser, Lawrence, was established February 10, 1875, by Theodore
L. Reynolds. It is independent in politics, and is published by its projector.

Pro Bono Publico, is the name of a monthly literary paper, published at
Paw Paw, by George W. Matthews, who established it January 1, 1874.

WASHTENAW COUNTY.

This county has a population of 38,723, and ten papers. Two, The Chron-
ical, fortnightly, and The Palladium, yearly, are University publications.
The School is an educational publication, issued at Ypsilanti. The other
seven are weekly papers.

In 1829, a paper called The Emigrant, was started at Ann Arbor, by
Thomas Simpson. It was neutral in politics. When The Emigrant was a
year old, Judge S. W. Dexter took the paper, changed the name to The Wes-
tern Emigrant, and made it an organ of anti-Masonry. New proprietors sub-
sequently changed the name to The True Democrat and Michigan Argus. The
present Argus dates from 3846. E. B. Pond is the present proprietor. It is
democratic in politics.

The Sentinel, Ypsilanti, was first issued by Gen. John Van Fossen, in
December, 1843. 0. Woodruff & Son are the present proprietors. It is dem-
ocratic in politics.

The Peninsular Courier and Family Visitant, Ann Arbor, was established in
June, 1861, by Charles G. Clark. It is republican in politics, and Rice A.
Beal is the present proprietor.

The Commercial, Ypsilanti, was established March 1, 1864, by its present
proprietor, C. R. Pattison. It is republican in politics.

The Enterprise, Manchester, was established October 17, 1867, by George
S. Spafford. Matt. D. Blosser is the present proprietor. It is neutral in
politics.

The Leader, Dexter, was established January 1, 1869, by J. H. Wickwire
and L. D. Ally. It is independent in politics, and Archy McMillan is the
present proprietor.

The Herald, Chelsea, was established by its present proprietor, A. Allison,
in 1871. It is neutral in politics.

The University Palladium, an annual, was established in 1857, by the class
of '58. It is issued by the secret societies of the University of Michigan, at
Ann Arbor.

In September, 1869, the students of Michigan University commenced the
publication of The Chronicle. It is continued fortnightly.

The School, an educational monthly, issued at Ypsilanti, was started in
January, 1872. C. F. R. Bellows & Co. are the present proprietors.

WAYNE COUNTY.

Sketches of the history of the Detroit daily papers, is given in another por-
tion of this work, and it now remains to the compiler to do such justice as he
may to the numerous and influential journals of the county, aside from the
dailies.

Wayne county has a population of 144,903, and the compiler has received

A HiSTOBT OF THE PrESS IS MICHIGAN.

returns from twenty-two publications in the city and county, exclusive of the
reports from the daily journals.

To Wayne county belongs the honor of having given birth to the first paper
ever printed in Michigan* It was called Essaie du Michigan on Observatur
Impartial (Michigan Essay or Impartial Observer), and was first issued August
31, 1809, by Father G-abriel Richard, the Roman Catholic priest in charge of
the parish, James M. Miller being the printer. It was printed mainly in
French, but had an English department, and was devoted to news and the
discussion of current topics. It issued only eight or nine numbers, when it
ceased to exist for want of patronage.

As near as can now be ascertained, Detroit was without a paper, after the
death just chronicled, until July 25, 1817, when The Detroit Gazette was
born, Sheldon & Reed being the projectors. It was a four-paged weekly,
three pages being printed in English, and one in French. This ends the
material at the disposal of the compiler, regarding the early history of the
Wayne county press, and he now proceeds to note the living papers of the city
and county, as near as may be, in the order in which they were established.

The Michigan Farmer was established in 1844, by D. D. T. Moore, now of
The Rural New-Yorker. It is devoted to the interests of agriculture, has no
politics, is issued weekly, and R. F. Johnstone and Robert Gribbons are the
proprietors.

The Volksblatt, a G-erman paper, issues a daily as well as a weekly edition.
It was established May 1, 1853, by Schimmel & Bro. In politics it is inde-
pendent-democratic, and M. & P. Kramer are the present proprietors.

The Peninsular Journal of Medicine was established in July, 1853, by Drs.
E. Andrews and Z, Pitcher. It is of monthly issue, and is devoted to medical
interests, and J. J. Mulheron is the present proprietor.

The Michigan Journal is a German paper, issuing a daily and a weekly, as
well as a Sunday edition. It was established June 13, 1855, by A. Oasper Butz.
It is republican in politics, and P. Oornehl, Jr., and F. Pope are the present
proprietors.

The Detroit Commercial Advertiser was established in 1861, by its present
proprietor, Wm. H. Burk. It is neutral in politics, and of weekly issue.

The American Observer was established in January, 1864, by its present
proprietor, E. A. Lodge, M. D. It is a medical journal, of monthly issue^
and devoted to the interests of homoeopathy.

The Detroit Journal of Commerce was established in 1865. by S. K. Miller,
It is of weekly isstie, its scope is indicated by its name, and R. A. Sprague is
the. present proprietor.

August Marxhausen, July 1, 1866, issued the first number of Familien
Blaetter, a German weekly. September 1, 1868, he commenced the publica-
tion of the daily Abend Post, and continues to issue both papers. In politics
they are independent.

The Detroit Review of Medicine and Pharmacy, is a weekly medical jour-
nal, which was established in 1866. It is now issued by The Review Publish-
ing Company.

The Home Messenger is a monthly publication, which was established in
December, 1868, by the ladies composing the Board of Managers of the Home
of the Friendless. It is conducted in the interests of that charitable insti-
tution.

The Herald and Torchlight is a weekly religious paper devoted to the
13

PioisTEER Society or MiCHiaAisr.

interests of the Baptist denomination. It was started as a bi-monthly, in
Kahimazoo, January 1, 1871, removed to Detroit and established as a weekly,
January 1, 1874. Rev. L. H. Trobridge, the founder, is still the proprietor.

The Song Journal is a musical monthly, established January 1, 1871, by
J. Whitney & Co, 0. J. Whitney & Co. are the present proprietors.

The Western Home Journal is a weekly religious publication, devoted to
the interests of the Catholic church, which was established by its present
proprietor, James O'Brien, September 28, 1872,

The Scientific Manufacturer was established by R. A. Sprague, in September,
1873. It is of monthly issue, and devoted to scientific and manufacturing news.

Our Dioceses, the official organ of the Episcopal church in Michigan, was
established by its present proprietor, Rev. J. T. Webster, November, 1873.
It is of monthly issue.

The Public Leader, a weekly paper, the organ of the wine, beer and
liquor trade of the northwest, with branch offices at Chicago and Milwaukee,"
was started by The Leader Publishing ^Jompany, May 1, 1874. W. J. H.
Traynor is the present proprietor.

The Amphion is a musical monthly, which was established September, 1874.
by Whittemore & Stephens, and is continued by their successor. Roe Stephens.

The Michigan Christian Advocate is a religious weekly, devoted to the
interests of the Methodist church. It was established in January, 1875, by
the Methodist Publishing company, who continue to issue it.

Truth for the People, an independent weekly paper, was started January
1, 1875, by Mrs. Margaret J. E. Miller, and she still continues to issue it.

This completes the list of Detroit publications. The following papers are
printed in Wayne county, outside the city of Detroit :

The Wayne County Record, a semi-monthly publication, neutral in politics,
was started by its present proprietor, Samuel H. Little, July 15, 1869, at
Northville. The publisher had a remarkably hard time, caused by lack of
money, experience, and subscribers, but pluck and patience at last brought
their reward.

In May, 1870, D. E. Thomas established the Wyandotte Enterprise. In
May, 1871, Henry A. Griffin became proprietor and enlarged the paper. Up
to that time the paper had been printed in Detroit, but Mr. G-riffin associated
with him Morgan Bates, purchased printing material and printed the paper at
Wyandotte. In January, 187^ the firm was changed to Griffin & Nellis.
January, 1873, the paper was enlarged to nine columns, and the name
changed to the Wayne County Courier, and has continued to be issued by the
last-named proprietors. It is independent in politics, with republican lean-
ings, and is of weekly issue.

November 18, 1875, at the village of Wayne, Wm. W. Secord established
an independent weekly paper, called The Pilot, and has continued to publish it.

WEXFORD COUNTY.

This county, with 3,011 population, has two papers, both weekly.

The older is The Wexford County Pioneer, published at Sherman, which
was established by Cooper & Tucker, April 30, 1872. Charles E. Cooper is
the present proprietor. The paper is republican in politics.

The Weekly News, Clam Lake, was established July 1, 1872, by Clark L.
Frazier. J. A. & 0. Whitmore are the present proprietors. The paper is
republican in politics.

The Abolishment of Death Peiitalty. 99

THE ABOLISHMENT OF DEATH PENALTY.

HISTOKY of the SUBSTITUTIOJq" OF SOLITARY IMPRISONMENT FOR
the death penalty in the state OF MICHIOA.N AND
THE COMPARATIVE RESULTS.

Michigan State Pbison, )
Jackson, Decemler 1st, 1869, j

The State of Michigan having abolished Capital Punishment, inquiries are
often made in relation thereto, and for the information of those interested
the following statistics are compiled.

The law substituting solitary imprisonment for life, for the death penalty,
went into effect March 1st, 1847, since which fifty-eight have been convicted
of murder in the first degree and sentenced to solitary confinement in this
prison at hard labor for life. Of these fifty-two were males and six females.

The following table shows the whole number of convicts committed to the
prison each year since its establishment, the years and number each year in
which life solitary convicts were received, and the percentage of life solitary
convicts since the change from the death penalty :

YEAES.

Whole Number
Committed.

Number of Life
Solitary Con-
victs,

Percentage of
Life Solitary
Convicts.

1839

56
45
52
44
57
42
43
40
43

1840

1841

1842

1843

1844

1845.

1846

1847

Total

422

100 Pioneer Society oe MicHiaAisr.

DEATH PEN-ALTY AND SOLITARY CO.KFIKEMEKT.

TEARS.

Committed.

]S'umber of Life
Solitary Con.
victs.

Percentage of
Life Solitary
Convicts.

1848

12.1

1849....

3.3

1850

1851

3.6

1852

l.'l

1853

2.8

1854

103

4.8

1855

141

2.8

1856

136

2.2

1857 _

170

1.7

1858

195

2.0

1859

212

0.9

I860....

272

0.7

1861

140

0.7

1862

110

0.9

1863

106

1864.

105

1.9

1865.

161

1.8

1866

305

2.2

1867

254

2.3

1868

256

0.7

1869

250

0,8

Totals since 1847

3,270

1.77

Percentage of first eleven years of life solitary convicts 2.73

Percentage of last eleven years 1.28

Decrease 1.45

With the exception of the years 1866-7, immediately following the war, the
foregoing table shows a marked decrease in the convictions for murder, and
more particularly as compared with the convictions of criminals for other
offenses.

There were no other convictions for murder in 1850 and 1853.

Population of the State in 1850 397,654

« " " 1854 509,374

« " « 1860 749,113

^" « " 1864 803,745

Estimated population of the State in 1869, Dec. 1 1,100,000

In 1850 there were 50 criminals committed to prison, or one in 7,953 Inhabitants.

In 1854 " " 103 " " " " 4,945 "

In 1860 " 272 " " " " 2,754 "

In 1864 " " 105 " " " " 7,654 "

In 1869 " " 250 " " " " 4,400 "

In 1850 there were 110 convicts in prison, or one in 3,615 "

In 1854 " " 205 " " 2.489 "

In 1860 " " 535 " " " 1,400 "

In 1864 " " 333 " " " 2,410

In 1869 " 644 " " " 1,708 "

The ages of life solitary convicts at the time of committal were as follows :

3 were 18 years of age.

1 was 19 "

The Abolishment of Death Penalty. 101

4 were 21 years of age.

2 " 22 "

2 " .„ 23

4 " 24 "

4 " - 25 "

2 " 26 "

2 " 27 "

1 was 28 "

2 were 29 "

1 was 30 "

3 were 31

2 " _ .32 "

2 " 33 "

2 " 34

2 « 35 "

2 " 36

1 was 3S "

1 " 39 "

2 were _-40 "

3 " 1 44 «

2 " 45 "

1 was 46 "

1 " 47 "

1 « 48 "

1 " 49

1 " 55 "

2 were 56 "

1 was ...60 "

Of these 13 have died ; 6 were discharged for new trial and not recon-
victed; 4 were pardoned; 2 have escaped; and 4 have been commuted from
solitary confinement to imprisonment for life.

Of those commuted, 1 has died ; 1 has been pardoned ; 1 escaped ; and 1
now in prison ; leaving as solitary confinement convicts how in prison, 29.

In 1849 an act was passed giving the Board of Inspectors discretionary
power to release convicts from solitary confinement, and work them with
other convicts, till such time as proper cells were prepared for that class of
criminals.

In 185? the solitary prison was completed, and that class of convicts was
confined therein till the spring of 1861, when the law was again modified so
that the Board of Inspectors might release them from solitary confinement
and work them with other convicts.

Of the 29 life solitary convicts now in prison, but five are in solitary con-
finement, three of whom are insane, the others having been released, from
time to time, by the Board of Inspectors.

The longest time any sane convict has been in solitary confinement is about
five years; this is the case of Bivins, convicted of a three-fold murder in 1865.

DEATH PElsTALTY AND SOLITARY CONEINEMENT.

Immediately after the solitary prison was completed in 1857 they were all
confined therein for about three years; with these exceptions, no one that was
sane has been confined in the solitary prison longer than from one to two
years, and not generally that length of time.

Of the insane solitary convicts, one was convicted in 1848, and with one or
two intervals, has been in solitary confinement since his committal ; was par-
tially insane wlien he came, and has continued in about the same condition.

One was convicted in 1854, was partially insane when committed, and for
the last ten years has been hopelessly and totally insane. And the third one

102 Pioneer Society of MiomaAK.

was convicted in 1866 ; seemed to be partially insane when committed, and his
insanity has continued to grow upon him since his arrival here.

The question is often asked "If solitary confinement tends to produce
insanity?^' and we can only answer by saying that no case has occurred in this
prison where a convict has become insane while in solitary confinement.
Solitary confinement, or long confinement as an ordinary convict evidently has
a depressing effect upon the intellect.

Since 1847, the year in which the death penalty was abolished, there have
been 27 convicts sentenced to this prison for life, besides the solitary convicts,
and these were convicted of murder — second degree, rape, arson, robbery, etc.,
of whom 19 are now in prison.

Inquiries are frequently made if crime has increased since the abolishment
of the death penalty. That there has been an increase in the convictions for
crime is evident, but this is only an incident common to all new States. As
society becomes established, and the laws respected and enforced, there will
necessarily be more convictions of crime than while in an unsettled and prim-
itive condition, so that there is no evidence in the increased convictions that
there is an increase of crime beyond the ratio of increase of population.

Michigan is composed of two peninsulas, and the progress of settlement has
been constantly from the south to the north in the lower peninsula, and from
the lakes towards the interior in both peninsulas. Counting the breadth of
the lower peninsula, and the distances on both sides of the lower part of Lake
Michigan, and on Lakes Huron and Superior, there has constantly been a line
of border population for over one thousand miles. It may be added that the
lumbering interests of a State producing two thousand million feet of lumber
per annum, and the mining interests of a State producing more copper and
iron ores than any other, will to some extent account for the mingling of those
incongruous elements which are productive of crime.

Convicts in the solitary prison are visited every day by an officer of the
prison, by the physician as often as it may be necessary, and by the chaplain
at his discretion. They have each a Bible, and good books are furnished
them from the library, which are changed by the chaplain when desired ; but
no work is done by them in their cells. They are not permitted to communicate
with, or be seen by, their friends, the following rules having been adopted by
the Board of Inspectors :

" No convict sentenced to solitary confinement shall be allowed to receive
or send any information or communication in writing, or otherwise, to or from
any person not an officer in the prison."

"isTo convict confined in the solitary prison, and sentenced for life, shall be
allowed to see or be seen by any person not an officer in the prison (the
Governor excepted), without permission of the agent, and not then except in
relation to their work or some repairs on their cells."

The solitary cells are 15 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 10 feet high, with a
small window set high in the wall, making the cell sufficiently light for
reading.

The prison for solitary convicts, in its construction, is a failure ; and experi-
ence has taught us its defects in its insecurity, want of ventilation, sewerage,
and light; and although solitary confinement at hard labor for life has been
substituted for the death penalty, still, so far as the hard labor part of the
sentence is concerned, it has been found impossible to carry the law into effect
on account of the uusafety of the cells.

H. H. BiifGHAM, Agent. ,

Eemarkable Instaitce Capital Crime. 103

REMARKABLE INSTANCE OF CAPITAL CRIME.

ACCOUNT OF THE LAST CASE OF CAPITAL PUNISHxMENT IN MICH-
IGAN, FROM C. COTTON'S " TOUR OF THE LAKES," IN 1830.

Detroit originally and for ages a post for trade, and a garrison for its pro-
tection, having enjoyed and suffered alternately peace and war with the
aborigines and between rival civilized powers for such a long series of years,
has now become the beautiful and flourishing metropolis of a wide and inter-
esting territory ; a territory destined soon to make at least two of the most
important states in the American Union. The city looks proudly across one
of the noblest rivers of the continent, upon the territory of a great and rival
power, and seems to say, though in such vicinity, in reference to her former
exposure and painful vicissitudes : "Henceforth I will sit in peace, and grow
and flourish under the wing of this confederate republic." And this place,
but a little while ago so distant, is now brought within five days of the city of
New York, the track pursued being seven hundred and fifty miles. Here at
Detroit some of the finest steamers in North America come and go every day,
connecting it with the east, and have begun already to search out the distant
west and north.

On the 26th of July, 1830, during our stay in Detroit, S. Gr. Simmons
received the sentence of death, from the proper tribunal, for the murder of
his wife, under circumstances, aggravated by brutality and savageness, too
painful for recital; and in the contemplation of which humanity shudders.
The wretched man's own children were the principal witnesses on whose testi-
mony he had been convicted. In telling the story of their mother's dreadful
end, they brought their father to the gallows. In the progress of the trial a
history of savage violence was disclosed such, we would fain believe, as rarely
passes upon the records of crime. What demon of hell can be more fatal to
human happiness, and to the souls of men, than ardent spirits? The chil-
dren, a son and two daughters, of adult years, testified abundantly to the
natural amiableness and affectionate kindness in the conjugal and parental
relations, not only of the mother, but also of their father in his sober
moments. But when intoxicated he seemed possessed of the furies of a more
abandoned world.

As the murderer entered the place of judgment, and was conducted to the
bar to receive the sentence of the law, I observed in him a noble human form,
erect, manly, and dignified; of large but well proportioned stature; bearing
a face and head not less expressive than the most perfect deait ideal of the
Roman; with a countenance divinely fitted for the play of virtue, of every

104

PioisrEEE Society of Michiga^t.

parental and conjugal affection, and an eye beaming out a soul which might
well be imagined to have been once susceptible of the love and worship of
the Eternal One — all, all marred and spoiled by the demon of intemperance;
and now, alas, allied to murder of the most diabolical cast. Barely is seen
among the sons of men a more commanding human form, or a countenance
more fitly set to intelligence and virtue; made, all would say, to love and be
honored. But now what a change, by the debasements of brutal appetite,
and the unprovoked indulgence and instigation of a fatal passion ! By what
a fearful career of vice and crime, had he come to this !

*'What a piece of work is man! how noble in reason I how infinite in
faculties! in iorm and moving, how express and admirable! in action, how
like an angel ! in apprehension how like a god ! the beauty of the world, the
paragon of animals!" But when debased and ruined by vice how like a
fiend, in shape so unbefitting such a spirit. And yet, who could see the
fiendly stamp upon this poor and wretched man? For he wept — he sobbed.
His inmost soul heaved with anguish ; he bore the marks of contrition. As a
man, and such a man — if we could forget his crime— he was to be respected ;
as a being in a condition of suffering he was to be pitied ; and as seeming the
image of repentance Heaven might forgive what man could not.

It was an awful hour when he approached the bar even of this earthly
tribunal, anticipating well his doom. For a jury of his country, as he knew,
had set their seal upon it. As he entered this now awful chamber of justice
he cast his eye around upon the expecting throng, whose presence and gaze
could only be a mockery of his condition; and with the greatest possible
effort for self-possession, braced his muscular energy to support his manly
frame, while trembling under the tempest of passion which agitated his soul.
But the moment he was seated, all his firmness dissolved into the weakness of
a child ; and he wept — he sobbed aloud. A silence reigned through the crowd,
and a thrill of sympathy seemed to penetrate every heart.

The court, unaccustomed in that land to such an office, felt themselves in
a new and awful condition ; with a fellow-being arraigned at their bar charged
and convicted of a most atrocious, and in its circumstance, an unparalled
crime, and his doom suspended at that moment on their lips. Their emotions
were too evident to be mistaken, and in the highest degree honorable to their
hearts. *'S. G. Simmons" — the name in full being pronounced by the court,
broke the awful silence of the place — "have you anything to say why the
judgment of the court should not now be pronounced? " The prisoner rose
convulsed, and with faltering voice, and in broken accents, replied: ''jSToth-
ing, if it please the court, except what I have already communicated," and
resumed his seat. Upon which a very appropriate, eloquent, and impressive
address was made by the court to the prisoner, setting forth the fact and
nature of the crime of which he stood convicted ; appealing to his own knowl-
edge for the fairness of his trial, and to his own consciousness of the justice of
his doom ; commending him to heaven for that clemency which he could no
longer ask of men ; and then the awful sentence was pronounced. And
may God Almighty," said the judge with that subdued emphasis and touching
pathos which became the responsibility of his office and the nature of the
occasion, may God Almighty have mercy on your soul."

The prisoner, by all the testimony, was in his nature kind. He loved his
wife excessively, and loved her, strange as it may seem, unto the last. And
for that very love he was the more cruel and the greater monster. He was

Eemaekable Instance of Capital Crime. 105

jealous of her fidelity without cause. Jealousy! *"Tis a monster begot upon
itself — born on itself." ''That's lie — that was Othello." And only when
intoxicated with strong drink did this terrible passion gain its dominion over
him. In the moments of his sobriety he loved and confided, and could say in
company of his wife,

"My soul hath her concent so absolute,
That not another comfort like to thee
Succeeds in unknown fate."

But it would seem that hell itself were scarcely more furious or more terrible
than he when the demon of ardent spirits assumed control of his passions. If
demoniacs were nowadays about, the name of that man, in such predicament
and mood, were worthy to be written as prince of the host. But in prison,
and before the tribunal of justice, this wretched being, once kind in nature,
and made a fiend of by the abuse of his nature, stood dispossessed, the guilty
and conscious murderer of her whom he espoused in her youth and loveliness,
and who was ever worthy of his love, and whom he took to his bosom and
promised, by the light and love of heaven, to be her husband and protector.
He was executed on the 24th of September, 1830.
14

106 Pioneer Society of MicmaAisr.

MICHIGAN, MY MICHIGAN.

ADDEESS OF MAJ. W. C. EANSOM, DELIVERED BEFORE THE SOCIETY
OF MICHIGAN, AT THEIR ANNIVERSARY MEETING IN LIB-
ERTY HALL, LAWRENCE, KANSAS, THURSDAY
EVENING, JANUARY 26, 1871.

Ladies akd Gentlemen of the Society of Michigan: When the
children of the captivity were carried away from their beloved city of Jerusa-
lem, down to the splendid capital of the Babylonish kings, they found there a
city unequaled throughout the world for its stately edifices, its curious hang-
ing gardens, and its magnificent collection of rich works of art. There,
within the walls of that great metropolis, was found everything calculated to
engage the senses and attract the eye. And if art had scarcely left anything
uncompleted to render that oriental capital the wonder of the world, nature
had been still more lavish in the profusion of her gifts. Soft skies and the
luxiiriance of tropical productions lent the enchantment of their beauty to
increase the bewildering loveliness of the surroundings. The lofty palm lifted
heavenward its tuft of shining green, in rich contrast with gilded minaret
and tower, over which it let fall its loving shadows, while the soft breezes
weighed heavy with the fragrance borrowed from the rare perfume of richest
flowers, and opening blossoms of dark-leaved citron groves. But regal splen-
dors and natural beauties such as these could not wean the affections of the
Judean captives from their native land. Gladly would they steal away from
the high places of their lordly captors, to seek repose amid the willows
that fringed the banks of the proud Euphrates, there awhile to lose them-
selves in grateful memories of their early homes.

So we, my friends, have gathered here to-night, forgetful of the milder
skies and more genial soil that have allured us to this favored State of our
adoption, for the interchange of friendly greetings, and, in the happy circum-
stances of the hour, to express that unfaltering interest in the fortunes of the
old lake-encircled commonwealth, that springs from the warm affections of
her scattered children, •

Among the noblest attributes of our nature, my friends, is that principle
which knits us as it were with hooks of steel to the land that gave us the peace
and shelter of our early homes, and protected them with the broad ^egis of her
proud dominion. Not less warm in its impulses is the heart that clings to the
snowy Alps than that which beats with enthusiastic measure at the shrine of

MiCHiaA^T, My Michiga^^-.

107

sunny Italy. Nor does the peasant's home that nestles beneath the beetling
rocks that overhang the banks of the romantic Rhine awaken less stirring
emotions in the heart of the lonely wanderer in foreign lands than do the
moss-covered turrets of the time-honored castle, whose history is written in the
legends handed down from the distant past, in the sad memories of the former
royal tenant, whom disaster and revolution may have driven a hopeless exile
beyond the seas. But wherever fate or the fortunes of life may lead him, be
he peasant or prince, lordly or lowly, in the moody moments of the twilight
hour, and fast in the fetters of thought, instinctively he returns to the scenes
of other days, around the home he loved so well.

To perpetuate these kindly memories, it was the happy practice of our New
England fathers to set apart one day of each returning year in honor of those
brave old Puritans who first planted the standard of civil and religious liberty
on their rock-bound shores. On the recurrence of these time-honored festivals,
which they denominated Forefathers' Day, it was their habit first to gather in
their several places of worship, and return thanks to Almigfhty God for that
goodness which had continued them in the enjoyment of those blessed privi-
leges secured them by the blood and sacrifices of their fathers. This pious
duty discharged, they repaired to their firesides, where were assembled each
family in its entirety, from helpless infancy to tottering age. Soon they were
seated by the festive board, where tranquility and turkey, politics and pies.,
books and butternuts, ruled the passing hour. As the sons of New England
scattered from the old familiar hearth-trees to set up new altars in the rising
empire of the distant west, it is not strange that they should sigh for the good
old Forefathers' Day of yore, and that, acting upon the hint given them by
the Sons of St. Andrew and St. George, New England societies were organized
for the purpose of reuniting in fraternal bonds the scattered ranks of Ver-
mont tin-pan peddlers, Connecticut wooden nutmeg dealers, and Down East
Sam Slicks, who, with a pine shingle in one hand and a big jack-knife in the
other, were bound to whittle their way through the world. In the march of
empire. New England has been left far away towards the rising sun. It is
rarely now that one of her true original Yanks" finds himself this far away
from clams, codfish, and chowder; for in the changes of time the female per-
suasion of that goodly land have come to so far outnumber the sterner sex,
that they have insisted upon enforcing those regulations of the Japanese
against emigration, which the latter people have but so recently discarded as
unworthy our enlightened age. Thus while it happens that New England is
doing but comparatively little in peopling this western world, it must not be
forgotten that it was the blows of her industrious ax that opened up the vast
forests of the northwest to civilization, and made the wilderness to blossom as the
rose. Especially, my friends, was the noble State, whose admission into the
Federal Union we have to-night met to commemorate, indebted for its subse-
quent prosperity to the large infusion of that New England element in its
early population, and which, true to the training made necessary by the rocky
and unfruitful region from which they had emigrated, seeking a new home
beneath more genial skies and on richer soil, at once impressed on the methods
and institutions of the new State the economy and frugality that have dis-
tinguished them in their rugged mountain land. Then Michigan, from shore
to shore of the vast inland seas that wash its borders, was one unbroken
wilderness.

Not unlike that other geographical fiction v/hich up to a recent date

108

Pioneer Society of Michigan.

mapped Western Kansas as a barren desert, where no "eagle could be found
to soar, or a single humming bird delighted to flutter," tradition had revealed
Central Michigan as an impenetrable swamp, in whose slimy recesses the
cowardly wolf held carnival by day, and the ill-omened owl hooted away the
lonely vigils of the gloomy night. The same spirit, however, which pushed
civilization across the lofty summit of the Alleghanies and into the dark and
bloody ground beyond, soon tore away the veil that avarice and ignorance
had interposed to the progress of the daring pioneers, and opened up the
broad acres of the Peninsular State in the interest of progress and enlighten-
ment. Scarcely two score years have passed since the date of which I am
speaking, but who could now repress an involuntary smile as he whirled along
either of the three splendid lines of railway that now traverse the State from
its eastern to its western boundary, in the recollection that only so short a
time had elapsed since the rich and fertile district through which he was pass-
ing had been surrendered to the muskrats and water-fowls, as their rightful
home and inheritance. It was the fortune of him who addresses you, to
become a citizen of Michigan at an early period of her history. More than
thirty-six years have passed since, when a mere lad from the green hills of
Vermont, after a fortnight's startling experience on the uncertain depths of
the great Erie ditch and the nauseating white caps of the blue Erie, I landed
in the city of Detroit. It was then a mere outpost of scarcely more than
a thousand souls. A mongrel population of whites, half-breeds, Indians,
Canucks, and dogs, composed the staple of the community, while the trappers
and voyagers from the distant Mackinac, in their gay, half-savage attire,
added additional novelty to the appearance of the strange crowd that con-
centrated in that frontier town. Its rude attractions did not delay us long,
and in a few hours we had rolled out as far as Ten Eyck's old stand, near
Dearborn, at that time a noted hostelry, situated on the last dry ground that
cheered the traveler on his way from Detroit west, to Ypsilanti. At least, so
it was said ; but it is recollected as a general rule, the weary traveler was more
dry when he reached that hospitable inn than when he took his departure.
Ten Eyck's old stand afterwards became the Tammany of Michigan. It was
the headquarters of the Wayne county democracy, and Wayne county and
Detroit nurtured the regency that shaped the politics of the State. Here it
was that the Baggs, with Coon Ten Eyck, Kintzing Pritchett, Theodore
Eomeyn, and a score of others not less famous in the early politics of Michi-
gan, fixed up the slate for the next campaign, and rarely was it the case that
their figures varied much from the actual result. As before stated, emerging
from the interminable forest that stretched out westward from the straits, we
came upon the classic named hamlet of Ypsilanti. Whence the town took its
name I never knew, for there was certainly nothing Grecian in its appearance
when I first looked upon its unfinished proportions ; and, though I confess to
have had a considerable weakness for the goddesses that ministered at its
altars in after years, I must admit that it was by no means an inviting place
at the time I mention. Here it was that the redoubtable McKinstry had his
abiding place — McKinstry, one of the others of the Detroit regency, and the
life-long friend of jolly Tom Sheldon — Sheldon of the aldermanic build and
unstinted hospitality, who died finally of dropsy of the chest, and breathed
his last, wondering where so much water came from, when he had not tasted a
drop for more than twenty years. Sheldon and McKinstry were fast friends
while living, and unless some transmigration docrine of the poor heathen

MiCHiaAisr, My MiCHiaAK.

109

Chinee" prevails in the other world, their tired spirits are doubtless now bliss-
fully reunited in the peaceful abodes of the blest. It is told of these two,
that once upon a time McKinstry had been very ill and brought close down by
the banks of the dark-flowing river. Rumor's uncertain tongue had reported
it to Sheldon that his friend was no more. With affecting devotion to the
memory of the loved one departed, he hitched up his shining bays to his
carriage, and taking in such spiritual consolation as the chilly night and
rough roads seemed to demand, he started out just as the sun was setting, to
attend on the morrow the last sad obsequies of the dead McKinstry. Sunrise
found him at his journey's end, with spirits as light as the lightness of his
flask and the nature of his mission would permit. His first inquiry was for
the funeral hour, when to his mingled satisfaction and astonisliment. he
learned that Mac. was still of the earth earthy, and to all appearances good
for a hundred years. For a moment he seemed utterly at loss to appreciate
the situation, until at last, recovering his utterance, he exclaimed : " You can
just take my hat ! Drunk as an owl, thirty miles from home to a funeral,
and no corpse !" And not waiting even to congratulate his revitalized friend,
he ordered around his team, and was soon wending his way eastward to the
city of the straits.

From there westward we journeyed to Ann Arbor (called after the buxom
helpmate of John Allen), then a mere opening in the woods, but now a city of
no mean pretensions, and the seat of one of the foremost institutions of learn-
ing in all our goodly land. From here our road degenerated into a narrow
trail, by the side of which was just springing into a place on the map the now
enterprising cities of Jackson, Marshall, and Battle Creek. At the latter
place its first-born citizen entered his appearance on the evening of our arrival
there, and, in the exuberance of their pride, the fond parents christened him
Michigan. He still lives to see his namesake hale and hearty, a bright and
shining light in the constellation of states. The morning of the eleventh day
brought us to Kalamazoo, Sweet Auburn, loveliest village of the plain."
The same journey now is performed in the palace coaches of the Michigan
Central railroad in four and a half hours. So much for now and then. I
could, my friends, consume the balance of the night in relating the adventures
of that first winter in Michigan. But the swift-flying hours admonish me
that I must hasten to a close. Suffice it to say that wolf fights, merry-mak-
ing of every description, and social festivities among the settlers helped them
to while away what would have otherwise proved many a weary day. We
went to sleep at night with the howl of the wild beasts ringing in our ears,
and from the windows of our cabin we saw the smoke of a hundred wigwams,
curling gracefully away in the bright light of the morning sun.

Michigan, as did Kansas at a later day, became a member of the Union
under grievous difficulties, arising partly from dissensions among her own
people, partly from the greedy exactions of the Buckeyes, and partly from the
jealousy of that restless section of the country since so effectually hoisted by
their own petard. Tliere was a strip of swamp along the south boundary of
the State, chiefly celebrated in song as the land of small potatoes, to make
amends for which, it was claimed that the natives ate them skin and all.
This almost worthless piece of country, known as Maumee, nevertheless
proved a bone of bitter contention between Michigan and Ohio, and each
proceeded to draw up their forces in martial array. The war, however, proved
chiefly furious in words, and in a tremendous charge made by the Wolverine

110

PiojTEER Society of MiCHiGAisr.

troops on a watermelon patch. This charge cost the State the famous Bailey
war horse, whose ghost stalked through the Michigan Legislature for years,
until it was finally quieted by the sop it had so long demanded from the
ungrateful commonwealth. This charge, second only to that commonly
made by Washington boarding-house keepers, was under the lead of Gen.
Isaac E. Orary, the first member in Congress. His brilliant exploits in that
campaign were afterwards rescued from oblivion by Tom Corwin, of Ohio,
who so perfectly extinguished the gentleman from Michigan, in a speech
made by him before the lower house of Congress, that John Quincy Adams
spoke of him the next day as the late General Crary. My friends, I know
that comparisons are odious, but I trust that it will be attributed to a com-
mendable fueling of State pride if I, in passing, but merely allude to that
other (I may truthfully say) weaker sister, that was admitted to the national
fold at the same time as Michigan, as a sort of Southern offset to the onward
strides of Northern power. Poor little Arkansas ! the forlorn land where,
until recently, the women chewed black tobacco, and the men, after the man-
ner of Joe Lane, spelled God with a small g. For thirty years she struggled
along, barely holding a nominal position as a State, until, one day, she parted
company with her twin sisters, and sought, in another direction, to better her
uncertain fortunes. Michigan muskets helped her back to a position of
respectability, from which she now bids fair to realize a career of enlighten-
ment and prosperity, which otherwise she could have never known.

Michigan, like Kansas, was blessed with numerous conventions preparatory
to her admission to the Union ; that known as the frost-bitten convention
lending the most lustre to her early renown. It was the good fortune of the
Peninsular State to secure at an early day the assistance of men of more than
ordinary ability, in shaping her business affairs, among the more prominent
of whom stood the youthful Stevens T. Mason, who first assumed the helm of
State. Governor Mason had but just passed his majority when called to the
duties of the executive chair. Indeed, it is said that only the day before his
inauguration, he chanced to be down by the Detroit river, where a number of
rollicking boys were coasting in a jumper, down the steep banks for a slide on
the smooth ice beyond. The Governor, inspired by the spirit of the occasion,
sought and obtained the high honor of piloting the frail craft for a model trip.
Down sat the Governor, on piled the boys, and, with a whoop and a cheer,
they started on their swift career. Now, unfortunately for the success of
their voyage, it happened that a Canuck huckster and wife, with pony and
pung, were just wending their way to market along the road that threaded
the foot of the river bank. Down went Governor and jumper, on came
Canucks and pung, and before either were fully aware of the situation, there
was a crash, a smash, and a wreck. Disastrously to executive dignity, the
Canucks came on top, and, in the twinkling of an eye, sent His Excellency
spinning, head first, into a snow-drift, a dozen feet away. But notwithstand-
ing his youth, our old State was justly proud of its first Governor, He was
tall and handsome. His eyes, bright and beaming with intelligence, seemed
to mirror the restless spirit that animated his being. Dark, waving hair fell
in rich clusters over his intellectual forehead, while his commanding presence
and polished manners, at once challenged the admiration of those who were
so fortunate as to have his acquaintance.

But the transcendent abilities of this promising young man were destined
to be early lost to his beloved State. In the full blush of early manhood, he

Michigan, My MicHiaAN.

Ill

was claimed by the destroyer, and passed away from earth, regretted and
beloved. Time and your patience do not permit me to speak at length of his
successors. There was the venerable Woodbridge, he who led the first politi-
cal campaign for reform, of which the people said they could not see it. Old
John S. Barry, as shrewd and economical an old Yankee as ever came from
the sheep pastures of Vermont, he who mowed the State-house yard, sold
the hay, and put the money in the treasury. The talented Felch, and Epaph-
roditus Ransom, who wrote a Thanksgiving message once so remarkable for
its brevity that Shillaber Partington, of the Boston Post, said of it, that the
message was a remarkable document, for the reason that it was shorter than
the Governor's name. Then came McClelland, afterwards Secretary of th^
Interior under Pierce ; and later still, Bingham, and Blair, and Wisner, and
Baldwin, in all of whom the State may well feel emotions of honest pride, as
sons entirely worthy her confidence and regard. Nor should I forget to men-
tion, as among the tried and trusted of Michigan men, Elon Farnsworth,
Digby V. Bell, John J. Adam, Charles G. Hammond, the Wing^, the Whip-
pies, and a score of others, not the less worthy that they are not named in
this connection, with that of Lewis Cass, who, but for the simple circum-
stance of his not receiving quite votes enough, would have been President of
the United Stales. Michigan, in all that pertains to a well organized State,
is not be?hind any other in the Union. Her humane institutions, in all their
structures and appointments, are full abreast of the improvement that dis-
tinguishes the age; while in the number and extent of its educational estab-
lishments, comprising its world-renowned University ; its prosperous and prom-
ising Agricultural College ; its efficient Normal School; all crowned by that
splendid common school system, the benefits of which the poorest and hum-
blest of her children can enjoy, leaves nothing to be done in the way of secur-
ing to her people all those blessings that intelligence, enlightenment, and
erudition can bring in their train. Nor are her people changeable and mer-
curial in their dispositions. A thoughtful and reading population, they are
generally slow to conviction, but firm in their conclusions. For long years
the trained legions of her indomitable democracy stood like rocks against the
attack of their determined adversaries, until she came to be the banner State
of all. But when, in the course of the political changes incidental to all pop-
ular governments, her people withdrew their confidence from the party that
had held the sway for so many years, they did not hesitate to turn upon it the
guns of their batteries, until they drove almost the last show of organized
resistance from the political field, and the banners of the victorious republi-
cans tossed in triumph in every portion of the commonwealth. Nor are the
political views of her people founded in theory alone. For, when the institu-
tions of that great land of which she is an integral part, were ruthlessly
assailed by the reckless hands of rebellious force, armed men sprang up from
her soil as though the fabled dragon teeth had been sowed in their midst,
and crowded upon the ensanguined field, until, from the Ohio to the Gulf,
thousands of their manly forms had been laid low in the second great struggle
for American liberty.

Such, my friends, are some of the crowning glories of the great State we
are met this evening to commemorate. To perpetuate the memories of the
years that we were proud to say, am a citizen of Michigan," and of those
of her sons whom she most delighted to honor, were alike creditable to the
head and the heart of every member of our honorable association. Though,

112

Pioneer Society oe MiCHiaAN^.

by the circumstances of life, those relations of friends, neighbors, and citi-
zens, which in the pride of our patriotism we were wont to consider above all
others, have been suspended, and that probably forever, yet at times, in the
hours of pensive reflection, we shall again be wandering back by the banks
of those beautiful rivers, where in other days we passed so many hours away;
the home and the hillside ; the cottage and the clusterinsr vines that clam-
bered on the porch ; the dark recesses of the forests, where we played in the
heat of the summer day, or when autumn had tinged with golden hues the
trembling leaves, we shared with the chattering squirrel the treasures he
claimed for his winter store ; the church and the school ; the altar, where,
by the side of a heart's young devotion, were plighted the vows of eternal
love; or that retired spot in the city of the dead, where the green grassy
knoll covers all that is mortal of a dear one departed. And thus, memory,
busy with years that are gone, shall take us back through the paths we have
trod, leading us once more by the edge of those clear flowing waters, on
whose silverrlike surface the lightsomeness of youth mirrored a thousand
fanciful forms of love and beauty, for the years to come. These and other
pictures touched in mellow tints by fancy's magic hand, though they shall
come and go, in the midst of life's practical realities, like a dissolving view,
yet shall they never fail to awaken, as of yore, the pride and devotion we
were wont to feel for our old Peninsular home. And, inspired by seiatiments
such as these, how earnestly we shall enter upon the glorious purpose of
bringing to this noble young commonwealth, in her onward career, the same
devoted spirit and energy of will that we gave to Michigan, in other years.
Here is an empire to be settled up, and made to occupy a foremost position
in the sisterhood of States. Here, in these enterprising young cities and on
these beautiful prairies, we are to build up new homes, around which shall
cluster new ambitions and new attachments. Here our children will pass
from youthful to maturer years, and learn to cherish the same warm affection
for these Kansas scenes that we felt for those we have left behind us. And
when, in the distant future, they, in turn, shall have become pioneers to some
new region in the ever receding West, there, in imitation of tlie example set
by us this evening, they will, with each returning year, gather around the
festive board in honor of their early home, and in the goodly cheer, recite
fond reminiscences of the fatherland.

Canada and the United States. 113

CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES.

items from notes upon CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES

FROM 1832 TO 1840.

BY A TRAVELER.

WILD RICE IN MICHIGAN.

Wild rice, a valuable aquatic plant, grows in Mickigan rivers of 4 or 5 feet
in depth. When ripe, Indians pass through it in canoes, and bending its
stalks over the sides, beat off the grain with sticks.

LAKE SUPERIOR.

Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water in the world, is subject, as
that of Erie, to fogs, mists, and storms, and therefore of dangerous navigation.

I ANECDOTE OF TWO ENGLISHMEN IN MICHIGAN.

P During the residence of a friend at Detroit, capital of Michigan Territory,
settled by the Canadian French in 1683, two Englishmen, traveling for infor-
mation, put up at the Mansion House hotel. Conversing with some others on

what Americans call the gallery of the house, they were joined by Major B ,

an influential resident, when thinking, like many of his countrymen, that to mis-
lead the Hinglish would be a capital joke, he paused as if suddenly recollecting
himself, and said hastily, *^Good day, gentlemen, I must now be gone, for I
have to help my wife make soap." I need scarcely remark that this was
fudge ; however, it had the desired effect, for the Englishmen stared at each

other, and doubtless entered in their note-book, "Major B helps his wife

make soap."

MONEY IN MICHIGAN.

The just elected State of Michigan designate their money thus: First
quality, Eed Dog; second ditto. Wild Oat; third ditto. Catamount. Of the
last quality it takes five pecks to make a bushel.

LOANING MONEY IN MICHIGAN.

An English gentleman in the Western District opposite Michigan (Canada)
lent £6,000 to persons of consideration in that State, which he will never see
15

114 Pioneer Society of Michigan-.

agaiu ; but the reader will be surprised to hear that upon his consulting the
legal authorities of Michigan for its recovery, those functionaries very candidly
told him that it would be useless his endeavoring to do so by any action at
law, as he would find no jury there to enforce his claim.

NATIVE COPPER.
[From The Democratic Free Press, Detroit, Aug. 5, 1843.]

Geand Traverse Bay, July 29, 1843,

John S. Bagg, Esq,:

Dear Sir — While on a visit the past month to Sault Ste. Marie, I happened
to land on one of the islands situated on the north coast of Lake Huron,
between Michilimackinac and Drummond. Island. I found a mass of native
copper weighing 4| lbs., a beautiful specimen of that mineral, and while there
is so much speculation going on in Lake Superior in relation to the mines in
that region, may this not elucidate something favorable for Lake Huron.

Should you consider this worth publicity, will you give it a place in your
columns, and oblige.

Very respectfully.

Your obedient servant,

Geo. Johkstok.
P. S. — The specimen alluded to I now have in my possession.

DETKOIT TO CHICAGO IN 1843.
[From The Democratic Free Press, Detroit, May 20, 1843.]
ROUTE FROM DETROIT TO CHICAGO. — CHEAP TRAVELIl^G AJSTD GREAT SPEED.

Persons can now go from Detroit to Jackson (70 miles) by railroad in 6
hours ; from Jackson to St. Joseph (130 miles) by stage, in 26 hours ; from
St. Joseph to Chicago (69 miles) by steamboat, in 7 hours — whole distance,
269 miles, in 39 hours. Fare through from Detroit to Chicago, 18.50.

TRAVEL ACROSS THE PENINSULA.

Detroit, July 7, 1843,
The travel across the peninsula, by persons passing between Detroit and
Chicago, is increasing. From three to six coaches a day arrive in Jackson
with passengers from Chicago to take the cars for this city and proceed hence
down the lakes. The cars yesterday brought some twenty passengers who
came across from Chicago and took the stage at St. Joseph. This shows that
the traveling public are beginning to understand that the land route across
the State is quicker, cheaper, and pleasanter than a steamboat passage around
the lakes.

MiCHiaAisr State AaRicuLTURAL College. 115

THE MICHIGAN STATE AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE.

THE EARLIER HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE UP TO ITS REORGANIZATION

IN 1861.

BY PKESIDENT ABBOT.

The ordinance of 1787 for the government of the Northwestern Territory
ordains, "That religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good
government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of educa-
tion shall forever be encouraged." Michigan, a State formed out of this ter-
ritory, has lived faithfully up to the spirit of this famous ordinance. Her
liberality to her institutions of learning, and their success, have given her a
wide and honorable fame throughout the nation, and to no inconsiderable
degree throughout the world.

The crowning glory of her educational system is the university. But some-
thing approaching her fame has come also to her Agricultural College. A
military chieftain of a gulf State, elected president of the Agricultural College
of that State, has exhibited to our Board of Agriculture a written order from
his own board to visit our Agricultural College, and take a graduate, if possible,
as a professor in his own, and he took two, one of whom is still doing them
excellent appreciated service, and the death of the other was chronicled in
their State as of the nature of a State calamity. Maine and Oregon, Texas
and Minnesota have or have had her graduates as professors, and thirty of
her short roll of graduates have been called to permanent places of trust in
the colleges of the land. The college has, at this time, graduates as o£Bcers in
the Agricultural Colleges of New York (Cornell), Indiana, Mississippi, Texas,
Missouri, Michigan, Kansas, Wisconsin, Iowa, Colorado, and Oregon. The
experiments and addresses of her officers have been published and approved in
France and England.

I propose now to give the earlier history of the college, more especially up
to its reorganization under a State board of agriculture in 1861. Subsequently
to this reorganization there have been published an annual catalogue and
regular reports ; but up to the year 1861 there were no catalogues of students
except that issued just after the first opening of the institution, and imperfect
lists for some of the terms. The reports, too, for these earlier years are very
imperfect. But I became an officer of the college at the beginning of its
second year, and in the first year I visited the college. The officers, when I

116 Pioneer Society oe Michiq-ah-.

first visited it, lived in the city of Lansing, all except two unmarried men,
and went to and from their work over hills and through valleys, over a decayed
plank road, and through a swamp sometimes covered with water. Arrived
at the college, the buildings — a college hall, a boarding house, a brick barn,
all there were — were in a clearing in the forest, where stumps of trees came
up to doors of the buildings. The first president was then there; so was Mr,
J. C. Holmes, to whom more than to any other the college owes its existence.
An acquaintance, therefore, with the founders and first officers and students
of the college has enabled me to present, with some fullness, the records of
those earlier times. Many of the men who had to do with its organization and
early management are still living and still the true friends of the college.
Not a few of its very earliest students are still known to me, and more would
have been, but that, alas ! the civil war seems to have drawn very largely from
the early students of the college. All of the first graduating class of seven
(1861), except the two victims of the war, are still living. Fourteen of its
students on its opening day are still personally known to me, and one* of them
was a senator in the last (1883) Legislature. I have in some cases gathered
reminiscences from these persons, who are by nearly a year older in the college
than myiself.

It is now (July, 1883) somewhat more than a quarter of a century since the
Michigan iState Agricultural College was opened to students, the twenty-fifth
scholastic year having ended with the commencement exercises of August 13,
1882. The college is the oldest of the existing agricultural colleges of the
country; was, therefore, the pioneer institution of the kind. It has had a
steady development in a continuous life without the loss of a term from first
to last.

Nearly all the Agricultural Colleges of the country, of which there is now
one to nearly every State, owe their origin to the congressional grant of lands
for this purpose, made in 1862. Pennsylvania and Iowa, as well as our own
State, established their colleges before this grant of lands. As the first institu-
tion of the sort our college has been visited by officers or committees from
many other States, and has had considerable influence in the organization of
other institutions. The presidents, and in several instances other officers also,
of similar institutions in Maine, Massachusetts (three of them), New York
(President White and Mr. Ezra Cornell), Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee,
Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, Ontario, Kansas, Colorado have visited us,
and officers or committees from Virginia, Arkansas, Minnesota, Texas,
Oregon, California, have visited us or have taken graduates for officers. The
several States have, of course, organized their college after their own plan;
but a curiosity naturally attached to the college that began the untried system
of agricultural education upon a farm, and in some respects more especially
in the working of compulsory manual labor, we have been acknowledged to
be more successful than most other colleges, although the wisdom of requir-
ing manual labor is by no means generally conceded.

It is a peculiarity of the educational history of Michigan that from the
first its laws recognize the dependence of agriculture upon science, and the
consequent claims of the art to a place in any full educational scheme. It is
not, indeed, directly recognized in that oldest law, the quaint law of 1817,
when the governor and judges, in whom the administration of the Territory

*Hon. O. J. Monroe.

MiCHiaAN State Agricultubal College. 117

resided, ordained the establishment of a catholepistemiad, or university of
Michigania. Yet this was to have a didaxia of catholepistemia, or universal
science. But when the University of Michigan was established in 1837, and
branches provided for in different parts of the State, not more than one to
each county, it was distinctly provided that "in each branch of the Uni-
versity there shall be a department of agriculture, with competent instructors
in the theory of agriculture, including vegetable physiology and agricultural
chemistry, and experimental and practical farming and agriculture."

The first Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Rev. John D. Pierce,
appointed in 1836, to whose zeal and wisdom in the cause of education the
State owes so much, speaks, in 1839, of establishing a department of agri-
culture in one of the branches, as an object of great interest, and such estab-
lishment in one branch was subsequently urged as required. The law may
have been amended to read one, instead of every branch.

So, when the State Normal School was established in 1849 (dedicated Oct.
5, 1852), its object, besides that of educating teachers, is, in the language of
the law itself, **to give instruction in the mechanic arts, and in the art of hus-
handry and agricultural chemistry.^ '

It was not very strange, therefore although a very unusual thing, that
agricultural education should find, as it did in 1850, a recognition even in the
constitution of the State.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Meanwhile a new influence in favor of agricultural education, which finally
took the form of a demand for a separate school of agriculture, for an Agri-
cultural College, came into being. This was the State Agricultural Society.

In March, 1849, some sixty members of the Legislature, then in session,
issued a call for a meeting to organize a State Agricultural Society. The
society, still in vigorous life, and a friend of the Agricultural College, was
incorporated by an act approved April 2d, of the same year. John C. Holmes
was its first secretary, an ofiice which he held for several years. The society
at once instituted annual fairs, and, following good New England and JSew
York customs, spared time from exhibitions to listen to an annual address.
The address for the first fair (1849), was, strange to say for those days, a
farmer, the Hon. E. H. Lothrop, of Galesburg, a brother of the well known
Gr. V. N. Lothrop, of Detroit, and in his address so foreshadows the character
of our Agricultural College, that I am tempted to quote a few paragraphs.

His language is : I well remember when the question of the location of
our State University was pending before the Legislature, a proposition was
made that at least eighty acres of land should be secured at or near the place
of its location, and the reasons given were that the State might eventually
wish to establish a department of agriculture in the same, and for that pur-
pose would require that or a greater quantity of land, for the erection of an
experimental farm. The proposition was received with evident surprise, and
found no favor. Why our people and our law-givers were so blind to our best
and true interest, I can give no rational explanation, unless it be our deep
veneration for the past, or at that time, there was no institution for teaching
the art and science of agriculture in any of the States of this Union.

"While our people and our government, both State and national, are truly
liberal, and pour out their money like water in the establishment of literary
and other public institutions, and dot our land over with theological semina-

118 Pioneer Society oe Michigan.

ries, with law seminaries, with medical seminaries, and with military semina-
ries, poor agriculture, whose hand sows the seed, and whose arm gathers the
harvest on which all our earthly comforts, and even our very existence depend,
as yet has no seminary in which to teach her sons the most valuable of all
arts.

" I cannot consent to leave this branch of my subject without fortifying the
same with one or two authorities. Says an eloquent writer; 'Where is the
man of so much apathy, as not to be cheered with the anticipation of behold-
ing such an institution, an extensive and handsome edifice, where our young
men shall 'be taught in theory and practice those immutable principles of
nature, which form the only infallible guide to all the substantial comforts of
life ; when, by mingling the useful with the sweet, they will become inured
to the habits of industry; when science and art shall combine to inspire them
with a laudable effort to excel each other? If we are charmed with viewing a
garden on a small scale, the work, perhaps, of a single but skillful individual,
how infinitely more charming must be the view of three or four hundred acres,
planned and laid out with all the accumulated skill of ages, aided by all the
light which science has thrown upon the subject, with all the beauties of the
vegetable world, and all that is useful in the animal? Can any earthly pros-
pect be more beautiful? I answer yes ; that of two or three hundred young
men vying with each other in skill and industry, not only in improving and
beautifying the establishment, but by improving their minds by study and
their bodies by manly labor, infinitely more pleasing and to their credit than
the mountebank feats of a gymnasium, thus fitting themselves as brilliant
lights to guide, instruct, and adorn the succeeding generation.' "

From the time of its organization, the Michigan State Agricultural Society
took the lead in the demand for an agricultural school. Some of its members,
no doubt, were educated men from the east. Journals of agriculture were
very few, but Sir Humphrey Davy, who began lecturing in England in 1801,
and Boussingault, in France, who began writing in 1844, and others had
caused a new era to dawn upon agriculture. These men were aware of
this, and were anxious that agriculture should participate in the enormous
advantages that science was conferring upon mechanics and the simpler arts.
There were others, now well-to-do farmers, and men of influence, who had
hewn their farms out of the forests, and desired that their children should
possess the education which they lacked. They remembered the time when
the men of chief influence in Massachusetts and New York were farmers, and
felt that in the hurry of later times, in an age of machinery, of division of
labor, and the growth of cities, the farmers, as a class, were losing influence,
and they believed in education as the equalizer of the classes of society. The
influence of botli these kinds of ideas and sentiments is plainly seen in the
discussions of those times, and in the early workings of the college.

From this State Agricultural Society, and its indefatigable Secretary, Mr.
Holmes, came the memorials to the Legislature; the personal examination of
the plans of making use for agricultural education, of the Normal School and
University ; the advocacy of an independent college upon a farm ; the selec-
tion, under restrictions, of the site, and subsequently, in 1861, the advocacy
of a separate board — the State Board of Agriculture — for the control of the
college. Just before the opening of the college to students, the society gave
to the institution its library. Two, at least of the members of the State

Michigan State AaRiouLTtJUAL College. 119

Board of Agriculture — Messrs. Welch and Phillips — were nominated to the
Governor by the society.

The relations existing between the State Agricultural Society and the col-
lege are most cordial. The society has a standing committee upon the college ;
and of late years its executive committee and officers have been wont to spend
a day each June at the college. These June days are festive days, when, as
guests of the State Board of Agriculture and of the faculty, the Agricultural
Society, with the officers of the equally friendly State Grange, and State Hor-
ticultural Society, the affairs of the college are looked into and talked over in
an open conference, in the general lecture room of the institution.

1850.

January : A memorial was presented relative to agriculture by Bela Hub-
bard, Titus Dort, and J. 0. Holmes, representing that the committee of the
State Agricultural Society had had in consideration a subject of great import-
ance, viz. : The establishment of a central agricultural office and an appro-
priation was deemed desirable for a library. Of this subject, in connection
with the University, the agricultural committee says : In the organization of
our State University it was contemplated (as appears by section twenty-six of
the act) that **in one of the branches there should be a department of agri-
culture, including vegetable physiology, agricultural chemistry, and experi-
mental and practical farming and agriculture."

" Such a department, it is plain, to be vigorously and practically carried out
must have its more immediate and vital connection with the State Agricultural
Society and its institutions. With an agricultural college should also be asso-
ciated a model and experimental farm, a botanical garden, and perhaps a
veterinary establishment.

*'By these means will the farmers of our State — its great leading class — be
furnished with institutions peculiarly theirs. They will be provided with the
means of educating their youth in every practical and scientific detail neces-
sary or useful to that most important of all occupations, to as full an extent
as is now afforded by the higher colleges of our land, to candidates for the
so-called ' learned professions.' "

Another memorial from the State Agricultural Society was presented to the
Legislature, praying for the establishment of a State Agricultural College. As
to the character and scope of such an institution the memorial says :

"The first and most important consideration is, that the institution would
be a labor school, in which the actual work performed by the pupils would be
passed to their credit, in the account for their instruction. Thus the expense
would be greatly diminished if not altogether paid. The very act of labor
would be a practical application of the precepts taught, and the poor would
enjoy equal privileges with the rich.

"The institution should be attached to, or form a branch of the State Uni-
versity, contemplated by the charter of that institution, and having the benefit
of lectures from professors, and such other sources as may be expedient; resi-
dent professors, with expensive salaries, would not be necessary.

" The studies taught at this college should be of an eminently practical
kind. Besides agriculture in its details, mathematics and the keeping of
accounts, mechanics, natural philosophy, and the natural sciences, with their
applications to agriculture. With these could be profitably associated anatomy,
so far as connected with the structure and diseases of animals, and the study

120

PioisTEER Society of MioHiaAN.

of insects aud their habits, and to some extent engineering, architecture, and
landscape gardening. Nor should the claims of literature and the fine arts be
wholly neglected as tending to polish the mind and manners, refine the taste,
and add greater lustre and dignity to life. In fine, not only a useful, but a
learned and liberal profession ; and its cultivators not the * bone and sinew '
merely, but the ornaments of society.

"One prominent advantage possessed by the pupil in such an institution
should not be overlooked, in the judicious combination of labor and study,
resulting in confirmed health, and thence increased mental as well as bodily
vigor. But the importance of the plan proposed will weigh little unless it
shall prove to be practicable. The only obstacle that can be reasonably sup-
posed to exist is the expense of founding and conducting such an establish-
ment. In the communities of the Old World this obstacle, serious as it is
under their circumstances, has been overcome, and with triumphant results.
Probably no community in the world possesses greater facilities for the experi-
ment, if it be deemed such, than ours. On the plan suggested no large endow-
ment is necessary. The connection with the University would furnish a large
part of the means for instruction at comparatively little cost to the institution.
Nowhere in a settled community is land so cheap at the present moment as in
this State. No State is more amply provided with landed and other means
for the promotion of education. May not a part of this fund be as legiti-
mately applied to this object as to other plans of educational improvement?

There should belong to the institution a farm of sufficient capacity to
embrace a variety of soil and surface, upon which all the operations of agri-
culture connected with tillage, the culture of all the useful grains, grapes, and
roots, the raising of stock, etc., could be conducted to the best advantage, and
where the operations of draining and the treatment of different soils could be
thoroughly exhibited ; in fact, a farm which, under the superintendence of
practical and scientific masteis, should become a model for the farms of our
State. There should also be attached a botanical garden, to be under the
charge of the Professor of Botany of the University, in which should be cul-
tivated specimens of the trees, shrubs, and plants indigenous to our State, as
well as all plants and weeds, a knowledge of the properties and habits of which
is useful to the farmer."

Further action of the Executive Committee of the State Agricultural
Society will appear subsequently.

STATE CONSTITUTION OF 1850.

In 1850 a convention was held to form a new constitution for the State.
The constitution framed by this convention was adopted. The members of
the convention could but feel the influence of the debate, and prevailing sen-
timent regarding agricultural education. The debates on the subject are
briefly epitomized in the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction
for 185:^, pages 242, 246 to 253, 258. Section 9 of the constitution provided
for an agricultural school, as follows :

CONSTITUTIONAL PKOVISIONS.

The Agricultural College of the State of Michigan was established in
obedience to a requisition of the Kevised Constitution of the State, adopted
15th August, 1850, which requisition may be found in Art. 13 :

**Sec. 11. The Legislature shall encourage the promotion of intellectual,

MioHiaAx State AaRicuLTURAL College. 121

scientific, and agricultural improvement, and shall, as soon as practicable,
provide for the establishment of an agricultural school. The Legislature may
appropriate the twenty-two sections of Salt Spring lands now unappropriated,
or the money arising from the sale of the same, where such lands have been
already sold, and any land which may hereafter be granted or appropriated
for such purpose, for the support and maintenance of such school, and may
make the same a branch of the university for instruction in agriculture and
the natural sciences connected therewith, and place the same under the
supervision of the regents of the university."

1851.

In 1851, Gov. Barry called attention, in his message, to the constitutional
provision, and considerable discussion was provoked on the subject. The
Superintendent of Public Instruction, F. W.Sherman, and the Hon. Jonathan
Shearer, chairman of the House committee on agriculture, recommended the
forming of a department for instruction in agriculture in the Normal School.
House Doc. No. 5, 1851, and letters on file.

The university at once proceeded to organize an agricultural school as a
department, and Dr. Henry P. Tappan, chancellor of the university, wrote
to Secretary Holmes (letter on file), that anticipating that the twenty-two
sections of salt spring lands, named in the constitution, will be given to the
university for an agricultural school, "We have accordingly organized an
agricultural school as part of the scientific course recently adopted by the
faculty and regents." The agricultural course extended through four terms,
three terms constituting a year.

Dr. Tappan afterwards gave an address at the State fair (Sept., 1853), in
which he speaks of his plan still further. See Michigan Agricultural Report,
1853, pages 188, 198 to 200.

In 1854 the chair of agriculture in the university was filled by the Rev.
Charles Fox, an Englishman, educated at Rugby, rector of the Episcopal
church at Grosse Isle. Agriculture was the favorite study of Mr. Fox, and he
had some time previously to his appointment given to the University library
$100 to enlarge the store of agricultural literature. Mr. Fox died after occu-
pying the university chair less than two years. Our library contains a work
of Mr. Fox's on agriculture.

1853.

A bill for an Agricultural College passed the Senate of 1853 by a vote of
17 to 14, but was lost in the House by a vote of 36 to 24. The society then
sent its executive committee to visit the University and the Normal School to
see what was doing in the way of instruction in scientific agriculture in those
institutions. They visited Ann Arbor January 25, 1854. Professor Fox was
delivering at the time a course of lectures on practical and scientific agricult-
ure. The committee listened to a lecture by Professor Fox on Rotation of
Crops," and were highly pleased. The committee also listened, at the Normal
School, to a lecture by Prof. L. R. Fisk, on Organic and Inorganic Materials
of the soil, and its Improvement by Manuring, Draining, and Pulverization."

The State Agricultural Society, however, had become fixed in their prefer-
ence for a separate institution, and in December, 1852, appointed a committee
to urge on the Legislature the establishment of a separate school, not in imme-
diate proximity to any existing educational institution, on a farm of not less
than 640 acres. Michigan Agriculture, 1854, pp. 340, 341.
16

122 Pioneer Society oe Michigadst.

The society appointed another committee, Mr. S. M. Bartlett, of Monroe,!
to draft a bill, to present to the Legislature of 1855. The bill was put into
shape by the Hon. Isaac P. Christiancy, a townsman of Mr. Bartlett' s, and
subsequently Chief Justice and U. S. senator, and was substantially the same
as afterwards became a law.

1855.

In his message to the Legislature, January 4, 1855, Governor Kinsley S.
Bingham recommended the establishment of an agricultural school, in the
following language :

**The constitution also declares that the Legislature shall, as soon as prac-
ticable, provide for the establishment of an agricultural school. I respectfully
submit for your consideration, whether that practicable period has not already
arrived. Michigan is eminently an agricultural State, and the great source of
our dependence and wealth must ever be in the soil. It has been demonstrated
that its productions can be greatly increased by scientific cultivation. Our
citizens may indulge a just pride for their efforts in establishing schools for
intellectual and scientific improvement, but this most important branch of
education has been almost entirely neglected. It seems, therefore, highly
proper that provision should be made for instruction in everything that per-
tains to the art of husbandry, and practical and scientific agriculture. Our
efforts in this direction should never cease until our young men engaged in
the useful and honorable occupation of farming, shall have received the same
high education as those designed for other professions."

A bill for the establishment of the college was Introduced into the House
and into the Senate. When the House bill came to its third reading, various
amendments as to location were made and rejected, and the bill was rejected
31 to 39 (Feb. 7). The Senate bill, however, fixing upon the vicinity of
Lansing as the location of the college, passed (Feb. 9) the Senate by a vote of
24 to 5, and the next day passed the House by the large vote of 53 to 13.
This bill is known as Act 130, approved Feb. 12, 1855.

Governor Bingham was a warm friend of the measure, and of the college.
He took a prominent part in the exercises at the opening of the college (June
16, 1857), and a few months before his death, Oct., 1861, he sent to the col-
lege library as a token of his good will, a set of the works of John Adams, in
ten volumes.

But to no one man is the college so much indebted as to Mr. John Clough
Holmes, the first secretary of the State Agricultural Society. Into the pro-
ject of establishment of a school of agriculture and horticulture he entered
with singular zeal and devotion. He collected information from all quarters,
and there were no features of the organic law which he had not discussed with
those who were best qualified to give advice, and none of them that do not.
show his shaping hand. He was frequently at Lansing, conferring with State
officers and legislators on the subject, and spent nearly the whole legislative
winter of 1855 in Lansing, in diffusing a knowledge of the plan and awaken-
ing an interest in it, and this was done at his own private expense. Mr.
Holmes gave the college his personal assistance as professor of horticulture
during the years 1857, 1859, and 1861. Mr. Holmes is still, 1883, a not
infrequent and always welcome visitor at the college, and one of its warmest,
friends.

MiCHiaAN State Agricultural College. 128

LOCATIOlSr.

A late directory of Lansing says: "When, in 1847, it became necessary for
the Legislature permanently to locate the capitol of the State, so many places
were found competing for the honor that it was absolutely impossible to secure
an agreement for any. After a long and bitter contest, the present site of
Lansing was fixed upon as a sort of truce measure, the idea no doubt being
that when the excitement had quieted down somewhat, it would be easy to
secure the transfer to some more eligible point. But that time has never
come." Bat the citizens of Lansing never felt secure of the capitol until the
construction of the edifice was entered upon in 1871.

Under a like spirit of compromise the Agricultural College was located
near Lansing. The House bill for the establishment of the college was lost
in 1855, as has been mentioned, after the proposal of many locations had been
made while on its final passage. The law, as enacted, committed the selection
of the site to the Executive Committee of the State Agricultural Society,
with these conditions : To be within ten miles of Lansing ; not to cost over
fifteen dollars an acre, and to consist of not less than five hundred, nor more
than a thousand acres in one body. Such a location was not at all to the
taste of the friends of the college. They thought such an enterprise should
have been started on an improved farm, in an easily accessible part of the
State. But here was a wilderness for a farm, near a place to be reached only
by staging over bad roads for more than twenty miles.

It was not until 1869 that the location of the college was to be considered
settled. The president and some other officers of the University strongly
advocated making the coltege a department of the University, and locating it
at Ann Arbor. The Detroit press, and most of the newspapers of the south-
ern part of the State freely expressed the same views.

In this contest the farmers of the State, however much they might
begrudge appropriations in war times, or prophesy that graduates would not
go to farming, always objected to uniting the Agricultural College to any
other institution.

In 1865 (February 24) the executive committee of the State Agricultural
Society petitioned the Legislature to remove the college to some more eligible
locality. It was met by a counter memorial of Hon. H. Gr. Wells, of Kala-
mazoo, remonstratinsj against the removal. (1865, House Doc. No. 11.)

In 1859, a bill, turning the college over to the University, was offered as a
substitute for an appropriation bill.

In 1867, the subject of removal was advocated in the Detroit and in other
papers freely. The discussion of the location of the college did not cease
until 1869. In that year a carefully prepared bill for the transfer of the
college to Ann Arbor, as a department of the University, was introduced into
the Senate, and came up for action when the House bill appropriating $70,-
000 came up for concurrence from the House. On some side issue the bill
for the transfer was defeated, and the appropriation bill passed in the Senate
by the decisive vote of 22 to 8.

An editorial in the State Republican, March 18, a Lansing paper, edited by
Stephen D. Bingham, under the heading of '*End of a Ten Years' Fight,"
spoke of the vote as ending forever a fight to destroy an institution, which a
democratic majority have provided for in the constitution, and a republican
majority have put into active operation.

124

Pioneer Society of Michigan.

Mr. Bingham adds: **To the warm friendship of Governors Bingham,
Wisner, Blair, Orapo, and Baldwin much is due in the past and present ; to
Hon. Hezekiah G. Wells, of Kalamazoo, who has stood by it in all these
years of battle, and with his pen, and by his influence, exerted in its behalf
at all times, and most effectively in the present decisive struggle, all honor;
to Hon. J. Webster Ohilds, of Washtenaw, and the members of the State
Agricultural Board, thanks for their effective vindication of its merits, and
unflinching friendship in its behalf; to Hon. Benjamin L. Baxter, of Len-
awee, a member of the House, and to Hon. George Willard, of Battle Creek,
editor of the Battle Creek Journal, both regents of the University, who have,
by all honorable means, advocated the claims of this institution to the sup-
port of the State, grateful recognition is due ; to the citizens of Washtenaw,
Oakland, Livingston, Calhoun, Eaton, Bay, Jackson, and other counties who
have eent in petitions on short notice in favor of the college and its present
location, the just meed of praise for carrying out honest conviction for justice
and right."

March 31, 1869, the Detroit Post, which had advocated removal, in an
editorial written by Mr. Conover, one of its editors, and more recently rector
of St. Luke's church, Kalamazoo, after speaking of its advocacy of a removal
to Ann Arbor, says: **But the action of the State government has been so
sweeping and provident that the Agricultural College may be looked upon as a
permanent institution, unless it contains some inherent defect that no money
nor State aid can supply. We by no means undertake to say this, and we
hope the citizens of the State will so avail themselves of its privileges as to
put its success beyond peradventure. Since the State has determined to pay
for them, they ought not to be neglected. It would be folly not to seek as
large a return as possible from the investment, and we have no hesitation in
urging a cordial support of the college, and to invite a renewed interest in it,
and in its capabilities for educating and developing a strong, earnest, intelli-
gent farming community."

The Free Press and most of the other papers of the State became at once
the supporters of the college, and the institution has no reason to find fault
with the attitude of the press of the State towards it, but has on the other
hand reason to be grateful for frequent favors.

It was quite time the question of location was settled. Biennially the col-
lege would open in February, and for weeks after it was a question whether
the college would live or die. Students would become impatient of the dis-
heartening suspense, and sometimes pack their trunks and go away. The
discussion of location has taken this historical sketch years on beyond where
a chronological order would have taken us. But it finishes one of the mooted
questions of the college for its first ten years.

It is proper to say, also, that courtesies and good will have constantly been
extended to the college by the University of Michigan. The present eminent
President, in particular. Dr. James B. Angell, has more than once addressed
its officers and students, and has always manifested a sincere gratification in
its prosperity.

THE SITE.

. The Executive Committee of the State Agricultural Society selected for
the college its present site, three and a half miles directly east of the State

Michigan State Agricultural College. 125

capitol. Michigan avenue runs from the capitol straight to the college
entrance. The grounds, including a park of a hundred acres, consist of six
hundred and seventy-six and a half acres of land lying on both sides of a
small stream called Red Cedar River, were approved for the selection of the
site.

June 12, 1855 — The executive committee of the State Agricultural Society
met in Detroit June 12, 1855. Those present were A. Y. Moore, president ; J.
0. Holmes, secretary; Messrs. S. M. Bartlett, Payne K. Leach, James Bayley,
Justus Gage, and John Starkweather. Hon. J. 0. Holmes, the secretary,
delivered an address, regarding their duties, etc., including in full a paper of
Prof. Winchell of the IJniversity, advocating the union of the school with the
University; including, also, large parts of President Hitchcock's report to the
Massachusetts Legislature on European schools of agriculture. Mich. Agr.
1854, pages 337 to 404.

June 16 — On June 16, 1855, this committee reported the present site of the
school (Mich. Agr. 1854, p. 404), and their selection was approved by the
State board of education.

Mr. Holmes was appointed to submit a plan for buildings. January 2, 1856,
he presented a plan for a west wing of a college building. It is ,the present
college hall. A main hall and an east wing were to complete the group,
forming a court. Prof. Fisk was consulted regarding the arrangements of
the chemical laboratory. The chapel was then where it is now, except that
the desk was on the north side, and was simply the lecture table of the class
room in chemistry ; the chemical laboratory occupied the north half of the
first floor. The library occupied the northeast and the museum the northwest
corner rooms of the upper floor. Mr. Holmes reported the plans also for the
dining hall and dormitory — a building since consumed by fire.

The report was adopted. Mr. S. M. Bartlett, of Monroe, was appointed
superintendent of the buildings.

January 21, 1857, the board of education made a communication to the
Legislature in which they announced that the west wing and the boarding
hall were nearly completed, and that they had expended about $10,500 for
the farm and 134,774.19 for buildings and improvements. A brick barn had
been erected. The building is now used as a carpenter's shop.

ORGANIC LAW OF 1855.

This law continued in force until March 15, 1861, Besides providing for
the selection of a site, the act proceeded to place the college to be established
under the direction and control of the State board of education, an elective
board of three members, having charge of the State normal school, and.
having the superintendent of public instruction for its secretary ex officio.
The course of instruction was to include " an English and scientific course,
natural philosophy, chemistry, botany, animal and vegetable physiology,
geology, mineralogy, meteorology, entomology, veterinary art, mensuration,
leveling, and political economy, with book-keeping and the mechanic arts
which are directly connected with agriculture, and such other studies as the
board of education may from time to time see fit to prescribe, haying reference
to the objects specified in the previous section."

There were to be two terms of study a year, the first term from the first
Wednesday of April to the last Wednesday in October; the second term from
the first Wednesday in December to the last Wednesday in February. Stu-

126

PioiTEEii Society of Michigais'.

dents were to labor daily, and during the first term of each year, not less than
three nor more than four hours a day, and none were to be exempt from
such labor except in case of sickness or other infirmity."

The secretary was to keep a full record of improvements and experiments,
and of the crops of each field. Tuition was to be free to citizens of the State.

INAUGUEATIOK,

On the 16th of June, 1857, the Governor and several ofi&cers of the State
government, the officers elect of the institution, and a large concourse of
citizens from various parts of the State, and some sixty-one students (increased
to ninety-seven before the close of the term) ready to form the first class being
gathered, the college was formally dedicated by the board of education to the
purposes for which it was designed.

The Hon. H. L. Miller, president of the board, first made a few remarks.
He closed with saying, '*I deem it peculiarly appropriate to recognize the
guardianship of that one Great Being, who is before all human powers."
Eev. George Willard, member of the board, then read the third chapter of
Proverbs; prayer was offered, and the Hon. John R. Kellogg, the senior mem-
ber of the board, then delivered, in an appropriate speech, the institution and
farm into the charge of the president and faculty, who had been previously
chosen.

The Hon. Joseph E. Williams, of Oonstantine, president of the college, then
delivered his inaugural address, a discourse wise, forcible, and elegant. He
spoke of the lack of institutions which, taking students directly from the com-
mon schools, and omitting studies purely literary and classical, carried them
farther than the university in the application of modern science to the practi-
cal business of life, especially agricultural life. He says :

**That the agricultural masses have felt keenly this great want is evidenced
by the simultaneous creation of agricultural societies and periodicals, and the
craving for more abundant knowledge. Colleges are springing from the same
necessity. Kew York and Pennsylvania are maturing, and two or three other
States are taking the initiatory steps towards establishing agricultural colleges.
Here, on the very margin of the cultivated portions of our country, where the
'forests primeval' are just vanishing before the encroachments of civilization,
the youthful and vigorous State of Michigan, first among her sister States,
dedicates this institution to the instruction of men who are devoted exclusively
to the cultivation of the earth. Established on no precedent, it is alike a
pioneer in the march of men and march of mind. It is peculiarly fit that
such an enterprise should be founded on the confines of the country, which a
native poet, Whittier, so gushingly describes :

"'The rudiments of empire here,

Are plastic yet and warm,
The chaos of a mighty world

Is rounding into form.'

'*The elements of the institution around us are rough and crude, but even in
the embryo, we recognize an enlightened forecast that would do honor to those
venerable commonwealths which have stamped their indelible impress on the
history of mankind."

Mr. Williams spoke of the objections that would be raised to the institution.
They would call it an experiment, and demand results before they were will-
ing to afford aid or sympathy. They would object to its cost and would leave

Michigan State Agricultural CoLLEaE. 127

it unendowed, and subject to the caprice of successive legislatures. These and
other sentences read more like history than like prophecy, as they were. He
spoke of the hard times that prevailed, of the virgin forest in which opera-
tions were to be begun, and that we have no guides to follow; valuable hints
might be derived from European schools, but only hints.

President Williams proceeds to discuss the branches of study that should be
pursued. As to manual labor he thinks " it ought chiefly to board the student,
leaving but a few expenses incumbent on him.

*'At the outset we are met with the objection that all attempts at associat-
ing labor with the acquisition of knowledge, in seminaries of learning, have
proved failures. Sometimes, however, the labor has been mere steady drudg-
ery in close apartments, and was illustrative of no truth. Sometimes labor
has been permitted to a portion of the students, who thus elected to eke out
their means, while a larger class of daily associates were entirely exempt.
Thus castes were created, where, of all the world, there should exist a warm
and brotherly sympathy. That manual labor is incompatible with intellectual
growth, is contrary to philosophy and experience. Sedentary employment is
much more likely to be so. Vigor of body gives vigor to the brain. In the
polytechnic schools of Europe, and at the military academy at West Point, in
our own country, the student is often engaged in severe physical exercise for
many hours daily. But there, culture of mind and body are indissolubly
connected, and the exercise becomes with many, the charm of their student
life. Surely the labor that creates instead of destroys, and which causes the
earth to bloom with luxuriance and beauty, and groan under its abundance,
should be as captiv^ing as that which is bestowed in reducing butchery to an
exact science, and which recognizes occasional desolation of the earth, and
wholesale destruction of the race, as a necessary and normal condition.

''But if manual labor has failed in all other colleges, it ought not to fail
here, where it is inseparably connected with the acquisition of knowledge.
Thus allied, the employment should be a charm instead of a drudgery.
Practical labor in this institution is the vital, cementing, invigorating influ-
ence, that will give it dignity, and it is hoped, complete success."

At the close of President Williams's inaugural. Governor Bingham addressed
the assembly. He spoke of the new college as designed "to elevate and dignify
the character of labor.'' He spoke of science, saying: ''Science and art are
now uniting their labors, and are drawing mutual aid from each other on the
farm, as they have for some time been doing in the manufactory and in the
shop of the artisan. A new era is dawning upon the vision of the farmer —
new light is illumining his path, and a new interest and new pleasures are
urging him on to improvement. His intellect comes to the aid of his hands;
and as he traces effects to their causes, searches for the reason of his failures
and disappointments, familiarizes himself with the operations of nature, and
devises improvements in his art, his interest is increased, his profits are greatly
enhanced, and he appreciates the full dignity of his chosen pursuit. Science
is probably capable of rendering more important aid to husbandry than to any
other branch of labor, and presents a wider field of useful study to the culti-
vator of the soil, than to any other class of society." Gov. Bingham closed
with saying :

"Thus, with the liveliest anticipations, and highest hopes of success, we
welcome the free Agricultural College among the institutions of learning of

128

Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAisr.

the State of Michigan, and bid it G-od-speed. Long may it flourish, an honor
to its founders and an honor to the State."

The Board of Education consisted of Hiram L. Miller, Saginaw ; John R.
Kellogg, Allegan; Rev. Geo. Willard, Battle Greek; Ira Mayhew, Superin-
tendent of Public Instruction, Secretary ex-officio.

All these gentlemen took an active part in the enterprise. Mr. Miller
resigned his place in July, greatly regretted by the board, and Mr. Witter J.
Baxter, of Jonesville, took his place. Mr. Willard has more than once lec-
tured before the members of the college.

In 1859, Mr. Mayhew's term of office having expired, Eev. John M. Gregory
was elected Superintendent of Public Instruction, and became ex-officio Secre-
tary of the Board of Education, and exercised a controlling influence in the
alfairs of the State Agricultural College. Except for these changes, the
Board of Education, with the same membership, managed the college up to
April, 1861, when it was transferred to the care of another board.

At the opening of the college, May 13, 185?, the officers were as follows:

Joseph Ricketson Williams, M. A., President and Director of the farm ;
John Clough Holmes, Professor of Horticulture, and Treasurer; Lewis Ran-
som Fisk, M. A., Professor of Chemistry; Calvin Tracy, M. A., Professor of
Mathematics; Robert D. Weeks, Professor of English Literature and Farm
Economy, and Secretary; Enoch Banker, Assistant in Chemistry; James M.
Shearer, Steward.

Of these first officers, Mr. Williams continued in office until the beginning
of the spring term of 1860, when he resigned. Mr. Williams was a Massa-
chusetts man, a graduate of Harvard University of the class of 1831. He was
State Senator in 1861, and on the resignation of Hon. James Birney, Mr.
Williams became, by virtue of his office of President pro tempore of the Senate,*
the Lieutenant Governor of the State. He was for two years (1854-5) editor
of the Toledo Blade. He died very suddenly at his home in Constantine,
Mich., June 16, 1861. A fine likeness of him, presented by Mrs. Williams,
adorns the college library. He was a person of splendid presence, an eloquent
speaker, and of much force of character. His remains were taken to New
Bedford, Mass., for burial. Williams Hall is named in honor of its first
president.

Of Mr. John C. Holmes, mention has already been made. He did much
to lay out and beautify the grounds, and to give the college a right start.''

Lewis R. Fisk, now D. D. and LL. D.. remained in charge of the department
of chemistry until the spring of 1863, when he resigned, entering the ministry
of the Methodist Episcopal church, preached in Detroit and other places, and
became associate editor of the Christian Advocate. Since 1878 be has been
the president of Albion College, Michigan. To him is due the excellent posi-
tion which the chemical department of the college took at the very first.
Professor Fisk managed the college successfully as president pro tempore by
election of the faculty, in the four years' interregnum after the resignation of
President Williams.

Professor Tracy resigned his position in the college in 1860, and lives in
Lansing, a highly respected citizen.

Mr. Banker is a prosperous lawyer in Jackson, and Mr. Shearer a resident
of the township of Lansing. He has been repeatedly honored by votes of his
townsmen, and his wife, still living, is remembered by all the older students.

MicHiaAN^ State AamcuLTURAL CoLLEaE. 129

for her motherly care and authority. She was a woman of rare qualifications
for a difficult place.

Mr, Kobert D. Weeks resigned his place at the close of the first term, and
subsequently went east. His place, as professor of English literature, was
supplied before the spring term of 1858, by Theophilus Oapen Abbot, the
present president of the college, haying been made so in the winter of 1862-3.

There being no dwelling houses at the college in 1857, the most of the offi-
cers lived in the city, three and a half miles distant, until cottages were com-
pleted in the spring of 1859.

During the years 1857, 1858, and 1859, the administration of the college
proceeded on the plan on which it started at the first. There were, as the law
directed, a summer and a winter term each year. Each term closed with a
public examination, to which the citizens of Lansing were accustomed to come
in considerable numbers. A radical change was introduced in 1860 by the
Hon. J. M. Gregory and the Board, which lasted for that one year, when the
college was transferred to another board.

On the first day the students, sixty-one in number, were divided for classes
and work into three divisions. The only catalogues for these years are manu-
script ones of my own making. The terms and students were as follows :

1857. First term. May 13 to October 28 ; total number of students 81 ; five
of these students afterwards graduated.

Second term, December 2 to February 22, 1858; total number of students
101; total number of students the year of both terms, 124, representing 24
counties.

1858. The third term began April 7, 1858, and closed October 27. There
were 101 students, of whom 58 had been in attendance the previous year.
The fourth term began November 30, 1858, and closed February 23, 1859.
There were 86 stndents in the winter term, 39 of them entering for the first
time. In both terms there were 137 different students, representing 21
counties.

1859. April 5, fifth term opened, closed August 5; August 16, sixth term
opened, closed November 16. In this year there were 4 Juniors, 32 Sopho-
mores, 48 Freshmen of the 1st division, 32 in the 2d division. Total number
for the year, 106, representing 26 counties.

The changes in 1860 make me defer giving these statistics for that year,
since, so far as the general affairs of the college go, these first three years
form a group by themselves. During the first year no regular course of study
was marked out. In the opening term, the most advanced of the students
studied arithmetic, advanced algebra, and grammar. The second division
studied arithmetic, elementary algebra, and grammar; and the third division,
arithmetic, geography, and grammar. In a term or two chemistry was intro-
duced, and, in 1858, the faculty formed and presented to the board a four
years' course of study. The board directed certain changes to be made,
especially that the course should be arranged for two and not three terms a
year; and that German and French, which had been proposed as electives,
should be left out.

The scheme is given :
17

130 Pioneer Society of MicHiaAiir.

1859.

COUESE OF STUDY — TWO TERMS A YEAK.

First Tear.
First Term. — Algebra, History, Analysis.

Second Term — Algebra, Geometry, Physical Geography, Natural Philosophy,
Rhetoric.

Second Year,

First Term. — Geometry, Trigonometry, Chemistry, Botany, Arboriculture.
Second Term. — Surveying, IJrawing, Analytical Chemisfcy, Logic, Book-
keeping.

Third Year,

First Term. — Mechanics, Engineering, Organic Chemistry, Rhetoric.
Seco7id Term, — Civil Engineering, Vegetable and Animal Physiology, Eng-
lish Literature, — Anglo-Saxon Elective.

Fourth Year.

First Term. — Astronomy, Entomology, Veterinary, Mental Philosophy.
Second Term. — Political Economy, Constitutional Law, Geology, Mineralogy,
Moral Philosophy.

The labor system began on the plan of making the school one in which the
student should nearly support himself by his labor. President Williams says
in his report, April 1, 1858: **The paramount object is to enable the student
to support himself by his own labor while acquiring his education." He adds,

It is quite probable that balances will be charged against the first classes
of students, while successive classes, under the superior facilities the institu-
tion will afford for cheapening the cost of articles of consumption, may
easily support themselves. It was a dangerous experiment to establish such
an institution on any farm, not already, in part at least, capable of the high-
est cultivation, and ready to yield the maximum of production."

In accordance with this system, but one man was regularly employed on the
farm. Mr. Hiram Hodges, the farmer, occupied the present herdsman's
house, only it was then situated upon the plank, some half mile east of the
college hall. The students were to do about all the work, and this work was
mostly clearing up land. For the first four or five years the students were
divided for work into three divisions; one went out to labor as early as half
past six, for the first term at half past five. After three hours of labor, they
transferred their tools and teams to the second division, and went in to lectures
and study; a third division worked three hours in the afternoon. Classes, of
course, also, were distributed throughout the day. Three hours' work was
required on Saturdays, as well as other week-days. Students were paid for
their labor according to fidelity and ability. The maximum rate the first year
was ten cents, the second year nine cents an hour. The following are exam-
ples of rating of those times :

In the summer term of 1858, 33 students received the maximum rate of
nine cents an hour for labor ; 30 received eight cents ; 15 received seven cents,
and ? received five cents. In 1859 the rating was very minute.

Sixty acres of land were brought under cultivation the first year.

The price of board the first term was $2.50 ; the second term $2.10 ; in

MiCHiaAN- State Agricultural College. 131

1878 $1.75, with 25 cents extra for tea and coffee if used, and 60 cents a week
for washing, heating, and lights. In 1859 hoard was $2.30.

Students of the present day will find it difficult in imagination to reahze
those early days of the institution. It was a wearisome task to reach Lan-
sing. Three and a half miles over a wretched road, through the forest, took
them to the clearing in which the few college halls were situated. It was not
a road to travel often. Prayers were frequently held much earlier than now.
On Sundays, for the first year, the clergymen of Lansing preached at the col-
lege in turn. At the close of this year, on account of some difficulties which
I know of only by hearsay, the board directed the faculty to take charge of
these exercises, and invite no one. There was always a Bible class on Sundays.

Students were usually crowded four in a room.

The students, however, had the excitement of study, of work, of complain-
ing of their food, and early organized societies for mutual improvement.
These, at that time, had no Greek letter names, and were open to any who
wished to participate in their benefits. An early society was called the Excel-
sior Lyceum; the Cincinnatus followed, and the Sons of Demeter. Party
politics frequently ran high at the election of society officers. A reading room
was started, and amongst others, the Lansing Republican at once sent its
paper to the college, and has continued to do so ever since. I am not sure but
the same is true of the Journal. The Flint Citizen came from the beginning
of 1859, if not from the first, and Mr. E. B. Pond, of Ann Arbor, sent the
Argus from May, 1858, until he sold it in 1878. Horace Greeley, who mani-
fested a lively interest in the college, sent the students a box of books, and
the students themselves subscribed for five English magazines. So they
helped the library and reading room to grow in interest. Besides debates,
they had lectures not very infrequently.

Professor Fisk gave the first lecture July 17, 1857; followed by Prof. Tracy,
in September, President Williams lectured on Obedience to Natural Law."
Other lecturers were Rev. George Willard ; Rev. 0. W. Knickerbacker ; Rev.
Asa Mahan; President E. B. Fairfield, of Hillsdale college ; President Welch,
of the Normal school, on American Deficiency in Taste;" C. B. Stebbins,
Esq., a poem ; Hon. James Birney ; Bethune Duffield, Esq. ; William With-
ington, Theory of Civilization;'' Eugene Tainey, Esq., on '^Cuba;" Hon.
J. M. Gregory.

The Michigan Female College, presided over by the Misses A.bby and Delia
Eogers, was at Lansing, and parties and courteous attentions were not infre-
quent between the institutions — the whole college, officers and students"
being subjects of invitation.

Then there was a splendid meteor in May, 1857, exploding and shaking
houses; a splendid comet in September, 1858, rising before the sun, and
lingering after sunset ; and a grand illumination with bonfires, and speeches
by officers and students, September 1, 1858, for the laying of the Atlantic
cable. There was always something for the busy heads and hands.

An occasional public exercise gave some variety to life.

The first public exhibition was November 16, 1859. There was music by a
quartette and the following original pieces :

On chemistry and its practical applications — Essay, Edgar J. Abbott.

Midas — Oration, Wm. M. Greene.

Stems of Trees — Essay, Gilbert A. Dickey.

Mathematics — Essay, Charles J. Monroe.

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Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAisr.

Sources of Error in Investigation of Truth — Oration, Charles E. Hollister.

Whisky — Essay, Allen Benton Morse.

The Anglo Saxon Eace— Oration, W. Wallace Preston.

Iron — Essay, Albert Prentiss.

Patriotism — Oration, Seneca N. Taylor.

Of these speakers, Messrs. Dickey, Hollister, and Prentiss afterward gradu-
ated. Mr. Dickey was killed in battle. (See report for 1881-2, page 29).
Mr. Morse gave an arm in the service, and in 1875 was State senator from
Ionia, where he still resides, a lawyer. Mr. Charles J. Monroe was in the
State Senate from South Haven in 1883. Both as senators were of great
service to the college. Mr. Wm. M.Greene entered the army in August, 1862,
and was killed, as second lieutenant, January 29, 1863, near Cumberland
River. He was one of the most excellent of students and of young men.
Seneca Taylor is now a successful lawyer of St. Louis, Mo. Mr. Hollister is
a farmer in Laingsburg, this State. Mr. Prentiss is professor of botany in
Cornell University.

During the second year of the college Mr. W. W. Cochrane was instructor
in book-keeping from June 17 until his death at his home in Detroit, Septem-
ber 29. Mr. Cochrane was from Cora Linn, near Scotland, and was much
beloved.

The students, indeed, had an easier time than those who administered the
affairs of the college.

The $56,320 appropriated from sales of Salt Spring lands, given in 1855,
and the $40,000 appropriated in 1857, were entirely spent before the opening
of this college year (1858). A monthly allowance of S500 was borrowed, and
by the close of the year the college was $13,000 in debt.

The difiQculties of establishing a college in the forest, three and a half miles
from the nearest village, had been underrated. Prices had greatly advanced
since the undertaking had commenced; hard times, with frequent failures,
and general distress prevailed. The year 1858, too, had been a sickly one at
the college. The students were, however, loyal, and had laid a mile and a half
of tile drain, had put over a hundred acres into crops. The present apple
orchard was planted in 1858.

1859.

With the year 1859 the affairs of the college came largely under the man-
agement of the Hon. John M. Gregory, who had been elected to the superin-
tendency of public instruction, an office which he filled with great ability for
six years. The board of education remained unchanged, the Hon. George
Wiliard being the president of it.

March 7, 1859, President Williams resigned, before the opening of the
spring term, leaving an interregnum in the office, which continued for four
years. At the same time Mr. Holmes also resigned his place (although it was
resumed afterwards in 1860). R. P. Johnstone, Esq., editor of the Michigan
Farmer, became superintendent of the farm for the year and secretary of the
faculty. Henry Goad by, M. D., entered on duty as professor of entomology
and physiology, occupying the house vacated by President Williams, and now,
1883, occupied by Secretary Baird. The preparations of Dr. Goad by were of
exceeding nicety (as, for example, the nervous system of a spider), and rare
beauty. He lectured during the year. He died some years ago at the house
of his daughter in Milwaukee.

MiCHiGAiq- State Agricultural CoLLEaE. 133

Mr. Cleveland Abbe, M. A., of the University of the city of New York, came
as instructor in civil engineering and drawing. Mr. Abbe is now the meteorolo-
gist of the signal service at Washington, and well known to readers of
astronomical and other scientific journals.

Silas A. Lane was steward of the boarding hall. Towards the close of the
year visitors were appointed : Perley Bills, of Tecumseh, and T. T. Lyon, of
Plymouth,

NEW DEPARTURE, 1860.

There had been in 1859 a good deal of discussion as to what an agricultural
college ought to be, and to teach. Hon. John M. Gregory, ex officio secretary
of the board, at last developed a plan to make the college more strictly a
technical school, like the medical school. The plan is given in detail in his
report, as superintendent, for 1860, pages 41 to 59. It was to advise with the
board regarding these changes, that visitors, Mr. T. T. Lyon and Mr. P. Bills,
were appointed.

The scheme embraced a course of one year preparatory study, and two years
professional study, in six departments. 1. Theory and practice of agriculture ;
2. Agricultural chemistry ; 3. Civil and rural engineering; 4. Botany and
vegetable physiology ; 5. Zoology and animal physiology; 6. Horticulture;
and 7. Practical farming.

In November, 1859, the board met in Lansing, and after discussion,
adopted the new plan. The professors at once resigned their places, and
their resignations were accepted. In December, 1859, the boarding hall —
always a source of trouble — was let out for the year 1 860, to Mr. Silas A.
Lane, with an engagement to give good board at $2.50 a week. The plan
was not successful, and in December, 1866, the boarding hall was put in
charge of the faculty.

February 1st the spring term opened. Lewis R. Fisk was professor of
chemistry, and by election of the faculty, president pro tempore. Theophilus
C. Abbot was professor of civil and rural engineering, and treasurer, which
latter office he had held in 1858 and 1859. George Thurber, M. D., of New
York City, and now and for many years one of the principal editors of the
American Agriculturist, was professor of botany and vegetable physiology.
Manley Miles, M. D., of Flint, State Zoologist, was professor of zoology and
animal physiology. John C. Holmes was superintendent of the horticultural
department.

James Bayley, ex-President of the State Agricultural Society, and said to
be one of the best farmers of Oakland county, was superintendent of the farm.

Some departures were permitted from the new course in the case of students
who were here in previous years under a more literary course of study, and
Mr. Robert Hall Tripp, a graduate of the University the next year (1861),
and subsequently Professor of Latin in the University of Minnesota, was
employed as an instructor.

There were, in 1860, 8 Juniors, 17 Sophomores, and 24 Freshmen and
preparatory students, — in all 49, representing 21 counties. This falling off
in the number of students has generally been attributed to the change in the
plan. The first term began February 29 and continued until August 7. The
second term began August 14 and closed with a Junior exhibition November 1.

In the first term the studies might all be termed professional except the
pure mathmetics. The scheme was : 7 :45 A. M., Natural History, Prepara-

134 Pioneer Society of Michigan.

tory and Freshmen ; 8:45 A. M., Juniors in Chemistry, Freshmen in Trigo-
nometry; 9:45 A. M., Juniors in Mineralogy and Botany: 10:45 A. M.,
Juniors in Geology, Freshmen in Botany; 3 P. M., Preparatory students in
Physical Geography ; 4 P. M., Preparatory class in Algebra.

In the second term Whately's Ehetoric and Logic were taught by Mr. Tripp.

March 26. Bell rung at night to call attention to a beautiful corona of
the northern lights.

May 9. Abraham Lincoln nominated for the Presidency at Chicago.

Sept. 6. The college students in uniform paid a visit to Governor Wm. H.
Seward who was in Lansing. They were drawn in a car decorated with
appropriate devices, clusters of rakes, hoes, axes, chains, etc. The address
to Governor Seward was replied to by the Governor most happily.

The school year 1860 closed with a Junior exhibition November 1, which
was participated in by twelve students, ten of whom afterwards graduated.

The college had 25 acres in wheat, 30 in corn, 15 in oats, 3 in potatoes, and
40 in hay. The stock was valued at $1,401. The appropriation made to the
college for 1859-60 was $37,500. With this sum the Board of Education
paid the large indebtedness of the previous two years, and at the close of the
year 1860 the college was virtually free from debt. The buildings consisted
of the present (1883) college hall, a boarding hall since burned, the present
carpenter's shop, used as a barn, four dwellings for professors, and the herds-
man's house, then in the orchard. The public highway ran through the
grounds between the professors' houses, and there was not a field clear
enough of stumps for the use of a mower.

1861.

EEOKGAKIZATION OF THE COLLEGE. — CBEATIOI^ OF A STATE BOARD OF

AGRICULTURE.

The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Hon. J. M. Gregory first,
and afterwards the board of education, recommended that a new board be
created to have charge of the State Agricultural College. It had become the
policy of the State to commit each of its institutions to a board of its own,
as it has more recently, to have in the Legislative houses a standing com-
mittee upon each.

There was besides considerable dissatisfaction with the cutting down of the
course of study, and the displacing from it of literary studies. The old idea
of the founders had been, to quote from an article in the Detroit Tribune,
written by Mr. W. D. Cochrane, not long before his death: "The grand
idea that self-sustaining labor can go hand in hand with mental culture and
refinement of ^ taste." The feeling prevailed amongst farmers that in their
own institution their sons were to receive an education not inferior to that
given in any college.

In December, 1859, after the adoption of Mr. Gregory's plan, the matter
came up in the executive committee of the State Agricultural Society, and a
committee was appointed to inquire into the condition of the college and to
report in October. This committee, consisting of James Bayley of Troy,
Dr. George K. Johnson of Grand Rapids, and Frederick Fowler of Hillsdale,
reported that the objects of the college were: 1st. The explaining of the
philosophy of agriculture, imparting a knowledge of the laws of nature that
underlie the cultivation of the soil; and, 2d. Affording mental culture and
discipline to enable the student to comprehend and reason about the laws.

Michigan- State AaEicuLTURAL College.. 135

They say: '*As every farmer must be a citizen, as his rights of property and
person are both affected by the constitution of society, and as his habits of
thought are in great part formed during his collegiate course, he is certainly
as much interested as any one can be in securing a thorough and substantial
education. * * Our sons should not be satisfied with anything less than a
full course in science and literature." They recommend the transfer of the
care of the college to a State Board of Agriculture. The report was adopted
in December, 1860, and a committee appointed to memorialize the Legislature
on the subject.

A bill to this effect and to reorganize the college was introduced into the
Senate, and was much discussed in the committees there, and by the news-
papers outside. Mr. Williams, ex-president of the college, was a member of
the Senate, and his influence is plainly visible in the provisions of the bill.
Mr. J. 0. Holmes was also freely consulted, as is shown in various manuscript
memoranda. Two curious provisions of the printed bill were excluded before
its passage. The one forbids the requiring of attendance of students at any
religious exercises if, of age, he objects, or if either parent objects. The
other forbids the existence of secret societies of students. The bill in the
Senate was in charge of Hon. Ira H. Butterfield. It was passed by the
Senate by a vote of 24 to 5.

In the House a bill creating a State Board of Agriculture was passed with
but one negative, but not being approved by the Senate committee, the Senate
bill, when it came down to the House, was passed instead, by a vote of 58 to
18. Hon. J. Webster Ohilds had charge of the bill.

With few changes the organic act under which the college is managed,
exists to-day as it was passed in 1861.

The persons who were to constitute the first board are named in the law,
section 36. They -all served the periods for which they severally drew lots,
except Mr. Silas A. Yerkes, of Lowell, Michigan. He met two or three times
with the board, and in October resigned his place to enter the army. He
entered as second lieutenant of the 13th infantry, became captain February
26, 1863. He was wounded at Ohickamauga, September 19, 1863, was bre-
vetted major for meritorious conduct, and discharged when no longer able to
serve his country as a soldier, May 15, 1865. Mr. Yerkes' place was supplied,
by election of the board, by Abraham 0. Prutznian, of Three Rivers, who
remained a member of the board until 1873. When his term expired he was
a member of the Senate, and ineligible to a renewed appointment.

February 27 was the time for the beginning of the term, under the old
regime, but by legislative action the opening was deferred until such time as
the new board should set for it. The board held their first meeting April 4.
Governor Blair, member ex-officio, was elected president of the board, and
lots were cast for terms of office. Mr. Philo Parsons, of Detroit, and Mr.
Justus Gage, of Dowagiac, drew for two years. Mr. David Carpenter, of
Blissfield, and Mr. Hezekiah G. Wells, of Kalamazoo, drew for four years,
and Messrs. Yerkes and Charles Rich, of Lapeer, drew for six years. Mr.
Langford G. Berry was made treasurer.

The 17th of April the term opened. Messrs. Fisk, Abbot, Thurber, and
Miles were reappointed to their professorships, in accordance with the course of
study required by law, Mr. Abbot taking as his department, history and Eng-
lish literature. Mr. J. G. Ramsdell, now J udge Ramsdell, of Traverse City,
gave instruction in book-keeping, and the laws and rules of business.

136

Pioneer Society of MicmaAN.

A catalogue was issued in 1861, which has been followed annually by others.
A report was issued in 1862, and regular reports have been issued since that
time, so the record of succeeding events is plain.

Under the new law the Board of Agriculture consists of six appointed mem-
bers, two being appointed every other year, by the Governor of the State.
The term of office is six years. The Governor of the State and the president
of the college are ex-officio members of the board. The course of study is to
be of not less than four years, and is liberal in its range, languages being
neither mentioned nor excluded. Soon after the opening of the spring term
of 1861, a four years' course of study, and an additional preparatory course
of one year was adopted.

Although the civil war had broken out, and students were leaving the col-
lege to enlist, the attendance was sixteen greater than in 1860.

Since its reorganization in 1861, the college has gone steadily on, making
progress and friends.

In 1862 the congressional grant of 240,000 acres was made, and serves now
(1883), to yield the college an annual income of $22,000. The present presi-
dent of the college was elected to his position in November, 1862. The
catalogue of 1861 shows a faculty of four professors, an instructor, and a
superintendent of the farm. The catalogue for 1883 shows a president, nine
professors, a secretary, who is a member of the faculty, a librarian, and six
subordinate officers of instruction. The college buildings in 1861 were a
college hall, a boarding hall, a brick barn, and five dwellings. By the mid-
dle of next year there will be eleven dwelling houses, two dormitories, a col-
lege hal], chemical laboratory, botanical laboratory, greenhouse, library hall,
astronomical observatory, apiary, a boiler house, and eight farm and garden
barns. A library of 1,200 books has grown to 8,000. The stock has increased
from a valuation of $1,400 to a valuation of $18,000, and the number of
students from 66 to 185. The property at the college is valued at $340,000.

Through frequent reappointments, sixteen appointed members have filled
out the terms of twenty-six. The utmost harmony has always prevailed in
the board, and one of the members named in the law, the Hon. H. G. Wells,
of Kalamazoo, remained on the board continuously, usually as its president,
from 1861 to the spring of 1883.

The graduates of the college number (1882) 272, and are scattered into
twenty -four States and territories, although three-fourths of them remain in
Michigan. One-half the graduates are farmers, or engaged in business
directly related to farming, and a much larger proportion are in occupations
related to industrial arts.

The chair of practical agriculture was established in 1865. The last chair
established is that of veterinary; the last before that was of horticulture as
distinct from botany, and the addition to the duties of the botanist of instruc-
tion in forestry.

In one sense, the college has gone beyond its enclosures, for its six annual
winter farmers' institutes brmg the college men and farmers together in the
common discussion of topics, and the future opens a prospect of honorable
usefulness. It is, and may it ever remain, the Farmers' College.

History of Hillsdale CoLLEaE. 137

HISTORY OF HILLSDALE COLLEGE.

BY HON. JOHN C. PATTERSON.

Read June 13, 1883.

Hillsdale College was founded by the Free- Will Baptist denomination. It
was first located at Spring Arbor, in Jackson county, Michigan, under the
corporate name of Michigan Central College, and was afterwards removed,
-or, more accurately speaking, abandoned at Spring Arbor, and re-established,
at Hillsdale. Michigan Central College and Hillsdale College, although hav-
ing different corporate names, different locations and different charters, were
owned, controlled and conducted by the same denomination, managers, and
faculty, had the same patrons, and were, in fact, one institution. The his-
tory of Michigan Central College is the early history of Hillsdale College.

DENOMINATIONAL.

In the year 1778, Benjamin Randall was pastor of a Baptist church at New
Durham, in the State of New Hampshire. Randall had been converted
under the inspired preaching of George Whitfield, and was fired by the same
religious zeal. It was observed however that he did not preach the stern
Calvinistic doctrines then entertained by his denomination. When asked
why he did not preach the doctrines of predestination, etc., he replied,
^'Because I do not believe them.'^ He was accused of heresy, tried before
an ecclesiastical tribunal, found unsound in doctrine, and disfellowshiped in
1779. Although adjudged guilty of heresy, Randall continued to preach the
gospel as he understood it, and on the 30th day of June, 1780, he organized
the first Free-Will Baptist church, consisting of seven members, and laid the
foundation for the denomination at New Durham, New Hampshire. The
Bible was taken as the standard of its faith and practice. Freedom of the will
— which suggested the name of Free-Will Baptist for the denomination — was
proclaimed as an essential part of its creed. During the next half century,
churches were established in New England, Canada, and the Middle States.
The ministry were zealous men, devoted in piety, sacrificing in spirit and
incessant in labor. Many of the ministers of the denomination, during the
first half century of its existence, were men of native ability, and were
powerful speakers but uneducated. Prejudice against an educated minis-
try, and education for the ministry predominated during the first sixty years
of the denominational existence, and for a long time previous to 1840 the
denomination had been losing from its ranks many ministers of piety and
promise, on account of its position on the question of education." This
18

138

Pioneer Society of MiCHiGA^ir.

prejudice was not confined, during those years, to the Free-Will Baptist
denomination alone. It was a general sentiment among the masses, and was
encouraged in this denomination by a misapprehension of the teachings of
Eandall and his cotemporaries.

They preached the necessity of a consecrated heart as a sine qua non quali-
fication for a Christian minister, with so much emphasis that they seemed to
undervalue or ignore educational qualification. They did not oppose an edu-
cated clergy, but they denied that learning alone was a sufficient qualification
or a substitute for a divine call to preach, or for the grace of God in
the heart. They taught that a cultivated intellect was desirable in a minis-
ter, and that a consecrated heart was indispensable. During the time that
the denomination was under the personal influence of these men very little
attention was given to the cause of education. No educational institution
was established by the denomination until 1832. The agitation of the educa-
tional question in the denomination was commenced in New England about
that time. On the loth day of January, 1840, a denominational educational
society was organized at Acton, Maine, to provide means for the intellectual
and moral improvement of young ministers." This sketch outlines the edu-
cational status of the denomination in the East, at the time its first churches
were planted in the territory of Michigan.

PIONEER WORKERS AND WORK.

The pioneer Free-Will Baptists of Michigan were not behind their New
England brethren in this educational movement. Though few in number,
limited in means, and scattered over the territory, they were devoted to their
church, and possessed that religious ardor, and progressive spirit which cheer-
fully make sacrifices to secure a denominational triumph. The first Free-Will
Baptist church in the territory of Michigan was organized near Ypsilanti,
Washtenaw county, March 14th, 1831. It had no pastor. There were no
ordained ministers of the denomination in the territory. Upon the petition
of the church, Henry S. Limbocker, who held a license to preach, and under
whose ministrations the church had been organized, a young man of promise,
was ordained as a minister by the Free-Will Baptist authorities of Western
New York. A preacher was thus secured, and the denomination commenced
its work in the wilds of Michigan. Elder Henry S. Limbocker was a native
of Cayuga county, New York, and had removed from Parma, Monroe county^
New York, to Ypsilanti in 1830. Other churches were planted in Oakland
and other counties in the vicinity during the next few years. Elder Samuel
Whitcomb and Elijah Cook, Jr., were among the early Free-Will Baptists who
settled in the territory. They came together from AVestern New York, and
located on Cook's Prairie, in the township of Eckford (then in the township
of Homer), in Calhoun county, in 1834. They were men in middle age, with
families of grown up children. Before they were fairly settled in their log
cabins, the organization of a Free-Will Baptist church was determined upon,
and on the 12th day of March, 1836, the Free-Will Baptist church of Cook's
Prairie was organized by them at the school-house, then standing near the
site of their present tasteful church edifice. Elder Samuel Whitcomb was the
first pastor of this new church. A native of New Hampshire, he had removed
to Michigan from Alabama, Genesee county, N. Y. He was a tall, spare man,
with a large mouth, prominent nose, and heavy eyebrows, and of a command-
ing presence. Nature had endowed him with a good voice and a fluent com-

History or Hillsdale College. 139

mand of language. He also possessed that emotional nature, and magnetic
power which hold and move the hearer. He was especially gifted in prayer
and exhortation, and his power as a preacher was due to these gifts, rather
than to his logic or his homiletics. He was a man for the times, and became
one of the leading ministers of the denomination. Elijah Cook, Jr., soon
began to preach, and was ordained as a minister. He was a native of the
State of New York, and removed from Clarendon, Orleans county, to Michi-
gan. He was a tall, square-shouldered man of marked presence. Positive,
energetic, and possessed of an indomitable will, he had that zeal and force
which overcome all obstacles. His command of language was poor, it was
sometimes painful to listen to him, but he was a great singer. His soul was a
pent up volcano of religious feeling which could find vent only in sacred song.
He lived and labored before church choirs were deemed an essential part of
religious worship, and when congregational singing was both popular and
profitable. His voice leading the congregation in Sabbath service, or in the
prayer or covenant meeting never failed to fire the hearts of the listener with
the spirit of the song, and arouse the deepest religious emotions. In Whit-
comb and Cook, the Free-Will Baptists in Michigan had a Moody and Sankey
forty-nine years ago. These pioneer evangelists preached and held revival
meetings in various localities, and planted churches in Calhoun, Jackson, and
adjacent counties. Elder Henry S. Limbocker continued to reside at Ypsi-
lanti, and to preach in the adjacent counties until 1836. He then moved to
Leoni, Jackson county. In personal appearance, talent, and style of speaking,
he resembled Elder Whitcomb. He was more logical and argumentative in his
sermons, and was an evangelist by nature. He preached to various churches
in Jackson and adjoining counties, and was considered as one of the leading
ministers of the denomination in the State. Elders Whitcomb, Cook, and
Limbocker labored on their farms during the week until Saturday, and then
drove to their distant appointments, preached two or three times Sunday,
returned home on Monday, and prepared their sermons at the plough during
the week. As farmers, they supported themselves, and as missionaries, they
laid the foundation in the wilderness for a great and useful denomination.
Largely through the labors of these three men, the Michigan yearly meeting
of the denomination was organized at Leoni, in 1839, with four hundred and
sixty members.

The demand for an educated ministry, and the educational movement was
being agitated in denominational circles in the east. Elder Samuel V^hitcomb,
Elder Elijah Cook, and Elder Henry S. Limbocker, as early as 1835, took a
stand in favor of an educated ministry. With their limited common school
education, they were conscious that their own usefulness was crippled for the
want of better intellectual training and educational acquirements. They had
the sagacity to foresee that the church of the future would demand an edu-
cated ministry ; that education was becoming more general, the communicants
more enlightened, and that the denomination would be compelled to raise the
standard of education to enable it to keep up with the times, and to build up
and maintain its interest in intellectual centers. They recognized education
as the handmaid of religion, and preached this truth to their congregations.
They discussed the educational question at their homes, and in private circles,
and advocated the plan of a denominational school for the purpose of educa-
ting their ministers and their children; a school where the intellect could be
trained under a strong religious, yet catholic influence. They advocated an

140 PioisTEER Society of MicmaAi^.

educational enterprise to accomplish a denominational end. These pioneer
fathers, as they toiled and sacrificed, doubtless remembered that the denomi-
national or religious element entered very largely into the work of establishing
Dartmouth, Yale, Harvard, Brown's, Princeton, and numerous other great
institutions of learning, and had it not been for the demand for learned min-
isters and learned laymen, as well as a love for a higher education those col-
leges would not have been planted in colonial days, to bless the church, nation,
and race.

During the years in which Hon. Isaac E. Orary and Hon. John D. Pierce
at Marshall in the province of statesmanship were agitating and perfecting
the plan of our State public school system, laying its foundation broad and
deep, to be crowned by our great University, Samuel Whitcomb and Elijah
Cook, Jr., the cotemporaries, near neighbors and personal friends of Crary
and Pierce, on Cook's Prairie, ten miles away, were agitating and perfecting
a plan and laying its foundations broad and deep for a denominational school
in the domain of church polity. Elder Samuel Whitcomb was the first to
bring the subject of a denominational school before the churches and con-
ferences, and was the pioneer advocate of the cause. Elder Cook pushed the
matter with all his power and rendered it great service. Had his sentiments
on the subject of education been expressed in verse and set to music, his
song would have been quite as powerful in the cause as the appeals of his
more eloquent co-worker. Elder Limbocker publicly and privately urged the
necessity of an educated ministry, and advocated a denominational school to
provide the means for securing that end. His earnest eloquence and forcible
arguments contributed greatly toward preparing the way for definite action.
The churches were few, the members poor, and not many could be reached
by the denominational press. We must remember that public sentiment in
Michigan forty-five years ago was not moulded by our present public schools
and our numerous denominational institutions now in successful operation.
The necessity and benefits of such a college were not fully appreciated by the
masses, and required discussion before action. Up to the year 1844, the
public discussion of the educational movement in the denomination in Michi-
gan was for the most part conducted by Elders Whitcomb, Cook, and Lim-
bocker, and to some extent by Elder EUwood. The agitation had been

mostly confined to the churches coming under their personal ministration, in
Calhoun, Jackson, and adjacent counties.

In the educational movement, the clergy did not do all of the work. The
laymen did their full share. Among the laymen first taking a active part in
this advance step in the denomination, Hon. Daniel Dunakin, a native of
western New York, who located in Eckford, Calhoun county, in 1835, was
the most prominent. He was a man of broad views, and was public-spirited
and liberal with his means. Having accumulated a competency at an early day
he was one of the wealthiest men in the denomination in the State. Intelligent
and active, he was a leader in every progressive movement. He was at least
twenty years ahead of his times, and an ardent friend of the cause of educa-
tion! One of the first trustees of Micliigan Central College, at Spring Arbor,
he continued on the board of trustees until his death in 1875. I know of no
person in the denomination who has contributed more generously of his time,
labor, and means to Hillsdale College than Daniel Dunakin. As long as he
lived he watched the institution with parental solicitude, and staked his for-
tune for its existence. Its scanty treasury was replenished by a constant

History of Hillsdale College. 141

stream from his own purse, and at his death a liberal bequest was transferred
to the endowment fund.

Eli T. Chase, a native of the State of 'New York, who settled in Eckford
in 1835, took an active part in establishing the school at Spring Arbor. He
was a neighbor and co-worker of Daniel Dunakin. Thomas Dun ton and
Deacon Heman Oowies, of the township of Battle Creek, Calhoun county,
were among the early advocates and friends of the school. Deacon Joseph S.
Blaisdell, of Assyria, Barry county, a native of Vermont, did effective service
in the movement. Rosevelt Davis, of Blackman, Jonathan L. Videto, and
Joseph C. Bailey, of Spring Arbor, Jackson county, were leaders in the denom-
ination in the educational movement, and worked earnestly for an institution of
learning. Deacon William Smith, of Spring Arbor, though not a member of
the denomination, rendered great service to the cause, and was one of the
most useful friends the school possessed. Had it not been for his able sup-
port and timely aid, in an early crisis, the enterprise would doubtless have
failed.

OEGANIZED ACTIOI^.

The Michigan yearly meeting of the denomination was to convene for its
fourth annual conference after its organization, at Franklin, Lenawee county,
in June, 1844. This conference was composed of delegates elected by the
several quarterly meetings then existing in the State. The Calhoun quarterly
meeting, consisting of churches situated in Calhoun, Jackson, and adjacent
counties, had been the source from which the agitation of the educational
movement in this State had originated. This quarterly meeting appointed its
delegates to the annual conference at Franklin some weeks before the confer-
ence was to convene. Among these delegates were Elder Samuel Whitcomb,
Elder Elijah Cook, Deacon Joseph S. Blaisdell, Deacon Heman Cowles, and
Thomas Dunton.

This delegation conferred together, and agreed that the time had arrived
in Michigan to take organized action on the educational question, and
determined to bring the subject of establishing a denominational school before
the yearly conference.

At that time. Elder David Marks, of Oberlin, Ohio, was one of the leading
ministers, and perhaps the most influential man in the denomination. David
Marks held a position with the Free -Will Baptists similar to that of John
Wesley with the Methodists. Having entered the ministry a mere boy, and
with a limited education, he had preached as an evangelist for twenty years
with great success. Many churches had been organized, and many members
had united with the denomination under his ministrations. He was a zealous
leader in the educational movement in the denomination, had been instru-
mental in establishing Geauga Seminary, at Chester, Ohio, and had extricated
other denominational schools from difficulties. Then in middle life, and in
the midst of his usefulness, he had moved to Oberlin, to use his own words,
" with a fixed and unalterable determination, if the Lord will, to pursue those
studies needful for preparing me to enter college, then to take a thorough and
regular course through college and theology."

Elder Elijah Cook, after conferring with the other delegates from Calhoun
quarterly meeting, wrote to Elder Marks concerning the contemplated move-
ment at the yearly meeting, and requested him to be present at that meeting,
and advocate the measure by his voice and presence. Marks was prevented

142

PioisTEER Society of MicmaAi5".

from being present on account of illness. He forwarded Cook's communica-
tion to the denominational educational society of New England, and replied,
heartily endorsing the proposed measure and action. During the session of
the yearly meeting at Franklin, in June, 1844, Lewis J. Thompson, of Oak-
land county, delivered an address upon the subject of Christian Education,
before the conference. Early in the business session of the conference.
Elder Samuel Whitcomb, the prime advocate of the educational movement in
the State, made a motion to raise ten thousand dollars to establish a denom-
inational school within the territory of the yearly meeting. Kosevelt Davis,
of Jackson county, seconded the motion. The measure was discussed at
length, and at different sessions of the conference. The people were poor,
and the subject had not been generally canvassed throughout the territorial
limits of the yearly meeting, and the conference was unprepared to grapple
with the question. Elder Chauncey Eeynolds, now of Hillsdale, was a mem-
ber of the conference, as a delegate from the G-rand Eiver quarterly meeting,
and he expressed the sentiments of a large majority of the delegates, when, in
the course of the debate, he said : "As an individual, I favor the motion, but
the subject has not been canvassed in my quarterly meeting, and as a delegate
representing these churches, I do not feel justified in voting for the measure
which will impose upon them the burden of raising the necessary means. I
will lay the matter before my churches, and at some future day I am confident
they will vote for the measure, and pledge the money." The motion seemed
doomed to be lost. The combined eloquence of Whitcomb, Limbocker, and
other friends of the measure, supported by the endorsement of David Marks,
with the magic power of his name, were unavailing.

Laurens B. Potter, now of Lansing, then a young man, and a friend of
the measure, foreseeing that unless the measure was modified it would be lost,
drafted a resolution and offered it as a substitute for the motion, which was
substantially as follows :

Besolved^ That a denominational school be established within the territorial limits
of the yearly meeting: that a committee of three be appointed to draft a constitu-
tion and by-laws, and that a convention be called at the village of Jackson, to con-
sider and adopt such constitution and by-laws, and to take such other measures as
shall be necessary to establish the school.

The vote was taken on this resolution. Samuel Whitcomb, Elijah Cook,
Joseph S. Blaisdell, Herman Cowles, and Thomas Dunton, the delegates from
Calhoun yearly meeting, voted aye. The other members of the conference
did not vote. Thus the motion was carried, and the first decisive step was
taken. Lewis J. Thompson, of Oakland county, Henry S. Limbocker and
Rosevelt Davis, of Jackson county, were appointed as such committee on con-
stitution and by-laws.

The convention of the churches, provided for in the resolution, convened
at the village of Jackson in July or August, 1844; the constitution and by-laws
reported by the committee were adopted. Cyrus Coltrin, of Oberlin, Ohio,
hearing of the contemplated action before the quarterly meeting at Franklin
through the correspondence with David Marks, was present at the conference,
and had conferred with the friends of the movement with a view of engaging
in the work at that time. The Jackson convention authorized Mr. Coltrin, as
financial agent, to solicit subscriptions and collect means to establish the
school. The convention determined to locate the school at the place where
the most liberal inducements should be offered, having due regard for the

History of Hillsdale CoLLEaE. 143

healthfulnes of the locality. Leorii, Jackson, and Spring Arbor, in Jackson
county, and Cook's Prairie in Calhoun county made efforts to secure the
institution. At an early day an effort had been made to establish an insti-
tution of learning at Spring Arbor. The territorial Legislature passed an act
in March, 1835, to incorporate the trustees of Spring Arbor Seminary.

In October, 1835, the corporation elected a corps of officers. Two hundred
and ten acres of land were conveyed to the seminary for a site, subscriptions
were obtained, and a quantity of brick for the buildings was contracted for,
but the work was delayed on account of the financial crisis of. 1837. During
this delay, the location was deemed undesirable, and an offer was made to
move the school to the town offering the most favorable inducements. Albion
made an acceptable offer, and in 1839, the Legislature amended the charter
by changing the name and location. Spring Arbor Semiaary thus became
The Wesleyan Seminary of Albion, and was the beginning of Albion College.
The benefits of an educational institution in a community had been
thoroughly canvassed in Spring Arbor before a Free- Will Baptist institution
had been conceived, and the community was prepared for action. Under the
lead of Videto, Bailey, and Davis, in the denomination, supported by Deacon
Smith, Dr. Cornell, Col. Benedict, and others outside of the denomination
but interested in the locality. Spring Arbor raised the the largest subscrip-
tion and secured the location of the school. The churches throughout the
State were vigorously canvassed, and subscriptions were taken during the
summer and fall of 1844. The subscriptions were of small amounts, and
were frequently payable in property or labor. Elder Chauncey Reynolds, of
Ionia County, for his subscription, agreed to convey eighty acres of land for
the use of the institution whenever it could be sold for six hundred dollars.
His subscription was the largest made, and he thus demonstrated by his liber-
ality that he was individually in favor of the enterprise, as he had stated in
the Yearly Conference at Franklin. The funds for the enterprise donated to
a great extent by persons of limited means, were thus gathered together.

At the time that David Marks received the letter from Elijah Cook, pro-
posing to establish a denominational school in Michigan, Daniel M. Graham,
of Gilead, Branch county, Michigan, was a member of the Senior class at
Oberlin college. He was studying for the ministry, and being very intimate
with Marks, they talked over the plan together, and canvassed the future of
the institution. Marks used his influence to enlist Graham in the work, and
recommended him to the trustees and friends of the contemplated school as
B, suitable person to take charge of it. A few thousand dollars had been
pledged, and Spring Arbor Seminary was organized on paper. Upon the sug-
gestion of Elder Marks, Mr. Graham met with the trustees of the seminary
at Spring Arbor, in October, 1844. Rev. A. Nichols, of Oberlin Theological
Seminary, called the attention of the trustees to the fact that there was no
institution of learning in the Free-Will Baptist denomination that aspired to
the name and functions of a college. Thereupon the board of trustees voted
to change the name of the institution from Spring Arbor Seminary to Mich-
igan Central College at Spring Arbor, and appointed a committee to procure
a charter from the Legislature. They also elected Daniel M. Graham presi-
dent and faculty of the college. This meeting of the board of trustees was
held at the same time, and in connection with the quarterly conference of
Oalhoun quarterly meeting. The president elect of the college was licensed
to preach by this conference, according to the usage of the denomination.

144

Pioneer Society of MicmaAir.

At an early day the Free- Will Baptist denomination took radical grounds
against slavery. Its General Conference, in 1839, refused to admit slave-hold-
ers to their communion, and ever afterward it was made a test of church
fellowship. Mr. Graham was in full sympathy with his denomination on that
subject. He had been educated at Oberlin, then the very hot-bed and source
of anti-slavery sentiment. Mr. Graham preached his first sermon under that
license before the quarterly meeting in the school-house in Spring Arbor, near
the residence of Joseph C. Bailey, the following Sunday. In applying the
lessons of the sermon to practical life, he spoke of the cause of education.
The congregation approved. He spoke of the cause of temperance, and there
seemed to be some difference of opinion. "Lastly," he spoke of African
slavery as a national sin and curse, and immediately a storm was apparent.
One of the pro-slavery friends of the school began to mutter his disapproval,
and as the shots came faster and heavier from the anti-slavery battery behind
the rude pulpit, he left the house, shouting as he went: ''I will not listen to
such talk.'^ Others were threatening to follow, when the speaker remarked
that possibly a more appropriate text for the occasion would have been ''The
wicked flee when no man pursueth."

This sermon sounded the key-note of Michigan Central College and Hills-
dale College on that question during all the years of the existence of slavery.
Local trustees, and friends of means and influence outside the denomination,
were offended by this bold stand. The slavery question became an apple of
discord, and caused bitterness and embarrassment among the friends of the
enterprise. These differences, however, were not fatal to the cause, and it
was determined to open the school the following December. What a college !
It had no money, no endowment, no charter, no legal organization, no build-
ings, no library, no apparatus, no students. ^Nevertheless the announcement
was made to the world that the halls of Michigan Central College, at Spring
Arbor, would be opened on the 4th day of December, 1844. A few days prior
to the time designated. President D. M. Graham was duly settled in a log hut
on the hill near the old Indian burying-ground, in Spring Arbor. At the
appointed time, school opened in an old building formerly used as a store.
The building was small, wood-colored, a story and a half high, and contained
two rooms, one on the first and the other on the second floor. These two
rooms served as chapel, recitation rooms, reception room, library, laboratory,
etc., for the institution. On the first day of school, five students, viz.:
Livonia E. Benedict, Moses Benedict, Jr., George L. Cornell, Clinton B.
Fiske, and Andrew J. Graham matriculated and enrolled their names on the
college register. Other students came in during the term, among whom we
are able to name Henry E, Cook, Stephen Mead, and Laura E. Hayes of
Cook's Prairie, and Mary G. Cornell of Spring Arbor. The number of
students gradually increased, some coming from the immediate vicinity of
the school, other from distant Free- Will Baptist, Quaker, and anti-slavery
families and influences. The school continued, it is difficult to tell how.
During the first term, the wood and the money were exhausted at the same
time, when Henry R. Cook, one of the students, volunteered to chop the
timber in the woods, Mr. Taylor, a neighboring farmer, volunteered to haul
the wood to the school building, and other students volunteered to prepare it
for the stove, and thus the fuel question was settled. Other wants were sup-
plied, and other difficuties overcome, in like spirit and in a similar manner.

At that time we had no general law for incorporating colleges. It had

History of Hillsdale College.

145

been the settled policy of our State government to give to our State university
the exclusive power to confer collegiate degrees, and no college charters had
then been granted by our Legislature. The trustees were unable to obtain a
college charter for the institution from the Legislature of 1845. An act was
passed, however, which was approved on the 19th of March, 1845, enacting
**That Elijah Cook, Drusus Hodges, Jonathan L. Videto, Justus H. Cole,
Joseph 0. Bailey, Henry S. Limbocker, Lemuel W. Douglass, Lewis J.
Thompson, and Enos W. Packard, and their successors in office shall be, and
they are hereby constituted and deemed a body corporate, by the name and
title of The Michigan Central College at Spring Arbor, and shall be trustees
of said college, with the power to hold property to the amount of thirty
thousand dollars, to sue and be sued, to have a seal, with power to appoint
and remove teachers, and to admit and dismiss students."

Two college buildings of wood were commenced in 1845. The land sub-
scribed by Elder Chauncey Eeynolds had been exchanged for lumber, and the
materials from various subscriptions and sources had been collected during the
winter. Hon. Daniel Dunakin, a stone mason by trade, laid the foundation
walls with his own hands, and Elder Laurens B. Potter, " in his own proper
person," mixed the mortar and tended the mason.

These buildings, situated about fifteen rods north of the street, were of
wood, two stories in height, plain in architecture, with gables towards the street,
and stood on high foundation walls of stone. The plan was to connect them
as wings to a main building to be erected in the future. They were alike, and
each was about thirty-five feet wide by sixty feet in length, and stood about
one hundred feet apart. The first floors were used for recitation rooms, the
second were divided in the center by halls, with dormitories on each side.
The buildings were completed and ready for use in the fall of 1845. Another
building, about the same size and style, was afterwards erected on the south
side of the street for dormitories.

During the summer and early fall the public school-house near the residence
of Joseph C. Bailey was used by the college, which moved into the new build-
ings during the fall term of 1845. The school gained in public favor and
patronage. The Free-Will Baptist general conference in 184? donated five
hundred dollars to purchase apparatus for the institution. A library of several
hundred volumes was collected from private contribution. Amos Lawrence,
of Boston, and Edward Everett, then president of Harvard University, con-
tributed more than half of the books. An act of the Legislature was approved
March 20th, 1850, amending the charter of the college by granting the power
"to confer such degrees and grant such diplomas as are usually conferred and
granted by other colleges, providing that the course of study pursued in said
college shall be in all respects as comprehensive as that required, or shall be
hereafter required, in the University of Michigan." This amendment also
granted authority to hold property to the amount of one hundred thousand
dollars.

This was the first college charter granted by the Legislature of Michigan,
and this was the first college ever chartered in the Free-Will Baptist denom-
ination. The institution had anticipated the amendment to the charter, and
students had been pursuing the regular college courses of study. The school
had been founded on the basis of co-education, and was open to all, irre-
spective of nationality, creed, color, or sex," In 1851, Elizabeth D. Camp,
19

146 Pioneer Society or MicHiaAN.

of Palmyra, N. Y., graduated from the scientific course, and received her
degree, Joseph Andrews of Sandstone, Harriet N. Benedict of Spring
Arbor, Laura E. Hayes of Cook's Prairie, Julia A. Woodman and Sarah V.
Woodman of Paw Paw, Jane E. Tripp of Spring Arbor and Abigail S.
Tripp of Jackson graduated from the scientific course, and Livonia E. Bene-
dict of Spring Arbor from the classical course, in 1852, and received their
appropriate degrees. Livonia E. Benedict, now the widow of the late Rev.
Wm. H. Perrine, D. D., of Albion, has the honor of being the first lady who
graduated from the classical course, and received the degree of A. B. from a
Michigan college. William H. Perrine and Levant C. Ehines of Sandstone,
and Walter H. Watkins, of Albion, graduated from the classical course, and
James H. Stewart, of Yankee Springs, from the scientific course in 1853, and
received their degrees from the college. This was the last class graduated
from Michigan Central College at Spring Arbor. The college opened at
Spring Arbor December 4th, 1844, and closed its doors July 6th, 1853, to be
transferred to Hillsdale. Thirteen students, nine from the scientific course,
and four from the classical, graduated from the college under its charter.

Seven hundred students received instruction in the institution during its
existence. Among the number who have come into prominence in subse-
quent life may be named Rev. Wm. H. Perrine, D. D., of the M. E. church.
Rev. C. S. Armstrong, D. D., of the Presbyterian church. Reverends W. H.
Watkins, Geo. S. Bradley, and L. J. Whitcomb of the Free-Will Baptist
church. Gen. Clinton B. Fiske of N. J., Gen. Jasper Packard of Indiana,
Major L. C. Rhines, who fell before Petersburg while in command of Michi-
gan Sharp Shooters, Andrew J. Graham of N. Y., the leading phonetic
author and publisher of the day, Prof. Lewis McLouth of the State Normal
School, Mrs. Wm. H. Perrine, nee Livonia E. Benedict, Wm. K. Gibson and
Melvin McGee of Jackson, A. D. Rich of Chicago, H. C. Hawkins of Kansas,
Geo. L. Cornell, late of St. Clair, Prof. James H. Stewart of Arkansas, Hon.
Eugene Belden, Rosevelt H. Davis, M. D., Wm. J. Teft, Mrs. Mary G. Legg,
nee Mary G. Cornell of Jackson, Miss Sarah Mahony of Reading, Mrs.
Charles Dickey, nee Angeline G. Thomas of Marshall, Henry R. Cook of
Clarendon, Rev. Alfred A. Dunton and Lorenzo D. Reynolds of Hillsdale,
Alexander W. Dodge of Ionia, W. W. Woodman of Paw Paw, Rev. Francis
Douglass, late missionary to the West Indies, Hon. Lycurgus J. Wheeler of
Nashville, Miss Emma Gifford of Battle Creek, Hon. S. F. Allen of Kansas
City, Mo., Hamilton J. Dennis, State Librarian of Kansas, Samuel Lappin,
ex-State Treasurer of Kansas, Gen. Wm. Humphrey ex-Auditor-General
of Michigan, Hon. George A. House of Lansing, Gilbert R. Lyons, Esq., of
Owosso, Addison E. Dunbar of Monroe, P. W. Adams of Tecumseh, Still-
man F. Breed of Paw Paw, Marshall Tingley of Rives, J. F. Rogers, Sam-
uel Hubbard of Franklin, Hon. M. A. 0. Packard, of Plymouth, Ind.,
Jackson A. Howell of Albion, Mrs. C. V. DeLand nee Miss Perry, James M.
Harrison of Duplain, Samuel Chapel of Parma, Henry F. Bean of Spring
Arbor, Wesley A. Green of Detroit, Hon. Daniel L. Grossman of Williamston,
Mrs. Jasper Packard, ?2ee Hattie Tibbits, Miss Olive M. Tibbits, Dexter W.
Green of Farmington, Walter Rowe of Chicago, and Cutting B. Wiley of
Hudson.

We are able to name the following persons who acted as trustees of the col-
lege : Elijah Cook, Drusus Hodges, Jonathan L. Videto, Samuel Hubbard,
Henry S. Lim booker, Lemuel W. Douglass, Daniel Dunakin, Moses Benedict,

History of Hillsdale College. 147

Gilbert Striker, Laurens B. Potter, Lewis J. Thompson, George L. Foster, A.
Landon, James De Puy, Eli T. Chase, Edmund B. Fairfield, Michael
Thompson, John Thomas, James E. Beebe, J. G. Cornell, Henry E. Whipple,
E. H. Cook, and Charles H. Churchill.

Deacon William Smith, of Spring Arbor, though neither a trustee or a
member of the denomination, was one of the principal agents in organizing
the college and in opening the school. His death a few weeks after the school
opened, was a severe loss to the institution. Elder Henry S. Limbocker was
one of the most active and useful friends of the enterprise. He rendered
invaluable services in raising money, in getting the school into operation, and
in inducing students to attend. President Graham, in opening the school and
in planning the different departments, was greatly aided by the wise counsels
of Elder Limbocker and Deacon Smith.

INSTBUCTOKS.

Rev., Daniel M. Graham taught in the institution and held the position of
president until 1848, when ho resigned. Rev. Horace Wellington was professor
of languages, Lewis J. Thompson was tutor, and Laurens B. Potter assistant
teacher ; he was also secretary of the corporation. In 1848, Rev. Edmund B.
Fairfield, a graduate of Oberlin College, was elected president of the insti-
tution. He accepted and discharged the duties of the position until the school
closed in 1853. He was also president of Hillsdale College frond its organiza-
tion until June, 1869. The president was the principal instructor during those
early years. Stephen Mead acted as tutor in the languages. Miss S. J. Fair-
field was principal of the female department. She was succeeded by Miss
Mary E. Williams.

As the attendance increased, and the classes were multiplied, advanced
students were employed to teach the lower branches. Among the students
thus employed I am able to name the following : Frank Tallant, Wm. H.
Perrine, Livonia E. Benedict, Julia Packard, Eliza D. Camp, Lucy St. John,
Walter H. Watkins, Joseph Andrews, and Sarah Mahony. More teachers
were required to meet the demands of the institution, and in 1851 Prof. Charles
H. Churchill, now professor of physics in Oberlin College, was elected professor.

In January, 1852, Rev. Ransom Dunn, now at the head of the Theological
department at Hillsdale, was elected professor. In January, 1853, Rev.
Henry E. Whipple, who had graduated from Oberlin College, and had been
a tutor there, was elected professor. Professors Churchill, Dunn, and Whipple,
upon their respective elections, entered upon their duties. An able faculty of
active and progressive men had been procured. Their presence and labors
increased the number of students and raised the expectations of the friends of
the college. Though a denominational school, it was not sectarian. A strong
moral and religious influence surrounded it, yet a liberal and Catholic senti-
ment prevailed. More recitation rooms and dormitories .were indispensable
to meet the growing demands of the institution. It not only required build-
ings, but also an endowment. The faculty and trustees determined to meet
this exigency by raising the necessary building fund from the immediate
locality, and the endowment fund from the denomination at large. An appeal
was made to the local community for contributions to erect the additional
buildings required. No response was made to the appeal, and no effort made
to respond. A narrow disposition was manifested in the community to make
money out of the institution before it had been put upon an independent

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Pioneer Society of MicmaA^r.

basis. Without further financial aid the college could neither meet the grow-
ing demands upon it, nor fulfill its proper mission. The life and usefulness
of the enterprise were at stake. No encouragement came from the locality.
Heroic treatment was required.

REMOVAL.

Early in 1852 Prof. Ransom Dunn became convinced that Spring Arbor
either did not possess the means, or did not have the liberality to give the
requisite assistance to the college, and that it could not meet the expectations
of the denomination, or accomplish its legitimate mission in that locality.
He stated his convictions at that time to the faculty who thoroughly can-
vassed the matter. Prof. Charles H. Churchill was the first to agree with
Prof. Dunn, and finally the whole faculty arrived at the same conclusion.
The question of removal was soon agitated by the friends of the college.
The locality raised a stormy opposition. On the 5th day of January, 1853,
the subject was brought before the board of trustees for formal action by the
following resolution introduced by Elder Henry S. Limbocker: "Resolved
that it is inexpedient to continue the operation of Michigan Central College
at Spring Arbor." This resolution was amended so as to read as follows:
"Resolved, that we will consider the expediency of removing Michigan Cen-
tral College to some point more suitable for its location as soon as conven-
iences can be procured." A bitter discussion followed. The greatest excite-
ment prevailed, students left their recitations unexcused, and citizens sus-
pended business and attended the trustees' meeting. This meeting of the
Board is now known as the stormy session." The amended resolution was
adopted : Trustees George L. Foster, Eli T. Chase, Elijah Cook, J. E.
Beebe, Henry S. Limbocker, Ransom Dunn, Charles H. Churchill, Lewis J.
Thompson, and Edmund B. Fairfield voted in favor of it, and trustees Moses
Benedict and Laurens B. Potter, against it. A committee was appointed con-
sisting of Trustees Fairfield, Beebe, Foster, Dunn, and Limbocker, to confer
with the citizens of Jackson, Adrian, Cold water and other places and ascer-
tain what inducements these several villages would offer the college, by .way
of contribution towards buildings and grounds. The board then adjourned
until January 19th, 1853. President Fairfield and Prof. Dunn, as members
of the committee to confer with localities, visited Coldwater, looked over the
field, and together conferred with the citizens.

The citizens of Coldwater received the committee very cordially, and prom-
ised liberal contributions toward grounds and buildings, should the college be
located at that place. Here the two members of the committee separated,
and Professor Dunn returned by the way of Hillsdale. Late in the afternoon
of the 14th day of January, 1853, Prof. Ransom Dunn, a stranger and alone,
drove into Hillsdale, and registered at the hotel then standing near the center
of the village. He inquired of the landlord for citizens who were interested
in schools, and in educational matters. Among others, the late Dr. Alonzo
Cressy was named. The Professor called at the doctor's office, introduced
himself, and made his mission known. The doctor caught the idea, and
comprehended the opportunity at once. Without words, and in that quiet
way so peculiar to himself, the Doctor asked to be excused for a few minutes.
He soon returned in company with several citizens. The professor stated the
object of his visit to them. The citizens present determined to call a public
meeting that evening, at the court-house. Notice of the meeting was heralded

History of Hillsdale College.

149

over town. Professor Dunn expected to find only a few present at the meet-
ing called on so short a notice. At the appointed time, a committee of citi-
zens called at the hotel, and escorted the professor to the place of meeting.
To his great surprise he found the court room filled with wide awake citizens.
The professor addressed the meeting, and described the work and needs of
the school. He stated that the friends of the enterprise desired to build up a
first-class college ; that they were ready to do their part towards accomplish-
ing that end, and indicated what would be expected of the locality.

This meeting of citizens promptly voted to make an effort to secure the
location of the institution, and appointed a committee to confer with the col-
lege authorities. Professor Dunn, with a company of citizens, spent the fol-
lowing day in looking over the various desirable grounds for a college site, in
the vicinity of Hillsdale. Upon reaching the hill where the college now
stands, Professor Dunn mounted a stump, then standing in the bushes a few
rods south of where the central building is now situated, and glancing over
the ground exclaimed in that thrilling manner so peculiar to him : '^Here is
the place for the college Was it the voice of an oracle? or the voice of
prophecy ? Hillsdale had captured the professor, and the professor had cap-
tured Hillsdale.

The professor returned to Spring Arbor to be present at the adjourned
meeting of the board of trustees. At Jonesville he was joined by President
Fairfield, who had remained at Ooldwater, and had received a liberal offer
from that community. The President was disposed to recommend Ooldwater
to the board, when he was joined by Professor Dunn, but, upon comparing
notes, it was decided to let Hillsdale and Ooldwater compete for the school.
At the adjourned meeting, the board of trustees determined to continue the
school at Spring Arbor until the close of the academic year. The committee
to confer with other localities reported the encourgement received from Oold-
water and Hillsdale, and recommended that a committee of five trustees be
appointed, to be composed of members, not locally interested in the decision,
to locate the college at Jackson, Adrian, Hillsdale, Ooldwater, or Marshall,
on condition that the locality should raise fifteen thousand dollars for build-
ing purposes.

This report was adopted, and Ransom Dunn, Daniel Dunakin, Oharles H.
Ohurchill, George L. Foster, and Eli T. Ohase were appointed that committee.
Meantime the citizens of Hillsdale were active. Judge Daniel L. Pratt, Dr.
Geo. W. Underwood, Ool. Ohristopher J. Dickenson, and Dr. Daniel Beebe
were secretly sent to Spring Arbor to be in town during the adjourned meeting
of the board of trustees, and to ascertain for themselves what there was in the
enterprise. These spies sent out were strangers in the community, and were
ostensibly in town on another errand. It was arranged that Prof. Dunn
should not recognize them.

Upon arriving in town they were confidently informed that the college
was to be removed to Ooldwater. They saw the members of the faculty and
the board of trustees, the students at work, and the school in operation, and,
upon returning to Hillsdale, reported that the grapes were good, and urged
the citizens to secure the college. Marshall and Adrian made no effort to
secure the location of the school. Many of the friends of the college had
favored Jackson as the most desirable location. Hon. Michael Shoemaker, of
Jackson, was a member of the State Senate in 1850, and through his personal
efforts the charter was amended, and the authority to confer degrees granted

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Pioneer Society of Michigan.

to the college. Mr. Shoemaker, then a Wilmot-Proviso democrat, attempted
to enlist the citizens of Jackson in the cause, and urged them to make an
effort to get the college located in that village. At that time, the pro-slavery
element predominated in Jackson, and Mr. Shoemaker's appeals were gener-
ally answered by the remark that Michigan Central College was an abolition
institution, and they did not want it in their midst.

Coldwater and Hillsdale made efforts to secure the institution. These places
were situated on the line of the Michigan Southern railroad, and at that time
no institution of learning had been established on the line of that road, while
several had been located on the line of the Central, which was a strong argu-
ment in favor of the two competing localities. It was arranged that the com-
mittee on location should first visit Coldwater and go from there to Hillsdale.
While the committee was at Coldwater the Hillsdale men were vigilant. The
late William Waldron had arranged with a shrewd young man from Toledo to
keep him informed on the negotiations between the committee and the citizens ,
at Coldwater. When the committee arrived, this young man, supplied with
credentials and letters of introduction to prominent citizens, was stopping at
the principal hotel, looking over the town and making acquaintances with a
view to locating and investing in the village. Among other things the citizens
urged in favor of the town, that a college was to be located at that place,
and informed him of all the secret understandings and negotiations with the
committee. Coldwater offered to give ten thousand dollars for building pur-
poses, and the committee gave them great encouragement. The citizens felt
that they had secured the institution.

Wm. Waldron and the Hillsdale managers were kept fully posted during
these negotiations, and had a full verbal report before the committee arrived.
It seemed much like a mere matter of form for the committee to make its
promised visit to Hillsdale. Upon arriving at Hillsdale, the committee on
location was informed by the citizens, through Dr. George W. Underwood,
that they had no bids to make. Before the committee recovered from this
unexpected rebuff, the doctor asked the committee to name the amount of
contributions they would accept and locate the College at Hillsdale and enter-
tain no other propositions. In other words, the committee were asked to
name the price for locating the College at that place. The committee at first
were not able to give their figures, but after conferring together they named
fifteen thousand dollars, to be used for building purposes. The citizens of the
township of Hillsdale offered to raise fifteen thousand dollars in the township
providing the College would raise another fifteen thousand dollars for the
same purpose and thereby double the amount of the building fund. This
proposition was accepted by the committee on condition that the fifteen
thousand dollars required of the College should be raised in Hillsdale county.
The citizens agreed to this condition and the negotiations were consummated.

The committee reported this agreement to the board of trustees on the 16th
day of February, 1853, and their action was promptly ratified by the board.
Hillsdale, seeing the grand opportunity, by its business shrewdness and prompt
action, secured the location of the College on paper. At this meeting of the
board', provisions were made to raise the amount of money required of the
College for building purposes. C. W. Ferris of Hillsdale was elected treas-
urer. Trustees Dunakin, Fairfield, Limbocker, Whipple, and Churchill were
elected to act as a prudential committee. This committee was authorized to
act with a committee of citizens of like number' to locate the site of the

History of Hillsdale College. 151

invisible college." Hon. Esben Blackmar of Newark, N. J., then owned a
thousand acres of land adjoining the village on the north, and Dr. Daniel
Beebe had, charge of these lands as agent. The citizens sent him to Newark,
N. J., to solicit aid from Mr. Blackmar. As a result of this mission, a deed
of twenty-five acres of land, where the college now stands, and five hundred
dollars in money was contributed by Mr. Blackmar. Seven citizens of Hills-
dale subscribed one thousand dollars each, and the sura of sixteen thousand
five hundred dollars was speedily raised in the township. Meanwhile the
faculty, introduced and assisted by citizens of the village, were vigorously
canvassing in the territory assigned to them. The county responded promptly
and generously. Within three months it pledged twenty-one thousand dollars
to the enterprise. The township and county contributed seven thousand five
hundred dollars more to the building fund than had been required. These
results were reported to the board of trustees on the 25th day of May, 1853.
The board now determined to raise an endowment fund of one hundred
thousand dollars for the college, and tea thousand dollars for manual labor
purposes. Henry J. King was elected secretary and book-keeper of the cor-
poration.

On motion of Ransom Dunn, a committee was appointed to negotiate
with the authorities of Geauga Seminary, with a view to consolidating the two
schools. This seminary had been established by the Free-Will Baptist denomi-
nation in 1843 at Oherlis Cross Roads, in Geauga county, Ohio, and had been
the result, to a very large extent, of the labors of Elder David Marks, who
had acted as its financial agent. The trustees of this institution had rejected
the first charter granted to it by the Legislature of Ohio, for' the reason it
excluded colored students from the privileges of the school. It was here that
James A. Garfield commenced his studies. He was persuaded to enter this
seminary by Rev. Samuel D. Bates, one of the founders, and for many years
a trustee of Hillsdale College. Here Garfield recited to Prof. Ransom Dunn
and Rev. George E. Ball, then teachers in the seminary, now of Hillsdale Col-
lege, and here he determined to pursue a course of study.

Hon. Samuel B. Philbrick, H. D. Johnson, J. B. Snow, and Daniel Branch
were among the founders and friends of this school. Daniel Branch, Mrs.
Daniel Branch, John Beech, Miss Abigail Curtis, Rev. George E. Ball, D. D.,
Rev. Ransom Dunn, D. D., Rev. George T. Day, D. D., Prof. Spencer J.
Fowler, A. M., and Rev. C. B. Mills, A. M., were among the teachers of this
school. The last five persons named have been members of the facultv at
Hillsdale.

After a year of negotiations, Geauga Seminary was sold, its scholarships
redeemed, and the remaining effects, amounting to two thousand dollars and
upwards, were transferred to Hillsdale College. Elder David L. Rice and
Hon. Samuel B. Philbrick, of Ohio, rendered great service in procuring this
transfer. Geauga Seminary and Michigan Central College were thus con-
solidated, and became the principal organized factors of Hillsdale College.

The work at Hillsdale was pushed with vigor. Materials were purchased,
contracts let, and June 13th, 1853, tlie ground for the buildings was broken.
On the fourth day of July, 1853, the corner-stone of the college edifice was
laid, with imposing ceremony, in the presence of a large concourse of people.
The citizens of the county having contributed the means, had a personal
interest in the enterprise, and turned out e7i 7nasse to witness the ceremony.
Hon. Henry Waldron was president of the day; Prosident Edmund B. Fair-

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Pioneer Society oe MicmaAN.

field orator, and Col. Frederick M. Holloway and Dr. Daniel Beebe were
marshals. Professor Kansom Dunn made the consecratory prayer. Patriot-
ism, education, and religion united at Hillsdale on the occasion, in a celebra-
tion which has never been equaled in that generous community.

Work was commenced on the walls on the 1st day of August, 1853, and
the basement and foundation walls of the five connected buildings, two hun-
dred and sixty-two feet long by sixty feet deep were completed within thirty
days. The business had been done, subscriptions taken, and lands conveyed
in the corporate name, and for the benefit of Michigan Central College at
Spring Arbor. The trustees and the citizens of Hillsdale had thus far acted
upon the theory of removing the corporation from Spring Arbor to Hillsdale.
School had been continued at Spring Arbor by the corporation and faculty,
until July 6th, 1853, the commencement day of that academic year. The
board of trustees, two days after the corner-stone was laid at Hillsdale, met
at Spring Arbor, and appointed Professor Ransom Dunn agent to raise means
to pay the debts of the college, with full power to sell and convey the property
of the institution at Spring Arbor, for that purpose.

With the graduating exercises of the class of 1853, the existence of the
school ended, and the doors of Michigan Central College at Spring Arbor,
were closed. The citizens of the town now fully realized the situation. The
opposition to the removal now began to take form, and legal measures were
determined upon to prevent the removal of the school. On the 27th day of
August, 1853, the citizens of Spring Arbor caused a bill to be filed in the
circuit court for the county of Jackson, in chancery, in the name of the peo-
ple of the State of Michigan, on the relation of the Attorney G-eneral as com-
plainant, against the Michigan Central College at Spring Arbor, James
De Puy, Charles H. Churchill, Ransom Dunn, Laurens B. Potter, Lewis J.
Thompson, Joseph E. Beebe, Francis Woodbury, Elijah Cook, Daniel Duna-
kin, Chauncey Reynolds, Eli T. Chase, Henry S. Limbocker, Edmund B.
Fairfield, Henry E. Whipple, and John Thomas as defendants. The individ-
ual defendants were the trustees of the college. This bill was filed on behalf
of the stockholders of the corporation, with a prayer to restrain the trustees
from selling or removing the property at Spring Arbor, and to restrain them
from collecting money, and from building a college at Hillsdale.

A preliminary injunction was issued, restraining the trustees according to
the prayer of said bill during the pendency of the suit. On the 8th day of
November, 1853, the college demurred to the bill. None of the trustees
answered except Elijah Cook, who on the 19th of January, 1854, answered
and disclaimed intent. The faction opposing the removal made the most
of this suit. Suits for damages were threatened. Great uneasiness was
caused among the trustees by the threats and pending litigation, from the
fact that the charter provided, that the trustees of said college shall be jointly
and severally liable for all judgments obtained against the corporation." The
individual trustees were restrained under heavy penalties by the mandate of
the court from collecting funds and from erecting the buildings already
begun. Some who were not enjoined by the court made the suit a pretext for
refusing to fulfill their promises. The timid faltered, the brave were cautious,
and enthusiasm in the work at Hillsdale died out. Other difiiculties arose.
In this crisis, Dr. George W. Underwood, one of the original leaders and one
of the most efficient workers in the cause at Hillsdale, one of the seven men
who had pledged one thousand dollars each towards the college, and a mem-

History of Hillsdale College.

153

ber of the building committee, a man who had given assurances that he
would endow a professorship in the institution, took offense and refused to
pay the balance of his subscription. It became necessary to bring suit on his
obligation to test its validity. This suit was carried to the supreme court of
the State for final adjudication. Others refused to pay, and collections for a
time ceased. The work dragged. Mr. Perkins, the contractor on the brick-
work, worked alone for months, laying brick. After reaching the second
story the work was suspended, and the walls covered over with boards for
protection. Henry J. King and Prof. Henry E. Whipple were designated a
committee to keep the breath of life in the enterprise. Dr. Daniel Beebe
was added to the building committee for the same purpose, but only by artifi-
cial means was its vitality maintained at home during a large part of the
year 1854.

Another difiiculty now became apparent in the light of litigation. The
business had been done in the corporate name of Michigan Central College at
Spring Arbor. Subscriptions for buildings and contracts had been made
with that corporation. The corporation under its charter had no authority to
receive the subscription to build a college at Hillsdale and no authority to
remove to Hillsdale. Legislative sanction was necessary. There was no gen-
eral statute under which a college could be incorporated. At that time it was
the fixed policy of the State to incorporate no colleges, but reserve the power
of confering collegiate degrees for the State University. The charter of
Michigan Central College was the only exception to that rule in. the history of
the State. In that act, the Legislature gave the power to confer degrees only
upon conditions that the same work was done at the college that was done at
the University. The Legislature supposed that the college could not comply
with that condition or the power would not have been granted. The enter-
prise at Hillsdale had no other alternative than to look to the Legislature for
relief. It was determined to ask for a general college law, under which to
incorporate, rather than for an amendment to the old charter which would
authorize the removal. This cause would secure influence from other schools
desiring to acquire power to confer degrees. The friends of the enterprise
now turned their attention toward securing friends and influence in the Legis-
lature to be elected in 1854. Hillsdale selected Dr. Alonzo Cressy to take the
matter in hand. He was nominated and elected to the iState Senate in that
interest. Daniel Dunakin was nominated and elected to the House of Repre-
sentatives from Calhoun county for the same purpose.

A general college law was agitated throughout the State, and was made a
special subject of discussion by the friends of the enterprise and the mem-
bers of the denomination so deeply interested. The board of trustees still
clinging to corporate existence under their old charter, on the 19th day of
December, 1854, resolved to use all honorable means to procure the passage
of a general college law by the Legislature at its coming session. Under the
State constitution of 1850, educational corporations were required to be
organized under general laws, and special charters were prohibited. A gen-
eral law was the only hope. The institution at Spring Arbor and the Free-
Will Baptist denomination had long been identified with the anti-slavery cause.
When the republican party was organized upon an anti-slavery platform at
Jackson in 1854, the great mass of the denomination found themselves in
full sympathy with its principles. The party took the same ground that the
30

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Pioneer Society oe MicHiaAisr.

denomination had for a long time been advocating, and in 1854 it received
almost the unanimous support of the Free-Will Baptist voters in the State.
The election of a Republican G-overnor and Legislature in Michigan in 1854
was fortunate for the college without a charter. The friends of the institu-
tion and the denomination had claims upon the new party in power. They
demanded a new departure in the policy of the State with reference to grant-
ing college charters. Other denominational schools heartily supported the
measure. Our present college law was introduced in the Legislature of 1855.
The measure was opposed by the friends of the State University, but the bill
was passed by the Legislature, and being approved by the Governor, became a
law on the 19th day of February, 1855. With the change of parties and of
administration in our State government, came a change of policy in grant-
ing college charters. The general college law of our State, under which our
numerous denominational colleges have been incorporated was introduced and
passed to meet the peculiar wants of Hillsdale college. The history of that
law is simply a chapter in the history of Hillsdale College.

The board of trustees held their last meeting under the old charter on the
3d day of January, 1855. At this meeting the announcement was made to the
board that the suit brought in the circuit court for the county of Jackson, in
chancery, on the relation of the Attorney General against Michigan Central
College, and the trustees individually, had been argued, and that Hon. David
Johnson, the circuit judge, had decided that there were no stockholders of the
corporation to Joe protected by a court of equity, and had dismissed the bill
and thereby dissolved the injunction issued against the defendants. Thus
one by one the obstacles were removed. The friends of the college took cour-
age and worked on with renewed zeal. A call was published in the local and
denominational papers for a meeting, to take the requisite steps to incorporate
the college under the new law. This meeting convened at the Presbyterian
church in Hillsdale, on the 22d day of March, 1855. Judge Joel McOollum
was elected chairman, and Prof. Charles H. Churchill secretary of the meet-
ing. A committee consisting of Henry E. Whipple, Henry J. King, Calvin
Clark, Charles T. Mitchell, Aionzo Cressy, Ransom Dunn, S. Chandler, A.
Mallony, R.Clark, and Daniel Dunakin, representing the citizens and the denom-
ination was appointed to nominate thirty-five trustees for the proposed cor-
poration. This committee nominated the following persons for trustees :
Henry S. Limbocker, Samuel R. Hawks, Isaac H. McCollum, Edward H. G.
Wilson, David H, Lord, Elijah Cook, and Freeborn W. Straight, for the term
of one year. George H. Ball, Jonathan Woodman, Alson Felch, John
Thomas, Calvin Clark, Frederick Fowler, and Major Barrett, for the term of
two years. Albanus K. Moulton, Orren S. Bunn, Esben Blackmar, David L»
Reice, Henry Packer, Daniel Beebe, and Lewis J. Thompson, for the term of
three years. Ebenezer Knowlton, Ezekiel Page, Daniel Dunakin, Daniel L.
Pratt, Frederick M. Holloway, and James B. Boldy, for the term of four
years; and George T. Day, Edmund B. Fairfield, Henry E. Whipple, Charles
Pierce, Ransom Dunn, Laurens B. Potter, and Azariah Mallony, for the term
of five years. These persons were duly elected the first board of trustees of
Hillsdale College. The college was organized on the plan of co-education,
and was open to all, "irrespective of nationality, color, or sex.^' The follow-
ing preamble and articles of association were adopted:

History of Hillsdale College. 155

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATIOJiT.

(

PREAMBLE.

The denomination of Christians known as Free-Will Baptists, with other
friends of education, grateful to God for the inestimable blessings resulting
from the prevalence of civil and religious liberty and intelligent piety in this
land ; and believing that the diffusion of sound learning is essential to the
perpetuity of these blessings, have determined to found and liberally endow
a College at Hillsdale, Hillsdale County, State of Michigan.

Towards the accomplishment of this object, sixty thousand dollars have
been subscribed, and twenty thousand dollars have actually been paid in, and
the undersigned have been appointed by the donors and subscribers to the
said funds, a board of trustees, according to the Law of the State of Michi-
gan, for the incorporation of Institutions of Learning, approved February
9th, A. D. 1855.

We have therefore organized the said Board and agree to adopt the
following

CONSTITUTION.

Article 1. This institution shall be called Hillsdale College.
Art. 2. The college shall be located at Hillsdale, Hillsdale County, State
of Michigan.

Art. 3. The object of this institution is to furnish to all persons who wish,
irrespective of nationality, color, or sex, a literary and scientific education as
comprehensive and thorough as is usually pursued in other colle2:es in this
country, and to combine with this, such moral and social instruction as will
best develop the minds and improve the hearts of the pupils.

Art. 4. The college shall always be under the management and control of
thirty-five (35) trustees, who shall be a body corporate and politic, according
to the law aforesaid, elected for the term of five (5) years (with the excep-
tion of the first Board) in such manner that the term of office of seven (7)
of the number shall expire annually, but they shall continue in office until
their successors shall be elected.

The first Board elected shall be divided by lot into five (5) equal portions,
the term of office of the first of which, shall expire on the day of the annual
meeting of the Board in 1856 ; the term of office of the second portion shall
expire on the day of the annual meeting in 1857; that of the third portion on
the day of the annual meeting in 1858; that of the fourth on the day of
the annual meeting in 1859 ; and that of the fifth portion on the day of the
annual meeting in 1860.

Art. 5. A majority of the board of trustees (not less than two-thirds, nor
more than three-fourths), and a majority of the faculty, in which the presi-
dent of the college shall be included, shall always be members in good stand-
ing in the Free-Will Baptist denomination.

Art. 6. The following persons, and their successors in office, shall be the
trustees of Hillsdale College :

Names given above.

Art. 7. All vacancies in the board shall be filled by vote of the majority
of the whole board, by ballot at any regular meeting.

Art. 8. The trustees shall meet annually at Hillsdale, on the Monday pre-
ceding the annual commencement of the college ; but special meetings of the

156 ' PioisrEER Society of MicmaAN.

board shall be called by the chairman, at the same place, upon the written
request of twelve (12) members of the board, by giving each trustee written
notice, at least twenty (20) days before such meeting, in which notice the
object of such meeting shall be stated ; and at any special meeting thirteen
(13) members of the board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of
such business as was specified in the notice of the meeting; but a less number
may adjourn from time to time.

Art. 9. Any trustee may be present at any meeting of the trustees by his
proxy thereunto legally authorized and appointed.

(By vote of the trustees in 1869, this article was so construed as to not
allow one trustee to act as proxy for another.)

The execution of the instrument constituting such proxy shall be proved or
acknowledged in the manner provided by law for the proof and acknowledg-
ment of deeds, to be recorded in the county of Hillsdale and State of Mich-
igan.

Art. 10. These articles of association may be amended by a vote of two-
thirds of the trustees at any annual meeting, on the petition of ten members
of the board, written notice of such amendment having been given to each
member at least three months previous to such annual meeting: Provided,
That Art. five (5) shall not be subject to amendment.

The general college law was complied with and Hillsdale College became a
body corporated under its provisions. It was the first institution incorporated
under this statute. The managers of the enterprise, both at Spring Arbor
and Hillsdale, were among the first educators in the country to grapple with
the question of co-education. This college was the first in the State to adopt
the plan, and it had been in successful operation at this institution a, score of
years before it was adopted by the State University. The lands and subscrip-
tions which were in the hands of individuals in trust for the college, were now
turned over to the corporation. In July, 1855, a code of by-laws was adopted.

In the meantime, the people at Spring Arbor, endeavoring to retain what
they could of the institution, made efforts to gain possession of the records of
the corporation. Laurens B. Potter, who first voted against the removal, but
was interested in the denomination rather than the locality, had the custody
of a portion of these records. Apprehending an effort to seize the books, he
carried them at night on foot cross lots" to Jackson and deposited them in
a place of safety. Two or three of the trustees interested in retaining the
school had gone through the formality of removing those trustees who had
been active in removing the enterprise, and had filled the pretended vacancies
with men opposed to the removal. The body thus constituted claimed to be
the lawful board and custodians of the corporate property. At the last
meeting of the regular board of trustees at Spring Arbor, Col. Moses Benedict,
at the head of a committee from the new board on the locality, demanded the
books, papers, and property of the corporation at Spring Arbor. The old
board refused to receive the gentleman as a committee from any authorized
source. Thus the contest between the two committees, two boards, and two
parties was carried on. Part of the records were lost. The library and
apparatus were scattered. The Spring Arbor faction retained the grounds,
the library, philosophical apparatus, and the property of the old corporation,
no part of it ever being received by Hillsdale. Hillsdale College, however,
did secure the faculty, the brains, and the living soul of the old college at
Spring Arbor. The material home for the new college was furnished by the

History of Hillsdale College.

157

liberality of Hillsdale county. The denomination abandoned the lifeless
body at Spring Arbor and nourished and sustained the living organization at
Hillsdale.

Prof. Charles H. Churchill, a member of the old faculty, taught a select
school at Spring Arbor during the academic year of 1853 and 1854. Though
this select school had no connection with the old college, it was favored and
patronized by the local party because it kept up the appearance of a school.
Many of the students of the^'college remained there and pursued their studies,
and the Hillsdale party, having full faith in the fidelity of Prof. Churchill to
their cause, encouraged the school, knowing it would tend to keep the students
together, and to keep up a organization among them while the buildings
were being erected at Hillsdale. Prof. Churchill's select school received sup-
port from both factions during the year of its existence, and constitutes the
ad interim connecting link between the old college and the new.

During this time the devoted faculty was not idle. While the work of
erecting the necessary college buildings at Hillsdale was going on, members
of the faculty were hard at work raising an endowment fund. The denomi-
national territory was divided. President Fairfield canvassed New York and
New England, Prof. Whipple canvassed Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana, and
Prof. Dunn the territory west of the great lakes. Michigan Central College
was the first college organized under the auspices of the Free-Will Baptists.
The enterprise at first had the whole denominational field for support. Other
institutions were planted by the denomination, which divided the territory and
contributions for educational purposes. The canvassers for the college found
half of their denomination cut off by these other schools, but a fund of about
one hundred thousand dollars was pledged and a large part of it paid in. In
a few months those friendly to removing the college were rewarded by seeing
buildings erected grander than they had ever dreamed, and a working endow-
ment fund secured. The college edifice was built of brick, four stories high
above the basement, and was completed in the fall of 1855. The central
building contained the chapel, which was surrounded by galleries on three
sides, the treasurer's office, five recitation rooms, and two society halls, and
was surmounted by a symmetrical dome, commanding an extensive view of
the hills and dales of Southern Michigan. The basement of East Hall was
used for dining room and boarding hall ; on the first floor were the parlor,
steward's rooms, and the halls of the Ladies' Literary Societies. The
remainder was used for ladies' dormitories. The West Hall was occupied by
the museum, laboratory, recitation rooms, and gentlemen's dormitories. It
has been the policy of this college to keep expenses as low as possible. The
boarding hall, with accommodations for two hundred and fifty persons, under
the control of the college, has been an important means of keeping board at
low rates. The old buildings contained upwards of twenty-five public rooms,
and one hundred and ten dormitories. The five buildings were connected,
and plain in architecture ; and standing upon the highest grounds in Southern
Michigan, they presented an imposing appearance.

The doors of Hillsdale College were opened and school commenced at the
new home and under the new charter, on the 7th day of November, 1855. The
following named persons constituted the faculty :

Rev. Edmund B. Fairfield, A. M., President.

Rev. Ransom Dunn, Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy and
Natural Theology.

158 Pioneer Society of Michigan.

- Kev. Chas. II. Churchill, A. M., Professor of Latin and French Languages
and Music.

Eev. Henry E. Whipple, A. M., Professor of English Literature and
History.

Spencer J. Fowler, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and Natural Phi-
losophy.

James Dascomb, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Physiology.
George S. Bradley, Tutor.

Miss Delia R. Whipple, Principal of Female Department.

About one hundred students were present at the time school began, and
one hundred and sixty-two were in attendance during the first quarter, among
whom were many of the old students from Spring Arbor. The buildings
were not yet completed, and the rooms were not furnished. The hardy stu-
dents, with true pioneer spirit, substituted nail kegs for chairs, boxes for
tables, and bunks of straw for beds until better conveniences could be pro-
vided. Classes were organized in the different courses of study, and Clariet
Capron, of Chicago, 111., and Eliza A. Scott, of Parma, graduated from the
ladies' course the following June. Four hundred and ninety-three students
attended during the first year of school, five hundred and eighty the second,
six hundred and sixty-nine the third, and seven hundred and fifty-seven the
fourth year. The college people and the citizens made every effort to furnish
work for indigent students. No recitations were had on Monday, that the
ladies might do their own work. Strange as it may seem, scores of those
young ladies, who now are holding high social positions, distinguished for
their culture, and the pride and envy of their neighbors, in those days not
only made their own wardrobe, and took care of their rooms, but actually
washed in the kitchen to defray their own expenses, and often did the wash-
ing and mending for their brothers, who, with themselves, were struggling to
secure an education and a position in life. In this institution labor and self-
reliance were not only honorable but popular.

The course of study in the college departments was substantially the same
as that required at the State University. The instruction was thorough. A
spirit of life and enthusiasm pervaded the whole institution. Every Thurs-
day afternoon lectures were given by members of the faculty, on moral,
scientific, and literary subjects, and were designed not only to instruct and
entertain the students, but to inspire them with noble purpose and lofty aims.
These lectures did much towards attracting students to the school. The
enterprise depended upon its own merits for success. The members of the
faculty, though working upon small salaries, were all able, energetic, eloquent,
and progressive men, thoroughly identified with the work, and bound to make
it a success.

In 1860 the first class, pursuing the full course at Hillsdale, fourteen in
number, graduated from the college. The standard of scholarship was
steadily raised. A good working library was collected. The denomina-
tion had a Biblical school at New Hampton, N. H., which was removed to
Lewiston, Me. ; its library was divided and one-half of it added to the college «
library at Hillsdale. A valuable herbarium and museum of natural history
and a large collection of valuable geological specimens were gathered together.
Extensive chemical and philosophical apparatus were procured.

During the war, whole companies were raised among the students,
college classes were thinned out by the enlistment of their members. Few

History of Hillsdale College. 159

institutions furnished more student soldiers than did Hillsdale College. At
the close of the war, many students returned and completed their studies.
The college continued in public confidence, was experiencing a healthy growth
and enjoying general prosperity, but a fiery ordeal awaited it.

riRE.

On the 6th day of March, 1874, the central building and west hall were
burned to the ground. The museum, the collection of natural history, and
a large amount of furniture and other property were also destroyed. The
loss was heavy and the blow severe. But no time was wasted in lamentation.
Before night, arrangements were made to open school the following day.
Churches and private rooms were converted into recitation halls and the
school went on. The trustees immediately determined to rebuild, funds were
collected, plans procured, and on the 18th day of August, 1874, the corner
stone of the new building was laid. Hon. John. P. Cook was president of the
day and Dr. Daniel Beebe marshal. Addresses were delivered by Prof. Ran-
som Dunn, D. D., ex-President Fairfield, D. D. LL. D., Hon. Henry Waldron,
Rev. Wm. H. Perrine, D. D., and Hon. W. J. Baxter. A different plan from
the old building was adopted. A group of five buildings was decided upon,
consisting of Knowlton Hall, Griffin Hall, Center Building, Fine Art Hall,
and East Hall. The first four of the halls named have been completed.
East Hall is the remnant of the old building. Funds are being raised to
complete the group by erecting Garfield Hall on the present site of East Hall.
This name is giyen to the hall as a memorial to President Garfield, and, from
the fact that he commenced his studies and wonderful intellectual career at
Geauga Seminary, which is now a part of Hillsdale College, it is highly appro-
priate.

The new buildings contain much more room than the old. A large and
convenient room for the museum has been fitted up in Knowlton Hall, and is
now filled with an extensive and growing collection. The library, containing
over seven thousand volumes, is conveniently arranged in a suite of rooms
expressly designed for that purpose in center building, and is constantly
increasing from the proceeds of the library fund, the interest being used to
purchase books. The college has telescopes, numerous microscopes, surveyors'
instruments, chemical and philosophical apparatus, and especial attention is
given to practical work in these departments. It requires as thorough a pre-
paratory training to enter, and as thorough work to graduate from this college
as from the university.

DEPAETMENTS,

Besides the preparatory department and the regular college department
with its classical, philosophical, and scientific courses of study, the institution
has several other departments deserving notice. The theological department
now has a full corps of professors and teachers, and is in successful operation.
Some of the professorships have been endowed and the endowment of others
is nearly completed. Students can pursue a thorough and comprehensive
course of theology under able instructors, a course that will compare favorably
with that of similar schools in the East, and receive the degree granted by
them. Three years are required to complete the prescribed course in this
department.

160

Pioneer Society oe MicmGAisr.

The commercial and telegraphic department offers superior advantages to
those seeking a commercial education. It is in charge of an able corps of
instructors and possesses every facility for its work. The department of music
has a thorough course of study and work, is conducted by proficient instruct-
ors, and offers especial advantages to those preparing to teach music. The
department of art has a four years course of study. Several artists of dis-
tinction, and professors of art have been educated at this institution. Per-
sons completing the course in the commercial, music, or art departments
receive appropriate credentials. A normal course of two years is provided for
those preparing to teach. It will thus be seen that the college has facilities
for acquiring accomplishments as well as for intellectual and social discipline.

INSTEUCTORS.

No attempt will be made in this paper to describe the talents, characters,
and attainments of the various instructors in Hillsdale College. Although
the educational history of the State, and the history of the college will be
incomplete without sketches of their lives and labors, the time has not yet
arrived for writing that chapter. Merely a catalogue of their names and
positions will be given, and for the present, their works will be allowed to
speak for them.

Eev. Edmund B. Fairfield, D. D. LL. D., late Chancellor of the State Uni-
versity of Nebraska, was the first president of the college. He had been
president of the college at Spring Arbor from 1848 until 1853, and continued
president and instructor at Hillsdale from its organization until June, 1869.
Eev. Geo. T. Day, D. D., was elected president of the college on two occasions,
but declined to accept. Eev. James Calder, D. D., was elected president,
and after holding the position two years, resigned to accept the presidency of
Pennsylvania State College. Eev. Daniel M. Graham, D. D., was then elected
president, and held the position for two years — the same who had been the
first president and teacher of the school at Spring Arbor. He resigned the
presidency of Hillsdale in 1874. The present incumbent, Eev. De Witt C.
Durgin, D. D., was elected to the position in 1874.

Eev. Eansom Dunn, D. D., had taught in Geauga Seminary, and had been
a professor at Spring Arbor two years before the school was removed. He has
been professor of Mental and Moral Science and Natural Theology in the
academic department, and professor in the theological department continu-
ally since the college opened at Hillsdale. He is now Senior Professor, and
at the head of the theological department, and has been Burr professor of
systematic and Pastorate Theology since 1863. Prof. Charles H. Churchill,
A. M. (now professor of Physics in Oberlin College), was professor of the
Latin and French Languages, and of Music from 1855 until 1858. Eev.
Henry E. Whipple, D. D., was professor of Ehetoric and Belle Lettres from
the opening of school to 1871. He had also been a professor at Spring Arbor.
Prof. Spencer J. Fowler, A. M., was professor of Mathematics and Natural
Philosophy from 1857 until his death in 1875. He had been a teacher in
Geauga Seminary. Prof. George McMillan, A. M., now professor of Greek in
Nebraska State University, was professor of Latin and Greek from 1857 until
1875. Prof. Hiram Collier, LL. D, late professor of Physics in Nebraska State
University, was professor of Natural Sciences from 1864 until 1871. Prof.
Cyrus Jordan, A, M., was assistant professor of languages from 1867 until
1871. Prof. F. Wayland Dunn, A. M., was professor of Ehetoric and Belles

History op Hillsdale College. 161

Lettres from 1871 until his death in 1874. Prof. Daniel M. Fisk, A. M., the
present incumbent, has been professor of Chemistry and Natural History
since 1872. Prof. John S. Oopp, A. M., at present Alumni professor of Rhet-
oric and Belles Lettres, was elected in 1873. George H. Reiker, A. M., was
professor of Greek and Latin from 1875 until 1876. Prof. Arthur E. Haynes,
M. Ph., the present Fowler professor of Mathematics and Physics, has
occupied the position since 1875.

Prof. John H. Butler, A. M., was professor of the Latin Language and
Literature from 1876 until 1880. Prof. Joseph W. Manck, A. M., was
professor of the Greek Language and Literature from 1876 until 1879, and
professor of the Latin Language and Literature from 1880 until 1882. Prof.
Francis L. Hayes, A. B., has been professor of the Greek language and lit-
erature during the last two years. The following persons have filled the
position of tutor in the college : George S. Bradley, A. M., Cyrus Jordan A.
M., Bela P. McKoon, A. M., now professor in Cornell University, Bruce S.
Hunting A. M., now professor in Berea College, Ky., John H. Butler, A. M.,
and John S. Downey, M. S., now professor in the State University of Minner
sota. The following named ladies have filled the position of Principal of
the ladies' department :

Mrs. Virginia G. Ramsey, from 1855 until 1856

Miss Delia R. Whipple,.--, 1856 1858

Miss Eliza A. Sandford, _ " 1858 " 1861

Miss Jane Hoyt, A. M., 1861 " 1864

Miss Julia Moore, „ 1864 1865

Mrs. Marie Cooper Pierce, 1865 1866

Miss Ellen Smith, A. M., now of Nebraska State University " 1866 1867

Mrs. Julia Moore Jordan " J867 1870

Miss Jane W. Hoyt, A. M., 1870 1871

Miss H. Laura Rowe, A. M., 1871 " 1873

Miss Marie Cooper Pierce, 1873 ^' 1874

Miss Mary B. Phillips, A. M., 1874 1881

Miss Clara P. Vance, 1881 1882

The following persons have', been elected Professors in the Theological
Department :

Rev. Eansom Dunn, D. D., Burr professor of Systematic and Pastoral
Theology.

Kev. John D. Butler, D. D., (formerly a professor in New Hampshire
Biblical Institute and author of several works on theology), professor of
sacred literature. Rev. Richard H. James, D. D., Marks professor of homiletics
and ecclesiastical literature. Eev. Charles B. Mills, A. M., and Rev. John S.
Capp, A. M., have acted as instructors in ecclesiastical history. Rev. George T.
Day, D. D., Rev. George H. Ball, D. D., and Rev. Daniel M. Graham, D.
D., have been elected professors in this department but have never acted.
Prof. Alexander C. Reident, LL. D., is principal, and Prof. Warren C.
Drake, A. M., is assistant principal in the commercial department. Prof.
Melville W. Chase is principal of the department of music. Prof. George B.
Gardner is principal of the department of art. Prof. Fenelon B. Resci (now
professor of music in Oberlin College) was professor of music for many years.

I am able to mention the following persons, not otherwise named, who have
been engaged from time to time as instructors in the institution, viz. : Miss
21

162 Pioneer Society of MicmaAisr.

Sarah Mahoney, Miss Fanny Oressy, Miss Eliza A. Garr, Miss Olariet Capron,
Miss Eloise P. Cross, Miss Caroline Ford, Miss Lucinda C. Warren, Miss
Helen M. Libby, Mrs. Martha B. Havens, Miss Lucy A. Bigelow, Mrs. Olive
C. Chase, Miss Jennie De LaMontaguie, Alma Henrietta Fisk, A. M., Frank-
lin H. Bailey, A. M., Ellen Cross Capp, M. S., Miss Helen A. Dunn, M. S.,
Duncan M. Martin, Herbert L. Horton, Lee E. Bunn, M. S., Miss Carrie L.
Hancock.

TRUSTEES.

Many of the most prominent men in the Free-Will Baptist denomination,
and nearly all of the leading business men of Hillsdale have served on the
board of trustees. A majority of the board, not less than two-thirds or more
than three-fourths, are required by the articles of association to be members
of the Free-Will Baptist denomination. It is now the policy of the college to
give its alumni and old students the preference in electing trustees. Half of
the present board have been students in the institution. The following is a
list of the different trustees since the institution was incorporated, viz. :

LIST OF TRUSTEES.

Kev. H. S. Limbocker, 1855-1861.
S. R. Hawks, 1855-1856.
I. H. McCollum, 1855-1866.
Hon. E. H. C. Wilson, 1855-1866.
Eev. D. H. Lord, 1855 1871.
Rev. Elijah Cook, 1855-1859.
Rev. F. W. Straight, 1855-1856.
Rev. G. H. Ball, 1855-1862.
Rev. John Woodman, 1855-1857.
Alson Felch, 1855-1857.
Eev. John Thomas, 1855-1867.
Rev. Calvin Clark, 1855-1858.
Col. Frederick Fowler, 1855-
M. Barrett, 1855-1857.
Rev. A. K. Moulton, 1855-1863.
Rev. 0. S. Brown, 1855-1858.
Hon. Esbon Blackmar, 1855-1858.
Rev. David L. Rice, 1855-
Hon. Henry Packer, 1855-1868.
Daniel Beebe, 1855-
Lewis J. Thompson, 1855-1873.
Rev. E. Knowlton, 1855-1859.
Ezekiel Page, 1855-1859.
Hon. Daniel Dunakin, 1855-1875.
Hon. Daniel L. Pratt, 1855-
Col. F. M. Holloway, 1855-
J. B. Baldy, 1855-1861.
Elihu Davis, 1855-1864.
Rev. Geo. T. Day, 1855-1875.
Rev. E. B. Fairfield, 1855-1865.
Rev. H. E. Whipple, 1855-1871,
Rev. Charles Pierce, 1855-1860.

Rev. Ransom Dunn, 1855-

Rev. L. B. Potter, 1855-1870.

A. Mallory, 1855-1859.

Rev. A. Hopkins, 1856-1865.

Rev. R. Hayden, 1856-1861.

Rev. A. N. McConoughey, 1857-1862.

Rev. L. S. Parmelee, 1857-1872.

Rev. S. J. Fowler, 1857-1876.

Rev. C. H. Churchill, 1858-1861.

C. T. Mitchell, 1858-

Rev. F. P. Augir, 1858-1863.

Rev. 0. E. Baker, 1859-1874.

Rev. E. H. Higbee, 1859-1864.

Rev. Chauncev Reynolds, 1859-

Allen Hammond, 1859-1862.

Hon. S. B. Philbrick, 1860-1875.

Rev. S. D. Bates, 1861-1876.

Truman Parks, 1861-1866.

J. M. Kennedy, 1861-1862.

Hon. John P. Cook, 1861-

Rev. J. W. Barker, 1862-1867.

Rev. C. B. Mills, 1862-1872.

Rev. J. Baldwin, 1862-1872.

Horace Blackmar, 1862-

Henry J. King, 1863-

J. W. Winsor, 1863- '

C. C. Johnson, 1863-

Leonard Olney, 1864-

Hon. E. 0. Grosvenor, 1865-1876.

John Corey, 1865-1870.

Hon. Henry Waldron, 1866-

N. Vineyard, 1866-

History of Hillsdale CoLLsaE. 163

Rev. S. F. Smith, 1866-
Rev. D. M. Graham, 1867-
Rev. Jas. Calder, 1867-1872.
Rev. F. R. Gallagher, 1868-1870.
Wm. Oalder, 1870-1873.
Rev. J. B. Drew, 1870-
Rev. R. L. Howard, 1870-
Rev. F. P. Augir, 1871-
Rev. A. K. Moulton, 1871-1874.
Franklin Mead, 1872-
D. M. Harvey, 1873-
B. Perkins, 1872-
Linus Clark, 1872-
Rev. I. Z. Haniug, 1873-
Rev. C. B. Mills, 1873-
Rev. G. S. Bradley, 1874-
Rev. I. B. Smith, 1874-
Rev. D. W. 0. Durgin, 1875-
Rev. I. D. Stewart, 1875-
Rev. D. M. Stuart, 1875-

Hon. E. L. Koon, 1875-
Rev. G. H. Ball, 1876-
Hon. John C. Patterson, 1876-
Hon. Wm. E. Ambler, 1878-
Rev. John B. Lash, 1878-
Judge 0. A. Jaynes, 1878-
Charles P. Griffin, 1877-
Frank P. Wells, 1877-1882.
Hon. B. F. McKenney, 1879-
Rev. George B. Holt, 1876-
Elon G. Reynolds, 1879-
Hon. David Emery, 1879-
Hugh Cook, 1880-
Rev. Jerome B. Higbee, 1880-
Hon. Martin P. Stockwell, 1881-
Hon. John S. Hart, 1881-
Prof. Joseph W. Manch, 1881-
Nicholas Vineyard, 1881-
Jonathan Kitchen, 1882-
Hon. B. F. Holey, 1882.

PKOFESSOKSHIPS.

Several professorships have been wholly or partially endowed by a separate
fund. The Alumni Professorship of Logic and Belles Lettres, has been
nearly endowed by the Alumni and Alumnae of the college. The Burr Pro-
fessorship of Systematic and Pastoral Theology has been endowed by the
denomination. The sum of three thousand dollars towards the fund was
given by the General Conference of 1863, from moneys derived from the
printing establishment. It was named in honor of William Burr, of Dover,
N. H., then editor of the Morning Star, and manager of the denominational
printing concern, through whose management the fund had been accumu-
lated. Individuals contributed the balance of the fund. The Marks Profes-
sorship of Ecclesiastical History is named after Elder David Marks. Vigor-
ous efforts are now being made to complete the fund. The Waldron Profes-
sorship of Latin has been fully endowed by the wife, brother, and sisters of
the late Hon. Henry Waldron. Mr. Waldron had determined to make pro-
visions for the college, but died suddenly without making the necessary papers.
His heirs at law, knowing his intentions, generously carried out his wishes.

The literary societies of Hillsdale College have from the first taken a high
rank. They have never lost by comparison with other like associations. Their
literary exercises have uniformly been complimentary both to the students
and the college. The several society halls have been fitted up with elegance
and taste. The real experience and practical discipline of these associa-
tions have been of great service to the members in subsequent life.

Hillsdale College from the beginning had two literary societies sustained by
the students, viz. : The Eunomian and the Philogrammatian Societies. These
societies had been organized and in operation at Spring Arbor, and were
removed to Hillsdale with the college. Both ladies and gentlemen were mem-
bers. Soon a debating society, called the Ciceronian Society, was organized.

SOCIETIES.

164 Pioi^'EER Society oe Michigtan^.

The two former societies were disorganized and practically disbanded in a
short time by an edict of the faculty forbidding the association of ladies and
gentlemen as members of the same societies. The Ciceronian Society for a
time was the only one in the institution, but it did not meet the wants of the
more progressive students. Societies on a broader basis were desired. On the
10th day of October, 1857, the Alpha Kappa Phi Society was organized with
fourteen members. The name selected is made up of the initial letters of the
Greek words, Adelphoi kai Philoi (Brothers and Friends). Mens Omna Regit
was adopted for a motto. This society was incorporated February 2'7th, 1858.

The Amphictyon Society was organized in December, 1857, with seventeen
members. Inveniam viam ant faciam was adopted as its motto. These two
societies were organized among the gentlemen. Two societies were also organ-
ized among the ladies. The Ladies' Literary Union was organized in Decem-
ber, 1857; motto, "Beauty of mind endures forever." The Germanae
Sodoles Society was organized in 1858; motto, Per Aspera ad Astra, After
the Theological Department was established in the college, a society was
organized among the students called The Theological Society. The name
has been changed and it is now known as the Theodelphic Society. These
societies have collected libraries which occupy separate alcoves in the college
library rooms. The Beethoven Society, devoted to music, has also been
organized among the students. These literary societies are incorporated
under the statutes of the State as societies connected with the college. One
must be a student in the college however, to be eligible to membership. These
societies have exercises in their halls every week.

PUBLICATIONS.

The Eunomian Society kept a blank book called the Thesaurus, in which
the essays and orations of its members were copied. This was the first effort
made to preserve the productions of the students. This society also published
its constitution and by-laws, and a catalogue of its membership, in 1856.
The Alpha Kappa Phi Society published a paper or magazine called the Alpha
Kappa Phi, at the close of the academic years of 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, and
1862. The Amphictyon Society published a magazine called the Amateur, in
1859, 1860, 1861, and 1862. The Ladies' Literary Union published a maga-
zine called the Souvenir, in 1860, 1861, and 1862. These publications were
edited and published by the societies, and were made up from the literary pro-
ductions of their respective members. Histories of the Alpha Kappa Phi and
the Theological societies have been published. The first Quinquennial Kecord
of the Alumni Association was published in 1876. The Crescent was pub-
lished by the students during 1874 and 1875. It was a monthly magazine.
The Hillsdale Herald, a weekly sheet, devoted to college and alumni news, was
established in 1878. It is now published by a corporation organized for that
purpose. It is the organ of the college, and has an extensive circulation
among former students. Annual catalogues of the officers and students of
the Michigan Central College at Spring Arbor, were published from 1845 until
1853, and similar catalogues of Hillsdale College have been published since
1856.

PEOPERTY.

The assets of the college are estimated at about two hundred and fifty
thousand dollars, estimating the real estate at one hundred thousand dollars.

History of Hillsdale CoLLEaE.

165

and the endowment, library, museum, apparatus, and other personal property,
at one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The trustees have scrupulously
kept the expenditures of the college within its income. Debts have not been
incurred, except after the fire, when rebuilding made it a necessity, and the
debt has since been canceled. Moderate salaries have been paid to the devoted
faculty from necessity, not from choice. Many of the instructors have taken
extra courses of study in. eastern and European universities to prepare them-
selves for the work, and are learned and distinguished in their respective
departments. Yet, with that sacrificing spirit which inspires the Christian
missionary, they have toiled and given their lives to build up this institution,
the pride and idol of the denomination. Five hundred students have gradu-
ated from the regular four years' college course. The institution has had an
annual attendance of over five hundred students since it opened its doors at
Hillsdale, and over thirteen thousand different students have received instruc-
tions in its classic halls. Twenty-four foreign missionaries have here been
educated. Many of the former students, urged on by the lessons of self
reliance so forcibly imparted by precept and example, are winning success
and taking prominent positions in life. Undoubtedly, Hillsdale College has
imparted more instruction, developed more heads and hearts, and has accom-
plished a greater work in the educational field than any other American
institution in the same length of time on the same amount of money.

CONCLUSION".

Only three of the men who were present at the July meeting at Franklin in
1844, and took a part in giving the enterprise organic shape, are now living.
Rev. Chauncey Reynolds, of Hillsdale, Rev. Laurens B. Potter, of Lansing,
and Rev. Henry S. Limbocker, of Manhattan, Kansas, are the only survivors.
The five delegates from Calhoun quarterly meeting, who were prepared in
that conference to say by their votes that the denomination should have a
school within the State, have passed over to the majority. In Assyria, Barry
county, is the grave of Deacon Joseph S. Blaisdell. Deacon Hem an Cowles
and Thomas Dunton were buried at Battle Creek. Elder Samuel Whitcomb,
the father of the enterprise, and Elder Elijah Cook, his co-laborer, are buried
on Cook's Prairie. By their side lies Hon. Daniel Dun akin, the friend and
champion of the college. They sleep near the little church where the society,
organized by them nearly half a century ago, meets for worship. These
fathers of the enterprise ''builded better than they knew." Hillsdale College
is their monument. Let the thousands of young men and young women —
now scattered all over the world — who have received the benefits of Hillsdale
College, cherish the memories of those benefactors. The history of this
pioneer college demonstrates to the world that a denominational school, with-
out interfering with our State University or impairing its usefulness, can exist
in Michigan and do a great work.

166

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Eeports of Counties, Towns, Etc. 167

REPORTS OF COUNTIES, TOWNS, ETC.

ALLEGAN COUNTY.
MY JEWELS.

An original poem read by Mrs. Mary E. Waldron before the Allegan County Pioneer Society on

Wednesday, June 16th, 1878.

Bright jewels were unto my care entrusted,

And this the charge that came;
Watch, lest their brightness should become encrusted,

Beware of blot or blur, of mark or darkening stain.

The trust bestowed I joyfully accepted.

Eagerly received, yet trembling the while,
Lest their unsullied brightness by me neglected,

Or by rough contact, should be rudely soiled.

I sought instruction from the Bounteous Giver,

Sought and obtained— for erst within my home,
A book I had with rules writ by his finger,

Written for all who come.

These precious jewels to my fond care given,

Came with sweet joy my earthly home to bless,
For these my jewels, were my precious children;

Loved, cared for, welcomed, with a warm caress.

Eldest, a daughter, named the sweet name Mary— name thrice blessed;

And as in years she grew,
It seemed the blessing with a soft caress,

Fell 'round and blessed her too.

Another came with joy our hearts to fill:

Another daughter; fairest of the fair;
Peer of the peerless^ Peace, my heart be still,

While erst my pen shall tell the deep despair

Upon my soul that fell — a deathless sorrow.

No ray of light or hope could there find room.
When fell the stroke that blighted with its horror.

Shrouding her reason in chaotic gloom.

One jewel more was added to our number,

Eougher the setting; yet as pure the pearl;
A boy; at once the happiness and wonder

Of her our eldest gentle, loving girl.

Years came and went yet ere to years of manhood,

Our babe, our boy had grown.
Came the deep grief that crushed our little household

When widowed and alone.

I sought to stem the grief that closed around me,

For she my darling, wounded, stricken one,
Reft by the shock of the last ray of reason,

With maniac wailings filled my darkened home.

168 Pioneer Society op MicHiGAisr.

'Twas then my noble boy cast by his boyhood,

And to his youthful form he girded on
The toils and cares of manhood, cheerfully sustained them,

And bade me smile at triumphs he had won.

They call me poor; ar.d say my lot is cheerless.

As ever closely clinging to my side
Is one, who but for dire misfortune were my peerless,

And oft they whisper—" Better had she died."

Ah! thoughtless mortals, I forgive the wounding
Your careless speech gives to my sorrowing heart,

A mother's love — its depth you ne'er have sounded;
Else would you pause nor probe with cruel smart.

Yet well I know when she lays by the mortal.
And wings her way up to the great white throne ;

Angels will meet her at the shining portal,
And greet a soul as spotless as their own.

And when my Savior shall make up his jewels—
The fair white jewels to adorn his crown —

I humbly trust amid the bright collection,
Those I have called my own may there be found.

I am not poor — my jewels all are priceless;

Earth's broad domain contains not wealth to buy.
Gold heaped on gold would be but dust without them—

With them no Eoyal Queen more rich than T.

MEMORIAL REPORT.

BY D. C. HENDERSOlf.

Duncan A. McMartin, another of the pioneers of Allegan county has
gone. Duncan A. McMartin, who came to our county in 1836, died in
Allegan, April 10, 1883. He was a native of Amsterdam, Montgomery
county, N. Y., of Scottish descent, and was in the 73d year of his age. He
first made his home at Allegan, where he was chosen a school inspector in
1840. He subsequently removed to the town of Martin, where he was chosen
supervisor in 1843, after which he made his home in the town of Gun Plain,
where he was elected a justice of the peace in 1846, town clerk in 1851-2,
supervisor in 1853-4 and '56, in which latter year he was chosen county
treasurer of Allegan county, which office he held five times in succession, from

1856 to 1864, being succeeded by Ira Chichester, who held the office till 1876,
when Mr. McMartin was elected to this responsible county office for another
term of two years. Mr. McMartin made Allegan his home continuously from

1857 on, and during that time had several local honors conferred upon him,
he being chosen village assessor in 1861 and 1867, and town treasurer in 1873,
Mr. McMartin had a good practical business education and a cultivated mind,
and was a school teacher in Gun Plain from 1846 to 1850. He took great
interest in preserving the local history of our State, and on Sept. 8, 1875, he
presided over a meeting of the pioneers of Allegan county, held at the fair
grounds in Allegan, at which a county association was formed, and upon his
decease Mr. McMartin was the president of this association. He also repre-
sented the society at the St^ite association on several occasions. He was a lead-
ing member of the Presbyterian church of Allegan, and was a man of the
strictest integrity and probity. If there ever was a truly good man, free from
all deceit and hypocrisy, Duncan A. McMartin was that man. There is not

Allegan County— Memorial Kepoet. 169

a blemish or stain upon his long official career, in high position or low. Such
men are rare in this world. He leaves a wife and a large circle of friends and
relatives to mourn his loss.

Mr. McMartin's funeral took place from his late residence in Allegan, April
12, 1883. His remains were taken to Plain well for interment. He was vice-
president of the State society for Allegan county.

Leander S. Prouty was born at DeKalb, IST. Y., January 27, 1811, and
died in Cheshire, February 23, 1883, aged 72 years. Arrived in Allegan June
6, 1834, with his wife, who was the first white woman resident in Allegan. He
removed to his farm in Trowbridge in 1836, where he remained until a short
time before his death. His experience as a pioneer was varied and full of
interest. It may be truly said of him that the latch string was always out; a
cordial welcome always greeted the weary and hungry pioneer. Long will his
name be associated with the early days of pioneer life in Allegan county.

Leander S. Prouty was one of the earliest pioneers of Allegan, having come
here in 1834 in company with Elisha Ely and others. A detailed account of
his early experience in this section would fill a volume in itself, and one that
would be read with much interest. Mr. Prouty came from Rochester, N. Y.,
to this place, he and his party making the journey as far as Detroit by lake,
thence overland to Kalamazoo, where rafts were built and the balance of the
trip finished via Kalamazoo river to Allegan, landing at a point nearly opposite
the Chaffee houfee. Mr. Prouty and wife were first employed by the Boston
company to board the men in its employ, and afterwards, for fifteen months,
Mr. Prouty superintended the work of improvement carried on by the
company. Once when out of provisions Mr. Prouty went to Schoolcraft, a
distance of forty miles, making the journey on foot and bringing the provi-
sions home on his back. After living in Allegan but a short time Mr. Prouty
removed to what is now the township of Trowbridge, where he had entered 200
acres of land, upon which he lived up to within a short time of his death. Mr.
Prouty leaves a family of several children, one of whom, Mrs. Jeanette Gibbs
of Kalamazoo county, was the first white infant in Allegan village.

Mr. Jonathan Peabody, one of the pioneers of Allegan county, who
resided on his farm on the outskirts of the village of Allegan , died on Tues-
day, April 17th, 1883, aged 70 years. He was born in Ellisburgh, Jefferson
county, N. Y., September 17, 1812, and came to Allegan September 10, 1836,
where he has continued to reside ever since. He was twice married, and was
for many years a leading and influential member of the Baptist church. He
was a farmer of some thrift, and he was a good citizen, and scrupulously
honest in all his dealings. He leaves a large circle of relatives and friends.

Wm. Pullen, born in Phelps, Vt., June 26, 1805, died in Allegan, January
8, 1883, aged 77 years. Arrived in Allegan July 2, 1837; was a farmer of
good repute, and a worthy citizen of the county for nearly 46 years.

Jonathan Russell was born in Haddam, Conn., March 28, 1804, and
died in Gun Plain, April 18, 1883, aged 79 years. He came to Gun Plain in
1832, and was a resident of that town 50 years, and saw the change of that
township from a wilderness to a beautiful farming country. The residents of
this section know well his good qualities as a neighbor and citizen.
22

170 PioiTEER Society oe MiCHmAisr.

ALPENA COUNTY.
HISTORY OF ALPEXA COUNTY.

BY WILLIAM BOULTON IN 1876.
EARLY HISTORY.

Alpena county was-firsfc laid out in 184:0, at which time it was attached to
Mackinaw, and remained so until the year 1853. Alpena was then unsettled
and almost uninhabited — the only inhabitants being a few transient fishermen.
It derived its name from an Indian word meaning a *'good partridge country/'

Among the fishermen present at that time, was W. F. Oullings, who arrived
at Thunder Bay island about the year 1835. Mr. Oullings has resided in the
county more or less ever since, and is yet a citizen of Alpena, so that he is
fully entitled to the credit of being the first settler. Mr. Oullings states that
the first buildings erected on the site of the present city were built some three
or four years after his arrival by some hunters from Mackinaw, and consisted
of three log shanties. The next building was erected by Walter Scott, and
consisted of a fish-house (where Johnson's warehouse now stands) and a sort
of trading post, which was built somewhere near Mr. David Plough's present
residence. Mr. Scott's business was to trade with the Indians, his principal
commodity being whisky.

In 1836 Jonathan Birch visited Alpena for the purpose of making arrange-
ments for building a saw-mill. He examined the rapids, and finding that
there were good facilities for building a dam, commenced getting out timber
for the enterprise he had in view. The Indians, however, objected to the
improvement, and drove Mr. Birch away. Mr. Birch and party went off to
Sulphur Island, and while there, held consultation as to whether it would be
the most profitable to put up the mill at Devil river, or go back to Alpena and
commence over again, as an Indian chief had assured them of his protection.
Alpena was certainly the best place for lumbering, but then a dam could be
built at Devil river with considerably less money than it could at Alpena, and
this was a very important consideration to the enterprising mill men. At last
they determined to leave it to chance, so they stuck a stick in the ground and
resolved to commence operations at the x>oint towards which the stick fell.
The stick fell towards Devil river, and the first mill in the county was built
there.

In 1840, Mr. J. W. Paxton landed on Thunder Bay island, and in 1842 Mr.
0. S. Warner paid a visit to the Indians at the mouth of Thunder Bay river,
for the purpose of trading with them. Mr. Paxton engaged extensively in
gill-net fishing about the year 1856. Soon after he purchased Sugar island,
and removed his fishing rig and buildings thereto in 1858. Mr. Paxton has
remained a settler ever since, and was the first to make gill-net fishing a
regular business. Fishing prior to that time had been carried on by means of
six or eight nets in a gang, and small, sprit-sail boats. There was a light-
house on Thunder Bay island at the time of Mr. Paxton' s arrival, but it was
not the present magnificent structure, built in 1857.

In 1853 the county of Alpena was attached to the county of Cheboygan, and
remained so until 1857, when Alpena was organized as a separate county.

Alpena County.

171

Mr. Daniel Carter arrived in Alpena, November 26fch, 1856. He was look-
ing after Mr. Geo. N. Fletcher's interests, and when he had accomplished his
mission, he started for Thunder Bay island, intending to take the first steam-
boat that passed that place and go below, as this was the only direct com-
munication between Alpena and the lower ports at the time. When he
arrived at the island, he found Mr. Geo. N. Fletcher, Mr. J. S. Minor, Mr. J.
K. Lockwood, Mr. E. A. Breckenridge, and another gentleman. These gentle-
men were on their way to Alpena for the purpose of locating and surveying
the place, and also to look after the valuable property they had acquired in
that part of the country.

At this time the Fremont election fever was running very strong, and as Messrs.
Fletcher, Lockwood, and Breckenridge were republicans, they, of course,
were strong Fremont men, and so they had brought up with them a Fremont
election flag. Messrs. Minor and Oldfield were neutral, and Mr. Carter a
strong democrat. As soon as the party had landed at the little clearing
near the mouth of the river, they commenced making preparations for rais-
ing their Fremont flag. They cut a good sized cedar pole, nailed the flag to
the top end of it, and then endeavored to raise the flagstaff and plant it in
the ground so that the emblem of their political faith might wave defiantly
above the newly named village of Fremont. The flagstaff was not very
heavy, and if it hadn't been election time, the party of Fremonters could
easily have set it upright ; but, somehow or other being affected by the water
they had imbibed, they were unable to manage, so they requested Mr. Carter,
who, during this time had been looking on, to help them. Mr. Carter being
a strong democrat refused, declaring *'that he wasn't going to help them to
raise a Fremont flag," and, going a little way from the party, sat down and
watched the performance. Several times the Fremonters succeeded in nearly
raising the pole, getting it almost up only to have it tumble down again, but
they were determined to succeed, and after several futile attempts, the Fre-
mont flag waved proudly above their heads. This was the first introduction
of politics into Alpena.

After the party had rested a little, they proceeded to survey the village of
Fremont, but so jubilant were they with their political success that instead of
commencing at the section corner, they started from the first place that suited
them, and laid out the street now known as Kiver street. When they had
surveyed the street a short distance, they found it would interfere with the
mill privileges on the south side of the river, so they made a short turn, near
the present site of Golling's brick block, and then proceeded with the sur-
vey. This was the commencement of the first survey of Alpena, and the
greater part of what they surveyed was covered with green woods.

Sometime after the events just narrated, the settlers began to be much
annoyed by the noisy howling of the Indians who were camping on the north
side of the river. Walter Scott, the trader, had considerable whisky in his
shanty, which he used to give the Indians in payment for their furs, etc., and
as long as the Indians were able to purchase it they kept up a constant pow-
wow, howling, whooping, and raising '^cain" generally. At last the settlers
determined to put an end to the cause of the disagreeable annoyance, and so
one night Mr. Fletcher and Mr. Trowbridge went over to Scott's storehouse,
and finding no one in it, proceeded to bore holes in the whisky barrels and let
the liquor run out. There was considerable disturbance next morning when
the Indians came over to get their morning bitters, and Scott found his

172 PioKEEE Society of Michigan^.

whisky all gone; but the damage could not be easily repaired, for communi-
cation with the lower ports was very uncertain, and by the time another sup-
ply of fire water could have been received, the Indians would have been on
their way to Mackinaw to receive their annual gifts from the government.
Scott, after threatening to set the Indians on the settlers, declared that the
place (containing less than a dozen white persons) was too thickly settled to
suit him, and so he left. Thus ended the first whisky struggle in Alpena —
the second had a far worse ending.

Mr. A. F. Fletcher arrived in Alpena in August, 1857, and Mr. J. K. Miller
in September of the same year. During the summer of 1857, Mr. Carter
built a small house on River street. This was the first regular residence
erected, as the preceding ones were only temporary structures.

In 1857 Alpena county was organized into a separate county by act of Leg-
islature.*

As Alpena county was not divided into townships, it was impossible to elect
a board of canvassers as provided for in section four, so the Legislature,
during the same session of 1857-58, passed the following amendment to sec-
tion four of the act :

AN ACT to amend an act to organise the county of Alpena, and locate the county

seat thereof.

Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact. That this act shall stand in
lieu of section (4) four of said act, and that Daniel Carter, Harvey Harwood, and D.
D. Oliver are hereby made and constituted a board of canvassers, who shall act as
inspectors of election; and said Inspectors shall meet at said village of Fremont
on the first Tuesday after the election, and appoint one of their number chairman
and another secretary of said board, and shall thereupon proceed to discharge all
the duties of a board of county canvassers, as in other cases of election for county
and State officers, and shall have the power to act as a board of supervisors in and
for said county, for the organization of townships therein, and for other purposes,
and shall hold their offices until there be three organized townships in said county,
and until other supervisors are elected and qualified: And p7'ovided, That from any
cause a vacancy occurs in said hoard before any township is organized, the two
remaining members of the board shall appoint; but if there be one or more town-
ships organized, and supervisors elected, the vacancy shall he filled by said supervi-
sor or supervisors. The compensation of said board shall be the same as that
received by supervisors elected according to law. All acts and parts of acts contra-
vening the provisions of this act, be and the same are hereby repealed.

This act is ordered to take immediate efi'ect.

Approved February 14, 1857.

From the above acts of Legislature we find that the first board of super-
visors of Alpena county was formed by special act, the members being Daniel
Carter, Harvey Harwood, and D. D. Oliver, the first and last being well
known to our citizens; that Alpena was then known as the village of Fre-
mont; that the county was not divided into townships, and that the first
election in the county of Alpena was ordered on the first Tuesday of Novem-
ber, 1857. The act also provided that the county oflficers should enter upon
their respective duties on the first Monday of January, 1858.

The first act of the new board of supervisors was to establish the township
of Fremont. It comprised the whole of the present county of Alpena, and
soon after its formation, the first election, as provided for by law, took place.
The official record of the election reads as follows :

In pursuance of notice for tlie first township election, posted according to law, in the
township of Fremont, in the county of Alpena, and State of Michigan, held on the
fourth day of January, 1S5S.

*For Act of the Legislature organizing the county, see Pioneer CoUections, Vol, 1, page 97.

ALPE:srA County.

173

Present— David D. Oliver, Joseph K. Miller, and Daniel Carter, the board of
inspectors appointed by the supervisors to hold said election.

Chose David D. Oliver, chairman of said board, and Joseph K.Miller, secretary;
appointed Addison Fletcher, clerk; also chose Isaac Wilson to officiate as constable
for said election.

Polls were opened, and the following persons were elected to several township
offices, as follows :
Supervisor — James S. Ervvin.
Town Treasurer — Daniel Carter.
Town Clerk — Addison Fletcher.

Highway Commissioners— Daniel Carter, D. D. Oliver, and Jas. Thomas.
Justices of the Peace — Kussel E. Woodruff, David D. Oliver, Lewis Atkins, and
Isaac Wilson.

School Inspectors — David D. Oliver and Geo. B. Melville.
Constables— James Thomas, Kobert Bowman, and Willis Roe.
Path Master — William Sherman.

D. D. Oliver, Chairman.
Addison Fletcher, Clerk.
J. K. Miller, Secretary.

The first meeting of the Highway Commissioners took place March 26th,
1858, and '^on motion of D. D. Oliver it was voted to form two road dis-
tricts ; road district No. 1 to be bounded as follows : Commencing on Thun-
der Bay, where the east and west center line of T. 30 ]^., E. 8 E., intersects
the bay ; thence west to range line between ranges 7 and 8 ; thence north to
town line between thirty-one and thirty-two ; thence east to range line
between ranges 8 and 9; thence south to Thunder Bay; thence on margin of
bay to place of beginning. Eoad district No. 2 to be bounded as follows:
north by road district No. 1 ; thence east by Thunder Bay to the town line
between sections twenty-eight and twenty-nine; thence west to range line
between twenty-seven and twenty-eight; thence north to the south boundary
of district No. 1."

At the next meeting of the Highway Commissioners the first petition for a
highway was laid before them, being a petition for a road from near the
mouth of Thunder Bay river to Devil river. The petition was excepted, and
the surveyor ordered to ascertain the best route for said road. At the next
township meeting, April 5th, 1858, the following motion was passed; ^' voted
to raise the sum of one hundred dollars, according to the report of the High-
way Commissioners, for the purpose of laying out a road from the mouth of
Thunder Bay river to Devil river."

The first general election in Alpena county was held November 2d, 1858,
and from the ofl&cial records of the township of Fremont we find that for the
oflQce of Governor, Moses Wisner received twenty votes, and Ohas. E. Stewart
fifteen. The vote for the rest of the State ticket ran fifteen and twenty all
through, except for the Representative to State Legislature, and for that
office Daniel Carter received twenty-one votes.

The following is a list of the first county officers elected :

Sheriff — Wm. R. Bowman.

County Cleric — A. F. Fletcher.

County Treasurer — J. K. Miller.

County Surveyor — D. D. Oliver.

Circuit Court Commissioner — D. Plough.

Coroner — A. F. Fletcher.

Every vote, thirty-five, was cast in favor of the general banking law.
From the first tax roll made out in 1858, we glean the following inter-

174

Pioneer Society of MicmaAN^.

esting statistics of the value of the resident tax at that period : Total
valuation of real estate in the township of Fremont, or more properly speak-
ing the present county of Alpena, $16,881.95; total personal tax, $4,076;
number of acres assessed, 5,532 62-100. In the township of Fremont, $425
was raised for township purposes ; $100 for highway, and $364.62 for county
purposes. There were only nine real estate holders, who were residents. The
residents were D. D. Oliver, Devil river mills, assessed at $3,300; G-eo.
Fletcher, J. K. Lockwood, J. Oldfield, J. S. Minor, Andrew Horn, Beans &
Evans, and two persons named Campbell and Ohisholm. The last two are not
the ones who live in Alpena at present. Of personal tax payers there were
ten, as follows: J. J. Wilder, $170; J. W. Paxton, $976; Daniel McDon-
ald, $534; John Cameron, $263; Miller, Fletcher & Co., $750; Daniel Car-
ter, $225; Lewis Atkins, $100; Geo. B. Melville, $65; J. J. Shaw, $115;
Geo. N. Fletcher, $195.

For the incidents just narrated, we are indebted to Messrs. Lockwood, Car-
ter, Cullings, Paxton, and other early settlers.

The following is from the Alpena Weekly Argus of May 24^ 1876 :

*'If our readers will try and imagine what the situation was in this region
some twenty or thirty years ago, what would be the contrast between then and
now? Where now stands the city of Alpena, twenty years ago was a dense
forest, inhabited only by the red man and wild birds and beasts. Probably
very few if any of our early settlers, who came to this region less than twenty
years ago, had the slightest idea that the then vast wilderness which formed
Alpena city and county, would in so few years be converted into the most
thriving and prosperous city on the shore, and some of the most valuable
farming land in the whole State of Michigan. Let our readers look back even
sixteen years, and there was but little to show that the prospects were at all
favorable for much of a settlement at the mouth of the Thunder Bay river.
But how different the situation now, — when we have a flourishing city of
5,000 human souls, and the number increasing every year.

When parties first talked of farming in Alpena, the idea was ridiculed by
nearly everybody, as it was thought that the land in this vicinity was entirely
worthless, except for the timber growing upon it. But in this those who
laughed at the adventurer who went forth into the wilderness to carve out his
fortune and make him a home and a farm, have lived to see, within the short
space of ten years, Alpena county dotted here and there with many farms,
the productiveness of which cannot be excelled in the Union. And still, year
by year, the woodman dives deeper and deeper into the forest, and as he
marches on, are left behind him the clearings, houses, and broad acres of beau-
tiful land that produces crops far in excess of his brightest anticipations.

^'Nor does it stop here, for while those who have become farmers in this
county are meeting with such success, many others are induced to follow in
the wake, and it seems that the time is not very far in the future when farm-
ing in Alpena county will attract as much, and even more attention than the
manufacture of lumber, which is now our principal production.

There are thousands upon thousands of acres of State lands yet In this
country waiting for enterprising men to take them up and convert them into
valuable farms ; and this they are doing at a rapid rate."

ALPENA. IN 1858.

In the latter part of November, 1858, a small schooner, the J. S. Minor,

Alpeij^-a County.

175

entered Thunder Bay river, having on board some twenty-five or thirty persons,
amon^ whom were Messrs. E. K. Potter, Abram Hopper, W. Stevens, and the
families of Samuel Boggs and Alexander Archibald. The twenty-five or thirty
persons could not have been very favorably impressed with the appearance of
Alpena at that time, and there were but few among the passengers who could
have entertained the idea that the wilderness about them would, before many
years, be covered with mills and buildings.

Mr. Hopper says that the first building he noticed was the store of Miller,
Fletcher & Co., two stories in height (now known as the Myers block, and
since then much enlarged). The building had just received a coat of paint,
and it loomed up prominently amid the surrounding wilderness — a vanguard
of civilization. Close by it, and right in the street now known as Water s^reet,
was a small frame house occupied by A. F. Fletcher. This building has since
been moved, and is now occupied by Geo. Fox, on Second street, near the
bridge, as a jewelry shop. A little further from the river was another small
building occupied by Daniel Carter. This building is now in a very dilapidated
condition, and can be seen in front of Wood's saloon. The three buildings
mentioned, together with a cooper's shop that was used for a school house,
and Walter Scott's old shanty, constituted all the houses in that part of
Alpena city now known as the first and second wards. The third ward was
represented by a shanty, and the six buildings formed the city of Alpena,
November 19th, 1858, or, as it was then termed, the village of Fremont. We
can readily believe that the newly arrived settlers and lumbermen did not
require much time to look the city over, and we can easily imagine the feelings
of disgust which the appearance of the prospective city must have created in
their minds.

As regards the clearing about the river, Mr. E. K. Potter says : There was
a narrow strip chopped on each side of the river, of which chopping a small
piece was cleared; this was near the river at that time, and where the build-
ings were located, the whole clearing not exceeding two blocks in extent, on
either side of the river. Where Field's drug store now stands was then the
edge of the woods." Mr. J. Kaufman tells us that the present site of Warner
& Oo.'s store was, at that time, one of the worst looking frog-holes he ever saw,
and regarding the land northwesterly from the present site of Bostwick's and
Potter's brick blocks, Mr. Hopper states that they were covered with a burnt
slashing. At the time of Mr. Hopper's landing, the burnt slashing was
covered with some six inches of snow, and the scene looked inexpressibly
cheerless and uninviting. But eighteen years of unceasing industry has
wrought a mighty change in the snow-covered slashing, and the spectator
looking up the river, instead of a desolate burning, will see brick blocks, saw-
mills, stores, boarding houses, foundries, and hundreds of comfortable look-
ing dwelling houses. A good idea of the wilderness about Alpena may be
formed from a remark of Mr. Potter's, that many of the old settlers will
recollect how the county treasurer got lost in the woods not far from where
the Congregational church now stands, and how they turned out to hunt him up.

As there were but few houses, the parties who came on the Minor exper-
ienced considerable difficulty in obtaining sleeping accommodations, and we
have not the least doubt but that the sleeping capacities of the few houses
were considerably strained.

The only store in the place was that of Miller, Fletcher & Co., and of this
building Mr. Potter says: *'The first store in Alpena was occupied by Miller,

176 Pioneer Society of MicHiaAK.

Fletcher & Co., and stood in the street, in front of what is now known as the
Myers block. They kept a general assortment, such as dry goods, groceries,
hardware, drugs, and medicines, and what could not be found in that store
would be useless to look for in Alpena or the adjoining counties. The Myers
building was completed in the fall of 1858, the first floor being used as a store-
house, and the second for county purposes, viz. : court room, treasurer's
office, county clerk's and sheriffs offices. The court room was used for all
public gatherings, church and Sabbath-school, elections, ball room, etc., etc."

To use one of Mark Twain's expressions, if Miller's store had been burned
it would have been a serious loss to the whole community. They might have
stood the loss of the drug store, one of the county offices, and the church, but
if they had lost all the store departments, county offices, court room, church
and Sabbath-school, ball room, etc., the loss would have been tremendous.

Young and thinly settled as Alpena was, yet she boasted of a school. It
was situated somewhere near Mr. Heuber's present meat market, and con-
sisted of a board shanty about sixteen feet square, with a shed roof. It had
formerly been used for a cooper's shop, but the necessity for some place to
train the young minds had forced the coopers to vacate. Miss S. Carter is
entitled to the honor of having taught the first school.

xio American could get along witholit his mail, and the early settlers of
Alpena were no exception to the rule, so a postoffice was started in 1858, with
Daniel Carter as first postmaster. The first mail arrived January 17th, 1858,
and it was a very important event to the settlers then in Alpena. The post-
office was known as Fremont; afterwards at the request of the citizens the
name was changed to Alpena; then to Thunder Ba,y, and finally to Alpena
again. This name it still bears, as the postal authorities got tired of so much
changing. Mr. Potter speaks of the mail as follows: "The U. S. mail
was in charge of Indians and half-breeds on the route between Bay City and
Sault Ste. Marie. The mail was drawn on a train by three dogs, the course
being around the shore, and they drove up in front of the postoffice, kept by
Daniel Carter, Esq., with as much ceremony as does the thorough-brace of
the present day. The mail came once a week in winter, and in summer the
only chance for the mail to get to Alpena was in case any person from Alpena
went below, when the postmaster would give him an order for the mail, and
the last word to a parting friend was, generally, ^ don't forget the mail.' "

In December, 1858, Mr. John Cole arrived in Alpena, accompanied by a
number of mechanics, for the purpose of building two saw-mills, one at each
side of the dam, which had been commenced that season. One of the mills
was for Lockwood & Minor, and the other for Geo. N. Fletcher. The timber
was got out and framed, but the mill of Lockwood & Minor was not put up
until several years afterwards, while the timber for Mr. Fletcher's mill was
burned in one of the fires that afflicted Alpena.

During the winter of 1858-59, the first lumbering commenced in Alpena,
Messrs. Archibald & Murray having a contract to put in the river one million
feet, more or less, of logs for Lockwood & Minor. The logs were taken from
T. 31 N., K. 6 E., and the contract price was about $2 per thousand feet.
Men's wages were from $14 to $16 per month, they agreeing to stay until the
drive was down. Mr. E. K. Potter's business was to scale and mark the logs
at the landing, and he thus had the honor of scaling the first log, as well as
that of measuring the first cargo of lumber that left Alpena, which was in
the latter part of the summer of 1859. The honor of cutting the first log

Alpena Countt.

177

belongs to Mr. Samuel Boggs, while that of drawing it is claimed by three
different parties, — V/illiam Stevens, Albert Merrill, and W. Steples. Henry
Doyle had a hand in sawing the first log. The schooner Meridian, Captain
Flood, carried the first cargo of lumber from Alpena.

In the spring of 1859, Messrs. Smith & Chamberlain commenced the
erection of the first steam saw-mili in Alpena, and by the latter part of Au-
gust, in the same year, the mill was in operation, and the business of sawing
lumber first commenced. The mill of Smith & Chamberlain stood on the site
now occupied by Folkerts & Butterfield's saw-mill. The mill was burned
down in the spring of 1864, and the present mill erected in its place during
the same year.

Up to 1859 the communication between Alpena and the lower ports had
been by means of an occasional sail boat or trading schooner, or by means of
the upper lake steamboats. By the latter conveyance a person would be landed
on Thunder Bay island, and then he would have to engage some fisherman
to take him to Alpena by means of a sail boat. But the business of Alpena
had increased to such an extent, and so many supplies were needed for the
support of the inhabitants, and for mill operations, that the steamer Forest
Queen found it profitable to make occasional trips to Alpena. The same
cause induced the owners of the steamer Columbia to place her on the line
between Alpena and Bay City, making regular trips. The Columbia, being a
sm all boat, was able to land her passengers and freight on the dock inside the
river, while the Forest Queen, on account of the bar at the mouth of the
river, was compelled to lay outside, the passengers and freight being landed
by means of lighters, boats, etc. We have been unable to ascertain the date
of the first arrival of the above boats. The Columbia was kept on the line
for some time, when she was replaced by the steamer Huron, the latter mak-
ing occasional trips.

Mr. Casey, of the Columbia's officials, relates the following laughable
incident, which will show the value that was attached to the fair sex by the
people on the shore" in those days : At one of the ports between Bay City
and Alpena, they took on board the only pretty girl in the place — the lady in
question being about to leave. The people of the town where she had been
staying were so distressed at the loss of their valuable prize, that they hung
all the flags they possessed at half-mast, in token of their sorrow at the sad
event.

The Fremont fever being over, the people of Alpena wisely determined to
change the name of the place from Fremont to Alpena. This was accomplish-
ed by the following act of the Legislature :

AN ACT to change the name of the village of Fremont, in the County of Alpena.

Section 1, The people of the State of Michigan enact, That the name of the village
of Fremont, in the county of Alpena, State of Michigan, be and the same is hereby
changed to Alpena.

Sec. 2. This act shall take effect immediately.

Approved February 29th, 1859.

In May, 1860, the first public gathering of the Alpena folks, for pleasure,
took place, and a very agreeable time passed. All the inhabitants were present.

Mr. (Jr. F. Lewis, in his history of Alpena, says: *^In July, 1860, Lockwood
& Minor commenced to build the steam saw-mill, called the Island mill, com-
pleted and started it running with one circular saw, two days short of six weeks
from the time the first blow was struck. Lockwood & Minor commenced to
23

178 Pioneer Society oe Michigan.

build another new steam saw-mill in 1862, and had the frame up, when a fire
which had been started in the woods spread into and through the town on the
4th of July, burning this and a greater part of the buildings of every character
in the settlement. This mill was rebuilt, however, and started in October
following, running one circular saw and a siding mill."

The population of Alpena county in 1860, according to State official reports,
was 290, and in 1861 the number of acres assessed 237,832.02. This includes
the unorganized counties of Alcona, Otsego, Montmorency, and Presque Isle,
attached to Alpena for municipal purposes.

At the township meeting held April 2nd, 1860, the following motion was
passed : '*Also voted and carried, that twenty-five dollars be apportioned out
o"f the school fund for library purposes." iFrom this small commencement
our public library has grown until now there are nearly fourteen hundred
volumes in the library.

The Alpena Weekly Argus of May 31, 1876, thus speaks of the contrast
between the state of alfairs eighteen years ago and at present:

What a difference between our mail carrying facilities now and eighteen
years ago. In 1858 it was all chance as to the receiving of mail, and in the
winter season it was conveyed by Indians with dogs, while in the summer it
was received occasionally — just as some of the citizens visited Bay City — and
was brought up by sail-boats. But what a change I Now we are supplied with
a daily mail both summer and winter, — in winter by stage, and during the
summer season by a line of steamers which ply between Alpena and Bay City.
The population of the county was but a few souls, and could be called by
naming each individual in the space of five minutes, yet now the inhabitants
of the city and county will reach about eight thousand, and we may say that
all have profited by their settlement in this locality. Even the settler who
only five years ago attempted to cultivate land in this county, with not a dollar
to commence with," now finds himself the possessor of many (some hundreds)
acres of fertile lands vdiich yield him abundant crops every season, and return
iaini a handsome revenue. Truly a marked difference and improvement in the
short space of eighteen years.

ALPENA IN 1864.

In 1864 the population had increased to 674, and the village began to
assume a more civilized appearance. In August of the same year, Lockwood
& Minor's mill burned down, but was rebuilt during the summer, and started
sawing October 20th. This mill was known as the Home mill, and is now
owned by Bewick, Comstock & Co. The other mills built during the year
1864 were the Lester mill, now known as the Mason, Luce & Co., built by
G. S. Lester, and the Oldfield water mill, built by John Oldfield. The lat-
ter mill is now owned by Kichardson, Avery & Co. Besides the saw-mills there
was a small tar factory owned by a person named Doer, which was burned
down during the latter part of the summer.

Mr. Lockwood was very unfortunate in his early struggles, having been
twice burned out, but with an unfaltering determination to succeed, he
cleared away the smoking ruins of his mill and erected another in its place.
Mr. Lockwood was, and is yet, one of our most energetic citizens; confident
of Alpena's success, he was ever ready to aid any project that would ensure
prosperity to the place. The same remarks are true as regards Mr. J. S.
Minor.

Alpe^sta County.

179

At the spring election of 1864, sixty-nine votes were cast, and among other
motions passed by the electors on that occasion, was one for raising 11,000 by
tax, for the purpose of erecting a bridge over the river. Mr. Obed Smith
had the contract. This bridge was afterwards replaced by a saperannuated
floating concern, which disgusted the citizens so much, thatMt was removed
and the present fine structure erected in its place.

Alpena had to furnish her proportion of soldiers for the purpose of sup-
pressing the rebellion, and about thirty of her citizens were taken at various
times for that purpose. Among those who went from Alpena to the battle
fields of the south, were J. D. Potter, Moses Bingham, Arthur Irwin, Den-
ton Sellick, James Whalen, John Ellsworth, John Kaufman, and Solomon
Evans.

At a special election held June 23, 1864, it was voted, unanimously, to
raise one hundred dollars for each volunteer, either by loan or bond.

About June, 1864, the steamer Forest Queen with a large number of pas-
sengers on board, arrived at the mouth of Thunder Bay river. There had
been some extensive fires in the woods, and both bay and lake were covered
with a dense smoke. It thus happened that although the Forest Queen was
close to Alpena, yet the city could not be seen, and the passengers who had
expected to get a view of their future home as they approached, were dis-
appointed. The Forest Queen had hardly got anchored when boat loads of
mill hands came out to pay her a visit, and to get, what was of far more
interest to them, something to drink, for it must be borne in mind that
spiritous liquors were not allowed to be sold in Alpena. It was no unusual
event when a steamboat with a saloon on board anchored off the river, for
the mill hands to leave their work and go out to her — the mill in the mean-
time being left to take care of itself. The Forest Queen, as was usual with
the occasional steamboats that came to Alpena, had more passengers on board
than she could provide sleeping accommodations for, and at least seventy
men were forced to sleep on the floor. A sofa was considered a luxury and
the fortunate possessor was much envied.

Among other passengers were Geo. N. Fletcher and family, J. E. Beach,
William Pulf ord, Timothy Crowley and family. Miss Lockwood, . and the
writer of this sketch. None of the newly arrived settlers were much impressed
by the appearance of the town as viewed from Miller's dock. Where was
the city they had heard so much of during the past week or so? The people
did not call the few saw-mills and houses that were scattered about at wide
intervals a city. Wasn't the main city further up the river? No, the few
houses and mills constituted all there was of Alpena in 1864. The new set-
tlers considered themselves sold, and there was no concealing the fact that
they were much disgusted at the prospects before them. In what place were
the brick stores, paved streets, fine residences, and churches that form the
component parts of a city? They were in the future, and existed then only in
the imaginations of the enterprising founders.

The city at that time, as we remember it, consisted of Oldfield's mill,
Fletcher's mill, Boggs' hotel, and a group of buildings known as salt block,
two mill boarding houses, and less than a dozen private dwelling houses, on
the north side of the river ; the south side being represented by Lockwood &
Miner's mill, the Island mill, the Lester mill, three barn looking stores, a
court-house, and about twenty or thirty dwellings or boarding houses. The
only respectable private residence was a building owned by Mr. Murray,

180

PioKEEK Society of Michiga^^^.

situated on the lot now owned by Maltz & Co., on Second street. The site of
Bolton & McKae's brick block was then unoccupied, its chief decorations
being burnt pine stumps. Wages averaged from $35 to |40 per month and
board ; money was plentiful, and the only liquor allowed to be sold openly
was Wahoo bitters and Sam's fighting cider." Many of the residents will
probably remember the fighting cider, for it was a common saying among the
boys that a smell of the fighting cider forty rods off would cause a man to
show his pugnacity. Although whisky, etc., was not allowed to be sold openly,
yet, if a man wanted a drink and was willing to pay accordingly for it, he
could get it. For a certain money consideration a man would be informed
where, at the side of a particular stump, in such and such a place, he could
find a bottle of the ardent liquor embedded in the sand, and a number of
bottles were thus found. How they came there is of course a mystery, for it
is something out of the course of nature to grow glass bottles full of Canada
whisky with the duty unpaid.

The only amusements were dancing and sail-boat excursions to some of the
islands.

The principal diet was pork, beans, and black-strap for breakfast ; beans,
pork, and black-strap for dinner, and a sort of medley for supper. The above
diet was further embellished by cookies and salt mule (as the beef was termed),,
and, occasionally, a feast of hot rolls. Later in the summer, we remember
attending a patriotic meeting, held in the court-house, the object being to get
volunteers to represent Alpena at the battle fields in the south — the call was
not in vain. There was no regular steamboat communication between Alpena
and the lower ports, as the Columbia was taken off the route some time
before, but near the latter part of the summer of 1864, the propeller Genesee
Chief began to make regular trips between Alpena and Detroit, and thus
inaugurated a regular steamboat communication during the season of naviga-
tion.

Among the passengers who came up on the Chief on one of her early trips,
were a number of ladies, who at present are residents of this city. One of the
ladies was the fortunate possessor of a keg of beer, and wishing to have a social
time, she invited some of the other lady passengers to join witli her and spend
an hour or so in a friendly sort of manner. The invited guests eagerly
accepted, and when they were all assembled, the word was given for the
expected keg of beer to be brought up. But alas ! some thirsty mortal had
discovered the keg sometime before and had drank all the contents, thus leav-
ing the expectant ones beerless. There was no social gathering that evening,
and each of the guests betook herself to her state-room to mourn over the
great affliction.

There were no doctors in Alpena at that time, and when one of the boys
was so unfortunate as to get mangled by the saw he was forced to go below in
order to get his wounds properly dressed. We remember one person who had
the misfortune to have all the fingers taken off his hand by the edger saw.
The wound was dressed as well as possible by some of the townsmen, and then
the unfortunate man was placed aboard a sail-boat and taken over to Thunder
Bay Island, and put aboard the first steamer that passed. As soon as he got
to Detroit his hand received the first surgical treatment since the time of the
accident.

One day as we were working on the lumber pile in front of Fletcher's mill
(now Folkert & Butterfield's), we were much surprised to see a gentleman in

181

an officer's uniform step on the lumber pile and commence shoving the boards
aboard a vessel that was being loaded. Mr. Geo. Fletcher was scaling.
The officer worked a short time and soon after set up a sign with J. B. Tattle
m arked upon it.

Of the mills built during the year 1865, Mr. Geo. F. Lewis in his history of
Alpena says as follows : *' In 1865 the Harrington steam saw-mill, the largest
and best in the Alpena district, was built ; the steam mill above the dam
owned by B. H. Campbell & Co. ; a large water mill five miles up the river,
owned by H. Broadwell ; another large water mill two miles above the latter,
owned by J. Trowbridge & Brothers, who built a steam saw-mill on the bay
the same year, and L. M. Mason & Co. completed the first water mill com-
menced by Lock wood in 1858, putting in a muley saw, two shingle and one
lath machines."

Some changes have taken place since Mr. Lewis wrote the above. The
Harrington mill is now owned by Hilliard, Churchill & Co., and still continues
to be the best, and among other improvements introduced by the present firm
is their furnace for burning slabs and other mill refuse. The water mills of
Broadwell and Trowbridge have not been running for some time, and the
steam mill built by Trowbridge on the bay shore has disappeared entirely.

During 1865 the following act was passed by the State Legislature :

Sec. 1. — That there shall be laid out and established, by the commissioners to be
appointed by the Governor, upon the most direct and eligible route, being the places
hereinafter designated, the following state roads :

******** * * *

Sec. 21. — A road from Duncan, in Cheboygan county, to Sauble river, in Iosco
county, via Alpena, to be known as the Duncan, Alpena and Sauble river State road.

At the spring election of 1866 one hundred and nineteen votes were cast, and
during the same year three shingle mills were erected, one of which, built by
Thompson & Co., near Campbell & Potter's saw-mill, has an estimated
capacity of 10,000,000 shingles per year. At the fall election in November,
220 votes were cast.

The townships of Ossineke, Alcona, and Corlies were organized during 1866,
and the first tax rolls being made out in 1867. The county was now composed
of the townships of Alpena, Corlies, Ossineke, Alcona, and Harrisville, the
county seat being the village of Alpena.

Ossineke still remains a township of Alpena; Alcona now belongs to Alcona
county, while the township of Corlies existed only one year. The township of
Corlies was situated within the county of Alpena and consisted of the follow-
ing territory: The north half of town 31, ranges 5, 6, and 7, and town 32,
ranges 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.

In 1868 the mill of A. F. Fletcher & Co. was erected, and at the general
election, November 3d, 396 votes were cast. The steamer Metropolis made
her first trip to Alpena, June 4th, 1868.

In 1869 Frank Gilchrist's saw-mill was erected, and the county of Alcona
set off from Alpena and organized into a separate county.

Commenting upon the difference between the prospects for Alpena in 1864
and at present, the Alpena Weekly Argus of June 7, 1876, says:

There are many of the residents of this city and county who can look
back to the year 1864, when the population of the entire county, of Alpena
was but 674, and the farming prospects of the community were decidedly
unfavorable, as people in those days were turning their attention to other pur-

182 Pioneer Society of Michig-an.

suits than tilling the soil of a seemingly worthless country. The principal
business of Alpena in those days of early settlement was the manufacture of
lumber, for which this region is so justly celebrated. Farming was of no
account, and no one would make a venture or commencement in that direc-
tion.

"But times have changed since then, and now Alpena county can boast of
some of the best farms under a state of cultivation in any of the new counties
of the whole State. Where only six years ago the grand forest stood in all
her majesty, now is seen the evidence of all the forward marching of civiliza-
tion toward the interior of the State, and year after year the number of
farmers is increasing at a rate that shows that Alpena county possesses the
facilities for making farming one of the most profitable pursuits in this or
any other part of Michigan. Many of the people who sought the pursuits of
the city when they first came to this section, having since learned that there
was much more in store for them, in this world's goods, to be gained by mak-
ing farms of our good timbered lands than by any other means, besides mak-
ing a comfortable and independent living, are now accumulating a property
that will in a few years be of great value, not only to themselves, but to the
community.''

At the fall election of November 8, 1870, the highest vote cast was 519,
and the population, according to the State census, amounted to 2,756, an
increase since 1864 of 3,082 — a little over four times. We have given the
number of votes cast at different elections in order to show the increase of
population. For this reason we selected the township of Alpena, which up to
1866 contained all the present county. The assessed valuation of the county
of Alpena in 1870 was ^1,488,729.92. This included the present county of
Alpena and the unorganized counties of Montmorency and Presque Isle.

During the long winters, when the men were nearly all away in the lumber
woods, the ladies and what few men remained in town were dependent upon
themselves for amusenents. The people, however, were very sociable and
friendly in their communications with each other, no marked division of
social classes existed, and so they had many a pleasant gathering which helped
to make the long winters pass agreeably. Among other amusements, the
ladies organized sewing societies, principally for charitable purposes. At one
of the sewing societies some of the ladies got up a tableau entitled the "Flour
of the Family," the price of admission being five cents. Only one lady was
admitted to see the tableau at the same time. The company who were assem-
bled went into the room where the scene was exhibited, one by one, and each
person on returning declared it to be well worth seeing, doing so in order to
induce those who hadn't witnessed the tableau to go and see it. The tableau
consisted of a little flour sprinkled on the table, and as soon as the observer
saw it, she knew she had been sold, but wishing to sell the rest, she kept
silent as to what it really was until all present had been in. The result was a
merry laugh.

The winters were further enlivened by social dances in which most of the
residents took part, and as the lumber camps were not far distant, it was
nothing unusual for the boys to hitch up their teams of an evening and drive
to town to join in the amusement.

Towards spring the supply of provisions would get very small, and money
would not purchase many of the common necessaries of life. The inhabi-
tants, therefore, looked with much more interest for the arrival of the first

Alpeista County.

183

boats than now, and the arrival of the first steamboat with supplies was the
cause of a general rejoicing. At such times the one who possessed a few
barrels of flour would run up prices to a very high rate, having a complete
corner in the flour trade. This flour would be dealt out to the inhabitants in
small quantities, no person being allowed to purchase more than a few pounds
at a time.

The boys delighted to play practical jokes on Mr. Miller, and they often
indulged their mischievous inclinations. One day Dave bet Mr. Miller 25
cents that he could throw a heavy anchor into the river and then dive down
and briug it up. The bet was accepted and the anchor tumbled oR the dock
into the river. Dave paid the bet, but Mr. Miller didn't see the joke until he
had to pay a few dollars in order to get the anchor up again.

During the year 1871, some very important changes took place in the county,
while the number of mills was increased by the erection of the Alpena Lum-
ber Co.'s saw-mill. The most important change was the incorporation of the
city of Alpena. This was done by act of Legislature No. 249, and approved
March 29, 1871, the following territory forming the corporation : The south-
west quarter of section thirteen ; the south half of sections fourteen, fifteen,
and sixteen; the whole of sections twenty-one, twenty-two, and twenty-eight;
the west fractional half of section twenty-four, and fractional sections twen-
ty-three, twenty-six, and twenty-seven, in township thirty-one north, of
range eight east. This territory was on both sides of the river, and was
taken from the township of Alpena. It was divided into three wards; the
first and second wards comprising all the land on the south side of the river,
and the third all that which lay to the north. The dividing line between the
first and second wards was as follows: Commencing at a point in the center
of Thunder Bay river, opposite a line between lots seven and thirty-seven, in
block eight; thence along said line to Third street; thence along the center
of Third street to Washington avenue, and thence west on said avenue to the
center of Thunder Bay river. The city was entitled to the following officers,
who were elected by the people : Mayor, comptroller, recorder, treasurer,
three justices of peace, two aldermen from each ward, one supervisor from
each ward, and three constables. The comptroller, recorder, and aldermen
held office two years; the mayor, treasurer, supervisor, and constables held
office one year and the justices of peace three years. The mayor, recorder,
and aldermen constituted the common council of the city of Alpena, and
they had the power to appoint the following officers, who held office one year :
City attorney, marshal, street commissioner, and engineers of fire depart-
ments, besides such other officers as the council thought necessary. The
council had power to remove any officer, "except mayor, recorder, and justice
of peace, for corrupt or willful malfeasance or misfeasance in office, or for
willful neglect of the duties of his office, or for any violation of any of the
ordinances of common council, by a vote of two-thirds of all the aldermen
elect." The common council had full control of the city finances, interests,
etc., and had power to pass such orders, by-laws, and ordinances as they
deemed proper, only that the legislation of the council must not conflict with
the laws of Michigan. The first election in the city of Alpena took place on
the first Monday of April, 1871, and resulted in the election of the following
officers :

Mayor. — S. L. Carpenter.

Treasurer. — A. L. Power.

184

Pio^^^EEK Society op Michigan.

Comptroller. — Donald McRae.
Recorder. — A. Hopper.

Aldermen. — J. H. Stephens, Geo. Richardson, H. S. Seage, Ira Stout,
Samuel Boggs, and G. H. Davis.

Supervisors. — Alex. McDonald, 1st ward; James J. Potter, 2d ward; Jas.
McTavish, 3d ward.

The county now consisted of the city of Alpena and the townships of Alpena
and Ossineke, there being six representatives on the board of supervisors.
Noble M. Brackenreed was the first supervisor of Alpena township after the
incorporation of the city.

June 29th, 1871, J. (3. Viall first commenced the publication of the Alpena
Weekly Argus as the representative of the Democratic party in Alpeaa.
Previous to this event the Pioneer had been the only newspaper in the county;
it had been in existence for some years, being first known as the Thunder Bay
Monitor. Yv-^e have been unable to ascertain the date when the Monitor was
first issued. Mr. A. 0. Tefl't, the present editor and proprietor, assumed con-
trol of the Pioneer October 12th, 1867. The Pioneer represents the Eepublican
party in Alpena county.

The propellor Wenona arrived at Alpena, August 11, 1871, on her first trip,
Captain L. R. Boynton being in command.

October 3d, 1871, Lodge No. 170 I. 0. 0. F. was established, and during
the same month the first brick business block, that of Bolton & McRae, was
finished. This building is situated on Dock street, near the river, and forms
a very imposing appearance.

The injunction business, which of late has been a very prominent feature in
elections, originated about the latter part of the year 1871, owing to the
exorbitant school taxes which were levied about that time. There is no doubt
but that considerable of the school funds were misapplied, and to such an
extent had the taxes been raised that nearly all the largest taxpayers formed a
union lor the purpose of preventing further unreasonable burdens being
placed upon them. This union was termed the " Klu Klux," and the mem-
bers comprising it investigated very closely the affairs of the county. Thirty-
three of the principal taxpayers got out an injunction to restrain the treasurer
from collecting the school tax, which they claimed had been assessed illegally.
This was the commencement of the injunction business, and the struggle, so
far, has been for the purpose of making the injunctionists pay the taxes still
due from them. The injunction movement was a good thing for Alpena; it
brought the officials to their senses; it aided very much in preventing further
abuses of official trust, and the result to-day is, that the city school orders are
at par. The object in view by the injunctionists was a good one, and they
accomplished their object, but, as one of our leading citizens publicly remarked,
*'the object for which the association was formed having been attained, it was
now their duty to pay their share of the public burdens." On this subject,
however, there is considerable difference of opinion.

Another very important feature of the times was the struggle between the
authorities and a number of liquor dealers, which is supposed to have resulted
in the burning of the city a little later. The authorities were determined that
liquor should not be sold in Alpena, and consequently arrested every one who
was found selling the forbidden liquors. To such an extent was the prosecu-
tion carried on, tluit if a person scented in the least of liquor he was arrested
and ordered to tell where he got it, and if he refused to give the information,

Alpena County. ^ 185

as was generally the case, he was committed to jail for contempt of the court.
This of course created a very bad feeling in the community, and the question
was carried into the spring elections, resulting in a very lively contest between
the parties, with the odds in favor of the temperance.

The county of Presque Isle, which so far had been attached to Alpena
county, was, in 1871, organized into a separate county, leaving Alpena county
in its present shape.

The first banking firms in Alpena were organized April 1st, 1872, and con-
sisted of two firms, Bewick, Comstock & Co., under the name of the Alpena
Banking Company, and the Exchange Bank of Geo. L. Maltz & Co. Both
these firms have had plenty of business, and at present appear to be firmly
established. They have aided considerably in building up the city, and have
proved a great benefit to the citizens of this place.

We have now come down to Alpena's great affliction, viz. : the great fire of
■July 12th, 1872, when in a few hours fifteen acres in the business part of the
town was laid waste by the fire-fiend, and caused a loss to the citizens of
f 175,000. The principal losses, as given by the Pioneer, were as follows :

W. Van Inwagen.. $6,000

C. Golling 5,000

R. Ambrose _ _ - 3,000

F. S. Goodrich 9,000

J. C. Chisholm 3,700

A. P. A - 500

E. J. Dane 1,000

Wm. McMaster __ _ 3,500

€apt. Harrington 2,000

Dr. A. Warner 1,000

Bewick, Comsfcock &Co - 2,000

A. McDonald « - 3,500

Sam'l Boggs_- _. 8,000

A. Pack & Co 8,000

€. C. Whitney 11,000

Mrs. H. G. Westbrook 1,000

J. C. Eeed 1,000

Stevens & TurnbuH 1,000

Mrs. Murray _ 2,500

Dr. Maiden-.- _ 2,500

Potter Brothers 16,000

A. L. Power & Co 10,000

Galbraith& McCollum,. 5,000

P. McDade, _ — _ _ 4,000

John Gavagan, , 2,000

H. J. Eaton, _„ 2,500

Mrs. Minton,.,. 2,500

Odd Fellows, _ 400

J. W. Hall, 4,800

J. W. Creighton, 2,500

Geo. L. Maltz, „ 3,000

T. Lalonde, 2,000

•C. T. Paxton, 1,200

186

Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAN.

G. N. Blackburn, _ $4,000

Clewly & Woods,- _ 1,000

Orowell & Godfrey, 4,300

Burrell & Lee, 10,000

J. R. Beach, 5,000

Engine House, 1,500

M. M. Viall, 4,000

Wm. Todd, 2,000

J. 0. Park,.. _ 1,500

L. Doyle,- _ 4,000

Goodenow & Dow, - 8,000

With the exception of the societies we have given no losses except those of
$1,000 and upwards. Thirteen of those enumerated had no insurance on
their goods and buildings, the rest were partly insured.

With their usual energy our business men set to work, and in a few months
several fine brick blocks were erected on the burnt sites of the wooden build-
ings. The office of the Alpena Weekly Argus had been entirely consumed by
the fire, but in forty-five days from the time it was burned out, a new print-
ing outfit was received, and the Argus again appeared with its weekly account
of the doings of the people. The Argus office had no insurance upon its
stock.

The brick blocks built were the McDonald block, the Potter block, the
Pack block, F. S. Goodrich's store, C. C. Whitney's store, J. T. Bostwick's
store, and Charles GoUing's brick block. Some of the buildings mentioned
were not erected until some time after the fire. One result of the great fire
was the establishing of the fire limits, and the withdrawal of the business
center from Water street to Second street. The fire is supposed to have
taken its origin from the whisky strife, and the whisky men were charged
with burning the city. A detective was employed to ferret out the matter,
and a few arrests were made, but the trials failed to prove the charges.

x\bout fifteen months before this event a fire occurred which destroyed the
business portion of the Third ward, burning the Star hotel, Evergreen Hall,
Bolton & McRae's store, Beebe's buildings, and Bogg's hotel. The loss
amounted to many thousands of dollars. Bolton & McKae erected their pres-
ent brick block on the site of the burned one ; Gillett & Co. built a brick
store on the site of the Star, and H. Beebe replaced his by a largo wooden
building which was burned down February 21, 1876.

The Alpena Weekly Argus of June 14, 1876, says :
With what distinctiveness do many of our citizens remember the great
fire in 1872, alluded to on our first page, when nearly all of the business por-
tion of Alpena south of the river was swallowed up by the fiery elements, and
sixty-five buildings laid in ashes within three hours' time from the first out-
break of the raging flames. Even now it makes us shudder as those sad recol-
lections are brought to our mind ; to think of the loss of life, the destruction
of property, the ruination of business, and men who were, ten minutes before
the event, considered well to do and in prosperous circumstances rendered
homeless and penniless by the great disaster. Yet the citizens of Alpena were
always an energetic and thriving people, and not hesitating to mourn over the
ruins of the property they liad accumulated in the past, they began immediately
making preparations for the construction of more substantial buildings for
business purposes, and in a short time was seen the hurry and bustle of

Alpexa County.

187

mechanics as the}^ labored faithfully on the brick and wood structures that
now adorn the streets of our prosperous and thriving city. G-reat changes have
been wrought since that dreadful fire, and instead of the wooden business
houses we have now magnificent structures of brick in which a great deal of
the business of the city is done.

At the time of the fire there had been but little done in the county iu the
farming line, but many of those who lost their all by the calamity, and not
haying heart or means to make another commencement, turned their steps
toward the country, sought out lands, cleared, cultivated, and ia due time
they reaped a reward highly gratifying, as the yield of their soil was and is
still much in excess of what any one had expected of Alpena lands. The
example has since been followed by many others who do not regret their
undertaking, and who now have no desire to return to city life, as they feel
that they are doing better by farming than they possibly could by following
the uncertain pursuits of life in the city."

July 23, 1872, the shingle mill of Bewick, Comstock & Co., was burned
down. Loss about $15,000. Insured for $5,000. This mill was one of the
best shingle mills in the city. The present mill was erected on the site of the
old one during the winter of 1873-4.

The Frolic was first issued August 20th, 1873, the office being situated in
the backwoods of Alpena township, and a mile and a half from the nearest
neighbor.

In 1873 the township of Alpena was subdivided into the townships of Alpena,
Long Eapids, and Wilson, the county then comprising the city corporation
and four townships, Alpena, Long Rapids, Wilson, and Ossineke. This change
increased the board of supervisors to eight members. By act of legislature,
approved April 4th, 1873, all the territory comprised within the limits of the
city corporation was formed into the Union school district of the city of
Alpena, the aifairs being managed by two members elected in each ward, the
mayor acting as president of the board and the recorder as secretary. Prior
to this event the city corporation had been attached to Union school district
No. 1, of the township of Alpena, which comprised all the townships except
Ossineke. Since 1873 no change has taken place in the county, although an
attempt has been made to form the townships of Alpena, Long Rapids and
Wilson into separate school districts, each township to form a school district.
This change is needed very much, and will take place before long. In the
latter part of 1873 a postoffice was established in the township of Long Rapids,
with John Louden as postmaster.

In 1874 a census was taken by the supervisors, and the result has been a
very complete and reliable record of the county for the year 1873. From this
census we glean many interesting facts, showing the true state of the county.
The population of the county was 4,807, as follows: City of Alpena, 3,964;
Alpena township, 249 ; Long Rapids, 291; Wilson, 293; Ossineke, 110. The
valuation of the county as equalized by the board of supervisors was $2,134,-
360.50. Of the population, 2,808 were males, 1,999 females. There were
417,775 acres of taxed lands, of which 6,482 acres were improved. Of the
wheat crop of 1873, the yield was 3,142 bushels, and average per acre of 24.16
bushels. The yield of potatoes in 1873 amounted to 15,626 bushels, while the
hay crop was 670 tons; number of horses owned in the county, 361.

The capital invested in lumbering, as giving by official reports, was $470,000.
Amount of lumber sawed, 78,500,000 feet; worth $1,157,000. Capital invested

188

PioiTEER Society or MicmaAK.

in shingle manufacture, $40,000; value of shingles, $160,000. Capital
invested in the flour manufacture, $2,500; amount of flour produced, 225 bar-
rels. In foundries and machine shops, $11,000 was invested, the products of
which were worth $20,000. In the wagon, carriage, and sleigh business,
$8,000 was invested; value of products, $9,000. In planing and turning
mills, and sash, door, and blind factories, $5,000 was invested; value of pro-
ducts, $18,000. Concerning the schools of the city, the census gives the
assessed valuation of real and personal estate in the district at $1,200,000;
value of school property, $25,000; cost of Central school building, $20,000;
salary of superintendent, $1,400.

A comparison of the different censuses taken will show the rapid increase of
inhabitants during ten years. Census of 1864 gave 674 inhabitants, census of
1870 gave 2,756, and the census of 1874 gave 4,807, an increase in ten years
of nearly eight times. During the year ending September 30, 1874, 10,550.82
acres were licensed to settlers, and 731.37 acres patented to homesteaders.
These lands were State swamp lands. Besides the above, 120 acres of school
lands, at $4 per acre, 320 of agricultural lands, at $3 per acre, and 9,726.84
acres of swamp lands, at $1.25 per acre, were sold during the same time. The
number of acres of vacant lands in 1874 was: agricultural, 1,400; primary
school, 7,720; swamp land, 103,884.32. Since 1874 there has been a steady
increase of settlers, more lands have been brought under cultivation, and a
large number of acres have since been homesteaded or bought. There are
plenty of good vacant lands left for those who wish them, and on which a
person, if he will use reasonable exertions, can live in comfort and independ-
ence. The lands, rich as they are, will not produce crops without cultivation,
and a person who expects to make a living without work, had better keep off
the wild lands.

The business of Alpena during the year 1874, can be seen from the follow-
ing report :

Statement of exports by vessels and steamers, clearing from Alpena, Michi-
gan, during the summer of 1874.

Total number of vessels, 492; number of men employed on vessels, 6,492;
tonnage, 159,072.34. Amount of cedar posts shipped, 70,369; house blocks,
9,905; pump logs, 2,677; lath, 33,116,000; shingles, 58,478,000; lumber,
69,736,689; packages of fish, 3,749; packages of merchandise, 326; tons
of ice, 450; number of pickets, 206,643; cords of bark, 170; tons of fresh
fish, 1,440.

In addition to the above, at least 10,000,000 feet of lumber was shipped
from] Alpena by vessels that did not report at the custom-house, vessels
mostly clearing from Buffalo to Chicago.

There were also further shipments of lumber, shingles, and cedar posts
made upon steamers Wenona, St. Joseph, and Marine City, said steamers
having cleared from Cleveland for Mackinac, and vice versa, not reporting at
this custom-house. These would probably swell the total shipments to
85,000,000 feet of lumber, 65,000,000 shingles, and 100,000 cedar posts.

James J. Potter,
Dejputy Collector of Customs,

At the general election held in this county November 3, 1874, the number
of votes cast for the office of governor was 923, of which Bagley (republican)
received 491 and Chamberlain (democrat) received 432. In the city of
Alpena 765 votes were cast ; in Alpena township, 54 votes ; in Wilson town-

Alpena Coujstty.

189

ship, 27 votes ; in Ossineke township, 23 votes, and in Long Rapids township,
54 votes.

The depression in business circles which prevailed all over the country
during 1875 affected Alpena considerably, though in comparison with other
places, business has been very good — the saw-mills all running. According
to the report of Major G-. Weitzel, 506 vessels of 164,614 tons cleared from
Alpena in 1875, taking 67,872,000 feet of lumber, 28,255,000 shingles, and
18,006,000 pieces of lath. Of course the price paid for lumber was less than
that of preceding years, consequently less wages were paid, and the result
has been that more people have turned their attention to farming than they
would otherwise have done, if business had been good. This will result in
more real good to the country than was at first apparent. Concerning the
farming of 1875 we shall speak fully under the head of farming, towards the
latter part of this pamphlet.

■ PRESENT APPEAKANCE OF THE CITY.

A person approaching Alpena from the bay, the first time, will not be very
much impressed by the scene before him, especially if he be artistically inclined.
The woods on both sides of him have nearly all been burnt by fires or cut
down by the energetic lumberman, and the once beautifully wooded shores
are now spotted with gaunt, desolate looking skeletons of dead trees. The
land on which the city is situated is low, and not at all inviting to one who is
fond of high mountains, bold crags, and similar poetical but impractical
places. The scene before the approaching visitor will be a vision of houses,
mills, lumber piles, and vessels, while prominently in view he will notice the
fine appearance of the Central school building, and the bold, commanding,
yet graceful appearance of the Fletcher House. But to a practical mind the
view as the boat steams up the river, presents a very different appearance, and
such a mind will readily recognize the signs of commercial activity and pros-
perity that surround it. The singing of saws as they rip up the logs ; the
noise of the engines; the rattle of lumber trucks; the log rafts slowly mean-
dering down stream, and the vessels, steamboats, and sail boats that attract
the attention, speak volumes for the business that is going on in our lively
go-ahead city. There is no disguising the fact that most persons are unfavor-
ably impressed with the first view they have of the city, but Alpena is like a
true friend, — it improves|with acquaintance. It presents few attractions for the
loafer or the lazy individual, but to a person of enterprise and energy, it
proves a real friend and gives back many fold for labor invested.

The city extends on the bay about a mile, and back from the bay along
both sides of the river about the same distance. It contains numerous fine
residences, which have an air of comfort about them pleasing to behold, while
the grounds around them are, generally, tastefully arranged. Except in
business centers, almost every house in town occupies a lot of generally about -
one-fifth of an acre, and thus the city is spread over a large extent of ground
for the number of inhabitants. The streets are paved with sawdust, or pul-
verized plank as they are jocosely termed, and it tends in a great measure to
deaden the sound of vehicles as they pass up and down the streets. The
greatest fault that is found with the patent pulverized pavement is its great
inclination for visiting — its greatest desire being to get on some other street^
and it is nothing uncommon to see half a dozen streets so badly mixed up by
the wind, that even the street commissioner is unable to tell which is which.

190

Pioi^'EEE Society of Michigan".

Numerous trees have been planted along the line of the streets, and in the
time to come will aid considerably in beautifying the city. The streets, as a
general rule, are laid out at right angles with each other, but a few cut across
diagonally, notably among which is Washington avenue, which is laid out on
a section line. The weather, generally, is very agreeable, although we some-
times experience a few hot days, but the nights are almost always cool and
refreshing.

The river divides the city into two parts, and furnishes a very convenient
place for vessels to load in. Vessels can go almost up to the dam, which is
distant from the mouth of the river about a mile. Two bridges connect the
two sides, one a swing bridge between Dock and Second streets, and the other
where Ohisholm street touches the river. The dockage facilities can be
increased to a great extent by placing a lock at the dam, and thus raising the
vessels to a level with the waters above. There are four docks outside the
river which extend into the bay, viz. : Campbell, Potter & Oo.'s dock. Deacon
Hitchcock's dock, the Trowbridge dock, and the Alpena Lumber Co.'s dock.

The city contains at present, 11 brick blocks, nearly all on Second and Dock
streets, 8 groceries and general stores, 3 drug stores, 9 dry goods and millinery
establishments, 3 hardware stores, 1 music store, 3 merchant tailors, 2 cigar
manufacturing establishments, 2 machine shops with foundries attached, 1
steam grist mill, 2 planing mills, 4 school-houses, 1 postoflBce, 2 insurance
agencies, 2 banking establishments, 4 butcher shops, 1 bakery, 2 wagon
^ shops, 5 blacksmith shops, 3 shoe shops, 3 barbers' establishments, 7 hotels, 1
photographic room, 2 harness makers' shops, 3 green-grocers, 2 livery stables,
2 good volunteer fire companies with steam fire engines, 2 printing establish-
ments, 3 newspapers, 1 skating rink, 1 military company, 1 public hall capable
of seating 600 people comfortably, 2 express offices, 1 telegraph office, 3 house
and sign painting shops, 1 picture store, 2 furniture stores, 15 saw and shingle
mills, 7 churches, 5 societies, 1 jail, and the magnetic mineral well with a
•commodious bath-house attached. The professions are well represented by 7
lawyers, 8 doctors, 2 music teachers, and 2 architects.

The situation of Alpena city is low, but there is sufficient raise for draining
off the surface water. The want of drains is one of the needs of the city,
and these are yearly being dug in various parts of the city. As the expense
of building drains and keeping them in repair is considerable, the city is not
able to make as complete a system of drainage as the citizens would like, but
yearly, the drains are extended and before long the city will have a complete
system of drainage. All the principal streets are provided with sidewalks.
The land in the city is sand, muck or stone, the sand predominating. There
are no good farming lands, as a general rule, within three miles of the mouth
of the river — the bulk of valuable farming lands being situated from six to
forty miles distant. No one can deny that Alpena is admirably situated for
commercial purposes ; with the exception of Tawas, it possesses the only good
harbor between Port Huron and Presque Isle ; it is convenient to the line of
Chicago and the Lake Superior steamboats, the line passing Alpena about ten
miles distant; the country back of Alpena is rich and fertile, and as a wheat
growing country, is not excelled by any land in the State. These lands are
being rapidly settled and cultivated, and the products raised for at least fifty
miles back must eventually find their way to Alpena, as the most convenient
shipping point. This county and the counties adjoining, are large enough to

Alpena County.

191

support a city twice the size of Alpena at present. We predict that the city
will yet be one of the important grain shippiai? ports of the State.

There is no doubt but that salt can be found in Alpena, although at present
men are too much engaged in the lumber business to pay much attention to
other industries. Two attempts have already been made to obtain salt — one
resulted in the discovery of the famed magnetic spring, and the other is — yet
unfinished. The manufacture of salt would aid considerably in increasing
the prosperity of Alpena, for, besides the salt that would be sure to be
shipped to other ports, it would save this community thousands of dollars
that are now paid yearly by our citizens to other places, and then it would
provide a profitable way of getting rid of the mill refuse. A vessel could
reach Alpena from Point Aux Barques as soon as a vessel could reach Bay
City from the same place, and then if the vessels were going to one of the
upper lake ports, the one at Alpena would be 150 miles ahead of the one
that went to Bay City to load.

A community to be successful must export more than it imports, thus leav-
ing a balance in its favor, and if Alpena had salt for sale instead of having
to buy, the result would be a great benefit to the whole community, for the
money that now goes out to purchase salt would remain at home and furnish
employment to many men. This of course would cause a demand for other
industries.

Alpena possesses many attractions for the tourist and invalid. There are
numerous lakes in the interior, which will soon be connected with the city by
good carriage roads. These lakes are full of fish, and a very agreeable time
€an be passed in trolling for them. Every year excursion parties visit Long
Lake, distant about seven miles, and all of them return home well pleased
with their trip.

Long lake is a beautiful inland lake about ten miles long and from two to
three miles wide. The lake is connected with Lake Huron by a small outlet,
which, during the summer when the flow of water from the lake is very light,
disappears in a mysterious manner down a subterranean channel. Farm
houses and cleared lands can be seen at various points on both sides of the
lake, and the pleasure seeker will have no difficulty in finding a good stopping
place. Charges, so far, have been reasonable, and plenty of row and saii-boats
can be obtained. North of Long lake, and about a mile from it, is
another beautiful lake, studded with islands, known as Grand Lake. <

Besides the above lakes, there is a large lake called Hubbard lake, in the
western part of the county, about thirty miles distant from the city, and a
natural curiosity known as Sunken lake. The waters of Sunken lake flow
through a subterranean channel and are thus lost to view. In the bay are
several islands in close proximity to the city and admirably adapted for pleasure
parties.

The city contains a good public library, containing about 1,400 volumes of
travels, histories, biographies, works of fiction, etc., etc. The library is open
to the public on Wednesday evenings and Saturday afternoons. Miss Lizzie
Nason is librarian.

Invalids will find the climate of Alpena admirably adapted to their neces-
sities. The air is generally cool and invigorating, and the nights agreeable
and refreshing, so that a person can enjoy a sound sleep. The people are
lively and constantly projecting some social amusement. Weather permitting,
steamboats and mails arrive and depart daily.

192 Pioneer Society of Michigan.

Eheumatics have already learned of the curative properties of the magnetic
well, and many who suffered from this painful disease have experienced relief
by using its waters. The mineral water was struck at a depth of 900 feet
below the surface, and the water is conducted by pipes to a large and comfort-
able bath house near the Fletcher house. Professor Duffield says the follow-
ing about the well and qualities :

There are" he says, '^two kinds of wells which are called 'Artesian.'
The first class where parties have tubed down in soil and gravel and have not
entered or penetrated the rock, in which they merely get a water whose
medical power is obtained from flowing through some alluvial strata, and
which can not, strictly speaking, be called mineral waters. And second,
those which come from a great depth in the rock, and from which all super-
ficial streams have been tubed off. These are the true Artesian wells. The
danger in the shallow wells and mere surface spring being more from organic
matter than from the lime or magnesia salts. It is now admitted that waters
containing mineral matter are better for the health of parties than filtered
rain water."

Alpena Magnetic Spring comes from a depth of 900 feet in the rock, and
all the artificial streams have been shut off by tubing, consequently it is a
true artesian well, and also a true magnetic spring. Tlic following is Prof.

Duffield's analysis of the water:

Specific gravity 1.012

In gallon.

Bicarbonate of soda 15,736

Bicarbonate of lime.. 55,13&

Bicarbonate of magnesia , 62,920'

Bicarbonate of iron 1,840

Sulphate of lime .. 30,056

Silica and aluminum 3,088

Chloride sodium (salt) 68,256

Organic matter and loss 928

237,960

Total mineral constituents, 237,032 grains. Sulphuretted hydrogen gas,
3.91 cubic inches ; carbonic acid gas, a trace. These exist in greater quantities
at the well, and should be tested there.

In connection with the spring it may not be amiss to give a few particulars
concerning the Fletcher House. We take the following from the Saginaw
Valley and Lake Shore Business Gazetteer and Directory :

This was built by Gr. N. Fletcher, one of the most enterprising citizens,,
and cost over $50,000. It is beautifully situated, commanding a full and
uninterrupted view of Thunder Bay, and offers more than ordinary induce-
ments to pleasure seekers, especially during the usual * heated term.' The
building is of wood, three stories high, with a French roof. The frontage
extends 155 feet on Water street running parallel with the river; 140 feet on
the bay, and 100 feet on River street. A double veranda extends around
three sides, measuring over 800 feet in length, and is accessible from every
portion of the house. The first floor has a main entrance 12 feet wide, 250
feet of halls, from 10 to 12 feet in width, an office 21x32, parlor 22x30,
dining room 34x50, capable of seating 150 guests, (the two latter front on
the bay), a fine billiard room, barber shop, and two stores. The second story
is divided into 36 suites of rooms and has over 400 feet of halls. The third
story has 39 suites of rooms, and some 400 feet of halls. Each room is sup-

Alpe^^^a County.

193

plied with water, lighted with gas, and heated with steam, and are all well
ventilated."

GEOGRA.PHICAL,

Alpena county is situated on the northeast part of the lower peninsula of
Michigan. It is bounded on the east by Thunder Bay and Lake Huron ; on
the north by Presque Isle ; on the west by the unorganized county of Mont-
morency (at present attached to Alpena county) ; on the south by Alcona
county ; Oscoda county touches it at the southwest corner. It is divided into
the city corporation of Alpena, and the townships of Alpena, Long Rapids,
Wilson and Ossineke, and is formed of that part of land known as towns 29,
30, 81, and 32, in ranges 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 east. The number of acres
has been estimated at 705,683, of which some 300,000 acres are pine lands.
The county seat is situated at the city of Alpena.

Alpena county forms part of the 26th State Representative District, which
is represented at present by W. L. Churchill, of this city. It forms part of
the 29th State Senatorial District, represented now by I. Fancher, Republi-
can. It forms part of the 8th Congressional District, represented now by N.
B. Bradley, Republican. It forms part of the 18th Circuit District, presided
over at present by S. M. Green, Democrat.

Alpena county is watered by Thunder Bay river and branches, and contains
the pretty inland lakes known as Long lake and Hubbard lake. Sunken
Lake, a natural curiosity, is within its limits. Thunder Bay, which borders
both on the south and east, is formed by a deep indention in the land, some
ten miles, and forms one of the best and most commodious natural harbors
on the shores of Michigan. It is something in the shape of an irregular half
circle, ten miles in diameter; is free from shoals, and contains good anchor-
age. The outermost point of the south shore is called South Point. A little
below Thunder Bay river, sometimes called Alpena river, which empties into
the bay about midway between its two extremities, is Partridge Point (so
called on account of the abundance of partridge that once existed there) ;
south of Partridge Point, is Squaw Bay, and below that is Ossineke or Devil
river. Ossineke is the Indian for Devil. Out from the end of Partridge Point,
and a little more than a mile away, is Sulphur Island (so called from a sul-
phuric substance that can be obtained there). Sulphur Island contains good
trap-net grounds, where, annually a large number of white fish are captured.
This island is much visited during the summer season by joyous groups of
picnickers, it being distant from the city of Alpena only between five and six
miles, making it a very convenient resort for pleasure seekers. The island is
not very large and contains some woods. About a mile eastward from Alpena
city is Trowbridge Point, once a flourishing depot for the lumber sawed at the
mills some few miles up the river, and close to it is a small bay, known as
Norwegian bay. A little further out is White Fish Point, named from the
abundance of white-fish that sported there, but now scarce, and passing
along by the fisheries of Old Harvey Williams, Plough and Campbell (the
last two the best in the bay), we come to North Point, and also to the out-
skirts of the bay.

From the water, a little way out from North Point, we have an admirable
view of the shores of Alpena county; to the south is South Point and the south
shore of the bay, plain to view as regards the general outlook of the land, but
25

194

PioN^EER Society of MicHiaAi^.

too far off to distinguish individual objects plainly. To the westward we can
dimly observe the smoke of Alpena city, and make out the general contour of
the land. Out in the blue waters of Lake Huron are the pretty group of
islands known as Sugar, Thunder Bay, and Gull Islands. These islands are
distant about two miles from North Point, Sugar Island being the nearest.
Sugar Island contains over 100 acres of land ; is the property of John Paxton,
and is the site of some of the most flourishing gill net fisheries in the State.
Thunder Bay Island is owned by the United States government, and on it is
situated the light-house, known as Thunder Bay Light. Gull Island is a small
island owned by Frank Jennings, and is used during the summer as a gill net
fishery; this island js north of the other two, and receives its name from the
amount of gulls that frequent it. Close by North Point, to the southward, is
the reef on which the propeller Galena was wrecked in 1872. This reef is
well known, and is out of the way of vessels entering the bay, so that there is
not the least necessity for vessels coming to grief upon it. Close by the same
place the propeller Congress was burned some years ago. Looking to the
northward, the remaining shores of Alpena stand out boldly and plainly to
view, it appearing to jut out in regular steps. The course of the shore to
Alpena and up the lake varies but little, being about northwesterly, and form-
ing a peninsula about ten miles long and eight miles wide.

As we journey up the shore, we pass North Point gill net fisheries, Little
Thunder Bay, Crooked Island, and Misery Point. In Little Thunder Bay,
and well to the northwest of it, is a curious freak of nature. It sonsists of a
deep hole some one or two hundred feet in diameter, and a depth, according
to a sounding made by us, of 79 feet. It is full of water, and is supposed to be
the outlet of Sunken Lake, some thirty miles distant from the shore. Prof.
Winchell who examined it, believes in this theory. In passing over this
sunken hole, a person experiences a feeling as if the bottom had dropped out,
leaving him suspended in the air. The sides appear to go straight down, and
as far as can be seen, are covered with weeds, amid which large pike find a
secure hiding place. It is affirmed that this hole never freezes over.

Further to the north are San-Hook and Nine Mile Point, and beyond these
can be seen Middle Island and Presque Isle Point. The line of upper lake
steamboats and vessels pass about five miles from this shore, and it is nothing
unfrequent to see in sight at one time, from 30 to 40 steamboats, tugs, and
sailing vessels. At Nine Mile point is situated Morris's dock, from which a
large amount of cedar posts, house blocks, and telegraph poles have been
shipped to other points.

Between Middle Island and Thunder Bay Island, is the reef on which white
fish cast their spawn every year. During the spawning season, the fish in
countless numbers swarm about the rocky bottom, and hundreds of barrels
of them get entangled in the gill nets, which extend in all directions along
the reef, thus becoming the prize of the fishermen. The deptli of water on the
reef averages about seven fathoms, althougli at one point the water is only
four fathoms. The reef is about five miles from shore.

The city of Alpena is situated in the 45th degree of north latitude, and is
distant from Detroit, by navigable route, 350 miles ; from Bay City, 120
miles; from Mackinac, 120 miles; from Sault Stc. Marie, 220 miles; from
Buffalo, 500 miles; from New York, 940 miles; from Harrisville, 30 miles;
from Au Sable, 50 miles.

Alpena Coitnty.

195

CHUECHES.

The Baptist Society was first organized October 25th, 1867, with Kev. P.
N. Barlow as first pastor. The present pastor is the Eev. W. C. Learned.
The church is situated on the corner of Third and Lockwood streets, and was
built in 1868. It is capable of seating 250 persons. The number of mem-
bers is 197, of which 149 are resident. Services are held every Sunday,
morning and evening. Prayer meeting on Thursday evening. In connection
with the church there is a prosperous Sunday-school, with Mr. F. S. G-ood-
rich as superintendent, assisted by sixteen teachers.

St. Bernard's Church (Catholic) was established May 11th, 1869. The two
years preceding, it had been under the charge of the Kev. P. B. Murray, as a
missionary station. The Eev. Mr. Murray was the first pastor, but his place
is now occupied by the Rev. Van Ginnipp. The church is situated on
Ohisholm street, between Third and Fourth streets. In connection with the
society is both Sunday and wseek day school. Services every Sunday at 8 :30
A. M., 10 :30 A. M., and at 7 P. M. Sermon in English in the morning, and
in French in the evening.

The Episcopal Society was organized February 1st, 1865, and the first
service held July 9th, 1865, Eev. G-. 0. Bachman officiating as the first rector.
Mr. Bachman remained in charge 18 months when he was relieved by the
Eev. H. H. Brown, who had charge 6 months. Prior to 1868 there were 72
baptisms. The present rector, the Eev. W. W. Eafter, took charge of the
parish in June, 1868. Since Mr. Eafter took charge of the parish there have
been 84 confirmations and 195 baptisms. This would make the membership
of the church about 300. Trinity church was built in 1867. The first
services being held on Christmas. During the summer of 1869 the church
was enlarged. Adjoining the church is a large and handsome rectory, worth
$6,300. The church is valued at $4,350, and both church and rectory were
erected by the aid furnished by the citizens of Alpena. Services every Sun-
day morning and evening; on all Saints' days and festivals, and a daily service
during the Lenten season. There is a Sunday-school in connection with the
church.

The First Congregational church is situated on Second street and Washing-
ington avenue, fronting on Second street. The society was organized during
the summer of 1860. In 1865 the society commenced building the present
handsome church, and completed it by the fall of 1868. The church possesses
a fine bell weighing 1,200 pounds. This year a lecture room has been added
to the main building, making a very convenient place for prayer meetings,
etc. The Congregational church is the finest building of the kind at present
in the city. Prayer meeting every Tuesday and Friday evenings. There is a
large and prosperous Sunday-school attached to the church, with Wm. D.
Hitchcock as superintendent, assisted by 27 teachers. Kumber of scholars
236. The first pastor was the Eev. C. G-. Bisbee. The present pastor is the
Eev. A. B. Allen. Services every Sunday, morning and evening.

The Methodist society was organized April 7, 1867, with 29 communi-
cants. The church of the society, which is a handsome structure, is situated
on Dock street, and was dedicated January 1, 1870, the first commencement
at building being made November, 1868. The present minister is the Eev.
Mr. White. Services every Sunday, morning and evening. A Sunday-school
is attached to the society.

196

Pioneer Society of Michigan.

Besides the above there are the Lutheran, the Norwegian, and the Jewish
religious societies. The Norwegian church was built this year, Rev. M. P. Ruh
being pastor. The church is situated on Dunbar street. The Lutheran
church is situated on Dock street.

CEMETERY.

The public cemetery is situated on Oampbellville road about one mile and a
half from Second street bridge. It contains 20 acres of land. There are two
other cemeteries, the Catholic and the Jewish, both being sectarian. The
Catholic cemetery is situated on Eleventh street. The Jewish cemetery adjoins
the public cemetery.

SOCIETIES.

The Independent Order of Odd Fellows was organized October 3, 1871,
commencing with six charter members. Among the first officers were J. C.
Viall, N. G., and J. Van Dusen V. Gr. The present principal officers are A.
Harshaw, N. G. ; A. R. McDonald, V. G. ; J. Van Duzen, P. S. ; G. N.
Blackburn, treasurer, and A. C. Tefft, R. S. The society meets every Tuesday
evening at 8 :30, at the lodge room in Whitney's brick block, corner of Second
and Chisholm streets. The number of members is 63. The lodge is known
as Alpena lodge No. 170, I. 0. 0. F.

Alpena lodge No. 199, Free and Accepted Masons, is held under and by
authority of a charter granted by the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted
Masons of the State of Michigan. This charter was given during the session
of the grand lodge, January, 1869, to Wm. P. Maiden, M. D., worshipful
master ; Orin Erskine, senior warden ; and Josiah Frink, junior warden, and
to their successors in office. The lodge was formed with 16 charter members.
The society assembles Wednesday evening on, or previous to the full of the
moon, each month, at 7 :30, at the lodge room in Bolton & McRae's brick
block on Dock street. L. B. Howard is the present W. M., and M. N.
Bedford, Secretary. The present number of members is 93. Attached to the
society is a chapter of Royal Arch Masons, who meet on the first Friday of
each month.

Alpena Lodge No. 775, I. 0. G. T., was organized October 1, 1873, by D.
W. C. T. Russel. The first principal officers were James J. Potter, W. C. T. ;
Miss Nettie Riddle, W. V. T. ; A. R. McDonald, Secretary; and Alex!
Campbell, Treasurer. Since the organization of the lodge 211 persons have
been initiated, and the lodge at present is in good working order, with a mem-
bership of about 80. The present principal officers are A. Harshaw, W. C. T. ;
Miss Jennie Campbell, W. V. T. ; J. C. Fockler, secretary ; H. McTavish,
treasurer; and J. A. McDonald, F. S. The society meets every Wednesday
evening at 7 o'clock, at the lodge room in the Power block, on Second street.
This year a new lodge has been organized in Long Rapids township.

The German Aid Society was organized June 26th, 1871, with the following
officers: Chas. GoUing, president; E. Malsh, vice-president; Chas. Wurst,
secretary ; and Chas. Hueber, treasurer.

The Pioneer Society organized December 15, 1875, and is composed of
settlers who arrived in Alpena prior to June 1, 1865. Mr. J. K. Lockwood
is president, and A. C. Tefft secretary.

The Alpine Boat Club was organized October 19, 1874, with eighteen mem-
bers. During the summer of 1875, the club procured a six-oared barge, built

Alpeka County.

197

by Oapt. S. E. Burnham, Saginaw city. The barge is 48 feefc 8 inches in
length, and 44 inches beam, and has since been turned into an eight-oared
barge. In the fall of 1875 a boat house was built, at a cost of $500, sixty feet
long and 24 feet wide. The Pedro crew is from the members of the Alpine
Boat Club, and consists of four members, V. 0. Burnham, captain; J. H.
Fletcher, stroke; E. Kelsey, 2; and H. D. Churchill 3. This crew have a
four-oared out-rigged barge, 32 feet long and 36 inches beam, named Pedro,
after the five spot of hearts, the emblem of the Pedro crew. In January, 1876,
by the burning of Beebe's Hall, at that time leased by the club, the society
lost in oars, flags, etc., about $300, The present value of club property is
about $1,200. The present officers are W. L. Churchill, president; A. R,
McDonald, vice-president; E. Wilcox, secretary; J. H. Fletcher, captain;
and Z. M. Knight, ensign. This society has been the means of originating a
number of very pleasant hops, masquerades, etc., which have helped to enliven
the long winters.

FIRE COMPANIES.

Sahgonahkato Fire Company No. 1 was organized in July, 1871, A. L.
Power being foreman. Last year the company was reorganized. The present
ofificers are Henry S. Seage, foreman; J. D. Turnbull, 1st assistant; Wm.
Todd, 2d assistant; S. A. L. Warner, treasurer; Fred. H. Barlow, secretary;
and Charles Lester, steward. The annual meeting of the company is on the
first Tuesday in June, and the regular meeting on the first Tuesday of every
month. The company has a Clapp & Jones steam fire engine.

Fire Company No. 2 was organized last year, with D. P. Buker, foreman ;
Henry Bolton, 1st assistant; and Alex. Campbell captain of hose company.
These ofiBcers have since been re-elected. J. Parks is 2d assistant, and A.
Brown, secretary. The meetings of the company are the same as No. 1.
The company has a Silsby rotary steam fire engine.

MILITARY COMPANY.

The military company was organized in 1875, and was mustered into the
State service June 3, 1876. The company assembles for drill every Monday
evening at the drill shed, and numbers 86 members. It is known as company
H, Alpena Guards, third regiment of State troops. The company officers are
L. B. Howard, captain; A. Harshaw, first lieutenant; and E. Campbell,
second lietenant.

STEAMBOATS.

Communication between Alpena and other ports is maintained by means of
two lines of steamboats — the Alpena Transportation Co., and the Mail Line.
The Mail Line runs daily, except Sundays, between Alpena and Bay City,
leaving Alpena at 7 A. M. and getting into Bay City in time to take the eve-
ning train. The boat leaves Bay City at 2 P. M., and arrives at Alpena early
in the morning. The Alpena Transportation Co's boats run between Alpena
and Detroit, and extend their trips to Mackinac. The boats between Alpena
and Detroit arrive at Alpena on Monday, Thursday, and Friday of each week,
and leave for Detroit on Wednesday, Saturday, and Sunday of each week.
Meals and berths are provided on the Detroit lines. On the Mail Line, meals
are extra. Accommodations on all the boats are first class. Two of the

198 Pioneer Society of MicmaAK.

boats leave Alpena for Mackinac on Thursday and Friday, and arrive at
Alpena from Mackinac on Saturday and Sunday of each week.

FISHIiq'G.

Fishing is carried on by means of trap nets and gill nets. The trap net
grounds are inside the bay, the best places being Campbell's fishery, Plough's
fishery, and Sulphur Island. The gill net grounds lie off the coast a dis-
tance of from five to ten miles. The number of rigs employed in fishing
varies every year, but they number generally, about ten trap nets and ten or
twelve gill net rigs. The yearly catch will average between four and five
thousand barrels, worth at least $30,000. Lately a large business has sprung
up in the fresh fish line — the fish being packed in ice in Alpena, and then
shipped to various points below. The most convenient sites for the gill net
boats are on North Point, Sugar Island, and Gull Island. The best fishing
season is during the fall, when the fish come on the various reefs to spawn,
but the reckless catching at such times has sensibly diminished the number of
fish. The principal fish sought after are the white fish and trout, and of
these fish, the State commission in. their ofiicial report for 1873-4 state as
follows :

"The white fish (corregonus alhts) is undeniably the most valuable fresh
water variety found on the continent. Its geographical range in the United
States extends from Lake Ontario through all the great lakes to the head
waters of Lake Superior, whilst a few are found in some of the inland lakes
of New York and Michigan, and they are reported in limited numbers in a
very few of the lakes of Wisconsin and Minnesota. For the purposes, how-
ever, of home consumption, as well as for commerce, the great chain of
lakes affords the only field of supply. These lakes in former years, and even
now after years of improvidence and waste, produce millions annually. Yet
the catch is very appreciably diminishing, to the evident alarm of the States
that border on the lakes, and of the country at large. The causes of this
decrease are too transparent for enumeration or designation. The simple
mention of the naked fact opens a volume replete with bitter recollections
and reproof. Avarice, human greed, regard neither the times nor the modes
of capture, and ignorance is their stupid associate and ally. Decay and
famine even, ever have followed, and ever will follow in the footsteps of such
a copartnership.

*'The size and quantity of the fish vary in different waters. In their more
northern habitat at Sault Ste. Marie (the outlet of Lake Superior) they average
four pounds, and in the head waters of Lake Superior they have been reported
caught weighing high as fifteen pounds, while from the more southern lakes
of the chain their average will not exceed two or three pounds. The quality
of the fish, too, is believed to vary in different waters — those on the north
shores of the lakes and in the higher latitudes being regarded superior to
those in the lower latitudes, owing, as it is said, to the cold spring streams
that debouch in the lakes on the north side, and to the constantly colder
waters produced by a higher latitude.

"A minute description of this fish is hardly necessary, as nearly every resident
of Michigan is familiar with this most excellent and popular fish. In gen-
eral terms it may be stated, its back is of a grayish color, the rest is beautiful
white, and when emerging from the water, of most lustrous appearance.
Head small as contrasted with its body, and when approaching the spawning

Alpena County.

199

period, the head is thought to decrease in size, imparting to the fish almost a
deformed look. The spawning period is from middle to late autumn. Their
natural resort is in deep water, except during the spawning season, when they
take to shoal water for the deposition of their spawn. The number in cer-
tain localities and at certain seasons, being so greatly in excess of their num-
ber in the same localities at other seasons, has led some into the belief that
they are of a migratory habit, the great bulk of them retiring to the upper
lakes during the spring and summer, and leaving for the lower lakes as the
generation season arrives. This claim, however, of a migratory habit or
disposition, is by no means clearly established. The white fish is a large
but careless breeder, so that in the absence of artificial appliance to rescue
the ova from the hydra mouths that lie in wait for their destruction, but com-
paratively small results come from its prolific habit. The young are
extremely active, and incline to deep water, thereby escaping the attacks of
predaceous fish, and of numerous other enemies that are accustomed to glut
their appetites and regale their native depravity in shoal waters.

**0n the subject of the food of the white fish there exists quite a diversity
of opinion. They being neither predatory nor carnivorous feeders, the better
judgment seems to be that their food is of vegetable origin — the product of
aquatic plants, insects, and jelly-like Crustacea. Their peculiar conformation
and structural organism, their known habits, and the quality of their meat
go to substantiate this view. Nothing has ever been found in the intestines
of the white fish that would establish in any degree their relation to the
predaceous or carnivorous family; hence the inference, supported by observa-
tion, is to the effect that their food is of vegetable origion, water insects, the
offshoot of aquatic plants, and different forms of Crustacea. The food of
the young fish-, too, soon after hatched, must be the infusoria of the water,
that microscopic animalcula life with which every drop of water teems when
brought into certain conditions, one of which conditions is the presence of
aquatic plants and vegetable growth. This view accoFds with the teachings of
instinct, for the parent fish invariably seek the shoal waters for the deposi-
tion of their spawn, where there is usually an abundance of aquatic plants
and minute insect life, instinct so directing and assuring them that in such
place or places will their offspring on emerging to life, find the food adapted
to their delicate and tender constitutions. The young carries a sac the same
as other members of the Salmonidae family which is soon absorbed, lasting
them generally from seven to ten days. This yolk sac of the white fish,
unlike that of the trout or salmon, from the hour they dash away the house
of their birth, seems to offer no perceivable resistance to their agile movements.

" The white fish is not in the common acceptation of the term, a game or
fly fish. Not but what they may have been caught with the line and the rod,
but if so caught there was a double mistake, the fish and the angler both
counting, in sporting parlance, on a scratch," for the fish did not intend to
be so caught, nor did the angler make his cast in any expectation of such
I result. They are pure and simple a net or seine fish.

Perhaps the next fish in importance, indigenous to Michigan waters, are
the Lake trout — known under the various names, Maekinac trout, Salmon
trout, Namaycush, Salmo Siskawitz, and even these do not exhaust the
nomenclature. These several varieties, differing in size, coloring, and general
appearance, are without any very great structural differences, and are un-

200 Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAN.

doubtedly congeneric, all being of lacustrine habitat and habits, and non-
migratory, they rarely ever entering any of the rivers for the purpose of
spawning or in quest of food. The Namaycush, or great lake trout, attain in
some waters to great size, while its brother, the Siskawitz, and other lake
trout, as a general thing are of considerably less size, — size, appearance, and
other conditions depending very much on locality, depth, and temperature of
water. The spawning season is in autumn, October being the fish culturist's
best harvest month. As the generation period arrives they approach the shores
for the deposition of the spawn, seeking out the gravelly shoals of the lake,
and are not infrequently seen in those narrow gravelly channels between the
many islands that fringe the shores of the great lakes.

The spawn of the lake trout may be obtained by the artificial methods,
and about the same processes of incubatioi^ obtain as with the ova of other
members of the Salmonidse class. The lake trout are a very acceptable and
valuable table fish, already supplying a large home consumption, while as an
article of commerce they rank very high. Fish dealers have informed us that
they are more easily kept in good condition during the warm seasons, and bear
transportation better than almost any other variety. This species, it is believed,
may be successfully introduced into all the larger and better class of our inland
lakes, where they will find water of ample depth and food in sufficient supply
to warrant the experiment of their culture."

Besides the above we have pickerel, bass, sturgeon, herring, suckers, **law-
yers," and a number of others.

POSTOFPICE.

The county contains four postoffices — one in the city; one in Alpena town-
ship, known as Eastside, Mrs. Roberts, postmistress ; one in Ossineke township,
Mr. Sanborn, postmaster; one in Long Rapids township, John Louden, post-
master. The city post office is situated on Water street, Wm. D. Hitchcock
being postmaster. It contains 536 letter boxes and 159 drawers, besides a
general delivery and money order department. Mails arrive every morning
(weather permitting) except Monday, and leave every morning except Sunday.
In winter the mails arrive and depart six times a week, unless delayed by bad
roads. Mails go to Ossineke three times a week, and to the other township
offices once a week. Mails for up the shore leave on Friday on the Marine City.

SCHOOLS.

Like the rest of Michigan, Alpena county can boast of many school-houses,
and every year the taxpayers willingly submit to a heavy tax in order that the
children in the county may be educated. Besides the city schools there are
situated at different places in the county, 13 school-houses, many of them sur-
rounded by woods, the scholars coming from a radius of three miles to attend
school.

The first thing that the people think of in a new settlement is a road so that
they can get to and from their farms, and as soon as this is accomplished they
turn their attention to the school, and soon a neat log or frame building is
erected ; a teacher is engaged, and the work of making future presidents com-
mences.

The county contains three school districts, viz.: the Union school district of
the city of Alpena; Union school district No. 1 of the township of Alpena,

ALPEiiTA County.

201

•comprising the townships of Alpena, Wilson, and Long Eapids, and the school
district of Ossineke.

The union school district of the township of Alpena contains seven frame
and four log school-houses, worth $5,400 and capable of seating 420 scholars.
The school receipts (1875) from taxes, etc., was 18,134.47. The expenditures
have been as follows: Paid male teachers, 13,075; paid female teachers^ $870;
for building and repairing school-houses, $861.61 ; incidentals, $1,455.74. The
school-houses are furnished with maps, charts, and blackboards. At present
there is no public library in the district. The district schools are under the
^control of a board of trustees, six in number. This board chooses from its
number, a moderator, a director, and an assessor. The wages paid to teachers
in charge of township schools, range from $45 to $55 per month. The aver-
age attendance in the district schools is about twelve. The number of children
in the three townships, between the ages of 5 and 20, according to the last cen-
sus, was 249.

In the city there are four school-houses, one in the third ward ; one in the
second ward ; one at Oampbellville, and the large and handsome central build-
ing in the first ward. The central building contains several departments
known as the primary, secondary, upper secondary, intermediate, grammar,
and high schools. The course of education, commences with the lowest
department, and requires about lOy ears. The city schools are very complete,
and a pupil who will apply himself to the work before him, can attain a first-
class education, at no expense to himself for tuition. The present superin-
tendent is Prof. F. S. Dewey, who has been in charge of the city schools for
several years. The Professor is aided by a corps of eight teachers — one male
and seven female. For defraying the expenses of the schools for the coming
year, the board of education has voted the sum of $6,900. The number of
school children in the city is about 1,000.

Besides the above, the Catholic society has a private school attached to its
organization, for the benefit of the children belonging to the society. Num-
ber of pupils 115.

The central building fronts on Second street, and was built at a cost of
$25,000. It is a very handsome wooden building, in the shape of a Greek
cross, each section being 34x70 feet in extent. The building is three stories in
height.

In the school district of Ossineke there are two school-houses.

LUMBERING.

At present the lumber business is the main stay of Alpena, the manu-
facture being confined to Norway and the various kinds of white and cork
pine. The pine is of good quality and bears a good reputation, and the sup-
jply is estimated by various judges to last from ten to forty years. The lum-
ber woods are situated from the city a distance of from twenty to sixty miles,
and the logs are floated by means of the river to the various mills in the city.
Besides the pine, we have a large quantity of hemlock, maple, beach, tama-
rack, basswood, white and black ash, poplar, birch, elm, ironwood, white oak
and various other kinds of trees.

The average cut per year in lumber and shingles, will exceed 80,000,000.
AH the mills engaged in sawing lumber or cutting shingles at present are
situated within the limits city of the corporation, except two. The following
will give the reader an account of the mills and their sawing capacity :
36

202 Pioneer Society of Michigaist.

The steam saw-mill of Sanborn & Brothers, is situated at Ossineke, and
gives employment to fifteen men. It contains one circular saw, and has
1,500,000 feet of logs on hand.

The steam saw-mill of the Alpena Lumber Co. is situated at the mouth of
the river. This company has a clapboard machine in a building close by the
saw-mill. The mill is supplied with one circular, one gang, and the neces-
sary edgers and slab saws, which are capable of cutting 70,000 of lumber per
day. There is one lath machine attached to the mill, which is capable of
cutting about twenty thousand lath per day. Amount of logs on hand, this
spring, was 11,000,000 feet. Amount cut last year, 7,000,000. Number of
men employed is 63. The clapboard machine cut, last year, 300,000 clap-
boards. Attached to the clapboard mill is the shingle mill of E. White, con-
taining one double cutter and one single cutter shingle machine, which are
capable of cutting from 85,000 to 100,000 shingles per day, and employing
25 persons. This mill, last vear, under the charge of J. Van Duseo, cut
10,500,000 shingles.

Across the river from the Alpena Lumber Co., stands the mill of F. W.
Grilchrist, containing 1 gang, 1 circular, edgers, slab saws and lath machine.
This mill has a cutting capacity of 9,000,000 feet per year. Number of
men employed, 50. Full stock of logs on hand.

Further up the river is the grist-mill and sash, door, and planing mill of
Bingliam, Johnston & Co., containing a complete set of machinery for mak-
ing flour and for manufacturing sash, doors, planing, moulding and fancy
wood work.

Folkerts & Butterfield's mill is still further up the river, just above the
bridge. The mill contains 1 circular, 1 gang, 1 muley, the requisite slab saws
and edgers, and 1 lath machine. The mill has a cutting capacity of 7,000,000
feet of lumber per year. Number of men employed, 51.

The next mill is that of A. F. Fletcher & Co., and contains 1 circular, 1
gang, and 1 lath mill. The mill is capable of cutting 70,000 feet of lumber
and 17,000 lath per day. Number of men employed, ^O.

A little further up the river is Gillett & Co.'s shingle mill, which is not in
operation this year.

Eichardson, Avery & Co.'s water mill is the last on the north side of the
river. It contains 1 circular, 1 gang, 1 muley, edgers, slab saws, and lath
machine, and has a cutting capacity of 9,000,000 feet per year. About 40
men are employed.

Across the river, and on the otlier side of the dam, is the water mill of
Hopper & Davis, containing 1 double and 1 single cutting shingle machines,
and capable of producing 95,000 shingles per day. Number of men employed,
21.

Continuing our coarse down the river, we come to Minor & Co.'s shingle
mill, containing one double cutter and one single cutter shingle machines, and
capable of manufacturing 90,000 shingles per day. Number of persons
employed, 25. This mill is run this year by Morris Godfrey.

Not far from Minor's shingle mill is the Island mill, owned by J. S. Minor.
This mill is situated on a island, and contains an circular, edger, etc., and is
principally employed in sawing timber and bill stuff. About thirty men are
employed about the mill.

The next mill is that of Bewick, Comstock & Co., containing 1 circular, 1
gang, edgers, slab saws, 1 lath machine, and a picket machine. The mill has

Alpena County.

203

a cutting capacity of 60,000 feet of lumber and 20,000 lath per day. Number
of men employed, 38.

A little further down the river is the saw-mill of Hilliard, Churchill & Co.,
which is supplied with 2 circulars, 1 gang, 1 muley, edgers, etc. The mill is
capable of sawing 10,000,000 feet per year.

Close by Hilliard, Churchill & Co.'s mill is that of Mason, Luce & Co.,
which contains 2 circulars, 1 lath machine, edgers, etc., and is capable of cut-
ting 7,000,000 feet per year. About 30 men are employed about the mill.

The last mill on our river list is the shingle mill of Bewick, Oomstock &
Co. It is supplied with 1 double cutter and 1 single cutter shingle machines,
which are capable of cutting 100,000 shingles per day. Number of men
employed, 21.

The saw-mill of Campbell, Potter & Co. is situated at Campbellville, about
one mile from the bay. The mill contains 1 circular, 1 gang, 1 muley, and
one lath machine, which are capable of cutting 70,000 feet of lumber, and
17,000 lath per day. Number of men employed, 40. The lumber is conveyed
to the company's dock on Thunder Bay by means of a railroad one mile long.
The shingle mill close to Campbell, Potter & Co.'s mill is not in operation this
year.

The sash and door factory, and planing and moulding mill of Gebhardt &
Co. is situated on Sable street between Third and Fourth streets, and is fitted
with every appliance for making doors, sash, blinds, brackets, etc., and for
moulding and making fancy wood-work.

Hopper & Speechly have a saw-mill on the river, in Long Rapids township,
about seventeen miles from town. A grist-mill will be attached to the saw-
mill before long. The mill is run by water power, and is surrounded by a first
class farming country.

The average cut of each of the city mills is about 50,000 feet per day. A
few of the mills are in operation night and day.

Geo. F. Lewis, during his visit to Alpena, this spring, obtained the follow-
ing statistics, regarding the supply of old and new logs :

81,000,000

The above estimate is the amount that was on hand in the spring, and is a
Tigry fair estimate. All the mill owners report sufficient logs on hand for the
present season, but no overplus.

NEW LOGS.

Campbell, Potter & Co

Richardson, Avery & Co...

J. S. Minor

A. F. Fletcher & Co

Bewick, Comstock & Co...
Hilliard, Churchill & Co.

Mason, Luce & Co.

Folkerts & Butterfield....
Alpena Lumber Company

6,000,000
7,000,000
2,500,000
6,500,000
7,000,000
5,500,000
7,000,000
7,000,000
5,000,000
7,500,000
2,000,000
18,000,000

F. W. Gilchrist
Shingle Mills...
Old stock, feet.

204

Pion^EEE Society of MiCHiaAN.

FARMING.

Very little regular farming was done in Alpena prior to the year 1866,
although some attempts had been made by various parties. Farming was
generally discouraged, no one believing that it would be profitable, and those
who did make the attempt were ridiculed considerably. Sometimes reports
would be circulated about vegetables, etc., being raised, but were generally
received with incredulity. In all communities there are some individuals who
differ from the multitude, and such was the case with Alpena, for a few
individuals who thought farming in this county would pay, and being desirous
of finding a home for themselves and families, determined to try it ; so they
located homesteads, cleared a small patch of ground, and the result proved
that their judgment regarding the excellent producing qualities of the farming
lands was in every particular correct. The first pioneers were soon followed
by others, and before many years had passed, the county was dotted with the
clearings and shanties of the settlers. As the years rolled by, the clearings
became enlarged, buildings were put up, fences erected, and to-day, numbers
who started with nothing but an ax and a month or two's provisions, now
possess good, comfortable houses, where, with reasonable exertions, they can
obtain a sure independence. This desirable condition has been brought about
by unceasing toil, and persevering energy and self-denial. Life in the wild
woods has been no romantic dream, but a life divested of almost every poetical
sentiment. It was a life of hard work, chopping, clearing, logging, and
planting, and this amidst swarms of mosquitoes and black flies, with scant
supplies, and ofttimes with no covering but a brush tent. It was a heroic
life, full of unconquerable energy, with no one to witness or applaud, but the
pioneer knew he was working for an independence, and what will nerve a true
man more than the hope of obtaining a home for his wife and family, and a
place where he may spend his last years in peace and plenty.

When a person has determined to take up a piece of land under the home-
stead laws of Michigan, his first plan is, generally, to obtain the services of
some land hunter, who for a small money consideration shows him the desir-
able vacant lands, and if the intending settler is satisfied with the location
and qualities of the land shown him, he gets from the land hunter a descrip-
tion of it, or as the written description is called, '*the minutes." The charge
for this will be about ten dolhirs. The settler next proceeds to enter the land
under the homestead laws, which will cost him five dollars more, and entitles
him to eighty acres of State land. To homestead government land will cost a
few dollars more. At the end of three months he is obliged to make a sworn
afifidavit to the proper parties that he has taken actual possession, and state
what improvements he has made on his homestead. At the end of five years
he applies for a deed of his homestead, making affidavit to the fact that he
has made the improvements required by law. The State officers then for-
ward the settler a deed of his homestead.

As soon as a person has entered a piece of land, his first efforts are turned
towards clearing the same, and thus making a home for himself and family.
As a general rule homesteaders are people without means, for people of
wealth are not likely to undergo the hardships and privations common to
clearing wild lands, preferring to purchase a farm already cleared, so the
settler has many disadvantages to work against before his new farm will pro-
vide him with a living. He has the woods to cut down and burn up ; he has

Alpexa County.

205

houses, barns, and fences to build, and at the same time, he has to support
himself and family — his only capital being his muscle and indomitable will.
The consequence is that the new settler can not put all his efforts to clearing
his land, being only able to work upon it when he has laid up a few months'
provisions, and when these provisions are used up he is compelled by necessity
to leave his farm work and go at something else until he has got another sup-
ply of provisions. There is no road to his place, and the only way he can get
to it is by a blazed line, which he has chopped to act as a guide. When he first
starts out he is obliged to carry all his necessaries upon his back, and thus
transport them to the scene of his labor. This load will consist of an ax, a
pot to cook his provisions in, a small quantity of provisions, a blanket or two,
and sometimes a gun to shoot game with or to defend himself from wild
animals. When he arrives at his place, he picks out the most desirable part
that suits him, and proceeds to make a brush tent, to sleep in during the
night. The work before him is to cut down the trees, cut them into log
lengths, chop off the branches and pile them. This work will take up all
his spare time, until he has cut as much as he thinks he can clear for the sea-
son. The brush tent answers admirably as long as the season is dry, but a
wet day teaches him the necessity of having a more substantial shelter, so he
will be obliged to leave his work of clearing and build a small log hat, covered
either with troughs or cedar bark. The first season the settler will probably
be able to cut down an acre or two of the forest, leaving it until the next sea-
son to dry, so that it will burn more readily; and when this is logged and
burned, he has a small patch ready to plant with potatoes. Thus the work
goes on with unflagging energy, until at last the settler moves his family
on to his homestead and becomes a regular settler.

It takes several long years before the wilderness is converted into a valuable
farm, and the settler will many a time see the gaunt wolf of starvation''
staring him in the face, and the bottom of the flour barrel will often look
reproachfully at him. But year by year comforts begin to gather around the
settler and his family ; first a garden is planted ; fresh vegetables adorn his
table; fowls cackle about his door; his cellars or root-houses begin to be
filled with potatoes, turnips, etc., and he has some to spare. A cow is then
added to his stock ; his barn begins to be filled with hay and grain ; he
becomes the possessor of a horse or two, and at last, after a few years of heroic
self-denial and toil, he sees his dreams fulfilled ; he has earned a home for
himself and family ; he has attained an independence by his own hands ; he
has obeyed the Divine mandate "to earn his living by the sweat of his brow,"
and now, when the work has been done, and the hardships, sufferings, toils,
and privations lie in the past, regrets not the struggles he has gone through
in attaining it.

But while the settler has been acting the hero, his wife has not been idle;
she has suffered when he suffered, rejoiced when he rejoiced, and encouraged
him when he was disheartened. Nobly has she allied his efforts, and the vic-
tory is due as much to her as to himself.

What better recommendation could we give of this county and the advan-
tages it offers to settlers, when we can point out hundreds of persons, who
commencing with no capital, or skill in farming, have, in a few years, made
for themselves and their families good comfortable homes ; and the same can
be done by any other energetic person, who is willing to apply himself vigor-
ously to the work of clearing and improving the wild lands, and ten years of

206

Pioijteer Society oe MiCHiGAisr.

unceasing industry will give him a sure independence, and make him the
possessor of a piece of property worth many hundreds of dollars. It needs
only application and labor, and the reward is sure.

In 1866, Greeley & Erskine made a commencement at farming, in that part
of the country known as the Greeley settlement. The parties had 208 acres
of land, and cleared up 130 acres. The place is now owned by Harrington &
Emerson. Mr. Chas. B. Greely reports selling the first 1500 worth of farm
produce that was raised in this county. The same year Mr. James A. Case
made a commencement on a piece of land on the North Branch, and says
that on the night of his arrival, he argued the question, mentally, as to
whether he should proceed with his work or not. It did not appear probable
that there would be any settlers who would be apt to come there and settle.
However, Mr. Case decided to made a commencement, and to-day, settlers
may be found many miles further out in the wilderness, and more going.
Another settler who commenced farming in 1866, was Mr. Kichard Naylor,
whose place is located about three miles from the city. Mr. Naylor has
remained on his place up to the present, and he has made valuable improve-
ments on it.

In 186?, James Dempster, Wm. Pulford, David Dunn, and the writer of
this sketch settled in the eastern part of Alpena township. About the same
time, and during the few years following, numerous persons settled in various
parts of the county, and farming began to aisume a little more than an
experiment. It began to be a success.

In 1871 the region about Long Lake began to be settled, and many of the
farmers in that part of the county have as much as thirty acres of land under
crop. The timber in that part of the country consists principally of maple,
the soil is good, and the location unequalled. More land about Long lake
would have been settled upon and cleared, if non-residents had not got pos-
session of large tracts of it. By this time the Burnt Land settlement had
started, and now forms the leading agricultural district in the county.

Farming implements now began to be shipped to Alpena, but so little was
known of farming in this county that a Bay City paper, on the occasion of the
shipment of a large number of fanning mills to Alpena, began to poke fun at
the farmers of this section, inquiring if they were going to separate the saw-
dust from the sand. The ignorance of the Bay City itemizer may be over-
looked when we consider that the same lot of fanning mills was the cause of
much wonder to the city people, for it is a well known fact that the people of
Alpena city knew very little about the progress that was going on among the
farmers, being altogether occupied by lumber and the business connected
with it. Eeports had been circulated from time to time about what was going
on, but very few believed them. The time came at last when the most doubt-
ful among the disbelievers were forced to confess that farming was a success-
ful pursuit. The honor of establishing this fact belongs to Mr. Geo. F. Lewis,
editor of the Saginawian, Saginaw City, who, during the summer of 1875,
made a short tour among some of the settlements. Mr. Lewis wrote to his
paper the following account of what he saw :

* 'Surely, says the Bay City man, who can account for the recent shipment
of fanning mills to Alpena only upon the supposition that they are to be used
for 'separating sand from sawdust,' there must be some sell in any com-
munication that follows so absurd a caption, and the average citizen of any
portion of Michigan, the city of Alpena included, has as little practical know-

Alpeista County.

207

ledge of the recent astonishing agricultural developments in Alpena coun.ty as
had the author of this sand and sawdust item of the construction and legit-
imate purpose of a fanning mil], whenever operated.

" The enterprise which has given to the city of Alpena its prominent posi-
tion as a manufacturing and commercial place, has been active for many
years in making farms at points convenient to the city or to the lumber camps
in the forests beyond. In nearly every instance these have proved successful
and remunerative, nature thus aiding the tough job of cleaning many of the
tracts which have been brought under cultivation, and the difficulty, especially
near Alpena, in getting rid of the interminable top dressing of scaly limestone
which is over all the earth in fragments from a square inch to a foot in size.
About two miles from the Fletcher house, on the Long lake road, there is now
standing on the iime-rock farm of Mr. Phelps a ten-acre field of as promising
wheat as can be found in Michigan — fence-high, stout, thick, long-headed —
as was not that Bay City fanning-mill itemizer. Yet after it was sowed last
fall you could ' scarcely see the land for the stones.' Morse, Minor, Rich-
ardson, Campbell, Potter & Co., and many other prominent lumbermen have
creditable improvements near town, and the feeling among the ''solid men" is
earnest and in favor of encouraging agricultural development both by precept
and example. Bat those fanning mills, — they have gone to the burnt lands,
where there is a development of the farming interest, made within the past
three years, which seems incredible. Fourteen miles in a direct course from
Alpena, eighteen miles by the road, in town 32 north, of range 6 east, are
located most of the farms I visited, but in several towns adjoining this are
large tracts of what are known as ''burnt lands." Why they are so called,
and why they have proved such a providential interposition in favor of Alpena
is thus explained, which explanation is best introduced with the original
remark that the face of all these lands is clay, the surface soil being light or
dark loam, according to the situation and the previous growth of timber.
Formerly this land was heavily timbered, the best of it with beach and maple,
and an occasional cork pine ; the lighter qualities with hemlock, some beech
and. maple, and pine in groves. Fires killed the timber many years ago;
afterwards this was blown down, and still later it was burned up, root and
branch, as clean in many instances as that which formerly stood upon the
cleanest pine plains in any portion of the State. Before any investigation had
been made as to the character of the soil on these lands, a dense undergrowth
of poplar, birch, basswood, and other small timber, covered the entire surface
of the country, and notwithstanding the land has mainly proved so valuable,
as the outset appearances were against it, and those who made the first break
into this unkempt bramble were called fools by all the very wisest men in the
Alpena region, except Hon. J. K. Lockwood, who holds so sublime a faith
■concerning that quarter of Michigan that he can see therein reasonable hope
for the development of every industry and enterprise under heaven, gold and
copper mining not excepted. And, by the way, his faith has been the means
of developing many incidental resources that hdve added materially to the
business and prosperity of that whole section.

" Some years ago the first improvements were commenced, but little had
been accomplished up to 1871-3, when the success of the first farmers began
to be understood by a few outside, and then there was rapid settlement and civil-
ization in all quarters of the burnt lands. Three years ago came Mr. Thwaits,
the only man as yet who has nothing to do with lumbering, winter or summer,

208 Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAN.

but iiiakes farming his sole business. Of 333 acres he has 100 under cultiva-^
tion, and his crops this year will be worth at least $3,000. On the place he has
a mowing machine, threshing machine, sulky rake, hay lifter, fanning mill, and
all the smaller agricultural implements. His fall wheat is nearly five feet
high and as thick as it can stand ; spring wheat four feet high and well headed
clover, small kind, four feet high, bright and compact ; timothy, equal to
the best raised in any country, and of roots and garden crops, a showing that
would compare favorably with the best raised in the Saginaw Valley. He has
three barns, a commodious two-story house, excellent water from both well
and brook, and his crops average to the acre thus : Fall wheat 40 bushels ;:
spring wheat 25 bushels; potatoes 175 bushels; hay one and a half tons.
There are within sight of his, twenty farms with clearings on each side of from
twenty to one hundred acres, and on all, good crops are as good as on any
equal area in Michigan. There are few fences, as the farmers dare not build
until sufficient clearing has been made to render them safe from fires in the
forests and burnings. No cattle are allowed to run at large, and in fact there
are but few cattle in the vicinity, as it has been a hand-to-mouth struggle with
most of the settlers, and standing upon one of the ridges, one can look for
two miles to the east, a mile or more to the west, and see all this expanse that
three years ago was an underbrush bramble, covered with waving grain, with
broad belts of clover in full bloom, with patches of potatoes — enough, one
would think, to feed a commonwealth — with gardens, dwellings, barns, and
all the appointments and appurtenances of an old settled farming community.

"I could give you names and details until you could not rest, but have here
mentioned one individual because he is more exclusively a farmer, as all others-
hope to be soon. Land is cleared and sowed to fall wheat the first year, the
second year it is ready, if so desired, for the mower and reaper or any other
modern farm machinery that requires horse power, and all this is within two
and a half hours' drive from Alpena. Let those of Bay City who travel for
business or pleasure up the shore, especially him of the fanning mill item, go
out and look at this new Michigan, this repetition — without the wearing labor
of clearing oS the monstrous growth of forest, and with the added advantage
of a market doubly renumerative at their doors — of the ancient glories of
*01d Macomb' and the other wheat producing counties of early days. It
will do them good, and perhaps strengthen their faith in the soundness and
solidity of the northern portion of the lower peninsula."

In a subsequent letter, Mr. Lewis gave many particulars concerning the
progress of farming in this county, giving the location, amount of improve-
ments, etc., of numerous burnt land farmers. The statistics would have
been given if it had been necessary, and many pages more of farming items
added besides, describing the improvements of farmers, who have thirty acres
of land and upwards under cultivation, but the facts are now admitted by the
most incredulous, and farming has been proved a successful pursuit beyond
all doubt. From Mr. Lewis' letter we reprint the following, as it describes
parts of the county not previously mentioned :

Sylvester & Flanders have, upon sections 2S, 29, and 30 of town 31 north,
of range 6 east, 320 acres improved; of which 150 acres have been in crops
for three years. They have GO acres in grass, 60 acres in oats, 8 acres in
barley, 55 acres potatoes, and the balance in other crops, all looking well.
The buildings, substantially built, sided and painted, consist of a dwelling
house 24x32 feet, barn 60x74 feet, wood shed and wagon house 18x96 feet.

Alpena County.

209

This is in what is called the Greeley settlement, Wilson township, where there
are twenty other farms averaging 30 acres improvement each, and all yielding
good crops as far as cultivated. Near this is the King settlement, in town 31
north, of range 6 east; and town 31 north, of range 7 east; in the latter
town the aggregate of acres improved being not far from one thousand. All
through this region is excellent water in running streams, springs, and never-
failing wells, sunk from 10 to 25 feet. The towns both of burnt and tim-
bered lands whereon farm improvements have been and are being most rapidly
made are town 31 north, of range 4 east ; 31-5; 31-6, and 31-7 towns 32 north,
of ranges 4, 5, and 6 east.

Brush Greek settlement, located in 31-4, 32-4, 31-5, and 32-5, is
another burnt land district, greater in extent, and is settling up faster even
than the district which we visited and shall shortly mention more in detail ; a
State road is being made six miles to connect with the Alpena road. There
are within the borders of the settlement. Brush lake, containing 240 acres;
Long lake, containing two sections, and Glear lake, one section; all supplied
with clear, cold spring water and all abundantly with fish. There are also
many springs and brooks with an ample supply of water for wells not in any
case over 25 feet beneath the surface of the land. The land in all this region
is rolling; timber standing chiefly beech and maple, and the facilities for
drainage as soon as the country is cleared will be all that are required for first-
class agricultural development.

*'The seasons are shorter than ours somewhat, but not too short for the
successful growins: of wheat, barley, oats, etc., and all kinds of root crops, and
corn may be raised if pains is taken to get that which matures early. No
delicate varieties of fruit will withstand the temperature, as many experiment-
ers have found to their cost, but the hardier varieties of apples do well, and
small fruits, berries, etc., flourish admirably. The climate is that of the lake
region, the air clear, fresh, and bracing; and as snow falls early in the winter
and remains on the ground until late in the spring, the general conditions are
excellent for the production of wheat, of which this is the coming granary of
Michigan."

There has been only one complete census of farming taken, up to the
present time, and a few of the statistics are given in this paper.
It is almost needless to state that many valuable improvements have been
made since the census was taken, and the time is not far distant when the
farmers of Alpena county will raise all the grain, hay^ and root crops needed
by our citizens and lumbermen, besides having a large surplus to ship to other
ports.

The success of Alpena in the future depends considerably upon the develop-
ment of farming in the county, and the sooner all the lands are settled the
better it will be for the city property holders. The country back of Alpena
city is rich, fertile, and extensive ; it is destined to be the home of many
thousands of happy settlers, and the vast amount of produce raised must find
its way to Alpena city, as it is the most convenient shipping point.

Experience has proved that Alpena is a first class wheat growing country.
There is very little danger of the wheat being winter-killed, as during the
winter the ground is covered with a protecting sheet of snow. We only know
of one winter in which this has not been the rule. The yield of wheat fre-
quently amounts to forty bushels per acre, and as a wheat growing county,
Alpena, according to the State census of 1874, ranks fifth among the counties
27

210

Pioneer Society oe MiCHiaAir.

of Michigan. Tiie yield of oats and other grain crops is equally as good, and
better crops of grass can not be found in any portion of the State. Apples
have been successfully raised in the county., and at present there is a large
number of fruit trees growing in various parts of the county, many of which
are just beginning to bear. Grapes, black and red currants, gooseberries,
strawberries, huckleberries, cranberries, and the various kinds of raspberries,
grow wild, and can be obtained in large quantities. Water is abundant and
of good quality; the climate is very exhilarating and healthy, and wood and
lumber can be obtained at little cost.

Before many years have passed a railroad will be built between the city and
Otsego, and it will be the means of opening up a large and valuable tract of
farming land. Communication between the city and the various farming
settlements is maintained by means of several very fair roads, and these are
yearly being extended and improved. The main roads, as a general rule,
have been laid out on stony or sandy ridges — the object being to locate them
where they could be built the cheapest, and thus the best lands, adjacent to
the city, are not found close to the roads.

Up to the present no attempts* have been made by the farmers towards
advertising their business by getting up agricultural fairs, and thus showing
what they can do as regards agricultural products, but this neglect it is to be
hoped will be remedied before long.

MISCELLANEOUS.

The mouth of Thunder Bay river is situated, geographically, in latitude
45 degrees, 3 minutes, and 38.90 seconds, and in longitude 83 degrees, 25
minutes, and 32.63 seconds.

Lake Huron is the third in size of the great fresh water lakes. It is 250
miles long, 120 miles wide, 800 feet deep, 576 feet above the level of the sea,
and it occupies an area of 20,500 square miles.

The first wool raised in the county is claimed by Wm. Lumsden. The
wool was clipped in 1875, and the same was made into yarn by Mrs. Lumsden.

The first marriage ceremony in the county was performed by D. D. Oliver.

The same salt rock occurs at Alpena as at Goderich.

Mrs. Francis claims the honor of occupying the first house on the north side
of the river, and states that when the Myers' block was being raised in 1858,
considerable difficulty was experienced in getting the frame up, on account of
the scarcity of men in the place. However, by the aid of some sailors the
frame was put up, but just as the last bent was being put into place, it
slipped and knocked down all the rest of the frame.

EIGHTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTKICT.

This district is formed of the counties of Montcalm, Gratiot, Isabella,
Midland, Saginaw, Bay, Gladwin, Clare, Roscommon, Ogemaw, Iosco,
Oscoda, Alcona, Alpena, Montmorency, Presque Isle, Cheboygan, and Emmet.
The total vote of the district in 1874, was 20,272.

TWENTY-NINTH SENATORIAL DISTRICT.

This district is composed of the counties of Bay, Iosco, Ogemaw, Alcona,
Oscoda, Alpena, Montmorency, and Presque Isle.

ALPENA DISTRICT.

The Alpena Eepresentative District is formed of the counties of Alpena,
Alcona, Presque Isle, Oscoda, and Otsego.

Bay County — Memorial Eeport.

211

EIGHTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT.

This district is composed of the counties of Bay, Iosco, Alcona, Alpena,
Presque Isle, and Otsego. The court is held in Alpena on the fourth Tues-
day of May and the first Tuesday of October of each year.

COUNTY OFEICERS.

Treasurer — Abrani Hopper.
Cleric— Qh2iS. N. Cornell.
Register — Alex. McDonald.
Sheriff — Thos. B. Johnston.

The board of supervisors consists of the county clerk and eight members —
one from each township, one from each city ward, and the city comptroller.
The present supervisors are :

First ward — Thos. Gr. Spratt.

Second ward — Ira Stout.

Third ward— M. N. Bedford,

Alpena township — Jas. A. Case.

Long Rapids — John Ferguson.

Wilson — M. Brackinreed.

Ossineke — I. Gr. Sanbourne.

CITY OPEICEES.

Mayor — Geo. L. Maltz.
Treasurer — Chas. B. Greeley.
Recorder — A. R. McDonald.
Comptroller — J. D. Turnbull.
Marshal — Douglass Scott.
Chief Engineer — A. L. Power.

The common council consists of the mayor, recorder, and two aldermen
from each ward. The present aldermen are :
First ward — Geo. Richardson and Ohas. Rice.
Second ward — James Timms and J. P. Healy.
Third ward — Jason Gillett and J. D. Sheahy.

The board of education consists of the mayor, recorder, and two members
from each ward. The present members are :
First ward — Frank Starbird and H. R. Morse.
Second ward — Ira Stout and J. 0. Viall.
Third ward — D. McRae, and Paul Dane.

BAY COUNTY.
MEMORIAL REPORT.
BY W. R. MCCORMICK.

At the annual meeting of the State Pioneer society, held at Lansing, W. R.
McCormick, of Bay City, read the following memorial tribute to Joseph
Trombley, one of the earliest pioneers of the Saginaw Valley, who died in the
first ward of West Bay City on May 21st, 1883 :

Joseph Trombley was born on Conner's Creek, three miles above Detroit,

212

Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAN.

in May, 1809; the day of the month cannot be ascertained, as the records
have been lost. When a child he became very familiar with the Indian lan-
guage ; so much so that at the age of 20 he was employed by the American
Fur company to take charge of an Indian trading post at the Indian village on
the Shiawassee river, now in Shiawassee county, where he remained five years,
during the fur season. While at this place the Indians attempted to kill
him ; they selected one of their number, a large, powerful Indian, to do the
act. He was to proceed to Mr. Trombley's tent in the night, and vvhen he
was asleep to strike him in the head with a war club, as they were afraid to
attack him in any other manner, Mr. Trombley being a very powerful man.
The Indian crept up to the tent, raised the opening, struck at Mr. Trombley
and grazed his head, when the latter sprang to his feet, struck the Indian a
terrific blow which felled him to the ground, senseless, and caused the flight
of his companions. It was a long time before the Indian revived, and then he
had to be carried to his wigwam. After this he had no more trouble, and the
Indian he had nearly killed afterwards became his firmest friend.

During the Black Hawk war he, with the late Oapt. Joseph F. Marsac,
raised a company of volunteers, composed chiefly of French, near Grosse
Point, above Detroit, and started for the seat of war on foot. When they had
got part way to Chicago news came that Black Hawk had been captured and
the war ended, and they were ordered to return to Detroit. In 1834 he came
to the mouth of the Saginaw river to trade with the Indians. He, with his
brother Medor, purchased of the government 300 acres of land on the Saginaw
river, which now comprises the fifth and sixth wards of Bay City, where he
built a block house in which he and his brother kept an Indian trading store
in the winter of 1836 and 1837. The two brothers commenced the erection of
the first frame house in Bay county. Part of the lumber was sawed by whip-
saws, and the balance brought from Detroit. They lived in this house until
1843, when it was sold to James McCormick, Sr. It is still standing on the
corner of Water and 24th streets, and is now converted into a public house,
at the present time known as the Centre house. In 1843 he purchased
one half mile of land on the west side of the Saginaw river, now opposite the
northern limits of Bay City, where he soon removed. Here he platted out a
city and called it Bangor, which is now within the corporate limits of West
Bay City, and comprises the first ward of the same. Some years since, he
here erected a fine brick mansion, in which he resided until the time of his
death. Mr. Trombley accumulated a fortune, and left four sons and one
daughter. His wife died last year, of which event a memorial has been
already published in the Pioneer Collections of Michigan.

It would be inappropriate to close this short sketch without giving some
peculiar traits and incidents of this man. For his friends he could not do too
much. He was charitable to the poor, and one of the most hospitable of men ;
he was also lavish of his money. He was a good neighbor, but a bitter enemy
to those who he thought abused him.

No man in the valley is so missed as Uncle Joe, as he was familiarly called.
Peace to his ashes.

213

BERRIEN COUNTY.

NINTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE PIONEERS, JUNE 6, 18S2.

FEOM SIX TO EIGHT THOUSAND PEOPLE ENJOY THE OCCASION. — OTHER
LOCAL MATTERS. — THE PICNIC.

The intention to attend the annual picnic of the Pioneer Society has become
so universal among the people of this county, that during the days immediately
preceding this event the subject of the weather is the one which receives the
most attention and causes considerable anxiety. Although during Tuesday we
had several "right smart" sprinkles, they served rather to lay the dust and
cool the atmosphere than to dampen the anticipations of the expectant
thousands.

Tuesday evening there was an unusual number of strangers in town, and
when Wednesday morning opened up clear and salubrious, there was no doubt
as to a large crowd being in attendance. Bright and early the conveyances
began to come in, and by nine o'clock there was a steady inpouring stream on
every road. Notwithstanding the large number who now come by railroad,
contrary to former years, there was a larger number of conveyances this year
than ever before. This is owing to the fact that while in former years the
loads were made up of from six to eight persons, they now come in ones, twos,
and threes.

The business meeting at the grove was called to order at 10 : 30 A. M., by
President N. A. Hamilton.

Kev. L. S. Matthews, of Berrien Springs, made an impressive prayer.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.
Treasurer Thomas Mars made Uie following report of the receipts and

expenditures for the year 1882 :

RECEIPTS.

To amount on hand $14 59

To amount from stands 60 00

To amount from fees 6 00

180 59

EXPENDITURES.

By printing $5 00

By bands .20 00

By glee club 5 00

By stationery and postage 2 00

By labor and" lumber 33 60

165 GO

Balance on hand $14 99

There were five bands in attendance, including the Berrien Centre, Berrien
Springs, Buchanan, and Benton Harbor bands, the latter playing on the May
Graham, which was running excursions from the grounds to the bridge, and
also a band from Daily, Oass county, which was made up of some fine musi-
cians, whose playing was greatly enjoyed.

214 Pioneer Society of Michigan.

After some music by the Daily baud, Hon. Thos. Mars, of the committee on
obituaries, asked for the committee, further time in which to make their
report. Granted.

The president appointed the following gentlemen as a committee to nomi-
nate officers for the coming year :
C. D. Nichols, Berrien Springs.
E. D. Wilson, Oronoko.
K. V. Clark, Buchanan.
J. F. Higbee, Benton.
John Redden, Bertrand.

Kev. Wm. Penland of Royalton was then introduced to the audience. He said
he came to this county about 1840, and then followed the business of a local
preacher. His remarks, which consisted of a sketch of his experiences at that
time, were short but interesting.

After some more music by the band the meeting adjourned until after
dinner.

During the noon hour 'Hhe many well filled baskets, etc.," were opened
and their contents spread out upoA the tables and on the grass, under the-
shade of the trees, when they soon disappeared.

At half past 1 the meeting was called to order, and Hon. Thos. Mars, of
the committee on obituaries, presented the following report :

Isaac Smith, came here in 1830, died in 1883. Kingsley Oldes, came here
in 1833, died in 1882. E. P. Morley, came here in 1845, died in 1882. Orson
Ingoldsbee, came here in 1863, died in 1883. Mrs. Asa Sherwood, came here
in 1835, died in 1882. Reed Ferris, came here in 1850, died in 1882.

Whereas, We recognize among the departed some of the oldest and most esteemed
members of our society, who have been famous in all good works, kind, benevolent,,
charitable, and ready to lend a helping hand to the poor and afflicted, and by their
untiring industry and good judgment have laid a foundation, and aided materially
in building up a"^prosperous and happy country: Therefore,

Besolved, That we will ever cherish the memory of our departed associates and
will always refer to their many kind, hospitable, and virtuous acts when we were
I)ioneers in a new country.

Besolved, That these resolutions be spread on the records as a memento of the
high esteem in which the departed brothers and sisters were held by this society.

Hon. Levi Sparks then made some feeling and appropriate remarks on the
death of Mrs. Asa Sherwood, followed by music from the Buchanan band.

President Hamilton said that the day was the forty-fifth anniversary of the
arrival of his father's family on Portage Prairie.

Rev. W. I. Oogshall of Buchanan, the speaker of the day, was then intro-
duced, but declined to speak until an old settler over one hundred years old,,
and who had served in the revolutionary war, had been heard from. He then
called upon the Buchanan band, which presented Yankee Doodle, who not-
withstanding his age was still quite lively and provoked much laughter.

The speech was an exceedingly eloquent one, abounding in humor, and
containing much food for reflection. He spoke of the wonderful progress
made in this country during the past half century, and gave some startling
illustrations of recentness of the greatest inventions. He thought, however,
that the motto was still ^'Phis UUra,^^ and said that it was the duty of the
fathers and mothers of the land to prepare their children to solve questions
greater than any that have yet been solved. The downfall of our republican,
institutions would set the world back five hundred years.

Memoeial Report.

215

Hon. E. M. Plimpton, of Benton Harbor, was called out. His speech was
short but interesting and held the close attention of the audience.

Mr. Geo. S. Olapp, of Niles, rose and told a couple of humorous stories of
the old times in and around St. Joseph.

After music by the Berrien Centre band, Hon. Levi Sparks was called out.
He spoke feelingly of the hardships of the pioneers, but said there was as
much real happiness then as now.

The committee on officers for the ensuing year made the following report
which was accepted and adopted :

President — N. A. Hamilton, of Buchanan.

Vice-Presidents — E. T. Dixon, of Berrien; J. F. Higbee, of Benton;
Francis Wells, of Bertrand ; Peter Smith, of Wesaw; Theo. G-. Beaver, of
Niles.

Secretary — 0. D. Nichols, of Berrien Springs.
Treasurer — Thos. Mars, of Berrien Centre.

Executive Committee — E. D. Wilson, of Oronoko; J. S, Helmick, of Ber-
rien Springs; R. V. Clark, Buchanan; Ohas. F. Howe, of Bertrand; Wm.
J. Jones, Oronoko.

After some music by the Berrien Centre band the meeting adjourned at a
quarter past three.

MEMOEIAL REPORT.
BY ALEX. B. LEEDS.

Names of members of Berrien County Pioneer Society who have died since
June 1, 1881, and prior to June 1, 1882 :

Rev. Henry Worthington, came to Michigan 1837, died July, 1881.
Zodock Griffin, came to Michigan 1828, died Oct., 1881.
David B. Hinish, came to Michigan 1846, died June, 1881.

Joseph V. Hunter, came to Michigan 1834, died , 1881.

Thomas R. Martin, came to Michigan 1832, died March, 1882.

Jacob Weaver, came to Michigan 1832,° died 1882.

Isaac Storick, came to Michigan 1836, died 1882.

Mrs. Jeremiah Sherwood, came to Michigan 1830, died 1882.

Job King, came to Michigan , died 1882.

Died since meeting of Society in June, 3 882 :
Ebenezer P. Morley, came to Michigan 1845, died 1882.
Reed Ferris, came to Michigan 1850, died 1882.

Mrs. Asa M. Sherwood, came to Michigan , died 1882.

Kingsley Olds, came to Michigan 1833, died 1882.
Isaac Smith, came to Michigan 1830, died 1883.
Orson Ingalsbee, came to Michigan in 1850, died 1883.

216 PioisTEER Society oi' MiCHiaA]sr.

BRANCH COUNTY.
SKETCHES OF THE EAELY HISTOEY OF BRANCH COUNTY.
BY HON. HARVEY HAYKES.
Read June 13j 1883.

Branch county, the central one of the southern tier, is essentially an agri-
cultural county. It was named after John Branch, who was for several years
a member of President Jackson's cabinet. Indeed it would be no easy task
to find a county organized during the presidency of the "old hero" that was
not named after some one of his ardent supporters.

Only an occasional hunter or trapper had ever followed its Indian trails
prior to 1828. Previous to that time the Pottawattomie Indians were its only
occupants. As about one-half of this county was at that time a heavy, dense
forest, while the other half was oak openings or burr-oak plains— with only
a very few small open prairies ; the former affording them excellent winter
camping-ground, while the openings and plains gave them fine chances for
their summer sports, is it any wonder that in 1840, when they were forced to
leave their beloved camping-ground, the braves were indignant and sullen,
while the women and children dropped a filial tear, as they cast a last linger-
ing, longing look back towards their native land — the place of their childish
and youthful sports? AVhen we remember that the forests abounded with
deer, turkeys, and other game, and the numerous lakes and creeks throughout
the county were alive with fish ; thus easily supplying their every want, we have
often wondered the primitive occupants did not wage as long and bloody war
as did their Seminole brethren in the swamps and forests of the sunny south,
before leaving their earthly paradise for the arid and unknown lands in the
west.

Those dusky sons of the forest were evidently kind, generous, and affec-
tionate. In matters of deal, all they desired was even exchange. That is,
all they wanted was an '* equal swap." They would gather cranberries aud
whortleberries in the swamps many miles away, and give a pail full of either
for a pail full of potatoes. But if they wanted flour or salt, though the
latter was worth ten dollars per barrel ; the exchange must be measure for
measure. Equal measure " was their motto.

In affection, 1 have sometimes thought they equaled at least, their white
brethren, and trust I shall be excused if I give one example.

In the winter of 1836, one of their huntsmen died ; and as the ground was
frozen very hard, and digging a grave could hardly be done with a small
hatchet — that being all the tool they could use for that purpose, — they went
back about a mile in the forest and cut down a large whitewood tree; split
off a slab, and then dug out a beautiful trough or casket, and there depos-
ited the remains of their noble comrade. In June, 1836, I visited the grave,
removed the slab ; there lay the warrior chieftain wrapped in a nice govern-
ment blanket; on his right side lay his gun, and on his left a huge powder
horn, such as all huntsmen carried in those days. I could but think of the
burial of Sir John Moore, for he

"Lay like a warrior taking his rest,
With his martial cloak around him."

BbAISTCH COUISTTY.

217

111 the following August, I visited the sacred place again, removed the
covering, — there still lay the remains of the son of the forest, and on each
side from waist to head were strewed from four to eight quarts of fresh whor-
tleberries which his comrades had brought many miles to nourish and sustain
him as he passed on through their ideal hunting grounds. I looked on with
wonder and astonishment; while my poetic reading of England's gifted bard
rushed into my mind :

" Lo, the poor Indian, whose untutored mind
Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind;
His soul proud science never taught to stray
Far as the Solar Walk or Milky Way ;
Yet simple ISIature to his hope has given.
Behind the cloud-topt hill a humbler heaven,
Some safer world in depth of woods embraced,
Some happier island in the wat'ry waste;
Where slaves once more their native land behold,
Ko fiends torment, no Christians thirst for gold.
To 6e, contents his natural desire;
He asks no angel's wing, no seraph's fire ;
But thinks, admitted to that equal sky.
His faithful dog shall bear him company."

I have no doubt but in the minds of his comrades he had been a warrior
-chieftain, capable of scaling the Alps, or crossing the Hellespont; or an
orator equaling in eloquence a Cicero or a Demosthenes. Here I leave our
sable brethren of Branch county, for since 1840 we have known them not.

EIRST SETTLEMENT.

The first white person known to have made a permanent home within the
limits of Branch county, was one Jabez Bronson, who in the spring of 1828
located with his family on Bronson' s Prairie, a small opening lying in the
southwestern part of the county.

This was on the great Indian trail running nearly east and west through the
€ounty, and which, in after years, became the line of the famed Chicago
turnpike. Here he built a small log house, and soon a rude sign notified the
weary, wandering adventurer that entertainment could there be had for a
moderate price. In fact, all the first houses built on this thoroughfare were
christened taverns. Soon after, a few others wended their way into this
locality, so that in the winter of 1829-30 some five or six families claimed
Bronson as their home. During this winter a man by the name of John
Toole gathered all the children in a log shanty and commenced the first school
-ever taught in the county.

Mr. Bronson had, in 1827, raised a crop of corn on Pigeon Prairie, and
with a good crib of corn, was well provided with the means of living; for
with a good rifle, plenty of venison could be killed ; and plenty of wild honey
could be found in the woods, and these three articles were considered an
epicurean dish in those early times.

This little log tavern of Mr. Bronson's was a place of no small consequence
among the pioneers, for soon after, its owner was appointed postmaster, and a
little later, a justice of the peace by the governor. This was the first post-
oflBce in the county, as well as the first justice's office, and as a matter of
course, a great place of resort for the first settlers.

Very near the same time of Bronson's settlement there came a man by the
name of Phineas Bonner who, with his family, settled in what is now the
28

218

Pioneer Society of MicmaAisr.

township of Batavia. He was an Indian trader, farmer, trapper, and was a
man of considerable intelligence, having in his younger years been a sailor.
He used to talk of his coasting on the Mediterranean, and of his visiting the
city of Constantinople. His stay in Branch county was short, for his roving
disposition still clung to him, and he soon left for parts unknown.

In 1829, Richard W. Corbus came to what is now the town of Girard, and
for some time was the only white resident in the township. His residence was
in the north part of the county, and some eighteen miles from Bronson's
hotel, hence not troubled with white neighbors. In this lonely way the family
lived over a year before any other white people ventured to intrude upon their
domain. In the spring of 1829, Jeremiah Tillotson located near Bronson
and opened a hotel. It was during this year that a mail route was estab-
lished west of Lenawee county. The contractor was John Mitchell, who was
to carry the mail on horseback from Tecumseh to White Pigeon. He was to
carry the mail each way once a week in summer, and once in two weeks in
the winter time. Up to this time the territory now comprising Branch county,
was called St. Joseph's township, and belonged to Lenawee county.

On the 29th of October, 1829, however, a law was passed by the Legislative
Council of Michigan forming several new counties, among them Branch. One
section reads thus: ^^That so much of the county that lies west of the line
between ranges four and five, west of the meridian, and east of the line
between ranges eight and nine west, and south of the line between townships
four and five, south of the base-line, and north of the boundary line between
this territory and the State of Indiana be, and the same is hereby set off inta
a separate county, and the name thereof shall be Branch."

Nov. 5, 1829, another act was passed by the Legislative Council which
reads as follows : That the counties of Branch, Calhoun, and Eaton, and
all the country lying north of the county of Eaton, which are attached to,
and form a part of the county of St. Joseph, shall form a township of the
name of Green, and the first township meeting shall be held at the house of
Jabez Bronson, it said township." It will be seen by this, that the town of
Green not only comprised the present county of Branch ; but other territory
north ; even to the straits of Mackinaw. Indeed the log hotel of Jabez
Bronson was the capitol of quite an empire. The whole of the county of
Branch was known as one township, and Green was its name for several
years after the act passed by the Legislative council.

There is no record extant to show whether the first town meeting was held
at the house of Jabez Bronson or not; but from certain accounts found in
the record, it is quite probable that some form of an election was held soon
after that date. The first election of which there is any record, was held on
the third day of April, 1832. This was held at a little mill that was then
being built on the west branch of Coldwater river, and very near the geograph-
ical center of the county. The mill being built at that time was called
''Black Hawk mill" in honor of the famed Indian warrior whose deeds are
recorded in history, and spread terror among the settlers in that wilderness
country, during 1831 and 1832.

All who attended this first meeting rode in one two-horse wagon, and I
have been informed by one of the number that there was room in the same
vehicle for at least two or three more. Doubtless this was a very quiet election,
and conducted on business principles, having an eye to the future.

Among the resolutions passed was one offering a dollar bounty for wolf

Branch County.

219

scalps, and another that the rails in the fences should not be over four inches
apart for the four lower rails.

Three pounds were established — one on Bronson's Prairie, ten miles west;
one on Oocoosh Prairie, ten miles north; and the third in the vicinity where
the election was held. At the first of these, Samuel Smith was elected to
preside as pound master; at the second, John Oorbus; and at the last, Har-
vey Warner. One can hardly suppose that these gentlemen had very much to
do in an official capacity, or that their offices were very lucrative, for we find
by the record that the whole expense of the town during that year was only
159.00.

The officers elected were : Supervisor, Seth Dunham ; town clerk, John
Morse; collector, Seymour L. Bingham; commissioners of highways, Eobert
J. Cross, David Parsons, and James B. Tompkins; assessors, Allen Tibbits,
John Corbus, and Wales Adams; constables, Seymour L. Bingham, and
James IST. Gale; overseer of the poor, Samuel Bingham. The above,
together with the poundm asters, constituted not far from one-fourth of the
entire voters of the county at that time, and were men capable of filling almost
any position in the gift of the people.

From 1830 to 1832 several very worthy men located in the county. Among
them were Wales Adams, James B. Tompkins, Allen Tibbits, Joseph Han-
chett, Harvey Warner, who, being a carpenter and joiner, built the first frame
house ever built in the county.

Abram Aldrich, a noble, sturdy Quaker, with his two sons-in-law, Benjamin
H. Smith and Martin Barnhart, settled on West Cocoosh Prairie, in what is
now Grirard township; and soon after commenced building a saw-mill, and a
little later a grist-mill. These mills were located on Coldwater river, some
seven miles northwest of Coldwater city. As the Black Hawk'' mill was a
small affair, and entirely inadequate to the wants of the increasing population,
you may be sure this latter was very much needed, and was patronized by
almost all the inhabitants for from 20 to 40 miles ; and great was their joy
when they found they could get a g^ist ground the same day and for okly
one toll. Mr. Tibbets and Mr. Joseph Hanchett purchased land where the city
of Coldwater now is, laid out the village, and called it Lyons, after Mr. Tib-
bits' native town.

The beautiful public square in the centre of the city was a gift .to the
county by these two liberal and kind-hearted gentlemen. Judge Wm. H.
Cross, now of St. Joseph county, and his brother Eobert, came in 1830 and
located on the east part of Coldwater prairie, and within the limits of the city
of Coldwater. Several other families came ; so that in 1832, when all were
summoned to the Black Hawk war, there were in the whole county between
forty and fifty males between the ages of 18 and 45, liable to do military duty.
All were called on to go to meet the great Indian chieftain, and responded with
great promptness ; leaving their loved ones behind to look after matters as well
as they could. As the whole country round was full of Indians, who might in
one short day, have killed every soul in the county without receiving any harm
themselves, you may rest assured some apprehension was felt for the safety of
the loved ones at home.

The following is a list of the men who left their families in the county to
take care of themselves and work the garden, while they went forth at the call
of their country :

220

Pioneer Society of Michigais^.

FIRST COMPANY.

Commissioned officers. — May 22, 1832. — Major B. Jones received orders
from Gen. Joseph W. Brown to muster his battalion in the third brigade, sec-
ond division, M. M. May 25, present on duty: Major, Beriah Jones, jr.;
Adjt., Enoch Chase; Q. M., Edmond Jones; Surgeon, Enoch Chase, M. D. ;
Q. M. S., Abiel Potter, Ambrose Nicholson.

Slaff officers. — John Morse, fife major; Abram F. Bolton, captain of 1st
company; John Allen, lieutenant; Harvey Warner, ensign.

Non-commissioned officers. — B. S. Hanchett, 1st sergeant; James McCarty,
Isaac Eslow.

Privates. — Seymour Bingham, Jonas Tilapan, George Hanchett, Moses
Herrick, Wm. H. Cross, John Wilson, Philip Ledyard, Henry Johnson,
James Craig, Martin Barnhart, Benjamin H. Smith, Eobert J. Cross, Hervey
Van Hyning, John Parkinson, James B. Tompkins, Joseph C. Corbus,
Phineas Bonner, John Cornish, Hugh Alexander, Chauncy Morgan, Mr.
Decrow, Marvin Hill, Joseph H. Fowler.

This companv was mustered into service May 24th, and dismissed June 3d,
1832.

THIRD COMPANY.

. Commissioned officers. — Seth Dunham, captain ; Jeremiah Tillotson, lieu-
tenant; Wales Adams, ensign.

Non-commissioned officers. — James M. Guile, 1st sergeant ; Thomas Holmes,
2d sergeant; George W. Gamble, 3d sergeant; Philip Omsted, 1st corporal;
Frederick Lyons, 2d corporal.

Privates. — Horace D. Judson, Daupheneus Holmes, Elizer Lancaster,
Isaac Smith, Daniel Smith, David J. Parsons, David Clark, Moses Omsted,
Joseph Edwards, Joshua Ransdell, John G. Eichardson, John Rose, Alfred
S. Eiggs, Sylvester Brock way.

This company was mustered into service May 26. and dismissed June
3, 1832.

From the above official list it will be seen that in 1832, some sixty men
over 18 years of age and under 45, were found scattered over the county, and
I have been informed that, so far as known, not one of proper age, but that
went forth to face the great Indian chieftain, and if need be, to lay down
his life in defense of their forest homes.

Although the speedy termination of the war enabled them to return in one
week, yet it showed with what unity and heroism the people were endowed.

This year was the first the cholera made its appearance in the United States,
and, as in the west, almost every one died who was attacked with it. You
will see that with the cholera coming from the east, and Black Hawk with
his forces from the west, great was the consternation of the emigrants.

This year it was deemed advisable to divide the town of Green, which till
this time, comprised the whole county. Accordingly, June 29, 1832, a bill was
passed by the Legislative Council, dividing the town north and south through
the center, forming two townships; the east one to be called Cold water, the
west o)]e was given the name of Prairie Eiver."

Some surprise was expressed that the west township was not named Brouson,
after the veritable Jabez, its first settler, but after a time this oversight was
made right by changing the name to "Bronson," thus making people all
satisfied, which name it bears to this time.

Branch County.

221

In the spring of 1832, Right Reverend Philander Chase, an uncle of the
eminent statesman of Ohio, in company with another gentleman, both on
horseback, that being the most rapid way of traveling in those days, reached
a place called Adams Mills, on Prairie River, west of Bronson's hotel. Mr.
Chase had been Bishop of Ohio, President of Kenyon College, which posi-
tions he had resigned, and with the expectation of being appointed Bishop of
Michigan, was seeking a location in this new country, where he might get a
farm, and establish a college, having had promise of help from England.
Mr. Adams piloted him through the woods in a southeast direction until they
came to a tract of as beautiful land as the sun ever shone on. Here were
groves of timber surrounding a charming lake.

In this beautiful town (now Gilead) he purchased 640 acres of land, and at
once commenced to erect buildings, such as his present needs required. Fail-
ing to get the Bishopric of Michigan he sold his possession in Branch, and
went westward with the Star of Empire."

As I passed over the same ground some three years after the bishop left,
and before the hand of the axman had destroyed those beautiful parks, I
wondered if the good bishop really thought he had found the veritable *'Elys-
ian Fields."

The pioneers hardly realized how near they came to having an educational
institution established in this land of Gilead, that in time might have equaled
a Harvard, a Yale, an Oxford, a Dublin, or a Heidelburg.

The first newspaper ever published in Branch county was called The
Michigan Star." This was in 1837. Its existence, however, like terrestrial
happiness, was of short continuance. One or two otiier papers were started,
but they had a short and feeble existence. In 1841 the first paper was estab-
lished that continued for any length of time. This was called The Coldwater
Sentinel, and the first number was dressed in mourning on account of the
death of President Harrison.

This paper was owned and edited by Albert Chandler, then young and active.
He was editor, pressman, and typo. In fact, he ''paddled his own canoe."
His success was largely attributable to the following circumstance : That fall
a senatorial convention was held at Albion, and young Chandler was a dele-
gate. With a solid delegation, Branch could secure the nomination. The
young democratic editor was selected, but he stoutly declared that he would
not vote for his own nomination, although he knew very well a nomination
was equal to an election. So another man from Branch was put in nomina-
tion, and of course elected. Had railroads been as plenty then as now, and
passes as liberally distributed, I am not sure but his Roman firmness might
have been overcome, and he passed for nothing but an ordinary man.

EARLY JUDICIAL AND LEGAL TRANSACTIONS.

Whatever may be thought of the judiciary of this age, there was in early
days a court in Branch county that was above suspicion.

In the very early settlement of the county, there came from the State of
New York a colony of as honest and industrious people as ever crossed Lake
Erie. Wishing to locate by themselves, they went back from the Chicago
road, which was then the principal thoroughfare through the county, and set-
tled in the midst of a dense forest. Here, by hard labor, they soon built
themselves log houses, and soon were quite well sheltered. Then a school-
house must be built. So by volunteer labor a log house soon went up, suffi-

222

Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAx.

ciently large to accommodate their children in school, also to aiford them a
suitable place for religious meetings on the Sabbath ; for, be it known, that
when this Puritanic colony crossed lake Erie, which in those days was almost
considered the grand Rubicon between civilization and barbarism, they left
not their religious convictions behind them, but transplanted them in
the dense forests of Branch county. For a time they enjoyed themselves in
their primitive church, but after a while a young man was elected director of the
district who possessed at least two attributes of that ancient unjust judge,"
for he neither *^ feared God nor regarded man." This young hopeful locked
the door, and would not permit religious meetings to be held in " the house.
You can imagine the feelings of this little colony of the descendants of the
May Flower emigrants. In the little village of Ooldwater, many miles away,
there lived a young justice of the peace who did nearly, indeed, I may say all
the judicial business in the county, and whose decisions were so manifestly
just and honorable upon all occasions, that his court was often called the
''court of equity." The voluminous works of Chitty and Blackstone had
formed no part of his early readings, but he was a thorough student in the
great volume of honor and justice.

One of the deacons of this little band of christians made haste to the distant
village to consult the young justice, and went back, as we sometimes say, with
a "flea in his ear." Of course the Esquire refused to give advice, but said he,
"Should such a thing occur in my neighborhood, I would go on Sunday
morning next and kindly ask the director for the key ; if he refused to give it
me, I would get a good heavy oak rail, and all hands taking hold, I would
knock the door into atoms." Now as the good deacon was of the Cromwell
stock, he put implicit confidence in the God of battles, and at the same time
had taken the precaution to keep his powder dry. On the following bright
and beautiful Sabbath morn, when all nature had donned her beautiful attire,
and the birds in the surrounding trees were chanting their sweetest carols, the
whole band of christians assembled at the school-house, thoroughly armed
with the christian's panoply, to take part in the religious exercises.

The director continued stubborn ; a huge rail was procured, when all hands
were ready, the shout echoed through the forest; **if the Lord be for us
who can stand against us;" and with one grand blow, down went the door, in
far less time than it took the walls of Jericho to tumble at the blast of trum-
pets at the command of the great Joshua. When all had assembled, that
majestic old tune Iddo, was brought into requisition using the words,

How sweet, how heavenly is the sight,

When those who love the Lord,
In one another's peace delight,

And thus fulfill his word.
When each can feel another's sigh.

And with him bear a part,
When sorrow flows from eye to eye,

And joy from heart to heart.

Not having heard of the conference of the deacon with the Esquire, the
director hastened at early dawn the next morning to the distant village to
have them all arrested. The Esquire had anticipated such a call, and was
fully prepared for the emergency.

A conference ensued, when something like the following lecture was deliv-
ered by the court of equity. Yes, Mr. Director, I told the good deacon what
I would do, were I in his situation. You know this nation is called the land

Branch Coujstty.

223

of the free, as well as the home of the brave. It is too late in the world's
history to talk of shutting up our little school-houses, or of trying to prevent
men and women from worshiping the great G-od in a quiet and peaceful way,
according to the dictates of their own consciences. Being a firm believer in
the great principle of moral gravitation, I am surprised that any body should
try to prevent that noble little colony from carrying out their own convic-
tions of duty. Let us all remember

" What conscience dictates to be done,

Or warns us not to do,
This^ teach us more than Hell to shun,

That, more than Heaven pursue."

Only remember the condition of poor Lot, because he pitched his tent
nigh unto Sodom. Let us all earnestly desire that the great flambeau of
civil and religious liberty may continue to blaze over the length and breadth
of this broad and beautiful land ; for where liberty dwells, there is my
country.

That ended the controversy ; and so well pleased were the people of the
oounty with their chancellor, that after a few years they said to Esq. War-
ner, "since thou hast been faithful over a few things, we will make thee
ruler over many," and elected him judge of probate for the county; which
position he held for eight years, to the entire satisfaction of an intelligent
constituency.

I deem it but just to say that when the litigious director visited the Esquire's
office, he was accompanied by the late Gov. G-eorge A. Coe who was prose-
cuting attorney at the time, and who fully concurred in all that was said by
the Esquire, and enjoyed it exceedingly ; and as he left the office exclaimed :
-^'Well done good and faithful servant!"

The first lawyer that ever settled in the county was Esbon G-. Enller, who
in May, 1837, was on his way from western New York to Chicago, or Mil-
waukee, with a view of locating in one of those western cities. Stopping
•over the Sabbath in the little village of Coldwater and being pleased with
the people and country, and learning that there was no lawj^er in the county,
he concluded to pitch his tent with us.

Circuit court in those days was held about twice each year, and each term
usually continued from one to two days. At the following June term, the
young attorney made application for admission to tlie bar. Not the bar in the
hotel — for he was a genuine disciple of Neal Dow — but to that other bar in
the little log court-house. Hon. William A. Fletcher, of Ann Arbor, was the
presiding judge. His honor appointed three of the ablest attorneys in the cir-
cuit to examine the applicant. The weather being extremely warm, this trio
of legal gentlemen seated themselves on the ground under the wide-spreading
branches of the surrounding trees, while the young applicant took quarters on
.a large oak stump standing near by. As the loquacious judge was passing
from the court-house to the hotel to get his dinner, and perhaps other refresh-
ments, he quaintly said: Gentlemen, I have given you no authority to tree
that man." However, as they were a very grave trio, and doubtless felt that
great responsibility rested upon them, they commenced by asking the }[oung
man as to his politics. Nothing daunted, he exclaimed, with great emphasis,
that he was a democrat, a Jackson democrat. This answer was entirely satis-
factory, at least to two of the gentlemen of legal lore, for to be a Jackson
democrat, in those days, was the sine qua non of admission into good legal

224

Pioneer Society of Michigan.

society. The third man, however, had one question to ask. Whether because
he was a less ardent worshiper of the hero of New Orleans, or because he
wished to make an exhibit of his legal attainments, I know not, but one ques-
tion he insisted on asking. It was this. Did he ever expect to run for the
Legislature? and if so, did he expect to be elected? The question was answer-
ed in the negative. Although the young man possessed all the qualifications
necessary to make a useful member of the Legislature, yet his inclinations led
him not in that direction.

The above were the only questions asked, and they were answered in such a
way as to give unbounded satisfaction, and entitled the young man to practice
in all the august courts of Branch county.

I have mentioned these early judicial proceedings to show that in primitive
times we had less law, but more justice than is thought to exist in more modern
times.

SONG TO OUR PIONEERS.
BY MRS. EMMA TUTTLE.

Tune: Tramp^ Tramp^ Tramp.

From the labors of to-day

Let us turn awhile away
To the memories of the consecrated past.

With a ringing rythmic tone,

Let each heart call back its own
From the shadows death and time have o'er them cast.

Chorus :

On, on, on, the world is marching I
On to regions grand and vast,

But we offer up a song,

As she wheels her souls along,
To the brave and valiant heroes of the past.

Where we live in ease to-day

They were wearing life away,
Doing battle with privation, want, and toil,

Chopping down the sturdy trees,

Leaving acres such as these,
Where the gold lies, almost shining, in the soil.

Chorus :

Now those hands which labored best

Have been crossed in well-earned rest,
Never more to ache with weariness or wound,

Save that now and then we meet

One whose head is white with sleet.
Left a hero on his former battle-ground.

Chorus:

Let us keep their memories green

Through the days that lie between
Sad good-byes and glad good-mornings Over there;

Laying by crape's mourning weeds,

Let us tell their noble deeds,
Writ on pages to their memories white and fair.

Chorus :

SEMi-CEisTTEiirinAL Celebratio^t at Quikct. 225

FIFTY YEARS ROLL AROUND AND QUINCY CELEBRATES THE SEMI-
CENTENNIAL OF HER EXISTENCE AS A SETTLEMENT.

TWENTY THOUSAND PEOPLE VISIT THE TOWN OCTOBER 3, 1883, AND ASSIST IN
THE MOST SUCCESSFUL CELEBRATION EVER HELD IN SOUTHERN MICHIGAN.

It was a great day in the history of Quincy. And why not? Never another
Semi-Centennial of her existence. Fourth of July, Christmas, and like holi-
days may do for small towns like Detroit and Chicago, but it takes a bigger
thing " to wake up Luke and his log cabin, or Milo and his greased pole and pig,
and bring together 20,000 people in Quincy. There are sixteen towns in Branch
county, besides a full fledged city, with its corporation filled with people who
know themselves as living *Mn a city." All of the people who live in these
towns and in the city, except a few that were left at home to look after the
cows or pigs, undertook to take a peep at Quincy in her Semi-Centennial dress.
And they all had a chance. They found the smartest, most beautiful and
business-like town in Southern Michigan ready to receive them, and fully up
in all the parts in carrying on a grand celebration. But before entering upon
a description of the day's doings, the incidents, etc., it may be well to briefly
state how the day came to be celebrated. On the 22d day of August, Rev. J.
Emory Fisher, of the Presbyterian church, called at the Herald office, and
stated that this was the fiftieth year since the first shanty was put up and the
first wheat sown in Quincy village. The gentleman suggested the propriety
of celebrating the anniversary, and upon meeting encouragement left it for
the Herald to work up. A brief announcement in the editorial columns, of
the fact, called out from the citizens a letter addressed to the editor suggest-
ing a public meeting, which was called for Friday evening, August 31st. At
this meeting, which was largely attended, it was voted to celebrate, and the
day was named to be September 19. An executive committee was appointed
consisting of Messrs. J. H. Jones, J. B. Sutton, 0. McKay, 0. S. William-
son, J. J. Badgley, F. E. Marsh, Jr., 0. W. Bennett, M. D. Campbell, Luke
Joseph, 0. V. R. Pond, R. K. Twadell, Ed. Finn, Hiram Bennett, M. M.
Brown, with power to prepare for the celebration. At the first meeting of the
executive committee it was urged that the day named should be changed, as not
sufficient time elapsed to make proper preparation, and the date was changed
to Wednesday, October 3d. No committee ever appointed, labored more
faithfully to make a celebration what this one was, a grand success. Day
and night either on sub-committees or in committee of the whole, some of
the members gave their almost entire time and attention, forsaking private
interests for the good of their town. But all the honor, if there is any to be
bestowed, must be given to Rev. J. E. Fisher, for thinking of the opportunity
to thus celebrate.

The continued dry weather caused many an anxious mind, lest the 8d of
October should be a rainy day. Extensive preparations were being made by
the citizens to take a part in the parade. A rain would interfere with their
desire. The days passed and Monday night brought a heavy rain. Tuesday
morning the streets showed the beneficent effects of the rain, the dust had
been laid, the clouds were passing away, but would it rain to-morrow? Some
said "yes," others said, "well, we will prepare for the celebration any way,"
and at it they went. Tuesday night Chicago street in its business portion
presented a gala appearance ready for the morrow. Semi-Centennial day was

226

PioisTEEK Society oe Michigan-.

ushered in by the ringing of the church, school, and fire belis. At an early
hour those living near to town began to arrive, and the 0. 0. Band and vari-
ous societies prepared to receive their guests. The train which arrived from
the west at 5 :35 brought a number of visitors, and the special train from
Coldwater at 8 :30 brought ten car loads of people who were to help in the
celebration. Among them were the Light Guards, Odd Fellows, Firemen
and members of the G. A. E. of Coldwater, together with the Grange of that
township, societies from Bronson and other towns. From this hour until
past noon by train and by wagon, the hosts were emptied into our gaily deco-
rated streets. The decorations are worthy a. more extended notice than it is
possible to give this week. The entire business portion of Quincy was almost
hidden in the gay display of bunting, small flags, shields of welcome," and
yarious devices used in trimming, while the resident portion of the village
was with very few exceptions, bedecked with the stars and stripes and fancy
lanterns. It was hardly possible for a town to be more tastefully and thor-
oughly decorated.

At 10 :30 A. M. Maj. C. W. Bennett, as marshal, and his able assistants
formed the procession, and gave the signal to move, which was done in the
following order :

AID.— MAKSHAL.— AID.

Channel City Band.
Coldwater Light Guards— 36 men.
C. O. Loomis Post, G. A. K., — 40 men.
Btttterworth Post, G. A. K. — 50 men.

ASSISTANT MAKSHAL.

Chief of Fire Dep't and visiting Chiefs.

Quincy Fire Department,— 70 men.
Coldwater Steamer Company, — 25 men.

ASSISTANT MAKSHAL.

Algansee Cornet Band.
Rathbun Lodge, L O. O. F.
Coldwater Lodge, L O. O. F.
California Lodge, I. O. O. F.
Union City Lodge, 1. O. O. F.
Bronson Lodge, I. O. O. F.
Quincy Grange.
Visiting Granges.

ASSISTANT MARSHAL.

Fremont Band.
President and ofiicers of the Day,
And invited guests in carriages.
Pioneers in carriages.

ASSISTANT MARSHAL.

Gilead Cornet Band.
Two hunters.
Emigrant wagon.
Log cabin of 1833 on wheels,

drawn by oxen, driven by Luke Joseph in old time costume. Then came a
wagon upon which Mrs. Z. C. Rose worked a loom of olden time, and Mrs.
H. II. Bennett used the reel, while Mrs. K. D. Decker used the spinning
wheel. This was followed by the '^old time threshers" using the flails vigor-
ously, and of which mention is made in our Notes." Then came the rep-

SEMI-CENTENmAL CeLEBEATION AT QuHsTCY. 227

resentations of the present day, and it is our desire to mention every trade ;
if any should be omitted it is unintentional. We are unable to report them
in the order they appeared, owing to a break in the procession, caused by a
temporary accident to the cabin." Mrs. Eva Qureau presided at an organ
and was accompanied in two wagons by her class of sixty.

Tom Lennon exhibited fine carriages to which attention was drawn by a
band of negro minstrels.

Geo. Dean, with an ox team, showed a vehicle of ancient style, while he
rode in a beautiful carriage of his own make. He also had a wagon contain-
ing a fine display of harness goods.

J. 0. Rogers exhibited the present style of making bologna sausages with a
youngster stufiQng dogs into the cutting box.

H. McGinness also made a fine market display with meats and the sausage
cutter in full action.

Ed Throop showed his tin business in a monster coSee pot ten feet high.

Williamson & Jones made a fine display of stoves and hardware, and also
had a mowing machine and a self binder reaper in full action.

0. W. Bennett's subscription agency advertised its benefits by means of
large banners carried in a wagon.

H. D. Young made an elegant display, on a mammoth wagon, of his furniture
stock, with a fine parlor set, and Miss Jennie Shade as the lady receiving."

A. D. Young & Son exhibited their bakery in working order with the bak-
ers at work.

Thompson & Barnes made a very fine display of groceries.
Albert Perring, in a tasty outfit, exhibited the Crown and White 'sewing
machines.

James Macklem made an exhibit of the **New Home" sewing machine,
with Miss Grace at work upon one.

G. D. Skinner displayed a full line of chain and drive pumps.
Cyrus Wilcox had a large showing of boots and shoes.

H. W. Gier displayed a patent fruit dryer, also chain pumps.
M. M. Dickerson made a royal display of Palace Organs.

Will C. Marsh showed his photographic business by means of children on
horseback.

Frank Larzelere made a fine showing of groceries, and also had cigar-
makers at work upon his favorite brand, Gold Coin."
A. W. Barber represented the Estey organs.

Wm. J. Hess made a fine showing, with three teams, of his Centennial
Spring Bed, as compared with the old time bed.

Hawley & Eunyon exhibited their steam threshing machine.

Then came citizens in carriages ; altogether making a procession over one
mile in length.

The line of march was as advertised in the Herald, and the thousands who
witnessed the passing panoramic view of the days of 1833 and 1883, pronounced
it the finest display ever seen in southern Michigan.

At 1 : 30 P. M., there were gathered at the School Park a dense crowd,
stretching away on the streets that center at that point, variously estimated at
from 1,000 to 3,000 people. A platform 36x12 had been built against the
school building and upon it were the various officers of the day, the choir,
members of the press from home and abroad, distinguished guests, and many
pioneers livins^ in this and adjoining counties.

228 Pioneer Society oe Michigan.

The exercises were opened by music by the band and singing.
Prayer by Eev. Isaac Bennett, the pioneer of Methodism in Michigan.
Another piece by the band.

The president then called upon M. D. Campbell, Esq., to read the follow-
ing letter :

CoMPTON, Los Angeles Co.^ California. }
September 23, 1883. S
B. F, Wheats President of Semi-Centennial Celebration^ Quincy^ Mich.

Dear Sir:— Perhaps it may be vanity, or egotism, that prompts me to write you
on the occasion of this celebration. Very well, let it pass as such. There certainly
can be no crime in a truant son desiring the remembrance of loved ones, and feeling
that there are still warm hearts and hands for him among the old friends at the old
home. My life has been so identified with Quiiicy,its history almost seems my own.
There were spent my childhood and most of my manhood years, and Quincy, with
her noble people and brilliant record for a half century, is dear to me. In that record
I claim nothing for myself, save that I was one, in the grand whole, of her people.

Quincy commenced its existence with the birth of a new era in the progress of
man. Her young life felt the first heart throb of modern science, and man stands in
the midst of the resultant improvements in wonder and reverence of his own marvel-
ous works. Great revolutions have taken place in the last fifty years. The old has
yielded to the brighter new. Man has moved into the light. Such advancement in
science, in the thoughts of men, and in all that makes men happier, wiser, and better,
is beyond the comprehension of the living witnesses of the day. And Quincy, true
to her day, has ever been foremost in this march of progress. Steady and firm has
she always been in times of trial, and your historian to-day has a proud work in
bringing forward the bright, untarnished records of our beloved Quincy.

I am trulv yours,

M. MUDGE.

The reading of this letter from our old friend, the colonel^ was the occasion
for hearty applause. The president then introduced the historian, Hev. J.
Emory Fisher, whose efforts on this day will long be remembered in Quincy.
We give this history in its full completeness, and a more valuable and com-
plete document it were not possible for the people of this town and county to
preserve.

SEMI-CENTENNIAL POEM.

BY D. 31. CAMPBELL.

Come Jane, nevermind the ironing now.

You've done enough to-day ;
So, come and sit down by the fire.

And I'll put the things away.

We're going to be all alone to-night.
And so here by the glowing grate

Let 's talk of the past, since we began
To share each other's fate.

We can't plan much for the future you know,.

Nor count on the days to come ;
But we can recall many scenes gone by.

And what together we've done.

To-day I found that old picture, Jane,

You gave me in Thirty-One,
'Twas about that time you'll remember,

We were dreaming of Two in One.

And for half an hour I sat by the window,
And looked at it straight and true.

For 'taint like them cabinets

You can see just as well askew.

Semi-Centennial Poem.

229

And as I gazed at those flowing ringlets,
That face without wrinkle or scar,

I almost forgot that life's river
Had carried us down so far.

And as through the windows of memory

A ray of sunlight stole,
I felt the glimmer of youthful fancies

Come tripping over my soul.

And my blood began to tingle,

As it did, when in my teens
You so fatally bewitched me,

Down there in old Orleans.

And I saw an archway of evergreen

Extending across the room,
And underneath its flowering wreath,

A trembling bride and groom.

And I presume you clearly recall

That morning in May, Thirty-Three,

When you bade adieu to dear ones at home,
And started out West with me.

We knew but little of our destined home,

Or where our lot we'd cast ;
But we turned our backs on the homes of youth.

And left them along with the past.

But didn't it take a heap of grit

In them days, to say farewell,
And step out over the threshold

Of those we loved so well ?

For then " good-bye " had a meaning

It doesn't have to-day.
When a train of cars stands panting

In every village way.

And how comes back that day,

When our valor was put to the test,

When the dearest of Earth stood about us,
And the oxen were headed West.

We didn't have much to bring with us,

But our folks did the best they knew how,

When they gave us some stuif to keep house with,
And yours led out the red cow.

And Jane, 'twould be a good thing now days,
If parents, that lesson would learn,

Not to give too much to their children,
Till they know what it means to earn.

For three weeks and a day, we were wending

Our way toward a western home;
When now, but a morning and evening

Is all that its takes to come.

In a few days, our little log cot we'd reared
'Neath the rustling leaves of a forest wild,

And in the front of the cabin, a spot we cleared
Where the orb of day peeped in and smiled.

Not long ere the neighbors began to come in,
Though they lived a good distance away;

Three miles was the nearest cabin to us,

Yet better neighbors than next door to-day.

230 Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAN.

For flounces, kid gloves, silk dresses and lace,
With bonnets, spring, summer and fall,

Weren't all required in them days you know,
For a friendly visit or call.

And how I remember those letters
That came but a few times a year,

For they charged a good bit to bring them then,
From York State, away out here.

But how we used to read them,

Over and over again.
For we knew every word was written

By a mother's trembling pen.

Yes, our cot was rough and rude without,

But inside, as cozy and neat
As any palace that now stands

On either side of our street.

On i)oles, hung rings of pumpkin and squash,
From fireplace swung blackened crane.

While o'er head, the old bark roof
Set music to falling rain.

The skins of woodchuck, coon, and mink
Were nailed to the southern gable,

While a few steps away was the great well sweep.
And beyond, the oxen's stable.

I know it was lonely, there all alone

During much of that first year;
And how oft I saw roll down your cheek,

A pearly thought of th' past, in a tear.

But the past was kind o' covered up,

And the present and future began
When our first baby came to greet us,

Him that we called little Dan.

And then another and others came following on

As the years went flitting by;
Yet for eacli and every one of them,

We were ready to live or die.

They all learned how to read and spell

And cipher and write some too;
In fact, every one wrote a plainer hand

Than children nowadays do.

To be sure they didn't have Latin and Greek,

That sort of classic varnish,
But they had enough of common sense,

To keep 'em free from tarnish.

They had the good old English Reader,

The Rule of Three and Kirkham;
And when the teacher caught 'em throwing wads.

He wan't afraid to jerk 'em.

The school-house wan't built of brick,

With patent seats and steam;
But with fire-place, slab-desks, and logs outside,

And ventilated with cracks between.

And a day or two since, my dear,

I wandered up yonder street
Where we laid away those dear ones.

Whose faces we soon must greet.

Semi-Ceistte^tnial Poem.

231

And, as I sauntered along those path-ways,

Halting each now and then;
I read in marble letters,

Of neighbors, again and again;

Until it almost seemed to me,

I'd be more at home up there ;
But Ood knows best the burden of years

He wants his children to bear.

And then what a time we had,

Beginning in Sixty-One;
When a vacant place at many a hearth,

Told of war for freedom begun.

How the cannon that boomed at Sumpter,
Went echoing from hill-top to glen;

Till Lincoln's first call for heroes,

Brought three hundred thousand men.

I know I didn't go myself.

But for that I wan't to blame;
For I tried to pass the muster.

If I was too weak and lame.

And that night when the boys came home from town,

And said they guessed they'd go.
How the incense of love on the altar we burned,

To save a nation's fame from woe.

I guess we know the price it's cost

Our country's flag to save ;
A crippled boy, yon marble slab.

And an unknown Southern grave.

Yet, the fifty years we've just finished to-day,

Are fuller of good to man
Than centuries that went before

This period began.

We've seen the sickle give way to the reaper,

The flail to steam thresher yield;
We've seen the forests melt away

To the rich and golden field.

We've seen the oceans bound together

With three great iron bands.
And 'neath Atlantic, the lightning takes

Our thought to foreign lands.

But Jane, they've gone and done it now,

I don't know what'll come next.
For they've got a concern, you can talk to Detroit

With a hundred miles betwixt.

And when I read in the papers,

About talkin' over wires,
I said to m5'-self, " that's nonsense.

Them papers, like lawyers, are liars."

But when I helloed at that hole in the box.

With that black fixin put to my ear,
I heard Deacon Jones, twenty miles away,

As plain as though he were here.

But bright genius will yet pace off"

Greater strides, in the next fifty years,

Than those now marking the long between
A train of cars and the yoke of steers.

232

Pioneer Society of MicmaAisr.

But we can't plan much for days here below,

Very soon, God's summons must come,
But I know we shall hear in its coming,

The welcome plaudit " Well done."

semi-centeotial address.

BY HON. CHAS. RYND.

Mr. Rynd spoke briefly, because of the lengthy programme which preceded
his remarks.

He said that for men who were native to the soil, and who were thinking of
their early days in this country, it seemed remarkable to him that they should
call on a French gentleman who was born in Ireland to address them at this
time. He spoke of the progress of our country, especially of Michigan, and
eloquently referred to the ancestors of the people who had their origin in the
eastern States; of the developnlents of the past fifty years; the sacrifices
made in producing the grand present ; and of the children of to-day as com-
pared with those of fifty years ago, in educational facilities. Referring to his
manuscript he said :

And now, friends, as I notice in this assembly to-day the faces of some of
the men and women of fifty years ago ; whose faces are withered, whose hair
has been frosted by many winters, who are preparing for the grave, who look
forward to a grand reunion on the other side, I cannot help thinking how
beautiful is old age. Beautiful as the slow drooping, mellow auburn of a rich,
glorious summer. In the aged, nature has fulfilled her work ; she loads them
with the delicious fruits of a well-spent life, and surrounded by their children
they pass away softly to the grave, followed by blessings.

There is another life — hard, rough, and thorny, trodden with bleeding feet
and aching brow, a battle which the grave gapes to finish before the victory
is won — this is the highest life of man. Look back along the great names of
history, there is none whose life is other than this. Such, in a humble way,
was the life of the men and women who laid the foundations of your prosper-
ity— the noble pioneers of fifty years ago. Part of them have crossed the
flood ; probably some are crossing now ; the remaining few will soon pass
away. May th6ir last days be their best and happiest days.

There is nothing more beautiful in human character than kindly treasur-
ing up the memories of those who have lived before us, and who have been
distinguished for the good which they have done. Call up those memories
to-day. Your green fields, your beautiful homes, your thriving village, your
churches and your schools, are the result of the labor and sacrifices of those
who toiled before many of us were born.

This is a great healer. Amidst the busy industries of life, absorbed in its
cares, and harassed by its perplexities, we are likely to lose sight of the past —
of those who have lived before us. Even now, the infant which was fondled
at its mother's breast, the dear one clasped in the arms, the manly father,
the tender mother are often too soon forgotten.

Generation after generation have felt as we feel to-day, and they were as
busily engaged in the activities of life as we are. They have passed away as
a vapor, while Nature wore the same aspect of beauty as when her Creator
commanded her to be. As we think of the generations of men who have

Semi-Ceij^tennial Address.

233

preceded us we are forcibly reminded of the eloquent and touching words of
Burke: What shadows we are; what shadows we pursue." When we are
gone the heavens will be as bright over our graves as they are around our
pathway now; the world will have the same attraction for offspring yet
unborn, as she has had for our fathers who have passed away, and as she has
for us as we mix in the busy haunts of men. Yet a little while and all this
trill have happened. Your fathers! where are they? The once throbbing
heart is still — they are at rest. They have ceased from their labors and their
works do follow them. So with us. Our funeral will wind on its way, and
the prayers will be said, and the grave-clods will be thrown in, and our friends
will all return, and we shall be left to darkness and the worm.*

Possibly for a short time we may be spoken of — the home circle, or our
immediate acquaintances may think of us, but the things of life will gradu-
ally creep in and we shall be forgotten. Days will move on ; the repose of
night will come as before, laughter and song will be heard in the very cham-
ber in which we died ; and the eye which mourned for us will be dried, and
will glisten again with joy ; and even our children will cease to think of us,
and will scarce remember to lisp our name. Should we leave a little property
some of them will quarrel over it, — thus displaying the selfishness of human
nature, and furnishing business for the lawyers, but we shall have become,
in the touching language of the Psalmist, "forgotten and clean out of mind."

Our duty to-day is, however, to show our gratitude, and manifest our love ;
to call up for an hour — if only a brief hour — precious memories, and learn-
ing from the past, from the stand-point of the present, do our work faith-
fully in the great battles of human life.

In view of the history of the past fifty years, we will reiterate what we
have already said, — a history full of grand results and of tender memories.
As we drop the tear of affection over the graves of the early settlers, the
original pioneers ; the men and women through whose thrift, industry, and
economy this beautiful region has been built up ; through whose sacrifices
and faith you enjoy your beautiful homes ; through whose intelligence your
educational system has been reared ; through whose piety your churches have
been erected ; through whose labors your trust in the future has been placed
on the solid foundation of industry, intelligence, and morality, permit me to
say a few words of practical importance.

Life is ours ; ours to enjoy, ours to improve ; how shall we live it truly ?
We sometimes, in our short-sighted way, scan the lives of others, that we
may determine whose deeds are most worthy of imitation ; and we involun-
tarily turn to those best known and most applauded by mankind, thinking
that they alone are worthy of imitation. The farmer, by his fireside, reads
of those who have distinguished themselves in various ways. The printed
page is laid aside, and discontent almost creeps into his heart as he thinks of
his own life, which has never extended its influence beyond his native place.
Year after year he has patiently sown the seed ; year after year he has care-
fully gathered in the harvest. Naught has been done except caring for his
own green fields, and tenderly loving his family.

The mechanic thinks, as he walks slowly home, **What is my life worth?
If I had the talents of him to whom I have listened to-day I might be useful,
but I am now only a humble workman."

-* Dr. Rynd died suddenly Aug. 20tli, 1884, while this volume was going through the press.

234

PioisTEER Society of MicHiaAN".

A lady of wealth and influence passes by. A faithful steward she has been
of the talents which God has given her. Her wealth has been poured out with
no niggard hand, and many of the poverty-stricken ones of earth call her
blessed.

The weary mother from the cottage window sees her as she passes, and sighs
as she contrasts her own life with hers. As she looks back at the close of
each day, she can think of no great deeds, no large charities — only littl§
duties faithfully performed. Now a broken toy mended for the baby, then
a torn garment repaired, and by-and-by, at the setting of the sun, prayers
listened to from lisping tongues just learning the notes of praise. Surely her
life is not worth much to the world.

Thus we reason as we look at the surface of things. Above these reigns a
God who sees beyond all this, and who fully comprehends our work. Not he
who has done the most apparent good is always approved by him. He sees
that the simplest duties of life are often performed with a patient trust and
self-denying love not always found in those who occupy high places. He lives
the truest life who most patiently,. most faithfully labors in the sphere to which
duty calls him, be it high or low. Every department of labor is useful, and
when God calls his children to their home of rest above, his brightest jewels
may be gathered from the lowliest homes on earth.

Citizens of Quincy, as in the case of your ancestors,

" Whether winning, whether losing,
Trust in God and do the right."

XOTES OF THE DAY.

The postoffice and Herald building and Chas. Houghtaling's drug store
attracted much attention because of the handsome decorations, while the post-
office interior was a marvel of beauty (this does not apply to the postmaster).

The Commercial hotel and Clark's hotel wore a complete dress of flags.

The dry goods stores of W. E. Goodnow & Co., W. J. Wilbur & Co., and
Warner & McKay, were elaborately trimmed inside and out.

The display of street flags was never equaled in Branch county.

The first baloon sent up Wednesday evening, was seen by A. W. Staunton
one hour and thirty minutes after its ascension, still traveling eastward.

When the procession reached the residence of Samuel Morey, the pioneers
cheered heartly the old gentleman, whose years and health prevented him
from leaving the porch of his home.

Among the prominent visitors from Coldwater were H. C. Lewis, Z. G.
Osborn, Wm. Gilbert, David Holmes, Harvey Warner, L. D. Halstead, Albert
Chandler, F. S. Pratt, B. S. Tibbitts, Allen Tibbitts, P. P. Nichols, J. C.
Pierce, F. D. Newberry, C. N. Legg, and N. A. Keynolds.

The "log cabin" of the day was filled with children, who were happy in
singing. Upon its top were "antlers" nailed to the peak, the veritable coon,
and on the rear was nailed the deer hide.

Judge Reynolds had command of the Coldwater light guards on Wednesday,
and a creditable appearance did they make.

A pleasant event of the day was the serenade given by the Odd Fellows and
the Algansee band in the evening to the veteran member of the order, T. R.
Rathbun, it being his 66th birthday.

The Coldwater steamer was rather heavy for the well where it took water.
The top caved in, but can be easily repaired.

Notes of the Day.

235

Everybody smiled. Everybody seemed happy. Everybody said * ^success."
And our visitors said Quincy against the world/' while the modesty of our
own people only permitted a thank you, we are here."

Letters of regret, at not being able to be present, were received by the invita-
tion committee from Hon. E. S. Lacey, Hon. E. L.Koon, Hon. Ghas. Upson,
Hon. E. Hiuebaugh, Willard Kidder, Hon. C. D. Kandall, and others.

The wagon carrying the old time " threshers (flails) also carried the
operators, John Joseph, Orton Hoxie, Dennis Eeynolds, and Harvy Chase,
also the ancient sickle, scythe, grain cradle, and wooden fork. Also the head
of a deer that was killed in 1846, the gun that did the deed, and the man
who drew the trigger, Orton Hoxie.

Among the ancient articles in the procession Wednesday, were two candle-
sticks and candles over one hundred years old, presented by Mrs. J. K. Bick-
ford.

Messrs. Moore & Nichols of the Ooldwater Courier, and A. J. Aldrich of
the Eepublican, with Jud Etheridge, of the Chicago and Detroit papers, were
the press representatives in attendance.

The various bands that furnished the music on Wednesday gave the best
of satisfaction. 'No more gentlemanly musicians could be gathered together.

The special police force under command of Chas. P. Shook, on Wednesday,
did their work well.

The following letter, received on Thursday, will be read with interest, as it
is from the pen of one spoken of in the history :

Brockport, IST. Y., Oct. 3cl, 1883.

C. V. B. Pond, Esq.

Dear Sir:— Enclosed please find two dollars for the Herald. While I am writ-
ing, I am thinking three cheers for Quincy, the Seml-Centenmal and the Quincj'
Herald. I regret that I am unable to be in Quincy to-day to enjoy the celebration
with you; pressure of business prevents. I know you will have a good time, for
Quincy never does anything by halves.

Verv Respectfully Yours,

Al. w. wilbue.

The choir then sang :

MICHIGAN, MY MICHIGAN".

Home of my heart, I sing of thee,

Michigan, my Michigan.
Thy lake-bound shores I long to see,

Michigan, my Michigan.
From Saginaw's tall whispering pines,
To Lake Superior's farthest mines,
Fair in the light of mem'ry shines,

Michigan, my Michigan.

(Additional Words Milo D, Campbell.)

The blazing log, the swinging crane,

Michigan, my Michigan.
The rough slab roof 'neath pattering rain,

Michigan, my Michigan.
The rude log cot, the falling tree,
The days of eighteen thirty-three.
In memory I yet can see,

Michigan, my Michigan.

We've seen her forests melt away,

Michigan, my Michigan.
Like darkness at the light of day,

Michigan, my Michigan.
This hallowed spot we call our own.

-236

PioKEEB Society of MiCHiaAN.

For here our boys and girls were grown,
Her glorious name we'll ne'er disown,
Michigan, my Michigan.

Her wilds were turned to laughing soil,

Michigan, my Michigan.
By brave and sturdy sons of toil,

Michigan, my Michigan.
A school-house dots each vale and hill,
A church spire shadows every rill;
To us this land our God did will,

Michigan, my Michigan.

This was followed by a poem by M. D. Campbell, whose versatility is
-clearly demonstrated in its authorship. Its reading was received with marked
favor and showed that the poet had an appreciative audience.

The president then introduced the orator of the day, Hon. Charles Eynd,
of Adrian, who spoke largely without notes, and in a most happy manner.
His speech was in every sense a masterly effort.

Singing of *'01d Hundred" an^ the benediction closed the exercises.

At 4:30 p. M. the Light Guards of Coldwater, under command of Capt.
A. Keynolds, gave an exhibition drill on Chicago street, which was of a very
fine character.

At 4 o'clock, Milo D. Campbell, having charge of the same, introduced the
sports, which commenced with a sack race. There were two competitors —
Charles Sprague, of Coldwater, and Hersh Mosher, of Quincy. Sprague took
first money. In the potato race, Sprague and Mosher were entered, as was
also Giles Adams, of Gilead. The latter took first, and Sprague second money.

The foot race had three entries — Sprague, Adams, and E. S. Easton, of
Union City. Easton took first, and Adams second money.

The bicycle race was a very fine one. The prizes, two fine gold badges, were
contested for by Messrs. 0. A. Conover, D. W. Marsh, and R. W, Russell, of
Coldwater, and Jacob Vannasdale, of Quincy. Mr. Conover took first and
Eussell second prize.

The greased pig was a goer, but Prank Seabury captured him, and has a
darling to fatten for winter. The greased pole was a stunner, but after an
hour's hard work, and plentiful use of mud, Ed. Nivison, of Quincy, got to
the top and picked off a five dollar greenback.

Promptly at 5 : 30, P. M., an alarm on the fire bell by Chief Finn, sent the
Coldwater steam fire engine dashing westward on Chicago street from Fulton
street to the well in front of the Commercial hotel, where steam quickly sent
a stream of water to a long distance. This exhibition pleased the crowd
immensely.

Notwithstanding large numbers-left for home by wagon road, and many took
the trains, still a large crowd remained to witness the fire-works, which were
displayed on the vacant lot east of the Clark house. The display was a very
good one, and aside from the mismanagement in the starting of the baloons,
was a success. At 10 o'clock at night the streets were still full of people, and
the dancing halls of the C. C. band were fall of merry young people enjoying
the fascinating dance.

By midnight Quincy had resumed her quiet, and the duties of the police
were of a most ordinary character. The illuminations of the business and
residence houses were on a scale commensurate with the day decorations.

And thus ended the grandest and most successful celebration ever held in
JBranch county. It showed what Quincy can do when she attempts. Will you

Semi-Centenkial History.

237

all make a move now for manufacturing interests? This is your opportunity..
Strangers and citizens of the county see that you lead in nerve and push, now
will you invite them here to stay? This closing effusion is for our village
people.

SEMI-CENTENNIAL HISTORY.
BY REV. J. EMORY EISHER.

Fellow Citizens: — Assembled, as we are, to commemorate the fiftieth
anniversary of the settlement of our village, it becomes us to review the past
and recount the hardships and privations our pioneer fathers and mothers
endured in laying the foundation of our prosperity by redeeming this beauti-
ful country from the wilds of nature and transforming its heavy forests and
brambled wild-wood into beautiful fields and pleasant homes, and to applaud
their courage and true chivalry with a heartiness worthy of ourselves and their
heroic deeds. This happy task has been committed to your speaker.

In ascending the century's ladder, as we reach the fiftieth round it is fit-
ting that we pause for a moment and look back on the place and circum-
stances from which we began to ascend.

Fifty years ! It is the first jubilee since we entered this promised land. Let
it be kept with joy and thanksgiving. Fifty years of privation and abund-
ance, of sorrow and joy, of fear and hope, of toil and care, but fifty years of
continual progress and growth, till to-day we appear in the full possession of
all the comforts necessary to make us a happy and contented people.

TREATY period.

But to begin this history of Quincy, it is necessary to go back a few years of
the first settlement. In 1807, at Detroit, by treaty, the Indians ceded to the
United States that part of now Michigan, which lies between the lakes on the
east and a line running due north from a point twenty miles west of the most
western point of Lake Erie. In 1817, at the Rapids of the Maumee, General
Cass negotiated a treaty, by which the Indians conveyed to the United States
large tracts of land located in N"orth western Ohio and Northeastern Indiana.
In 1818, through General Cass, the Pottawattomies transferred the fertile
valleys of the Wabash and Tippecanoe to our National Government.

In 1821 General Cass negotiated what is known as the treaty of Chicago, in
which the Pottawattomies and their allies, the Ottawas and the Chippewas, for
certain moneyed considerations, ceded to the United States the following tract
of land, viz.: beginning at a point on the river a few miles above St. Joe,
thence south to a line running east from the most southern point of Lake
Michigan, thence east to line designated by the treaty of Detroit, thence north
to a point due east of the source of the Grand River, thence west to the
source and down the north bank of the Grand River to its mouth, thence
south along the shore of Lake Michigan to the St. Joe, thence up the river to
the point beginning, except five designated reservations of which, six miles
square, was located on the Mik-ke-saw-bee known as the '^Coldwater Reserva-
tion," within what was afterwards Branch county.

Thus this tract of country embracing nearly all of Southern Michigan, by
this act, was conveyed to the government, and this treaty is the basis of the-

238

PiONEEE Society of MicHiaAisr.

legal right by which each of you hold your land. When you read your deed
remember General Cass and the treaty of Chicago, August 29th, 1831.

CHICAGO ROAD.

Through the influence, of General Gass, the Government at Washington
ordered the location of a road 100 feet wide between Detroit and Chicago.

It was purposed, at first, to locate it on section lines. The rapid exhaustion
of the appropriation and the almost insuperable difficulties thwarting the
execution of this plan, led to its abandonment, and the adoption of the old
Indian trail, as the route for the road. This had been for time immemorial
a highway for the red man as he passed from the Canadas and the East, around
Lake Michigan to the great buffalo hunting grounds of the West, and for
tribes of the far West as they brought their furs to the markets of the East.
Long before Marquette and his Jesuit co-laborers had established their mis-
sions in the JSTorth, or ever the eye of the white man had gazed upon tlie
gigantic beauties of our commonwealth, yonder now great highway of trafic
was beaten solid and deep by the feet of denizens of the forests, as they
passed to and fro with their scanty merchandise or with spoils of war.

Along this trail a projected road was located in 1825, but was not opened
and worked till '31 and '32. It was to be the great national highway.

Along this great artery in the forests emigration began to pour, some to
trade with the Indians, but most to find their future home.

In 1827, Mr. Jones located at Jonesville, and Mr. Allen at Allen's Prairie,
others pushed west and formed a settlement at White Pigeon.

In '28 Mr. Bronson and family made the first permanent settlement within
the limits of Branch county, at Bronson' s Prairie. He was soon reinforced
by the presence of Seth Dunham, and by several others the following summer.

In '29 the settlement of Girard was made by Eichard W. Corbus, a single
man, his mother, Mrs. Sarah McComb, and a niece. They lived in an unoc-
cupied wigwam in the Indian village until he could prepare logs for their
house. The niece is now Mrs. Sarah A. Smith, of our village.

This same year the first postoffice west of Ypsilanti was established at
White Pigeon, and John Mitchel contracted to carry the mails, and the first
mail-boy, on horseback, might be seen wending his way along the Indian trail
yonder, each way every week during summer, and every two weeks in winter.

On October 28th, 1829, the Legislature organized this part of the State
into a county and called it Branch," after John Branch, of North Carolina.

Every democrat of this county may have this one unchangeable and felici-
tous fact to solace him in all his political misfortunes, viz. : that he lives in a
county that was organized by a democratic Legislature, under a democratic
Governor, named after a democratic Secretary of War, under a democratic
President, and that President, General Andrew Jackson.

In 1830, Hugh Campbell entered the first land in the limits of what is now
Coldwater.

He was followed^ the same year, by Mr. Bolton, who settled two miles east,
and by John Morse, Mr. Bingham, Robert and William Cross, Allen Tibbits,
and others.

This same year Morris Wilson made the purchase of 320 acres, located in
sections 12, 13, and 14. He first put up a little hut on the northeast corner
of section 14, and broke up and planted a small prairie to corn. In the same
summer he built a log house on the site of the Andrews property.

SEMI-CEJJ'TENmAL HiSTORY.

239

He purchased the first land, built the first house, plowed the first furrow,
planted the first corn, sowed the first oats, and kept the first tavern in the
township of Quincy. That year James M. Burdick came to, and spent the
summer at Aliens, followed in a few months by his uncle, Mr. John Cornish,
with his wife and six children, who remained over winter at Aliens' prairie.

On New Year's day of 1831, Mr. James M. Burdick tramped through the
snow along the Indian trail to a point north of Ooldwater, where he built a
little shanty for himself, and split rails for Mr. Bolton, and made, he says,
the first thousand rails and fenced the first eighty acres in the county.

In the spring, John Cornish and family moved to Girard. Joseph 0. Cor-
bus, of Allen, exchanged farms with his brother Richard, and also moved to
Girard.

This same year several other points in the county were increased by new
arrivals from the east.

The year 1832 witnessed two memorable events in our county. First, the
laying out of the city of Lyons. Who laid it out? Messrs. Allen Tibbits and
Joseph Hanchett. The name was afterv/ards changed to Coldwater, and it
became the county seat in '42 by an act of the Legislature. The other event was
the Black Hawk war. In May a man came from the west on horseback as fast
as he could ride, with his horse white with lather and foam, yelling at the top of
his voice, "Black Hawk and his red skins ! they are coming, murdering men,
women, and children." All the settlements were thrown into a state of
frenzy and terror.

Gov. Brown ordered Major Jones to call out his militia, consisting of one
company from Hillsdale and two from Branch county. The names of Joseph
Corbus and John Cornish appeared in the company from Girard.

James M. Burdick, now our fellow townsman, who, with his father, had
' gone east in February, and married in March, was returning with his effects
to Aliens. Before he reached his destination he was taken from his bride
and companions and hurried on to Niles, where the militia were ordered to
report themselves for duty.

But the war was not a bloody one, and was soon over. They were mustered
out on June 3d and returned to their anxious families. The news of the
Black Hawk war was a great check on immigration, and the stages which had
been overcrowded were taken off for want of passengers.

Bat this same summer Mr. Ellis Russell came, and afterwards kept tavern
for Mrs. Willson, Mr. Willson having died at Ypsilanti on his way to Detroit,
whither his body was taken for burial.

In June, James G. Corbus and wife came from the east, and spent the sum-
mer in working on the Chicago road, near Bronson. In the fall he entered
land in section thirteen, and the next summer built a frame house almost
opposite Maple street, part of which is still standing, the oldest structure in
the township. Here was organized afterwards, the first Sabbath-school and
the first temperance society, and James Clizbe was the superintendent.

On June 29, '32, the Territorial Legislature divided our county into two
townships, the eastern half to be called Coldwater, and the western. Prairie
River. Previous to this, the whole territory was known as the town of Green.

On October 16, 1832, John Cornish entered the southwest corner of section
15, the south line being a little south of Mr. Lennon's carriage factory, and
the west line what is now Main street, on which the eastern part of our village

240

Pioneer Society of MiCHiGA]sr.

now stands. This brings us up to 1833, the year we celebrate ; and I must
hasten to name the event in memory of which we are come together to-day.

Fifty years ago on New Year's day, the township of Ooldwater, of which we
were then a part, held its first meeting in the house of John Morse; 50 years
ago on the first day of. February, the Territorial Legislature organized the
county of Branch into a separate organization, to take effect on the first day
of March. Fifty years ago on the first day of March we began our independ-
ent existence as a county ; fifty years ago in April the first county election was
held. This is then the semi-centennial of the organization of Branch county,
as well as of the settlement of the village of Quincy.

JOHN CORNISH,

having entered his land in the fall of '32, determined to move upon it
in the spring of '33, but was hindered in his purpose. But during the sum-
mer he put up a little shanty of small logs in which he might live till he could
build a frame. This log cabin .stood near where Mr. Havens Wilbur now
lives. Into this he moved his family, consisting of a wife and seven children,
one having been born in G-irard, the first white child born in that township.
During the fall he broke up, with Mr. James Burdick's oxen, a small piece of
ground and sowed it to wheat, the first wheat sown in the township of Quincy.
The nearest house on the east was Mrs. Willson's, where Ellis Russell was
keeping tavern, and the nearest on the west was the double log house at the
brick kiln.

Here in this cabin, Mr. John Barnes, a brother of Mrs. Cornish and uncle
of Mr. James M. Burdick, died. His relatives at Aliens came up to the
funeral. There, with the first dead in Quincy, sat the relatives of the deceased,
viz : Mr. Cornish and Mrs. Cornish, his sister, Mr. and Mrs. Ichabod Burdick,
brother-in-law and sister, Mr. James Burdick, a nephew, and Mrs. Burdick,
with her first born, a tender babe, in her arms. They sang a hymn, the book
was opened and a chapter read. Mr. Ichabod Burdick offered prayer. Then
the rude cofiQn was put into a big wagon, the first hearse of Quincy, and fifty
years ago the first funeral procession slowly moved down the Chicago road
to Aliens for burial.

The same year, in the fall, in this little cabin there was born a little baby
boy, and he was named Allen Cornish, the first child born in the township
and village of Quincy. Thus fifty years ago, the first house was built, the
first plowing was done, the first wheat was sown, the first death occurred, and
the first child was born, and to-day we celebrate the Semi-Centennial of the
settlement of our village.

This same year Mr. Wm. P. Arnold, now our venerable townsman, came
from the East and located on University land near Cold water.

The spring of 1834, found Mr. Cornish busy preparing timber for his new
house, and as soon as the material was ready, he raised a frame on the site of
Clark's Hotel. When it was roofed, floored and sided, he moved into it, and
opened a tavern. This building with all its contents was burnt in '43, the first
fi^e in Quincy.

During the same summer, Mr. Cornish put up a frame barn on the corner
west of his tavern, where Mr. Knowlton's hardware building now stands.
It was afterwards painted red and was known as the Red Barn. It held its
ground for nearly a quarter of a century, but finally retired to form the back
part of the livery stable near the hotel, now owned by Frank Barber.

SEMI-CENTENmAL HiSTOEY.

241

During the summer of '34, Mr. Cornish had between two and three acres
on the southeast corner of the public square broken and sowed to wheat.
Mr. Hartsough did the plowing, and claimed that there were four acres,
while Cornish said there were but two. This was the first disagreement, and
threatened to be of a serious character, but was finally settled by a com-
promise. Would that all difficulties since, not involving principle or honor,
might have been settled in the same way. But what would we have done,
then, for a poet to-day?

Quincy received no new recruits, and there were but four houses in the
township: Corbus's, Willson's, Eussell's, built in Mr. Mellon's orchard,
which was set out the following year and the first in the township, and
Cornish's.

In the spring, however, "Joe" Berry came to the county and spent the
summer at Mr. Arnold's, then living on the now Fisk property, and returned
East in the fall.

The year 1835 may be regarded as a year of immigration to Branch county.
Chicago Eoad was glutted with their wagons and the woods were alive with
them. Through the glowing descriptions of their son, the Berry family, so
largely identified with the interests of our village, struck their tents in
Chautauqua, N. Y., and pitched them toward Coldwater, but stopped in Quincy
in the edge of the timber that skirted the western edge of the fascinating
prairie on which our village is built. The father, Samuel Berry, came out in the
spring, went to Illinois, returned in the summer and purchased in Sec. 21,
N. E. corner, and selected the spot and built the house which Mr. Morey now
owns and occupies, on Chicago street, at the west end of our village. Enos G-.,
better known as Dr., Berry came the same spring. Joseph moved the family out
in the fall, arriving the 1st of October, and found their home, a frame 16 feet
square, enclosed, but not lathed and plastered. Two days later, as the day
was drawing to a close, a whistle was heard down Chicago Eoad, not of a
locomotive, not of a manufacturing establishment, but of a lad of fifteen
years driving home the cows. I need not tell Quincy people that it was young
Ezra Berry. He started two days before the family, and drove the cows all
the way from Chautauqua, N. Y., alone, accomplishing the feat in 18 days,
at an expense of $7.50, arriving here two days after the family.

Early in the spring of '35 two young men came from the East, seeking
lands and their fortunes. One of them, Walter Loomis, bought 80 acres now
owned by the Gregorys, and put up a frame on the north side of the road. Just
east of Mr. Gregory's house. The other, Daniel Bagley, bought an acre of
ground from Mr. Cornish, now the Van Camp property, and put up a frame
on the north side of the road and a blacksmith shop on the south side. His
house is a part of Van Camp's old house which was moved away this summer.
This is the oldest building in Quincy. These two young men boarded with
Mr. Corbus and fell in love with the landlord's two daughters; and the
daughters fell in love with them. ' The result was a double wedding in the
fall of 1835. These two young men have the honor of being the first to "pop
the question" within the limits of Quincy, — I have not yet been able to ascer-
tain who is the last. This is the first marriage and the first marriage was a
double wedding. Their bridal tour was from their home, one to her new
home at now Van Camp's, and the other to where Mr. Gregory now lives.

Mr. Silas Hamilton, came the same fall and built a little hut on the ground
31

242 Pioneer Society of Michigan.

now occupied by Mr. Wilson. The roof sloped but one way and had the
appearance of a shed more than of a house. When the snows of December,
'35, fell, they covered, within the corporation, the roofs of four dwellings:
Hamilton's, Bagley's, Cornish's log house and his tavern, one barn, and a
blacksmith shop. By the way, Mr. Bagley was the first blacksmith in Quincy.

The year 1836 witnessed some changes in the little settlement. Early in the
spring Mr. Pearson Anson came from Moscow, this State, and rented the
hotel of Mr. Cornish.

Mr. Hamilton began the building of a large log house opposite his shanty,
where Mr. Wood worth's brick residence now stands. He had raised it only
up to the joist when Mr. John Broughton bought him out. Mr. B. had
moved the previous year to the brick kiln and was keeping tavern, when he
decided to make Quincy his permanent home. He completed the house and
moved his family into it in December.

This same year Mr. Samuel Berry rented his hotel to Mr. Parker and put
up a small house a few rods east of the one he had rented. He built the barn
now standing on the property the same season, and also planted an orchard,
two trees of which are still standing.

QUINCY AS A TOWNSHIP.

But the most important event of the year was the formation of Quincy
township, and the subsequent election. An act of the Legislature — for we
had in the previous October elected a Legislature and a Governor, though not
admitted into the union as a State until '36 — approved March 23, 1836, erected
Quincy from Coldwater township, and designated the house of John Cornish
as the place for holding the first meeting. Quincy by that act included
Algansee and California.

The meeting for the election of town officers was held at the house of John
Cornish on the 4th day of April, 1836. It was organized by electing John
Cornish, moderator; Thomas Wheeler, clerk; and Enos G. Berry, assistant
moderator.

The first ballot was cast by John Broughton, though living out of the
township ; I presume it was permitted in anticipation of his making this his
immediate and permanent home.

The result of the election was, Enos G. Berry, supervisor; David W. Baker,
town clerk ; John Cornish, James G. Corbus, Samuel Beach, and Enos G.
Berry, justices of the peace ; Samuel Briggs and James Adams, assessors ;
Joseph Burnham, Pearson Anson, and James Adams, highway commissioners;
James M. Burdick, Ellis Kussell, Thomas Wheeler, commissioners of common
schools; Griswold Burnham, collector; Pearson Anson, Griswold Burnham,
constables; Samuel Berry, Conrad Rapp, overseers of the poor; district No.
1, Thomas AVheeler, district No. 2, Pearson Anson, district No. 3, Joseph
Hartsough, overseers of highways. At a subsequent election to fill vacancies,
Russell was made collector and Burdick constable.

It seems that there were not men enough for the offices to go around, as
three men went home bearing the weighty honors of three offices each, and
six were clothed in double official raiment.

During the summer (Aug.) of '36, five roads were located in the township,
one of which is Main street of the village. It was brushed out north as far as
Mr. Adams' house on the hill, and south to Mr. Carter's saw-mill in Algansee,
but was not opened up and prepared for public travel till a later day.

Semi-Centennial Histoey.

243

During the winter of '36 and '37, a Methodist class was organized in the
house of Mr. John Broughton, consisting of Mr. Broughton and wife, Mr.
Hewitt and wife. Father Olizbe and wife, and Dr. Berry. The first person
that preached in Quincy, to the best of my information, was Peter Sabin, or
perhaps Rowel Parker.

In the spring Edward Perry put up a frame house opposite the Van Camp
property. Bagley sold his house and lot on the north side of the road to Mr.
Broughton, bought east of Loomis and built a house. It stood near the
Evans house, beyond Mr. Gregory's.

Thomas Valier, a shoemaker, who came from England in '35 or '36, and
located first in Cold water, came into Quincy, living, one says in the Cornish
house, another in the Bagley house, but certainly and finally in the little
shanty built by Hamilton on the Wilson lot, owned then by Broughton, and
opened up a shoe-shop, wherever he lived, the first in Quincy. He said to one
of our townsmen that ''a certain man would 'oe his corn because he howed
him." I am informed that his sister, now Mrs. Harger (widow), was an
attendant on Queen Victoria and was present at her coronation.

Joseph Berry returned to Quincy in '36. He *^paid his respects" to Miss
Sophia Brown, a half-sister of Mrs. Anson, of the hotel. Mr. Anson's people
were very much opposed to her going with "Joe Berry," and one day in
February, '37, being annoyed beyond all endurance, she put on her bonnet,
walked down to Samuel Berry's, found "Joe" tramping out wheat with
horses in the barn, and said to him: "If you ever intend to marry me, now
is the time." Joseph immediately hitched one of the horses into a cutter,
made of poles, Sophia stepped in and the happy pair drove down to James
Oorbus' and were married, and they returned to Mr. Berry's as bride and
groom. During the summer "Joe" traded 80 acres, now Lincoln Briggs'
place, with Mr. Cornish for his property, bought out Anson's lease of the
hotel and went to tavern-keeping till '43, when he sold it to a Mr. Smith. Mr.
Cornish lived in the log cabin he first put up, till he built a log house on his
new farm. During the summer of '37 a postofiSce was established in Quincy,
and Dr. Berry was the first postmaster. Ezra was placed in charge of the
office and kept its contents in a bushel basket. What advancement in postal
accommodations has been made, may be seen when we contrast the bushel
basket with our elegant and orderly postoffice to-day.

This year all the prairie on the southwest corner of the public square was
plowed up and became a field and continued so till '45.

The venerable Father James Clizbe made his appearance during the sum-
mer, bought the Bagley property of Mr. Broughton, and made that his home
for a number of years.

During '38 there were not many changes. Mr. Smith of Adrian, son-in-
law of Father Clizbe, bought the Perry property and put a small stock of
boots and shoes in it, and Lyman Clizbe sold the goods, the first mercantile
business of any kind in Quincy, and this was on a small scale and lasted but
a year or two. Mr. Himrod moved into the Cornish cafcin and in '40 put up a
house near where Mr. Shearer now lives. During the summer Miss Anna
Eoberts of Coldwater, taught the first school within our limits, in Mr. Brough-
ton's house. In the fall a log school-house was built near where the depot now
stands. Death came this summer, and the neighborhood paused in its busy toil
to lay away its dead. Mrs. Eobinson came with her husband and family to
the hotel, and there she died, as Eachel of old, and she was the first to be

244

PioxEER Society or Michigaj^".

buried in the "old grave-yard." Father Clizbe officiated, and stood with the
bereaved father and husband by the open and new-made grave. Soon her
child ''fell asleep" and was laid beside its mother.

Early in the spring of 1839, James Clizbe, son of Father Clizbe, died ;
and on March 23 Mr. and Mrs. Broughton laid their little son, Johnnie

" Beneath the low green tent
Whose curtain never outward swings."

William P. Arnold, believing there would be a town here at no distant day,
sold his property in Coldwater and bought in Quincy, and built the house
where he now lives. He has been identified largely with the development of
our village. Most of the facts in this history were gathered in conversation
with him.

Mr. Alfred Wilmarth came the same summer and built a log house oppo-
site Mr. Berry's. There were living here, within what is now Quincy village, in
1840, where Mr. Shears now lives, Mr. John Himrod, in a log house put up
that sefison ; next, where Mr. Woodworth's house stands, in a log mansion 20x
40, Mr. John Broughton ; next, in the old VanCamp house, Father Clizbe, just
opposite Mr. Lyman Clizbe ; next, the Cornish cabin was occupied during the
summer by Mr. Himrod; next Joseph Berry in the hotel on the corner; the
next house was Mr. Arnold's, and the next Mr. Wilmarth' s and the last Mr.
Berry's.

In the field on the southeast corner, in the summer of '41, Mr. Enos G.
Berry built, in the then field where now Mrs. Turner's drug store stands,
the building now used by Mr. McG-inness as a meat-market, and kept store in
it with Mr. Haines as partner. This was the first store at the ''Corners."
In '42 Joseph Berry bought it and Hopkins kept store. In '44 Daniel
Thomas bought the property, built an addition to the store in '45, and lived
in it. In '46 he built a barn on the corner, and a shop, where Rose & Graves'
grocery is. It was occupied first by Mr. Able Coon as -the first shoe shop at
the Corners.

The southwest corner of the public square was used as a field from '37 to
'45, when Dr. Berry built his residence — Mr. Allen's house — and the next
year his barn, to which he added afterwards a horse barn.

The northwest corner was first plowed in '38, and remained an undisturbed
field for six years. In '44 Mr. Dalley bought the frame that Mr. Briggs had
put upon his place on Chicago Road a mile and a half east of town and
moved it in and built the house which Mrs. Turner now lives in, one door
west of the meat market. These were the only changes made at the Corners
from '40 to '50.

In '48, necessary legislation, through the efforts of Enos G. Berry, mem-
ber of the State Senate, was enacted to secure the building of the L. S. &
M. S. railroad. It was completed through Quincy in '50. The freight depot
was built by Mr. Lucas Joseph, who was prominent in securing a depot here.

In the early spring of '52, Mr. Broughton conceived the idea of building up
a town at the "Corners." He bought out Mr. Dalley on the northwest corner
of Chicago and Main streets, laid out lots, and offered them for sale. This
was the first attempt to sell lots for village purposes. Mr. George Caswell
bought on Main street next to the railroad and built the building now occu-
pied by Mr. George, lived in the back part and kept store in front — the second
store in Quincy. Mr. B. F. Wheat at the same time bought the corner lot
and put up a store building, finished off part of it for a dwelling until he could

Semi-Centennial Histoey.

245

build a residence, and moved his family into it in the fall. Being appointed
postmaster, the office was moved to that building. The next summer, '53, he
put in goods — the third store.

In ^53, Mr. Myers built a store building on the southwest corner, where the
National bank now stands, and the Throop Bros, opened a store in it in '54.
In '55 a whole row of business buildings went up on the south side of Chicago
street, both east and west of the corners.

Mr. Sheldon came here in '53, in the drug business. He bought the first
wheat unloaded at the depot.

Il^CORPOKATION.

On Oct. 14, 1853, the inhabitants at the Corners were incorporated as a
village and named Quincy. Pursuant to act of corporation, the first election
was held at the house of Emory W. Fillmore on Nov. 15, 1858, with Wm. P.
Arnold, Ebenezer Mudge, and Moses A. Hewitt, judges of election. It result-
ed in E. Mudge, president ; Moses Hewitt, clerk ; Cornelius Shears, D. C.
Myers, J. Sebring, W. P. Arnold, M. Hawley, trustees ; H. W. Williams, J.
I. Gregory, assessors ; A. 0. Culver, marshal ; Allen Gregory, treasurer ; H.
W. Williams, A. Brown, C. N. Wilcox, street commissioners.

It would be pleasing to trace from year to year the development of our
village and note its improvements one by one as they were introduced. That
would swell this sketch into a volume. I will note but one or two more items.

MILITARY.

The first manifestation of a military spirit was a long time ago, when a self-
constituted company under Rice Arnold, drilled at odd times in the street if
it was pleasant, and in barns if it rained. But when the bombardment of
Sumter startled the nation, Quincy sprang to her feet, and immediately
responded to the president's call for 75,000 men. The first to enlist from our
village, as best I could learn, was Edward S. Wheat, son of the president of
'the day. He was mustered out at the end of the war as first lieutenant.
John Haynes and Almerick Wilbur volunteered at the same time and went to
Detroit with C. 0. Loomis' battery. The first company organized in Quincy
was company B of the Eleventh Michigan Infantry. It was organized by
Melvin Mudge (who came back as colonel) and Jerome Bowen. The first
name on the list, from our village, is Augustus Barjerow.

I am pleased to note that the first regiment west of the Alleghenies to reach
Washington was a Michigan regiment, and in it a company from Branch
county.

The promptness and liberality with which our citizens responded in aid of
the sufferers of the Chicago fire in ' 71, and of those of the burnt district in
Michigan in '81, shows the spirit and wideness of their hearts. Before the
flames were extinguished at Chicago, our representative was there with sub-
stantial aid, and contributions from Quincy were among the first to reach the
sufferers of our own State.

SCHOOLS.

The first to teach the children of Quincy was Mrs. Peter Newberry. The
school was in her own house, the winter of 1837-38. The first school in the
village was in Mr. Brough ton's house and was taught by Miss Anna Roberts

246 Pioneer Society or MicmaAx.

in the summer of '38; the second by the same person, in the log school
house, in the winter of 1838-39.

In '46 the log was superseded by a frame structure, on the same lot. In
'50 it was moved to the corner opposite the M. E. church; in '54 it was
again moved to the Mudge (now Pope) property. In '56 it was abandoned
for a brick on the corner of Fulton and Jefferson streets, its present location^
In '69 it was enlarged and remodeled, and in '83 reseated, and the furnace
replaced by a steam heating apparatus of the latest improvement, a building
of which we may justly be proud. The efficiency of the school under its
present principal, Prof. Jackson, is attested by the presence of the largest
number of foreign scholars ever in attendance at one time.

POSTOFFICE.

It was established in '37 at Mr. Berry's, with Enos G. as postmaster. In
'45 it was moved to the store opposite the hotel, with Thos. Berry as post-
master; in '49 to Smith's hotel ; in '53 to Mr. Wheat's store on the north-
west corner, Mr. Wheat P. M. ; in '61 to the northeast corner, now Mr.
Hunt's barber shop; in '64 to a building on the same site where it is at
present; in '65 M. M. Brown, becoming postmaster, removed it to a frame
building where W. G-. Wilbur & Co. now are ; in '69 to the building occupied
by Woodworth & Field ; the next year to Dean's repository; thence in '72 to
the room it occupied in '65; in '78 the building and office were moved
opposite Clark's hotel; in '79 to the Donovan block; and in '82 to its pres-
ent locality. Long may it rest in its new and commodious apartments.
Under the management of C. V. R. Pond as Postmaster, it has become the
finest Postoffice of its class in the State. The earnings of the office last
year was $3,434.95. Sold, stamps, 106,756; envelopes, 14,975; postals,
38,000; money orders issued, 805— $7,199.55 ; orders paid, 3,187— $24,418.59,

EELIGIOUS.

Nearly all of the first settlers were Methodists. The M. E. church was
organized in '37 with seven members, only one of whom, Mrs. Broughton, is
now living. Thtf house of worship was built in '54. Its present pastor is
Rev. N. L. Bray.

The Baptist Church was organized Aug. 20, '46, with 20 members, eight of
whom are still living. Their house was built in '54 and dedicated a few
weeks after the M. E. church. The present pastor is Rev. G-. H. Starring.

The Presbyterian Church was organized Feb. -27, '57, with seven members,
one only of whom, Mrs. Chapin, is now living. The house of worship was
built in '69, a chapel added in '80, and re-carpeted and frescoed in '82. The
present minister is Rev. J. Emory Fisher.

In '82 St. John's Mission Chapel was dedicated. Rev. H. J. Cook, rector
of St. Mark's, Coldwater, ministering to them.

In '67 the Church of Christ was organized with 14 members, and in '71
purchased the house in which they worship.

During the summer of '74, the Seventh Day Adventists organized their
church with 15 members, and the same year erected a brick church.

QUINCY AT PRESENT.

I purposed to give the organization and present condition of the different
trades and societies in Quincy, but space forbids.

Semi-Centennial History. 247

The village of Quincy to-day, in the neatness of its business rooms^ the
width of its streets adorned with maple trees, the elegance of its homes, the
thrift of its inhabitants, does not take a second place with any other village
of its size anywhere. We have 11 frame and 20 brick business rooms ; 2 fur-
niture rooms, 2 harness shops, a news depot, a book store, 2 boot and shoe
stores, 2 clothing houses, 3 dry goods houses, 6 groceries, 3 hardware stores, 4
drug stores, 2 banks, 2 planing mills, a sash, door, and blind factory, a
foundry, a stock feed steamer factory, a head and stave factory, 2 flouring
mills, 2 fruit drying establishments, 2 splendid hotels, 2 carriage shops, and
we are justly proud of a factory which secures 5 first and 3 second premiums
and a diploma in competition with all other work of the kind in the county,
a newspaper agency, with the largest list of publications ever issued in the
United States, and a Herald, with the liveliest man that ever lived as its editor
and publisher.

Now, having reviewed the history of our village, noting its development
from one log house to these many homes, blocks, and business rooms, let us,
catching the spirit of those who, by perseverance and patience, have moulded
out of such crude material so delightful a town, and catching the spirit of the
age, which is onward and upward, turn our faces to the future, and apply our-
selves so zealously to the duties which lie before us that we shall make the

future shame the past."

But I cannot close without saying one word, when my heart is so full of
them, to the honor and praise of the pioneers of Branch county.

I have read in the Arabian Nights of the mysterious power of Aladdin's
lamp, which could change the rude hut into palaces all glittering with gold
and jewels; I have read in Grecian mythology of the spring whose mystic
waters transformed men into gods; I have read in the annals of Egyptian
chronicles of the magic virtues of the magician's wand ; but the ciianges
wrought by the magician's wand, the transformation by the fabled fountain
of Greece, and all the transformations produced by Aladdin's lamp, are not to
be compared with the changes wrought by the industry of our pioneer fathers
in changing the prairie's knotted sward and the forest's heavy growth into
fields laughing with the blushing clover and rejoicing with its golden grain.
I tell you, we do not honor our worthy pioneers as we ought.

I honor the great men of science and art, whose names shine as imperishable
stars in the firmament of our race ; I revere a Galileo, a La Place, a Kepler,
a Newton, who have unraveled the great mysteries of the heavens, and by
their powerful instruments dissolved the misty foam which flecks the arch-
ways above ; I honor a Humboldt, an Agassiz, who have multiplied the wealth
of knowledge in the physical world by their unparalleled research and observa-
tion ; I am mute in the presence of Descarte, of Bacon, of Hamilton, with their
ponderous treatises in speculative and metaphysical philosophies ; but I revere
with greater reverence, I honor with greater plaudits, the man who, with
noble purpose, gathers his family to himself, and with an abiding trust in God,
becomes the pioneer of his race. La Place has given to the world the nebular
hypotheses ; Newton, the law of gravitation ; Kepler, the plan of the solar
system ; Descarte, his philosophy ; Hamilton, his metaphysics — great, imper-
ishable boons ; but greater service has he done who gives to posterity a field of
wheat or corn. Pioneers of Branch county, all honor to your names.

248

Pioneer Society oe Michigaist.

CALHOUN county,
how battle creek received its name.

BY 0. POPPLETOif.
Read at Annual Meeting of State Pioneer Society, June 14th, 1883.

Mk. Peesident, Ladies and Gentlemen of the State Pioneer Society :
The incidentSj reminiscences, and early surveys and settlement of our State
no doubt, have been presented by many who have had the honor to address
you at previous meetings of the Society; and it may be expected of those
who narrate these incidents, that they will confine themselves to the local-
ity from whence they come. If such is the rule, or custom, I hope you
will excuse me for trespassing upon other portions of the State than where I
reside, in Oakland county. It is true, she has a history of her own, worthy
an abler pen than mine, though I have had the pleasure of presenting to their
Society such papers upon her early history. That county was the first sur-
veyed and settled in the State, to any extent, except the early French settle-
ments at Detroit and along the river, with a few English from the States.

There have been a number of accounts published from time to time, of an
occurrence in the early survey of Calhoun, Barry, and Eaton counties, the
last of which appeared in the Detroit Free Press of the date of March 22dj
1879. That article was headed " How Battle Creek Received its Name," and
was the nearest correct version of the battle between two men of the survey-
ing party engaged in running the exterior township lines about what are now
known as Battle Creek, Penfield, Bedford, Convis, and Emmet, in Calhoun
county, Assyria in Barry comity, and Bellevue in Eaton County, which has
come to my notice.

That article contained a few errors in dates and facts, which I have endeav-
ored to correct. At the time of the publication of that article, a brother of
Edward Baldwin, therein mentioned, resided in the place of my residence,
and still lives there, from whom I have gleaned many facts relative to this
event. He, Edwin Baldwin, was engaged in packing provisions for Sylvester
Sibley, who had the contract for subdividing the townships mentioned in Cal-
houn county, and was engaged in those surveys during April and May, 1826,
and frequently passed by the abandoned camp of John Mullett, who surveyed
the exterior lines of the townships heretofore mentioned, commencing in
March, 1825, and finishing in January, 1826, and from his personal observa-
tions, and from information obtained from his brother Edward, I am confi-
dent that I have been able to obtain the material facts in regard to that
event. I have consulted the original minutes and surveys of the exterior and
subdivisions of those townships, which enables me to arrive at the dates, and
where Mullett's camp was located on the day of the attack upon Baldwin and
Taylor, which was, as Mr. Mullet says, " In the west part of range six west,
on the base line."

Mr. Edwin Baldwin says the camp was near a stream on the base line, after-
wards called Battle Creek, and about a mile east of the four corners of the
townships of Penfield and Convis, in Calhoun county, Assyria in Barry county,
and Bellevue in Eaton county, which must have been on section six, town one

Calhouis" County.

249

south, range six west, Oonvis township, Calhoun county, or on section thirty-
one, town one north, range six west, Bellevue, Eaton county.

In making these inquiries and researches for the purpose of eliciting the
facts and vindicating the pioneer history of this event, its time and location,
I very fortunately obtained a copy of John Mullett's letter, through his son,
who resides in Eaton county, to Gov. Lewis Cass, which I have transcribed,
and will now read :

March, 1825.

^'SiR : In consequence of depredations committed on my party by Potta-
wattomie Indians, and the determined hostility to my surveying, I have
thought it most prudent to leave my district to inform you of the circum-
stances, and solicit your interference to prevent similar occurrences in the
future, as well for the safety of the frontier settlements, as for those who
may be engaged in surveying the public lands. The district assigned to me
is the surveying of the exterior township lines of a tract of country from
township seven south to township two north, inclusive, bounded on the east
by former surveyed lands, and on the west by the line between ranges six and
seven west. I commenced at the south part of my district and progressed
north as far as T. 1 south, where I came to a tract apparently thickly inhab-
ited with Indians, at their sugaring establishments. I frequently met with
small parties, all of whom evinced a determination not to permit my survey-
ing ; in some instances would follow, pull up the posts, and efface the marks ;
and at other times would peremptorily order me to leave the country, step in
before me to prevent my proceeding with my line, lay hold of my compass,
etc. I have one man in my party who could understand and speak a little of
the Indian tongue. Through him I made them understand that we were sent
there by our chiefs, as I expressed it, that we were their friends, that no harm
was done, or intended, and that our chiefs would be disappointed if we
returned without completing our work, etc. They only replied that the land
belonged to them ; that they would not suffer our marking the trees, and that
there were plenty of Indians near, and if I proceeded, they would kill me,
etc. I continued, meeting with similar interruptions for several days, deter-
mined if possible to complete my district. On the 14th inst., I left my camp,
which was on the base line, in the west part of range six west, in the care
of two men, Mr. Taylor and Baldwin, and with my chainmen and axmen
ran north, to return in the evening.

"About one o'clock two Indians came to the camp, with the same hostile
appearance that they had uniformly evinced towards us, told Taylor and
Baldwin to leave the country ; that they had no right to hack the trees. Mr.
Taylor made them understand that our chiefs sent us there ; that they must
get an order from them before we could go, and in every way tried to convince
them that no harm was done, or meant.

" They pretended to be in fact satisfied, entered our tent, asked for food,
which was given them. They then examined our rifle, saw that it was loaded,
asked how many belonged to our party, where they were gone, and at what
time they would return, etc. Mr. Taylor answered that 4 men belonged to
the party, that they were gone north, and that they would return about sun-
set. They then asked for tobacco, which was given them. After smoking
some, they then went outside of the tent, conversed together some time, and
renewed their order for my party to leave the country and give them the
32

250 Pioneer Society of Michigan.

provisions. Mr. Taylor told them that he could spare no provisions ; his
men were hungry. One Indian then drew his hatchet and renewed his
demand, while the other Indian presented his cocked rifle to enforce it;
telling Taylor to be quick. Baldwin at that moment endeavored by a quick
step, to get behind the Indian with the rifle; who, perceiving his intent,
turned and discharged the rifle at him just as Baldwin struck it aside with
his hand. The Indian then sprang, and seized the rifle which belonged to
our camp, and discharged that, which was fortunately knocked aside by
Baldwin in the same manner. He then made for the rifle belonging to the
other Indian, who was all this time engaged with Taylor with the hatchet,
which Taylor had caught hold of, as the Indian made a pass at him. Bald-
win followed his antagonist so close as to prevent him from discharging the
third rifle, and succeeded in wresting it from him, although they broke the
stock in the affray, and left Baldwin in possession of the naked barrel, with
which he knocked him down, and flew to the assistance of Taylor, who lay
with his antagonist on the ground struggling for the possession of the hatchet*
Baldwin with one blow of his rifle barrel, relieved Taylor from his disagree-
able situation. They bound the Indians, hand and foot, and kept them
until my return to camp ; which was a little after sunset. I felt sensible of
the danger of our situation, but could see no alternative but to keep them
until morning. After hearing the particulars of the affray from Taylor and
Baldwin, I went to the Indians, asked their names, told them I should have
to take them to Detroit to have them punished.

"Sig., John Mullett."

Gen. Cass dispatched Col. Louis Beaufait, an Indian interpreter, to investi-
gate the difficulty between the surveying party and the Indians, and learned
that they were instigated in their hostility to the surveys of these lands by
old Baptis or Batiscon, an Indian trader, who feared that, should the sur-
veys be permitted, and the whites settle the country, his profitable vocation
would be gone. The Chiefs whom Col. Beaufait interviewed, denied any
knowledge of the attack upon Mr. Mullett's camp, and assured him that it.
was made by some young Indians of their band, for a little pleasantry or fun,
and the chiefs and Baptis promised to send out scouts to warn all Indians in
that vicinity not to interfere with the surveying parties, and that they must
desist from pulling up stakes and defacing marks upon the- trees; whichr
promise was strictly kept; and the surveying parties were not troubled there-
after. The survey of the exterior lines was resumed in Nov., 1825, and com-
pleted in Jan., 1836.

Edward Baldwin did not return with the surveying party, fearing an
encounter with those Indians, to whom he was well known. Edward Bald-
win and Mr. Taylor were of Mr. Mullett's surveying party, the latter in
the capacity of cook. Those two Indians came to the tent in the afternoon
of March 14th, 1825. Taylor being alone in the tent, called to Baldwin, who
was within hailing distance, who hastened to camp, and upon entering it,
found the two Indians helping themselves to flour, meat, and tobacco, filling
their camp kettles, and making hostile demonstrations, being armed with
tomahawk, knife, and each a loaded rifle. Baldwin and Taylor arrested them
in their proceedings of plunder, and attempted to forcibly eject them, which
the Indians resisted. Then the controversy commenced in earnest; white
man against red-skin, the Indian firing his rifle, and then caught Mullett's
from the tent, and aimed it at Baldwin, who struck the barrel aside with his

Calhoun County — Memorial Eeport.

251

arm just as the Indian fired, cutting a heavy woolen vest in two in front with
the ball and powder. The Indian then caught the other Indian's rifle. Bald-
win, being a powerful, muscular man, clinched the rifle barrel near the muz-
zle, wrenched it from the hands of the Indian, and dealt him a blow, felling
him to the ground, breaking the gun stock off at the breech.

Taylor, who had grappled with the other Indian, had thrown him, and had
become nearly exhausted in holding him down, and appealed to Baldwin for
help. In the first struggle, Taylor had caught the Indian's arm at the wrist,
as he raised it, tomahawk in hand, with the evident purpose of braining him,
and continued holding his arm with one hand, the other clinched in his hair.
Baldwin directed Taylor to let go the red-skin's hair, which he did, when he
struck the Indian with the rifle barrel with which he had already felled one
red-skin, crushing his skull.

When Mullett and his party returned to camp at evening, and found the
two Indians lying senseless in the tent, they deemed it prudent to leave their
work; which they did early the next morning, March 15th, leaving some
provisions and water brought from the stream near by, for the Indians should
they revive, and the surveying party returned to Detroit to await negotiations
with the Indian chiefs, which was done by Col. Beauf ait ; and Mr. Mullett
returned, continued and completed his surveys unmolested, as previously
mentioned.

Edwin Baldwin, while packing provisions for Sibley the following year,
encountered on an Indian trail, Simo, one of the Indians brained by his
brother, who suddenly hid in a clump of bushes some distance ahead, and
when approaching the point where he last saw him, was suddenly covered by
the Indian's rifle, poised as if to shoot as he came into an open space. Bald-
win met his fierce demoniacal look with a fearless, unconcerned gaze, with his
eyes constantly upon the Indian, while approaching him, and called to him
in French to come to him. The Indian replied that he was deaf. He then
beckoned for him to come, which he did, carrying his rifle at half rest as he
approached. Upon reaching him Simo exclaimed. **You not the Chemo-
caman who crushed my skull in with a gun barrel," at the same time lifting
a piece of buckskin from the top of his head, exposing the wound inflicted by
his brother Edward. The brain was discernible through a thin white tissue
which had closed over it. There being a strong family resemblance between
the brothers, together with the fact that Edwin wore the same woolen vest
(which had been mended by his mother) that Edward wore in his encounter
with the Indian, led Simo, at first sight, to believe him to be the same
Chemocaman who crushed in his skull. After making some presents of
tobacco to the Indian, BaldAvin passed on, but kept an eye on him until out
of sight ; fearing he would fire upon him as he kept his rifle ready and half
raised to his face. This Indian lived about a year, though feeble, and died.
Mr. Baldwin does not remember the other one's name, but knew him, and of
his whereabouts for some years afterwards.

MEMORIAL REPORT.
BT A. 0. HYDE.

Mr. PRESiDEiq-T. — I am sorry that the list of deaths of aged persons who
have died in Calhoun county during the last year is incomplete as presented
here to-day.

252

Pioneer Society or Michigan.

Circulars addressed to Recorders and Town Clerks in the county have in
some instances been promptly and fully answered. In a majority of cases no
attention has been paid to the request.

The following list comprises those who have been reported or personally
looked up :

TOWN OF BURLINGTON.

James Phillips — age 87 years; resident of county, 42 years.

Henry P. Jones — age 92 years ; resident of county, 45 years. Mr.
Jones was born and reared in New York City — well known to all early set-
tlers in the county as Esquire Jones; educated a lawyer; a man of means;
somewhat eccentric, but an acknowledged gentleman in all his transactions.

Luther Walling — aged 78 years; 30 years in the county; a staunch,
thrifty farmer.

town of clarendon.

George Chandler— died May 2, 1882, aged 76 years; born in N. Y.
Loren Keep — died May 22, i882, aged 77 years ; born in Homer, N. Y.,
a wealthy farmer and highly respected by all who knew him.

town of clarence.

Young M. Hatch — died May 22, 1882, aged 80 years ; born in Cayuga
county, New York, settled in this county in 1836 ; was a farmer.

TOWN OF FREDONIA.

Margaretta Good— died Nov. 24, 1883, aged 83 years.

Lawrence Good — died April 7, 1883, aged 81 years. This worthy aged
couple had for many 5^ears owned and occupied the farm on which they died.
They came from Pennsylvania to Michigan.

Sidney Smith — died May 8, 1883, was a millwright by profession, but had
for many years been a farmer; born in New York.

TOWN OF HOMER.

Russell Aldrich — died Dec. 2, 1882, aged 80 years; always a farmer;
born in New York.

Henry Failing— died May 11, 1882, aged 83 years ; born in New York,
resident of this county, 43 years.

TOWN OF lee.

Riley Carver — died Sept. 2, 1882, aged 84 years; came from White
Hall, New York, in 1836, and has since that time resided in this county.

TOWN OF MARSHALL.

Baker Stillson — died April, 1883, aged 79 years; came to Michigan in
1843, and has since resided in this county.

MARSHALL CITY.

Edward Button — died March 21, 1882, aged 67 ; born at Deposit, New
York, June 21, 1814. Mr. Button was one of the early merchants of Mar-
shall— a man of active life, and an esteemed citizen.

Rev. John D. Pierce — died in Connecticut, April 5, 1882 ; was born at
Chesterfield, N. H., Feb. 8, 1797. The writer thinks he came to Calhoun

Memorial Eeport.

253

county in 1833, where he spent many years ; was fully identified with many
interests of the new community settling around him. Mr. Pierce was our
first Superintendent of Public Instruction, and became known as the father
of our public school system.

Horatio W. Banks — died April 12, 1882, aged 76; born at Eichmond,
Va., Dec. 29, 1805, emigrated to Marshall in 1834.

Albert D. Smith — died August 12, 1882, aged 70 ; born in New Jersey.

Caleb Tiltok— died Sept. 5, 1882, aged 80; born in Massachusetts,
settled in 1835 on the farm where he died.

George B. Murray — died Dec. 17, 1882, aged 67; born in Vt.; came to
Michigan in 1834, settled near Dundee, but in a few months moved into
Calhoun where he filled many important positions as an active business man,
having the full confidence of all who knew him.

Joseph L. Lord — died April 20, 1883, aged 90; born at Danville, Conn.,
June 7, 1792, came to this county at an early date.

Stephens" H.Preston — died May 9, 1883, aged 73 years; born in New
York 1810. Mr. Preston was a lawyer by profession ; was the first Prosecut-
ing Attorney of Calhoun county.

town of MARENGO.

Sunderland Gr. PATTisoN—died August, 1882, aged 71 years ; came to
Marengo in 1834; at that time the township was sparsely settled. He at
once made large improvements upon his land and became a producer of
wheat and other grains in amount far exceeding the produce of his neighbors.
He brought large numbers of horses and oxen from Ohio and Indiana, sell-
ing many to the new beginners around him, frequently waiting for his pay,
until land could be broken up, and cropped. Was a man of great energy
and deservedly popular with all who knew him, and at one time sheriff of
the county.

Isaac Hewitt — died June, 1882, aged 63; was born in Pennsylvania;
came to this county with his father and family at an early date. Mr. Hewitt
was a very exemplary man, of more than ordinary talent. Held many offi-
ces of large trust and responsibility, always discharging his duties in a man-
ner most satisfactory to all concerned. He amassed a large property by his
good management, dying as he had lived, with the respect of all who
knew him.

TOWN OF NEWTON.

Jeremiah Woodward, — familiarly known as Uncle Jerry, died Nov.,
1882, aged 80 years ; born at Waybridge, Addison county, Vermont ; came
to this State and county in 1833, located the farm on which he had lived 46
years at the time of his death. His aged wife survives him, surrounded by
the comforts of a good home and a kind hearted son to care for her.

ALBION.

The remains of Mrs. Hannahs were brought to Albion on May 23 for
burial from Utica, N. Y. She was one of Albion's first settlers and resided
here many years. Since the death of her husband, four years ago, her home
has been with her daughter at Utica, N. Y. Her age was 85 years. She
leaves a daughter, Mrs. Pond of Utica, and a son, George Hannahs of South
Haven. She was one of the original members of the Presbyterian church of
this place, and was an earnest, useful Christian.

254 Pioneer Society of Michigan".

Martha S. Cole — died Oct. 16, 1882, from the effects of an attempt
upon his own life some days previously, while in a depressed state of mind.
Mr. Cole was one of the pioneers of LeRoy; afterwards went to Climax,
prominent and influential among the early settlers.

Geo. N. Hyatt— died Nov. 29, 1882, aged 60; came to Battle Creek 1844;
in 1847 an employe of T. B. Skinner, the partner afterwards, of the firm
of Stone & Hyatt — see Battle Creek Journal Dec. 6, 1882.

Wm. 0. Harris — died in Dec. ; was a Mariner and is said to have come to
Battle Creek as early as 1835.

Erastus Clark — died June 8, 1882.

Mrs. Phebe Antoii^ette Dibble, wife of L. D. Dibble, died Aug. 22, 1882,
aged 56 ; daughter of Dr. Chatterton ; came to Michigan June 8, 1851.

Charles Knight — died Sept. 8, 1882; came to Marshall in 1837, to
Battle Creek 1842, had the oldest door, sash and blind manufactory in the
city ; burned in 1875.

Susan N. Kirby — died Sept. 25, 1882, aged 74 years, wife of Caleb
Kirby; came to Battle Creek about 40 years ago, then went to a farm in
Bedford 5 miles from here, where she lived until her death.

Mrs. Anson Mapes — died Oct. 18, 1882, aged 68 years ; came to Michi-
gan in 1837, maiden name Maria Blass, lived in Battle Creek township.

John Coates — resident of East Leroy, died Aug. 24, 1882, aged 84; came
to Michigan in 1836.

Christine Bowne Stillson, wife of the late Eli Le Grand Stillson, died
July 7, 1882, aged 74; came to Michigan in 1836; to Battle Creek in 1837.

Harriet N. Marsh, wife of Spencer H. Marsh, died July 13, 1882 ; came
to Michigan in 1855; Lerov to Battle Creek 1864. See Battle Creek Journal,
July 26, 1882.

Hiram 0. Burnham, — town of Charleston, Mich., died July 20, 1882,
aged 80 ; came to Michigan in 1841.

Samuel Convis — died July 21, 1882 at his residence near Verona, age 74 ;
the first settler of Battle Creek, establishing himself here in 1832.

Mrs. Sidney Shaver — died July 23, 1882 ; came to Michigan in 1858 —
sister of Mrs. L. D. Dibble.

Theresa D. Burgher — died Oct. 1, 1882, aged 70 years.

Samuel Gregory — died Oct. 4, 1882, aged 79; came about 1841.

GiDDiNGS Whittmore — died Oct. 4, 1882, aged 88.

AusTRis Geddes — died Oct. 5. 1882, aged 82.

Mary Bidwell— died Oct. 14, 1882, aged 78.

Maria M. Edmunds — died Oct. 17, 1882, aged 75; residence Johnstown.
Martin L. Cole — died Oct. 18, 1882, aged 76; suicide.
The dates on the following list are those of burial :

Mrs. Anson Dunton who died this year, was one of the oldest settlers of
this part of the State, the mother of Mrs. Daniel Graham of Newton, who
could give other information.

John Mechem— killed by cars Dec. 8, 1881, aged 74 years, 7 months.

Jeremiah Brown — died Dec. 18, 1881, aged 80 ; resident of Emmett.

Catherine Leroy — died Dec. 18, 1881, aged 80 years.

Catherine Hume — died Dec. 21, 1881, aged 80 years.

Lucy Stuart — died Dec. 26, 1881, aged 89 years.

Lettia Lyon — died Dec. 20, 1881, aged 86 years; pioneer.

Cornelia Buck — died Jan. 10, 1882, aged 59 years.

Memokial Eeport.

255

Joseph O.'Kekt — died Jan. 19, 1882, aged 63 years.
Elmee Peebles — died Jau. 20, 1882, aged 58 years.
Elenor Reed — died Feb. 13, 1882, aged 70 years.
Christina Schadbr— died Feb. 16, 1882, aged 72 years.
Charlotte F. Betterly — died March 9, 1882, aged 83 years ; pioneer.
Nathak p. Wilder — died March 19, 1882, aged 62 years; pioneer.
Ezra Parker — died March 22, 1882, aged 84 years.
Eliza H. Rowley — died March 29, 1882, aged 75 years.
Rachel Phelps — died April 4, 1882, aged 86 years ; soldier's widow of 1812.
George D. Hickman — died April 9, 1883, aged 62 years,
Sarah VanValkenburgh — died April 14, 1882, aged 87 years; widow of
a soldier of 1812.

William Reese — died May 13, 1882, aged 69 years ; early settler.
Mary Eggleston — died May 15, 1882, aged 83 years.
Benjamin Harper— died July 7, 1882, aged 79 years.
Christina B. Stillson — died July 10, 1882, aged 74 years.
Harriet K Marsh— died July 24, 1882, aged 56 years.
Olivar Champion — died July 24, 1882, aged 54 years.
Phebb a. Dibble — died Aug. 22, 1882, aged 56 years.
Charles Knights— died Sept. 10, 1882, aged 78 "years.
Dr. Edward Cox — died Sept. 21, 1882, aged 66 years.
Susan N. Kirby — died Sept. 28, 1882, aged 74 years.

DEATH OF JOSIAH GODDARD.

The death of Josiah Goddard which occurred on the 21st ult., 1882 at his
home in Ft. Atkinson, Iowa, is of especial interest to our readers, as the
deceased was one of the earliest pioneers of this section, and was promi-
nently identified with the development of our county, during the first six-
teen years of its history. He was a man of large intelligence and striking
originality of character, which with the noble and generous traits uniformly
manifest in his intercourse with society, and the spirit of enterprise which
characterized the more active period of his life, caused him to be a conspicu-
ous figure in our early annals.

Mr. Goddard who died at the ripe age of 91 years and 16 days, was the
fifth child of Gardner and Sophia (Rice) Goddard of East Boylston, Mass.,
where he was born April 5th, 1792. His family are noted for their longev-
ity, as of eleven children all of whom reached mature years, five attained to
extreme old age, their ages varying from 80 to 93 years. Two sisters are
^till living, one aged 80 years at Templeton, Mass., and the other aged 87
years at Southboro in the same State.

The subject of this notice resided in his native township until his 17th
year, when he went to Boston where he remained until the opening of hos-
tilities between the United States and Great Britain in 1812, when he entered
the army and served his country during the war. He was one of the "immor-
tals" who under the lead of Col. Miller, charged and captured the British
batteries at Lundy's Lane. He also bore a part in the battles of Niagara
and Plattsburg.

At the close of the war, he came to Detroit where he took up his perma-
nent abode and where he was married on the 14th of October, 1814, to Miss
Hannah Harris, with whom he lived happily for nearly 69 years, and who

256

Pioneer Society of MicHiaAir.

survives him. Kobert Abbott, brother of the first postmaster of Detroit,
officiated at the wedding.

Mr. Goddard having resided at Detroit till 1831, became in the autumn of
that year, the third settler in this vicinity, having located on Groguac prairie
where he resided a few years and then settled on the farm on Goguac lake,
now kmown as the Jennings farm. It is said that his son, S. Calhoun God-
dard was the first child born in Calhoun county. He occupied this place with
his family until 1849, when he removed to Winneshiek county, Iowa, where
he resided up to the time of his death.

Mr. and Mrs. G. were the parents of fifteen children, nine sons and six
daughters. Of these children, seven are still living, including six sons in
Northern Iowa and one daughter, Mrs. Wm. Reese of this city. The
descendants number 45 grandchildren, 29 great grandchildren and one child
of the fourth generation. *

For nearly half a century, Mr. Goddard was a member of the Masonic
fraternity and took a deep interest in the welfare of the order. Coming as
he did, from Eevolutionary stock — his father having been a soldier in the war
of the Kevolution — and having himself served in the war of 1812, ''he was,'^
to quote the language of one of the Iowa papers at the time of his death, "of
the most thorough American type." He enjoyed a personal acquaintance
with Gen. Grant and cast his vote for President Hayes in 1876.

For several years past, he was blind, but retained all his faculties until the
very close of his long career, taking the utmost pleasure in discussing the
leading questions of the day, whether relating to politics or other subjects.

His death, while it will be deeply regretted, will also awaken pleasant
recollections of his career on the part of our older residents by whom he was
so universally esteemed for his manliness, his generous, confiding nature, his
patriotic spirit, his obliging kindness as a neighbor, and those qualities which
served to distinguish the earliest generations of men in our Republic. For
thirty-five years he was a resident of Michigan, and was one of the men who
deserve a lasting place in the memory of her citizens, both for his public
service and personal worth.

MRS. J. D. LABAR.

, The death of Mrs. J. D. Labar, at her home in Battle Creek, of pulmo-
nary consumption, February 13, 1882, already announced in the columns
of the Journal, seems to call for a more extended tribute, inasmuch as she
had been well and favorably known in this city for more than a third of a
century.

Ludencia G. Cole was born in Herkimer county, Now York, June 11,
1828. Her parents, Calvin and Sally Cole, removed in her early childhood
to this State, and settled on a farm near Marshall, where most of her youth
was passed. April 10th, 1850, she was married to Mr. J. D. Labar. They
came immediately to this then village, and located a home on the spot where
they have since continuously resided. One child was born to them, a son,
Volney C, who, many of the older residents will remember, died after a
lingering illness, at the age of about ten years. The memory of this interest-
ing child the parents ever most tenderly cherished, and his loss may have-
been one incentive to the works of love and benevolence that so characterized
the mother in after years.

She loved children, and her sunny disposition made her peculiarly adapted

Memorial Eeport.

257

to interest them. She drew about her a society of little girls, meeting weekly
at her home to prepare garments for the needy. Many destitute children
were clothed by their united efforts and contributions, while the youthful
donors were thus receiving lessons in practical Christianty. Eor many years
she continued to devote much of her time and energies to this and kindred
Christian labor, visiting the poor and afflicted in their homes, and giving them
sympathy and substantial aid. Her kindly deeds to neighbors and friends,
and careful watching at the bedside of the sick, will long be remembered.

She possessed fine social qualities, which attracted many friends, and a
remarkably cheerful and buoyant spirit, which was specially manifest during
her long illness. Though the last few months were marked at times by
extreme suffering, she bore all with wonderful patience and fortitude.

Her faith in Christ her Eedeemer was her refuge and strength, and finally
showed its really complete and triumphing power in providing her mind with
most perfect peace and resignation. She welcomed her release. ''Don't
weep for me," she said. ''Eejoice," and at last, when the final summons
came, her life went out gently, ''even as the flickering of a taper."

The funeral services, held at the residence, were conducted by Rev. E. H.
Harvey, of Augusta, who, as a personal friend, paid a fitting tribute to the
life and character of the deceased, alluding to the beautiful floral offerings,
as speaking in eloquent though silent language of the love and esteem of
friends. Her remains were deposited with appropriate ceremonies, by the side
of her beloved child, in Oak Hill Cemetery.

MAJOK BARTHOLOMEW BANKS.
[From The Marshall Statesman, January 25, 1883.]

Major Bartholomew Banks, who had been seriously ill for some time, died
at his residence south of the city (Marshall) Monday evening, Jan. 23, 1883.
Major Banks was born in 1800, in Eichmond, Va., where he lived until 1835.
Emigrating to Michigan, he located in Marshall, and worked at his trade,
that of a carpenter, for a number of years. He then launched his bark on
the sea of merchantile life by opening a grocery store at the east end of State
street. He was moderately successful in his venture, but gave it up in 1844
to accept the position of station agent for the Michigan Central at this point.
He was the first agent here, and at this time the road was under the control
of the State. He was afterwards proprietor of the eating house, in which two
positions he was engaged twenty years. It was in this capacity that he
achieved a notoriety in the catering line second to none in this part of the
State. He was nearly 55 when he resolved to spend the remainder of his
days in the peaceful pursuit of farming. Accordingly he purchased 90 acres
of seminary land just south of the city, where he has since resided.

He was a gentleman of the old school, courteous and affable, of strict
integrity, and was universally esteemed. He was a very prominent member
of the Odd Fellows' lodge in this State in the early days of its history. Among
the offices of public trust to which he was elected was that of city recorder in
1844.

He was a most inveterate hunter, and no year was allowed to go by without
a raid on the foxes of his vicinity. His hospitality was proverbial, and it was
in the entertainment of his friends that the qualities were best shown that so
greatly endeared him to his friends.
33

258 PioN-EEK Society of MiCHiaAisr.

He leaves four children, Mrs. Emma Bailie, Miss Mary Banks, John
Banks, of Grand Kapids, and Mrs. Anna Hume, of Muskegon. His wife died
two years ago.

PKOF. HENEY A. PIERCE.

The many Marshall friends of Prof. Henry A. Pierce will learn of his death
with deep regret. He died at his home in Lansingburg, New York, on Dec.
21, 1882.

In 1853, in obedience to the wishes of the school board. Prof. Henry A.
Pierce came to Marshall and accepted the position of principal of our public
schools. His wife, an experienced educator, was chosen to assist him in the
high school room. They were both conscientious workers, and the schools
greatly improved under their .labors. The Marshall Statesman of May, 1855,
gives the result of a visit to the schools by a close observer. He says :

''The discipline of the school cannot be too highly applauded. I have
never yet known it excelled, if equaled, by any school that has come under
my observation. It is by close observation and patient investigation that this
vantage ground has been gained. The principal of the school, Mr, Henry A.
Pierce, together with his associates, have not only won laurels for themselves, •
but imposed the most sacred obligations upon their patrons."

The flattering success of Prof. Pierce and his wife in educating the young
led them to seriously consider the question of opening a seminary for young
ladies in this city. A number of citizens were interested in the enterprise and
the Mansion house, now the residence of Ohas. P. Dibble, was purchased for
this purpose. A brick structure was built just east of it for a school-house,
and the Mansion house property was used as a boarding house for the young
ladies.

It was formally opened on Oct. 22, 1855, with an able corps of teachers.
Charles P. Dibble, Dr. Joseph Sibley, and Hon. Chas. T. Gorhani were the
three trustees. The institute at once took rank with the best in the State,
and the first term closed with 100 young ladies, many from abroad, in attend-
ance. Among the pleasant mementoes of these olden days yet preserved by
many of the former pupils are copies of *'The Oak Leaf,'' a semi-annual
paper issued from the college. The copy shown us by Mr. Charles P. Dibble
bore date of June, 1857, and was edited by Misses Allie A. Phelps and Jennie
E. Burgess. Drill in vocal music was made a special feature of the daily cur-
riculum, and much proficiency was acquired by the young ladies. Prof.
Pierce, who was a fine singer and acted as chorister for years in the old Pres-
byterian church, was the instructor.

At the end of four years Prof. Pierce and wife left to accept a position in
the public schools of Watertown, N. Y., and the institute was discontinued.
Ohas. P. Dibble purchased the buildings and grounds. The school-house was
removed and the former Mansion house thoroughly overhauled and repaired
and made to assume its present elegant appearance.

A sketch of his life is given in the Troy Daily Telegram of Dec. 23d, from
which we clip the following :

"The death of Henry A. Pierce has caused profound sorrow, not only in the
educational circles, but also among the host of personal friends whom he had
attracted to himself by his many virtues. Mr. Pierce was born among the
beautiful hills of Berkshire county, Mass., in 1826. He enjoyed the stern
and rugged training of farm life, and the excellent primary drill of New Eng-

Memorial Report.

259

land common schools. Moved by noble ambition and his innate longing for
future usefulness, he began to pave the way to success in his designs by
teaching school at the age of nineteen years. 15y his own unaided energies he
accumulated means by which he supported himself as a student in the famous
Williston seminary, in Massachusetts, long enough to be well prepared for
admission to Williams college. He had already earned such a reputation as a
teacher that his services were in great demand, and he was induced reluctantly
to forego his cherished plan of entering college, and resumed his place in his
profession ; but he never failed to be a student, and his scholarship ranked in
due time even beyond that of his more favored schoolmates, who went through
college. He soon passed into the ranks of high school teachers, fullSUing his
office in Indiana, Michigan, and New York. In 1869 he was chosen principal
of the fourth ward grammar school in this city, in which position he remained
three years, when he was transferred to the charge of the Troy high school.
Here he continued till the time of his death, which occurred on Thursday
afternoon, at his home in Lansingburg, Thus briefly recorded stand the
outlines of his life. His characteristics as a teacher were intense earnestness,
accuracy, conscientious application, and marked ability to arouse the enthusi-
asm of his pupils in every subject. He despised shams and pretentious dis-
play, and with such modesty did he labor that too few appreciated at its real
worth the great work of his life. But the merit of his work became so well
known that Williams college conferred upon him, in 1866, the honorary
degree of Master of Arts. However much of honor we may concede to him
in his chosen occupation, it is well understood by his intimate friends that in
the character of husband, father, brother, friend, and humble Christian, he
deserved far greater praise. From the heart of every one who knew him will
arise the plaudit, * Faithful laborer, enter into thy rest.'"

DEATH OF MKS. ELIJAH CLAPP.

Our citizens are again apprised of the death of a well known lady, whose
long residence among us has made her face familiar to all, and whose many
acts of charity and Christian love have endeared her to not a few.

Mrs. Elijah Olapp died at the family residence, No. 28, North avenue, Sun-
day, after a long illness, the last two months of which she was confined to her
bed. Her complaint was an affection of the liver, and it has been painfully
apparent to the relatives and friends for some time, that the end was fast
approaching.

Susan Elenor Carr was born in Fayetteville, New York, May 26, 1826,
and moved to Battle Breek in 1843, since which time she has been a resident
of this city continuously.

Deceased was married to Elijah Clapp March 16, 1848, by whom she has
had four children, three of whom, William C, Julia V., and Florence L.,
together with their father, survive her.

DK. EDWARD COX.
From the Battle Creek Journal.

The death of Dr. Edward Cox was announced in our yesterday's issue as
having occurred at half past nine o'clock in the morning of that day, Sept.
19, 1882.

As for nearly half a century, the deceased has been a conspicuous mem-
ber of our community, having been prominently identified with our city dur-

260 Pioneer Society op Michigai^^".

ing the far greater share of its history, and long recognized as one of the
leading physicians of the State, it is fitting that his career should receive
especial attention in our columns.

Dr. Oox was a native of the Empire State. He was born on the 6th of
January, 1816, at Cambridge, Washington county, N. Y., the same county
which gave birth also to Jonathan Hart, a distinguished pioneer of this city.
His parents were Silas and Abigail Cox, both of whom spent the evening of
their days in Battle Creek and enjoyed the unbouilded respect of our citizens
for their sterling qualities of character, and their active usefulness as mem-
bers of society.

In 1819, when Edward was three years of age, his parents removed to
Onondaga county, where after suitable literary preparation, he studied medi-
cine in the offices of Dr. Benjamin Trumbull of Borodino, and Dr. C. Camp-
bell of South Butler, N. Y. He afterward pursued his studies at G-eneva
Medical College, at which institution he took his medical degree in January,
1839, with distinguished honors and entered upon his profession with a
high promise which was fully realized in his subsequent career.

He commenced practice in Wayne county, N. Y., where he remained but
six months, and in September, 1839, — forty-three years ago this very month.
— he arrived in this city, then a village of but a few hundred inhabitants,
and permanently established himself as the second regular medical practi-
tioner of the place; Dr. Wm. M. Campbell with whom he associated him-
self in professional practice, being the first. At that time the young physi-
cian and the community in which he cast his fortunes, had a future to be
made by their own enterprise and energy. The town was just emerging from
a rivalry with Verona, as the business centre of this section. Its first grist-
mill had been in operation but a little more than two years. Only three years
had elapsed since its first framed building had been erected and the advan-
tages of the little hamlet for a professional career largely consisted in promise.
Here, however. Dr. Cox cast his lot, and soon with his associate, Dr. Camp-
bell, built up an extensive, and for those days, a lucrative practice. With
characteristic energy and public spirit he identified himself with measures
for the growth and improvement of the place and soon not only took a pro-
minent position in his profession, but came to be regarded as one of our fore-
most citizens.

For many years he continued practice in connection with Dr. Campbell, and
at one time, Dr. S. S. French was associated with them in professional labor.
To his profession he ever showed the most constant loyalty, and devoted him-
self to the researches of his favorite science, both old and new, with unremitting
enthusiasm. He welcomed and availed himself of all the recent discoveries
and improvements in medicine and surgery, while stoutly maintaining his
allegiance to the regular school in which he was educated. For many years,
and to the close of his life, he was one of the leading members of the Cal-
houn County Medical Society, and was a member of the State Medical Society
from its formation, serving on its most important committees, and in 1878,
was honored by being made its president. At the time of his death, he was
one of the State Councillors of the Detroit Medical College, a position to
which he was appointed by the trustees. Dr. Cox was also a member of the
American Medical Association, having represented his State in that body, as
also in the International Medical Congress convened at Philadelphia in 1876.

Dr. Cox was an able and incisive writer on medical topics, and prepared

Memorial Eeport.

261

many important papers to be read before medical societies, besides contribut-
ing articles to medical and other periodicals, which for their practical and
scientific value, attracted wide attention. It was an especial aim with him to
maintain a high standard for his profession, and he resolutely opposed every
tendency to its degradation to mere mercenary designs and uses. Some of
his more recent productions were devoted to the awakening of an interest in
this purpose, both among the medical fraternity and the public at large.
One of these contributions was extensively copied, and elicited the strongest
commendation from the leading medical journals and physicians of this coun-
try and Europe.

Among the latest of his efforts with the pen was the preparation of a series
of obituary articles written at the request of the County Medical Society.
These embraced biographical sketches of several of the pioneer physicians
of the county, and upon them the deceased bestowed great care and the most
affectionate interest. Most, if not all of them, were published in the columns
of the Journal at the time, and excited much commendable remark for the
conscientious and pains-taking accuracy with which they were prepared.

Frequently within the past few years, has Dr. Cox, in the hearing of the
writer of this notice, been heard to express his deep interest in his profession,
and to declare that it chiefly circumscribed his ambition. He stated that
its honors were those which he most highly valued, and grateful as might be
to him the expressions of public confidence bestowed by his fellow citizens,
political distinction and partisan prominence were far less prized by him than
usefulness, success, and good standing in his chosen profession.

In accordance with this sentiment, a few days before his death, he expressed
the desire that the words Practicing Physician for 44 years," should be
inscribed upon his coffin as declaring the leading work and purpose of his
life, and embodying the essential feature of his career, which he desired to
leave impressed upon the memory of his fellow men.

But the life of Dr. Cox would be only partially sketched without allusion to
his political character and his traits as a party leader. He was first most
actively identified with the politics of the city and State, a little less than
forty years ago. About 1844, he became conspicuous as one of the young
democracy, who began to assert themselves and to assume prominence in the
place of the older members of the party. Sands McCamly, Moses Hall, John
Champion, Michael Spencer, John Rogers, G. F. Smith, Colonel John Stuart,
Wm. M. Campbell, and others who had previously controlled party affairs. In
lieu of these, arose not indirect antagonism, but seeking to make their influ-
ence more positively felt. Dr. Cox, Benjamin F. Graves, Thomas H. Thomas,
Abner E. Campbell, Major Gilbert, William A. Coleman, Joseph Barton, the
Stillsons, and others — to whom may be added Alonzo Noble and T W. Hall,
who, though somewhat the senior of the rest, were identified with them in
action. Among these. Dr. Cox soon took marked prominence. Ardent,
resolute, tenacious, and aggressive, he eminently possessed the qualities requisite
for leadership. From this time forward, his tact and judgment rendered him
peculiarly influential in the counsels of his party, until he became at length
its most prominent member in this section. When his party was in power, he
was ranked with the more liberal, progressive element, but after the ascendency
in the county. State, and nation had passed to other hands, his caution in
regard to accepting new and untried methods for restoring its supremacy

262

PiOKEER Society of Michigan.

caused him to take rank as a conservative, and he has for many years been
regarded as among the most stalwart leaders of the democracy.

Dr. Oox received frequent marks of party confidence and honor. Besides
the various positions held in his own city and county, he was at one time a
member of the State central committee, and in 18'72 was a delegate to the
democratic national convention at Baltimore. He was offered nominations on
the State ticket, but invariably declined.

So far as his own city was concerned he abundantly shared its honors,
having been president of the village in 1853 ; one of its first aldermen, a
position which he held for six years ; and mayor for two years, in 1873-4. He
was also at one time a member of the school board, and has been connected
with numerous organizations for the public benefit. For many years past he
has been a member of the cemetery board, of which he was president at the
time of his death.

Whenever he was a candidate for office, notwithstanding he was an earnest
partisan, he received many votes from the opposite party, showing that he had
great popular strength outside of the membership of his own political faith.

During the war Dr. Cox volunteered his service as a surgeon, and in response
to a call from Gov. Blair, spent several weeks in Virginia caring for the sick
and wounded after the battle of Petersburg.

In the Masonic order. Dr. Oox held a foremost position in the State, having
been Master of the lodge in this city, a Knight Templar, High Priest of the
Royal Arch Chapter, and Grand Master of the Council of Royal and Select
Masons.

For many years he held the position of vestryman in St. Thomas Church,
having been strongly attached to the doctrines of the Christian faith as held
by the Protestant Episcopal Church.

The deceased was twice married. His first wife was Esther Ann Stark-
weather to whom he was married Sept. 2, 1840, and was the first adult person
buried in Oakhill Cemetery.

On the first of May, 1845, he was married to Miss Sarah Adams, of Penu-
field, with whom he lived most happily, and who survives him. Three children
were born to him, one by the first wife, a daughter who died at the age of
eight years, and two by his second wife, who died in infancy.

Three sisters of Dr. Cox survive him, Mrs. Dr. S. S. French, who has been
confined to her room for the past year by illness ; Mrs. T. C. Gardner of Port
Huron ; and Mrs. M. 11. Joy of this city.

During his long and painful illness the suffering endured in the sick-room
was alleviated by the constant and skillful attention of his brother-in-law, Dr.
S. S. French, and other physicians whose confidence he had enjoyed, and
with whom he had consulted for many years.

In closing this notice of a citizen so distinguished and widely known, there is
scarce need that we should endeavor to present any summary of his qualities.
Dr. Cox possessed strong and bold traits of character. Of quick and broad
intelligence, positive convictions, great readiness of resources and alertness in
action, he was born to make a mark in whatever community he might live.
Among the people of Battle Creek he had long been a familiar personage,
being virtually a stranger to none.

With a heart as tender as that of a child, he was devotedly attached to chil-
dren, and they returned the attachment in large measure, so that he will be
missed by the members of the rising generation, almost as much as by those

Memorial Eeport.

263

who have known, honored, and loved him for more than a generation now
past. His long and useful life in our midst is in itself an imperishable monu-
ment to his memory.

THE FUNERAL.

The funeral obsequies of the late Dr. Edward Cox took place at three
o'clock Thursday, September 21, 1882, from the family residence on West
Main street, the Rev. Dr. Corbett officiating.

The services, in compliance with the often expressed wish of the doctor,
were simple, the solemnly beautiful and impressive burial service of the Protest-
ant Episcopal Church only, being read at the house-

A choir consisting of Mrs. T. J. Joy, Miss Louise Skinner, Mr. B. T. Skin-
ner, and Mr. Frank Perry, sang ''There is a Light in the Valley'' in a very
impressive manner, after which the procession to the cemetery was formed in
the following

ORDER OP PROCESSION.

Officiating Clergyman.
Cemetery Board in Carriages.
Visiting Physicians.
Bearers.
Remains.
Family and Relatives.
]S"urse.
City Pliysicians.
Citizens.

The attendance was very large, and embraced not only the late doctor's
numerous friends from the city and vicinity but very many physicians from
all over the State, who came to register their last mark of respect to their
deceased brother's remains.

The arrangements throughout were purely civilian, none of the orders or
the profession to which the deceased belonged taking any leading part, but
were participated in alike by all the people to whom his useful life and long
residence had especially endeared him.

Upon the conclusion of the ceremony at the grave, the funeral cortege
returned to the city, where the members disbanded to attend the informal
memorial services, which occurred at St, Thomas church.

MEMORIAL SERVICES.

Immediately after the return of the funeral procession from the cemetery
Thursday afternoon, the numerous friends of the late Dr. Cox assembled at
St. Thomas (Episcopal) church, in an informal way, to express their high
appreciation of the character and life-work of the deceased. The meeting
was opened by a solo, Nearer, My God, to Thee," which was sung in a most
effective and touching manner by Miss Louise Skinner, accompanied by Prof.
Able, of Detroit, on the organ.

Rev. Dr. Sidney Corbett then made some very appropriate remarks eulo-
gistic of the deceased, and was followed by George Willard and Judge B. F.
Graves, of this city. Dr. 0. C. Oomstock of Marshall, Prof. A. B. Palmer
of Ann Arbor, Dr. Ranney of Lansing, Dr. Johnson of Grand Rapids, Dr.

264

Pioneer Society op Michigan-.

Milton Chase of Otsego, and Dr. Leartus Connor, editor of the Detroit
Lancet.

The addresses, given as they were by warm personal friends of Dr. Cox,
all took the character of affectionate tributes to his memory, and gave
expression to the very great esteem and regard which his admirable career as a
citizen and as a physician has deservedly called forth in the community in
which he had so long lived, as also throughout the State.

The speakers from abroad who took part in this expression are among the
leading representatives of their profession, and accordingly the testimony
borne by them to the high standing of the deceased, and to the estimation
in which his professional qualifications and attainments were held by the mem-
bers of his own fraternity, were exceedinsjly gratifying, as they were felt by
all to be sincere, and to be no more than just. Tke memorial addresses were
a fitting utterance of the general feeling of the great loss sustained by the
community and by the profession, in the death of Dr. Cox, and abounded
throughout with a sympathetic tone and an elevated sentiment thoroughly in
keeping with the occasion.

At the conclusion Hon. W. W. Woolnough, after speaking of the deceased
in terms of the most appropriate eulogy, presented the following resolutions
which were unanimously adopted by the assemblage :

Whereas, It hath pleased the kind and all-wise Creator to call from this life our
eminent fellow citizen and distinguished physician, Doctor Edward Cox, therefore,

Besolved, That in his death we painfully recognize the loss to this city, county, and
State of a valued citizen; to the medical profession, one of its ablest and noblest
representatives; to suffering humanity, one of its warmest and most earnest sym-
pathizers ; and to his family a kind and indulgent supporter and protector.

Besolved, That as a citizen his chief aim was the public good, his mature judgment
and practical sagacity being never at fault, either in originating or supporting such
enterprises as might contribute to that end, and out of his purse flowed generously
such aid as was necessary in the case.

Besolved, That as a physician, he contributed largely to maintain for his profession
a high standard of excellence as well as practical utility; that his contributions to
its literature have been numerous and marked by distinguished ability, and have
attracted wide attention among medical and scientific men throughout the country,
and some of the foremost publications in foreign lands have been honored by their
republication.

Besolved, That the warmest sybpathy of the people of this city goes forth to the
relatives of the deceased in the irreparable loss they have sustained in his death; but
to them is commended the consolation afforded by the reflection that though he will
no longer be present among them, the remembrance of his good deeds and sterling
worth abideth with them forever.

The seats of the church were well filled, and among the physicians from
abroad we noticed the following :

Dr. Leartus Conner, Detroit, editor "Lancet."
Prof. A. B. Palmer, Ann Arbor.
Dr. H. Van Ostrand, Albion.

Dr. 0. C. Comstock and Dr. Montgomery, Marshall.

Dr. Kazarty, Ceresco.

Dr. H. 0. Hitchcock, Kalamazoo.

Dr. Johnson and Dr. Sheppard, Grand Rapids.

Dr. Seely and Dr. Lovell, Climax.

Dr. Foote, Nashville.

Dr. Milton Chase, Otsego.

Drs. Baker and Ranney, of Lansing.

Dr. Spalding, Lyons.

^ CLiNToy County — Memorial Eepobt. 265

The physicians from our own city were also in attendance, making a large
body of the profession who thus honored one of the most esteemed of their
number.

The bearers at the funeral in the afternoon were also all physicians, being
X)rs. Tomlinsou, Alvord, Fairfield, Van Ostrand, Montgomery, and Johnson.

The chancel of the church was most tastefully decorated by floral emblems,
beautifully arranged for the occasion by the ladies of St. Thomas parish, sug-
gestive of the immortal hopes that lie beyond the shadow of death.

RESOLUTIONS OF CONDOLENCE.

The board of trustees of Oakhill cemetery, at a meeting held on September
20, 1882, adopted the following preamble and resolutions in reference to the
death of Dr. Edward Oox :

Whereas, Dr. Edward Cox, one of the trustees and a charter member of the Oak-
hill Cemetery Company, and for six years one of the board of auditors, and five years
president thereof, has been removed from our number by death, therefore,

Besolved^ By the surviving members of said board, that in his death we have lost,
not only our presiding ofiicer, but also a most efficient and earnest worker, a reliable
and trusted adviser who devoted his time and energies to the interests of the cor-
poration, that it is with profound sorrow that we consign his remains to the grounds
he took so large a part in improving and beautifying.

Besolved, That we offer our sincere condolence and sympathy to his widow and
relatives because of their irreparable loss.

CLINTON COUNTY.
MEMORIAL REPORT.
BY HON. S. S. WALKER.

Joseph W. Bromley, died Dec. 27, 1881.
Jacob Diller, died Jan. 11, 1882.
Mrs. Charles Turner, died Jan. 12, 1882, age 76.
John Clark, age 82.

Hon. Wm. Shepard, died Feb. 4, 1882, age 66.
Mrs. Catharine Foreman, died April 27, 1882, age 68.
Mrs. John V. Shaver, died Feb. 22, 1882.
John Van Housen, died March 27, 1882, age 71.
Morris Fedewa, died April 2, 1882, age 79.
James Doak, died May 15, 1882.
Stephen Price, died Aug. 5, 1882, age 64.
Joshua Green, died Aug. 10, 1882, age 40.
Rev. Wm. Mulder, died Aug. 25, 1882, age 49.
Lucius Morton, died Oct. 10, 1882, age 81.
Col. Charles E. Grisson, died Nov. 20, 1882.
Mrs. Sallie Ernest Merrihew, died Nov. 26, 1882, age 73.
Mrs. Bingley Russell, died Dec. 2, 1882.
Mrs. Eunice DeWitt, died Dec. 21, 1882, age 81.
Mrs. Betsey Woodruff, died Jan. 30, 1883, age 83.
Mrs. Walter C. Butler, died Feb. 26, 1883, age 54.
Miss Rose Hall, died Feb. 28, 1883, age 24.
.Hiram Benedict, died March 1, 1883, age 84.
34

266 Pioneer Society of MiCHiGAisr.

James Youdan, died March 17, 1883, age 59.
Mrs. Frederick R. Butler, died March 25, 1883.
Peter Mead, died April 28, 1883, age 60.
Mrs. Emily Foglesang, died May 3, 1883, age 70.
Mrs. Joseph Wood, died May 3, 1883, age G6.
Mrs. Julia E. Frisbie, died May 9, 1883, age 45.
Mrs. Eliza Flagler, died May 9, 1883, age 83.
F. Byron Cutler, May 16, 1883, age 49.

Joseph W. Bromley — a former and much respected citizen, and brother of
Thomas Bromley, of St. Johns, died at his home in Lafayette, Ind., Dec. 27,
1881. Mr. Bromley was for several years station agent of the D. & N. R. R.
at St. Johns; was afterwards connected with other roads in the State, acquir-
ing considerable reputation as a railroad man.

Jacob Diller — a resident of the township of Greenbush for the past 15
years, died at Newark, Gratiot county, Jan. 11, 1882, where he had but lately
taken up a residence. He was of German descent, and every one had a good
word for Uncle Jake."

Mrs. Charles Turner — died Jan. 12, 1882, of inflammation of the lungs
aged 76 years. She came to St. Johns in 1856, and has seen the progress of
time bring forth from the wilderness a thriving and pleasant place in which to
spend her latter days.

John Clark — who lived in the township of Watertown since 1867, died at
his brother's, David Clark, in Eagle, aged 82 years. He moved from Ver-
mont to Pontiac, Oakland county, in 1833, and resided there until his removal
to this county.

Hon. Wm. Shepard — died at his home in the village of Ovid, Feb.
4, 1882, aged 66 years. Mr. S. was born in Greenfield, Saratoga county, N.
Y. He came to Michigan in 1843 and settled in the town of Duplain, and
has lived in the county since that time. He was one of the first judges of our
county court, and also held many other offices of trust. He was at an early day
interested at Maple Rapids. The village of Shepardsville was founded by and
named after him. He was a strong temperance man, and affiliated with tha
democratic party, and was considered one of the leaders of that organization
for many years. He was one of the charter members of Clinton County
Pioneer Society, organized Nov. 4, 1873, and is the fourth one of them who
has since died.

Mrs. Catherine Forman — one of the oldest pioneers of Clinton county,
died April 27, '82; was born in Huntingdon county, N. Y., 1814, removed to
Seneca county, N. Y., and was there married to Samuel Forman Sept. 20,
'32, and immediately removed to Wayne county, Michigan. In the fall of
1836 she removed to Watertown, this county; at that time the present village
of DeWict contained but one family — that of Capt. Scott.

Mrs. John V. Shaver— of Ovid township, died Feb. 22, '82. At the
time of her death she was at the Asylum at Kalamazoo, where she had been
for three years for treatment, her mind having become deranged under
religious excitement.

John Van Housen — died March 27, 1882, aged 71 years. He was born
in Seneca county, N. Y., and was a resident of Essex, this county, since
1864. He was a prominent member of the Baptist church. for 47 years.

Memorial Eeport.

267

Morris Fedewa — was born in Germauy, Sept. 24, 1812, died in St.
Johns, April 2, 1882. He emigrated to America in 1842, and settled in the
town of Dallas, this county, on 80 acres of land. He was engaged in the
mercantile business in Westphalia, for some time, but abandoned it in 1860
and returned to the farm where he made a comfortable home for himself
and family.

James Doak— died May 15, 1882. He was born in Philadelphia, in 1814.
He removed to this county about thirty years ago, and settled in the town of
Bingham, where he lived until his death.

Stephen Price — of the township of Olive, died August 5, 1882. He was
born in Ayrshire, England, February 5, 1818, and when eighteen years of age
emigrated to America and located in Oakland county, Michigan. In 1852 he
moved into Clinton county, where he resided for thirty years. He was one of
the early pioneers of the county, and by his industry and strict integrity
accumulated a handsome property and numerous friends.

Joshua Greek — died August 10, 1882. He was born in Massachusetts.
In the year 1842 he removed from Oakland county, where he first settled, to
DeWitt, Clinton county, where he remained till the year 1852, when he moved
to the town of Olive, and afterwards, in 1870, he removed back again to
DeWitt, where he lived till the time of his death, honored and respected by
all who knew him.

Rev. AVm. Mulder — pastor of the Congregational church at Victor, died
August 26, 1882, aged 49 years. He was born in Holland, and emigrated with
his parents in 1833, settling at Utica, 1^. Y. He was a graduate of Madison
University, at Hamilton, N. Y. He came to Michigan in 1866, and located
at Victor, Clinton county. He was in active ministry for sixteen years, and
organized the Congregational church at Ovid. He was a clear and original
thinker, a diligent student, and a devoted disciple of the Master. His life
was an argument for Christianity, and an earnest of the better and future
one.

Lucius Morton — died October 10, 1882, aged 81 years. He was one of the
old pioneers of the township of Greenbush, having come there in the year
1839. He erected the first house in that township.

Col. Charles E. Grissok— died at St. Johns, Nov. 20, 1882, was born at
Hamburg, Livingston county, and was the son of Ferdinand Grisson, Esq.,
a pioneer of that county. Spending the earlier years of his life on his father's
farm, he was preparing himself for the ultimate study of medicine by a course
at the Ann Arbor High School, when the war broke out. As in many other
cases his plans were changed and he enlisted as a private in Co. D., of the
4th Michigan Infantry, June 20th, 1861. On the organization of the _20th
Infantry, in September, 1862, he was commissioned 2d Lieut., and receiving
rapid promotion, he reached the rank of Colonel, being breveted for gallant
and meritorious services. He was engaged in sixty battles and engagements,
bearing himself bravely in all. His duties were various, in the ranks, as a
field officer, and on the' staff. At one time his regiment was in New York,
called there during the celebrated ''draft riots," and after the close of the
war as aid to Gen. Miles, commandant at Fortress Monroe, he was charged
with the custody of the State prisoners, Clement C. Clay and Jefferson Davis.

Col. Grisson came to St. Johns after his final muster out, and entered into

268

PioisTEER Society of Michigais^.

the grocery and crockery trade in the firm of Eoyce & Grisson, afterwards, for
many years, he was teller in the first national bank, and in 1877 organized,
with Mr. Alvin Shaur, the banking house of Shaur & Grisson.

He was connected with the Episcopal church, and continuously during his
residence in St. Johns was a member of the vestry of that church.

Actively engaging in all public affairs of the community, Mr. Grisson made
friends in every direction. He was a member of the fire department, and for
several years its chief. For a dozen years he was treasurer of the village, and
as a member of the school board he also well served his constituents. Every
gathering of a festive or social character was incomplete without his assist-
ance, and with his hearty labor and generous work, the hops, the dramatic
club, socials, parades, and broom drills, and the hundred other public social
enterprises of a town like ours have been joyous and pleasant occasions, and
successful in the objects intended to be benefited.

He had great taste and capacity in military affairs, and being appointed by
the late Gov. Bagley on his staff and on the military board in 1873, he was
retained in these positions through the administrations of Gov. Croswell and
Oov. Jerome, being at the time of his death president of the military boa^rd.

Col. Grisson bore high rank in the Masonic fraternity, being, at the time of
his death, Grand Eminent Commander of the Knights Templar of the State
of Michigan, the highest official position in the fraternity in the State.

His funeral was attended by the Governor and staff, by the officers of the
Grand Commandry of Knights Templar, by delegations from different com-
mandries of the State, and by a large concourse of sorrowing citizens and
friends.

Mrs. Sallie Ernest Merrihew^ — wife of Benjamin Merrihew, died
Nov. 26, 1882, at Olive, aged 73 years. She was born in Ulster county, N. Y.,
and was married in 1833. Moved with her husband to Clinton county in 1836,
settling on the farm where they have since resided, helping to form the '*Mer-
rihew settlement," so long known as a landmark to the early settlers. Her
husband survives her.

Mrs. Bingley Russell — died Dec. 2, 1882, was a pioneer of this c.ounty,
being the daughter of Joseph Wood, who located at St. Johns in an early day,

Mrs. Eunice DeWitt— died Dec. 21, 1882, in Riley township, aged 81
years. She had been a resident of this county since 1865, and was formerly
from Wayne county, N. Y.

Mrs. Betsey Woodruff — died Jan 30, 1883. She was born Jan. 5, 1800,
near Boston, and moved to Clinton county, in 1838. She united with the M.
E. church twenty-three years ago, has ever lived a Christian life, and is now
enjoying her reward.

Mrs. Walter C. Butler — died Feb. 26, 1883. She was born in i\ew
Britain, Connecticut, in 1829, and has been a resident of St. Johns since 1871.
She was a member of Chapel street Congre2:ational church, New Haven, Con-
necticut, and was a devoted Christian, an affectionate wife, a loving mother,
and a kind neighbor.

Miss Rose Hall — died Feb. 28, 1883, aged 24 years. She was a resident
of St. Johns from early infancy, her father having been miller there for John
Swegles & Co. when St. Johns was first started.

Hiram Benedict — died March 1, 1883, aged 84 years. He was the first

Memorial Eeport.

269

white settler in the township of Essex, and that beautiful stretch of coun-
try called * 'Benedict's Plains" was named in honor of him, and was for
many years the seat of his activities and generous hospitality. He owned
the first store in Essex, itself a small matter perhaps, but it carries one back
to the days of pioneer life. He was kind to the poor, the widow and the
orphan, in fact, there are but few of the old settlers in this community who
have not realized some kindness from him. He was particularly active dur-
ing the Gratiot famine in 1856, and many generous acts to the sufferers are
still recounted by the remaining pioneers, now the able farmers of G-ratiot
county.

James Youdan — died March 17, 1883. He was born in England in 1824>
and emigrated to this country in 1835. He had been a resident of this
county since 1844, until within the past five years, when he moved to Clare
county. He was for many years Supervisor from the township of Essex
where he lived, and also held other offices of trust in his township. For his
honesty, integrity, cordiality, and many acts of kindness, he was held in
high esteem by the entire community.

Mes. Frederick R. Butler — died March 25, 1883. She was born in this
county in 1851, and was a daughter of George Buck.

Peter Mead — died April 28, 1883, aged 60 years. He was born at Elmira,
IST. Y. and has been a resident of St. Johns since 1858.

Mrs. Emily Foglesang— died May 3, 1883, aged 70 years. She was an
old resident of St. Johns, and an estimable woman.

Mrs. Joseph Wood — died May 3, 1883, aged 66 years. She has been a
resident of St. Johns upwards of twenty years, was an honored member of
the Methodist church for many years. Her husband died June 3, 1883. Mr.
Wood was engaged for many years in the milling business, first as miller for
E. M. Stech, then for himself under various firm names, as Joseph Wood &
Co., Wood & Russell, Wood & Sons.

Mrs. Julia E. Frisbbe— wife of J. W. Frisbee, died May 9, 1883, at St.
Johns. She was born at Grand Blanc, Genesee county, Michigan, May 18,
1838. For a score of years she was a member of the Congregational church,
and leaves a large circle of friends to mourn her loss.

Mrs. Eliza Flagler — died May 9, 1883. She was born in Duchess
county, N. Y., September 14, 1799. She was a daughter of Col. Eli. Ange-
vine, a notably good man, and an elder in the Presbyterian church. She was
married to Daniel Flagler April 16, 1822, and has been a resident of St. Johns
for fifteen years. At the time of her death she was living with her daughter,
Mrs. Stephen J. Wright.

F. Byron Cutler — died at his home in St. Johns, May 16, 1883, after a
protracted illness of eight weeks. He was first taken in his office with neural-
gia of the heart, which afterwards assumed the form of pneumonia. Mr.
Cutler was born in Niagara county, N. Y., October 16, 1834, and moved with
his father to Michigan in 1836, settling in Hillsdale county, at the place well
known for many years as ^'Cutler's Corners," now the village of North Adams.
He was a graduate of the Detroit commercial college, and from there was
employed for three years in the register's office of Hillsdale county. His
health being poor he spent the winter of 1859 in Texas, returning the next
year, as far as St. Louis, on horseback. In 1861 he entered the service of his

270 PiOi^EER Society oe MicmaAi^.

country as a private in company G, 2d Michigan cavalry, and was promoted to
a lieutenancy in 1862. He resigned May 2, 1863, on account of his impaired
health, and engaged in the real estate business in Hillsdale. In 1866 Mr.
Cutler removed to St. Johns, since which time he has been a resident here,
engaged in the real estate business, first as the firm of Cutler & Carrier, and
at the time of his death in the firm of Cutler & Walker. Mr. Cutler was
elected county clerk in 1872, and held the position two years, making the
best clerk the county ever had. He held the office of coroner in 1876-80, and
last spring was president of the village, and at the time of his death was a
member of the board of State prison inspectors, having been appointed to that
position by Gov. Jerome. He has held various positions of trust and honor in
the Masonic order, the last one being eminent commander in the Knights
Templar.

Mr. Cutler was an earnest working republican, for many years chairman
of the county committee, and to his energy and devotion the success of the
party in this county may be greatly attributed. He was connected with the
organization of the Episcopal Church, and has been for many years a mem-
ber of its vestry, though not a communicant. He was a cool-headed, deep-
thinking man of settled purpose, and when his determination was made, was
persistent and laborious. He made many friends, and his loss to our com-
munity is one that will be long and sincerely felt.

Mr. Cutler was twice married — in 1858 to Mary Colwell, of Wheatland,
Hillsdale county, who died at St. Johns in March, 1874; and in 1877 to
Addie J. Grisson, daughter of Ferdinand Grisson, Esq., of Hamburg, Liv-
ingston county, and sister of Col. C. E. Grisson, whose death less than six
months ago, was so generally mourned by our people.

The funeral was held at the house Friday afternoon, and the fact that the
business houses in the village closed for two hours, and the large number of
neighbors and sympathizing friends in attendance, well attested the place he
held in the affections of the people. The Rev. J. W. Trimble, rector of the
Episcopal church, offered prayers, and the Knights Templar used the services
of their order, by request of the deceased. The city band headed the long
line of carriages which bore the remains of the departed to the silent city on
the hill.

EATON COUNTY.
MEMORIAL REPORT.
BY D. B. HALE.

Baton Bajnds, June 13, 1883,
Mr. Geo. H. Greene^ Corresponding Secretary :

Dear Sir, — I send you enclosed such names of pioneers of Eaton county
as I have been able to obtain. Some weeks since, I addressed letters to parties
in different parts of the county, requesting a list of the pioneers who have
died since June, 1882, in their various localities. Only two to whom I wrote
have responded. I very much regret I could not have obtained a complete
list of such as have endured the hardships of pioneer life, and prepared the
way for the comforts and even luxuries guaranteed to the present generation.

Memoeial Eeport.

271

They are worthy of having their names perpetuated as examples of energy
and endurance which may well be honored.

I regret that I am not permitted to meet with you on this occasion. I have
been looking forward to this meeting with pleasant anticipations, but like all
of this world's promises, we are often doomed to disappointment.

Whether I may be permitted to meet with those who shall gather for
another anniversary, I know not. How many that shall gather at Lansing
on the 13th and 14th of June, 1883, will be gathered with those whose obituaries
will be read on this occasion, is a solemn question which possibly may be
answered on the occasion of the next anniversary of 1884.

May you have a pleasant and profitable gathering; profitable in good cheer
and pleasant experiences.

Yours Truly, D. B. Hale.

Mrs. Mary Axn Kma — died in the city of Eaton Kapids, March 23,
1883, aged 72 years. She was born in Pittsford, Vermont, January, 27, 1811 ;
was married to Eufus H. King in Lowell, Mass., September 11, 1833, and
with her husband settled in Eaton county in 1837.

James Gallery — died in the city of Eaton Eapids, Sept. 23, 1882, aged
65 years. He was born in Caledonia, Livingston county, N. Y., June 1, 1817;
came to Michigan in the fall of 1837, and settled at Eaton Eapids.

JoHNSOK Montgomery — died in the city of Eaton Eapids, May 4, 1883,
aged 77 years. He was born in Johnstown, New Jersey, January 1, 1806.
He removed to Chautauqua county, ISTew York, with his parents, when a child.
He was married to Elvira Dudley at that place, and in 1836 moved to Mich-
igan, and settled in the township of Eaton Eapids.

Bennett I. Olaflin — died in Benton, Eaton county, July 17, 1882, aged
72 years. He moved to Benton from the State of New York, in 1837, when
this place was but a wilderness. He cleared up the farm on which he lived
for forty-five years.

Lorenzo Hall — died in Vermontville, Nov. 11, 1882, aged 70 years. He
was born in Onondaga countv, New York, in 1812 ; settled in Vermontville in
1847.

Hiram J. Mears — died in Vermontville, January 14, 1883, aged 74 years.
He was born in St. Albans, Vermont, December 26, 1808 ; settled in Ver-
montville in July, 1836.

Stuart H. Porter — died in Vermontville, November 8, 1882, aged 62
years. He was born in Niagara county. New York, in 1820 ; settled in Ver-
montville in the spring of 1844.

Alvira F. Pray — (maiden name, Torrey), died February 12, 1883, aged
48 years; was born in Ontario, New York, in February, 1835; came to Wind-
sor, Eaton county, in 1854.

Seth Eeed — died October 29, 1882, aged 64 years ; moved to Eaton Rap-
ids from State of New York, in 1850.

Lemuel McIntyre — died June 10, 1882, aged 57 years; settled in Benton,
Eaton county, in 1845 ; moved from State of New York.

Margaret H. Mitchell — died in Benton, September 2, 1882, aged 30
years ; came to Michigan with parents, when an infant.

Mrs. Lovina Eoy Smith — died in Vermontville, Eaton county. May 15,

272

Pioneer Society of Michigait.

1882, aged 92 years. She was born in Sudbury, Vermont, Jan. 1, 1790, and
settled in Vermontville in 1842.

G-ENESEE COUNTY.
MEMORIAL REPORT.
BY GOV. JOSIAH W. BEGOLE.
LFrom The Wolverine Citizen, Flint, March 17, 1883.]
DEPARTUKE OF PIONEERS.

The sickle of death is fast gathering in the few remaining heroic pioneers
who formed the little advance army of civilization that opened up the county
of Genesee to the fruitful fields and pleasant homes which now surround us.
It is the sad office of the Citizen to chronicle not less than four of them in
this issue.

Mr. Caleb S. Thompson — whose death the Citizen has already recorded
as having taken place on the 19 of February, ult., was born in Northbury,
Massachusetts, on April 23, 1805, and died in his seventy-eighth year. When
Caleb was five years old, his father moved to Oneida county, New York. In
1816 he again moved, and settled in Avon, New York. Here Caleb grew to
manhood, and with such advantages as the common schools afforded, in con-
junction with free access to a good private library, being a great student he
stored his mind with much useful knowledge.

In May, 1829, in company with the late Jonathan Dayton and David
Embury, he started for Grand Blanc, in this county, traveling by canal boat
from Rochester to Buffalo, and thence to Detroit by the steamer William
Penn." From Detroit to Grand Blanc they came by team. At that time
Genesee county contained but forty-seven inhabitants. He bought of the
government eighty acres of wild land in the township of Grand Blanc, settled
upon and commenced its improvement. The next fall he went back to New
York State, and resumed through the winter his previous occupation of teach-
ing school. In February, 1830, he returned to Grand Blanc to remain, this
time coming through Canada, with his own conveyance — an ox team. He
now set vigorously at work to clear up his farm, to which he added from time
to time, until he owned 400 acres. In 1856 he was instrumental in agitating
the project of a plank road from Holly to Grand Blanc, by his perseverance
and energy brought it to a head, took the contract to build it, and lost several
thousand dollars in completing his job. But his loss was the people's gain, as
the road was the means of ultimately securing to Grand Blanc a railroad,
which has been of incalculable value to not only its people, but to those of
Holly and the surrounding country. While engaged on this project (and one
of the causes of his loss, by depriving him of the power to personally manage
its business) Mr. Thompson was struck down with rheumatism, which finally
resulted in his becoming a helpless invalid. For twenty-five years preceding
his death he was not able to get out of his chair nor turn over in bed without
assistance.

In 1832 he married Miss Clariiida Perry, by whom he had two children,
Susan and Rush. Mrs. Thompson died June 4, 1840. For second wife Mr.
Thompson married. May 9, 1848, Miss Ermina C. Wilson. There has been

GEJiTESEE County — Memorial Report. 278

born to them one daughter, Clara 0. In politics Mr. Thompson was first a
whig and later a republican, and always took great interest in political matters.
He held at times most of the township offices, and was clerk for twenty years.

He was a remarkable man, of great originality of mind, and his success in
life shows what determined will power and persevering industry can wring
from surrounding difficulties. In his youth, when he was so eager to become
a scholar, the avenues which now open to nearly all were for lack of means
closed to him. But he improved the opportunities he had, and his great love
of reading, aided by a retentive memory, stored up much knowledge. Within
a few years he could repeat from recollection a large number of pages from
the Iliad of Homer. To a man of such active brain and untiring energy, it
might be supposed to be peculiarly irksome to be laid aside in the prime of
life, bound as it were to his chair for so many years. It would not have been
surprising if his spirit of resolution had been crushed ; but though he felt his
enforced inaction keenly, he was so far from being disheartened, that when
friends came to see him he seldom alluded to his suffering, but was ready to
launch off into political, educational, or any other subject prominent before
the public, and discuss it with an intelligence which showed he kept himself
familiar with the progress of all the current events of the day. To add to his
other afflictions, for a number of years he could not hear any conversation,
and could only be mentally communicated with by writing. He could talk
well, and was always glad to see friends, and retained his habit of much read-
ing until within a day or two of his death. Mr. Thompson was a subscriber
to this paper from its first issue, its warm friend, and in former years a fre-
quent contributor to its columns. The sorrow of his bereaved companion,
who so patiently, so lovingly, and so tenderly ministered for so many years to
his helplessness, is well expressed in the following stanza :

" I long for household voices gone,

For vanished smiles I long;
But God hath led my dear one on,

And He can do no wrong."

The wife of the venerable E. B. Dewey, who resides with Mr. G-ilbert D.
Dewey, just north of the city in Mt. Morris township, died on Thursday last,
after a brief illness, aged eighty-six years. The funeral occurred at the
house on Monday. Mr. Dewey, who is the father of Hon. Geo. M. and
Charles E. Dewey, of this city, is now ninety-three years old, and has
retained his faculties wonderfully for a man of his great age. Both he and
his wife have been greatly beloved by a large circle of friends.

Mk. E. B. Dewey, — the venerable father of Messrs. George M. and Charles
E. Dewey, of this city, and Gilbert D. Dewey, of the township of Mt.
Morris, died at his residence on the farm just north of Flint, on Saturday
last, while sitting in his chair. The deceased was a remarkable man in many
respects; he was born at Eoyalton, Vermont, where his boyhood days were
spent. Later he engaged in the mercantile business at Canandaigua, N. Y.,
where he also was the owner of a stage line running to Albany. After spend-
ing five years in New York State he returned to Vermont and engaged in the
hotel business and stage line as well. He came to Flint thirty-five years ago,
and thereafter up to the time of his death continued a resident of this
county. He was a devoted member of the Presbyterian Church of this
city, having occupied the position of an Elder for many years, and was a
Deacon for more than twenty years. He was a man of great vitality, hav-
35

274 PioNEBK Society oe Michigan-.

ing lived to the remarkable age of ninety-four years, and retained nearly all
his faculties unimpaired to the last. He survived his wife but a few months,
and leaves a very large circle of friends and acquaintances.

The funeral was held at the family residence on Monday. Eev. H. M.
Curtis and Rev. A. W. Seabrease oflBiciating.

The Daily Herald of East Saginaw says of another of Grand Blanc's
pioneers :

Mrs. Coekelia Smith, — relict of the late Silas Smith, of Grand Blanc,
died at the family homestead in that village on Wednesday at twelve o'clock
noon, of heart disease. Mrs. Smith and her husband, who were well known
in this and Saginaw City, were among the first settlers in Genesee county
forty-five years ago, who contributed their full share toward making that
magnificent county what it is to-day — one of the garden spots of Michigan,
and were greatly beloved and respected in all that region. A family of one
son and several daughters are left to mourn this bereavement. The deceased
was a sister-in-law to Mrs. Almira Smith (mother of the late Mrs. C. B.
Jones) of this city.

Mr. Dennis Wolverton, — an old and esteemed citizen of Grand Blanc,
died of dropsy of the heart, while sitting in his chair, at home, Wednesday
evening. He had been under medical treatment for about two years, and
only a day or two before he died, his physician pronounced his condition
better than it had been before for six months, so that his death was quite
unexpected when it came. He had been a resident of Grand Blanc for about
thirty years, and had been honored by his fellow citizens by being elected
at different times to nearly every township office in their gift, having very
acceptably served many years as supervisor. He was also closely connected
with the agricultural interests of the County and State, having for a series of
years been an officer of the Genesee County Agricultural Society, and also
served as a Director of the State Agricultural Society. He was a man of
many good qualities and sterling worth, whose loss will be felt in the commu-
nity. Had he lived but a few days longer he would have reached the age of
seventy years. The deceased leaves a wife and six children, all in good
circumstances: William C. Wolverton, of Bay City; John C. Wolverton, of
this city; Thomas 0. Wolverton, of Grand Blanc, and Mrs. J. C. Dayton,
Mrs. David Schram, and Mrs. 0. W. Jenney, all of this city.

Mr. Peter O'Hare, — a highly respected resident of the First ward, died
at the home of his son, Mr. P. W. O'Hare, yesterday afternoon, aged nearly
seventy-three years. The deceased was born at Baltimore, Md., of Irish
parents. Three years after Mr. 0' Hare's birth his father died and his
mother returned to the old country, taking her son with her. A few years
later they returned to this country and settled in New York State. Mr.
O'Hare afterwards went back to Ireland and returned again, making the voy-
age across the ocean for the fourth time. He came to this county twenty-
nine years ago, and has been a resident among us ever since, being an exten-
sive farmer in Mt. Morris and Genesee most of the time. Two sons, Messrs.
Frank J. and Patrick W., of this city, survive him, who, together with a
large circle of friends, mourn his loss.

ANOTHER pioneer GONE.

One by one the pioneers of the county are passing away.' On last Saturday,
Daniel S. Freeman died at his residence in the First ward, at the age of 74

Memorial Eepobt.

275

years. He was one of the oldest residents of this county, and will be greatly
missed, as he was an honored citizen, a man who had the love and respect of
the entire community. The funeral services occurred at the Garland street
M. E. church Monday afternoon, and were largely attended. The services
were appropriate to the occasion. Dr. Geo. W. Fish delivered a brief sketch
of the busy life of the subject of this notice, which we print entire. As com-
ing from this source, it is perhaps the best sketch of the life of the deceased
we could give. Dr. Fish said :

It would, perhaps, better befit me to occupy a seat with this mourning con-
gregation, and mingle my silent tears with them, than to attempt to say even
a few words on this occasion. I am reminded in this presence to-day of
scenes long past.

More than forty years ago I left my eastern home, and with my young wife
came to this, then a frontier town. We brought our church letters with us,
and among the first to bid us welcome to our new home, and extend to us the
cordial hand of church fellowship, was Brother Freeman, and through all
these intervening years the friendship thus begun has been strengthened and
perpetuated. Together we struggled, and prayed, and labored, trusting in
God. In some very dark hours his strong, unwavering confidence and faith
in God came to his brethren in the church like a baptism of strength.

Daniel S. Freeman was born in Warren county, State of New Jersey,
November 9, 1809. He was one of a family of eight children, only two of
whom survive him. He came of a good old Methodist family, under whose
roof the preachers of the early day found shelter, and his house has always
been the home of the itinerant preacher. Though not what school men would
call liberally educated, his early training was not neglected. He was for a
time a student at the Oazenovia seminary, in the State of New York. He was
converted and united with the Methodist Episcopal church when about 19
years old. In 1832, or 1833, he left his eastern home and came west. In the
spring of 1835 he married, near Pontiac, Miss Berthany Curl, and immediately
removed to Flint with his bride, where they have since resided. During the
summer of 1836 the first M. E. society was organized in Flint, and Brother
Freeman was appointed class leader. That class consisted of nine persons,
most of whom have gone to the better land, where they and their old leader
have, ere this, exchanged joyful greetings. The following year, 1837, we find
his name as a member of the first quarterly conference ever held in this part
of the State. We also find that he assisted in organizing the first missionary
society and Sunday-school, and that he was the first Sunday-school superin-
tendent ever appointed or elected in Flint. The school consisted of ten
scholars, and was the first organized north of Pontiac. From its first organi-
zation to the present time Brother Freeman has been'identitied with the church
in all its struggles, and few men have done more than he towards its wonder-
ful success. The quarterly conference licensed him to exhort and afterwards
to preach. He was recommended to the annual conference, was duly received,
was ordained deacon by Bishop Janes, and for several years was an efficient
and useful itinerant, filling quite a number of important appointments in the
conference, among them the Indian mission, which was formerly a part of
this district. In all departments of church work involving its spiritual
interests Brother Freeman has been known as a brave, earnest, faithful, and
successful worker. Whether in the Sunday-school, class or prayer meeting,
in the pulpit, or in pointing penitents to the lamb slain for sinners, he has

276

PioNEEK Society of Michigait.

been equally efiS.cient. Brother and Sister Freeman have had six children,
five of whom, with their bereaved mother, are here to-day as mourners, and
one is with the father on the other side of the river.

Mr. Freeman has been called upon at various times to serve his fellow citi-
zens in positions of official responsibility, and he has been equally acceptable
as a public officer as in affairs connected with the church. As a citizen, this
whole community will bear me out in saying, that in all matters involving
the moral, religious, educational or intellectual interests of the community,
our departed friend was always found on the side of right and condemning
the wrong, and his voice gave no uncertain sound. He was not afraid to
rebuke evil or condemn sin, no matter who the sinner, or how popular the
evil might be. If the population of this goodly city was made up entirely of
just such men as our departed brother, there would be no need of police,
magistrates, or jails. Taken all together he was such a man as neither the
church or the community can afford to spare. I am of the opinion that all
the money in the United States treasury, together with the highest honors
within mortal reach, would not have tempted him to deviate a hair's breadth
from what he considered right.

We must not suppose that if our brother has not left his heirs a large
estate in lands, bonds and mortgages, stocks, or cash in bank, that, there-
fore, his life has been a failure. He has left a richer legacy, and one on
which his surrounding friends may look with far greater satisfaction, a good
name. No doubt, had he bent his energies to the accumulation of wealth,
he might have amassed worldly treasures, but I think, if we could be per-
mitted to-day to draw aside the veil that separates us from the invisible world,
and looking through the open door, should see brother Freeman in his new
home, occupying the mansion prepared for him in his Father's house, and get
a view of the company that surrounds him, see the wonderful purity and
brightness of their apparel, and, above all, listen to the anthem song by the
redeemed of all ages, nations, kindreds, which he has, I doubt not, learned
to sing; if we could have ever so brief a view of the glorious career upon
which he has entered, the veriest worldling in all the land would unhesita-
tingly say that Brother Freeman has been a very wise and successful man;
that he had a goodly treasure laid up where it was perfectly safe, and that he
has entered upon the enjoyment of it. To the young men and women of
this generation, the life of our brother may seem to have been somewhat rug-
ged. It is often so in the newer portions of our country. Men have neither
time or inclination to devote to the finer polish of the modern schools. But
it is of just such material that the best communities and churches are com-
posed. It affords me great pleasure to commend the life of Brother Freeman
to the young men of this city as one worthy of imitation. He has been a
true man, and I trust his sons will honor his memory by devoting themselves
to the service of the Master, whom the father loved and served so faithfully for
more than a half century. May the blessings of God rest upon every mem-
ber of this bereaved family, and may his place in this mourning church in
which he has been a faithful worker since its first organization, be more than
made good by these young men who are to take his place. He is infinitely
happy. If anything could add to his joy it would be, I think, to see his dear
surviving children, and all the youths of this community, leading earnest and
devoted Godly lives.

Memorial Report.

277

Mrs. Ward Gazlay — died at the family residence on Thursday nigh fc, after
an illness of less than three days. Mrs. G-azlay had resided in Flint with her
husband about forty years, and has been highly esteemed by all who knew her;
and her sudden death was a greab shock to her old neighbors and friends as
well as to her family. Besides her husband she leaves two sons and four
daughters, and several grandchildren. Her funeral occurred at two p. m.
Sunday, Kev. H. M. Curtis, pastor of the Presbyterian church, assisted by
Eev. W. H. Shier, oflBciating.

The following notice of John Baker, who died Jan. 3, was overlooked and
not published at the time it was written by Rev. Mr. Shier.

John Baker — was born in Devonshire, England, in the year 1821, died
Jan. 3, 1883, and was therefore over sixty-one years of age at time of death.

In the year 1843 he was married to Miss Elizabeth Heal, who survives him.
A family of ten children has blessed their married life, of whom nine are still
living.

Thirty-three years ago, being then about twenty-eight years of age, he
emigrated to America, bringing with him his wife and three children. His
wife's father came at the same time.

Eollowiug others from the same locality in England, he was led to settle in
the town of Flint and has resided here ever since. A few years after he was
settled in his new home, Mr. Baker learned that his father and brother
desired to emigrate to this country, but could not command the necessary
funds. With commendable energy, prompted by filial attachment he suc-
ceeded in raising the necessary sum of money by hard work, and sent it to
his father. The old man is still living at the great age of ninety-one years.

Wm. Baker, though not a very old man, belongs to the age and number
•of the pioneers, of what may now be called central Michigan.

When he settled here this was northern Michigan, but that movable line
has advanced one hundred and fifty miles north. To him belongs, with
his companions in labors the honorable distinction of having assisted in
redeeming this portion of our fair State from the wilderness.

The generation that is now entering into the possession of these lands will
never know how much these pioneers endured, worked and suffered that they
might transmit this rich inheritance to their successor.

From the Fenton Gazette, Tuesday, June 5, 1883.

Mrs. William Blakmore, mother of W. Blackmore, Esq. and Mrs. Sophia
Phillips, of this village, , whose 83d birthday was celebrated here, an account
of which was published in the Gazette last November — died suddenly at her
son-in-law's, Mr. Geo. Leach, in the township of Davison^ this county, on
Sunday evening last, at 5 o'clock. As has been her custom for over twenty
years, she visited around among her children for as long a time as she pleased,
and when desirous of visiting another, would express such a desire, and would
be taken thither. She had for some weeks been visiting her daughter, Mrs.
Leach, and on this, the day of her death, was about to leave for her son's,
Mr. Charles Blackmore, at the old homestead occupied over 30 years, who was
there ready to convey her to his home. Upon such a change she would
always become somewhat excited and express a doubt as to whether she would
ever come to visit at the same place again. On this occasion, after partak-
ing of a late dinner she was getting her things together and entered her bed
room to see if anything was left. Staying there and being very quiet one of

278 Pioneer Society op MicmaAN.

the family entered and found her sitting in a chair, looking very strange. An
alarm -was given, when others entered the bed room and found life extinct.

Thus quietly passed away one who had lived beyond the allotted four-score
years, having all her faculties almost unimpaired, up to the moment of her
exit from this earth. She was ever a welcome visitor wherever she went, and
beloved by all her children, who will all, with possibly one exception, be
present at her funeral, which takes place this day, when her remains will be
deposited alongside of her husband, who died over twenty years ago and
was buried in the Cemetery at Whigville, in this county, in the town of
Grand Blanc.

Mrs. Abigal Cheney,' aged 85, died Aug. 1, 1883, of old age. She wa&
the first settler of the village of Fenton, and came from Cayuga county,
New York in 1834. She leaves four sons and two daughters.

Jacob B. Covert. — Our citizens were shocked and pained this morning to
learn of the death of Jacob B. Covert. He arose about six o'clock this morn-
ing and attended to his fire as usual, but complained of feeling badly. Mr.
Covert had been troubled with heart disease, and the usual remedies were
resorted to, but they were of no avail, and Dr. Murray, who lives opposite,
was called, but he was past help, and died immediately.

Mr. Covert has been a resident of the city for many years, and is well known
by every one as being one of our best citizens, a man that every one respected,
a conscientious, Christian gentleman. Nothing the Journal could say would
add to the esteem in which he has always been held. He was a member of
the Presbyterian church. His age was 76 years.

The funeral occurred at the Presbyterian church at two o'clock Tuesday,
under the direction of Kev. H. M. Curtis, assisted by Eev. H. H. Northrup
and Dr. DeBarr, of Northville, the former residence of the deceased. The
pall-bearers were selected from among the members of the Presbyterian
church, of which the deceased was a member, and consisted of Messrs. H. P.
Cristy, T. G. Smith, B. E. Salisbury, E. S. Knickerbocker, Josiah Voss, and
H. Seymour. The mourners were followed by the association of underwriters
of this city, consisting of sixteen persons. The church was crowded with the
friends of the deceased and family. The Kev. Mr. Northrup delivered a
biography of Mr. Covert, which we pubhsh below. The services were
very impressive. With the death of J. B. Covert, Flint loses one of its most
enterprising and public-spirited citizens, and one who will long be missed from
our beautiful city.

Jacob B. Covert was born in Ovid, N. Y., on the 2Gth of March, 1807. His
father, Tunis Covert, whose ancestors emigrated from Holland, was a citizen
of New Jersey, and a firm believer in the doctrines of the Dutch Reformed
Church, in whose faith he reared his family. Being a poor man, dependent
upon his labor for the support of his family, he sought a home in western
New York, then a vast wilderness, covered with primeval forest.

Here his children were born and reared, and received those impressions
which led them to become pillars in the church, good and useful members of
society. At the age of twenty-two young Covert was united in marriage with
Miss Catherine Stanett, who bore him several children, only two of whom
survive him, and are with us to-day. In the spring of 1835 he emigrated to
Michigan, being but twenty-eight years of age, and commenced his pioneer
life. His beloved wife, after enduring with him the hardships incident to new

Memorial Keport.

279

settlements, was called home to heaven. She was a godly woman, and a
great help to her husband. On the 15th of May, 1854, he was married to
Mrs. Elizabeth A. W. Yerkes, with whom he has spent almost twenty-nine
years in happy wedlock — and who has cared for him in his many afflictions,
from the loss of his arm, and numerous bodily infirmities, and who now
mourns his departure.

Mr. Covert has spent his life in three localities ; 14 years on his farm in
Novi, 14: years in the village of JSTorthville, and 20 years in this city.

In the spring of '38 he united with the Presbyterian church at Northville,
although he believed that he had experienced the love of God shed abroad in
his heart seven years before.

As a member of the church he has, until growing years and the infirmities
of age disabled him, been an active worker. He was for many years a ruling
elder in the church at Northville, and for 20 years superintendent of the
Sabbath-school and a leader in every church enterprise. His old pastor
always looked to him for wise counsel and ready assistance in every good word
and work. He was ever a constant attendant until the day of his death of all
meetings of the church, and ready to perform his part of the public service.
It was no self-denial for him to perform his Christian duties — he loved the
name of the Lord, and could say with the psalmist, **How amiable are thy
tabernacles, 0 Lord of Hosts." It was a great deprivation for him to be
unable to be in his accustomed place in the sanctuary on the Lord's day. He
loved the gospel, pure and simple. He hated heresies, and abhored false dog-
mas, and was indignant when such lying vanities were preached from the
sacred desk, and so made palatable by sophistries and human eloquence as to
be mistaken for truth and received as the word of God. But while he hated
false doctrines, no man was more fond of the truth as it is in Jesus," or was
willing to receive it, no matter how plain or pointed. Mr. Covert was a plain
and outspoken Christain, without policy or guile, and the words of such a man
cannot always be uttered without sometimes giving offense. But they were
offended at the truth. Mr. C. was not only outspoken, but he was firm and
decided in his convictions. When his opinions were formed and his mind
made up, he was as firm as the granite rock — the blood of the martyred Hol-
landers flowed in his veins, and he was bound to follow the path of duty,
though it led through floods and flames. His faithful labors and living
example before the teachers and scholars in the Sabbath-school over which
he presided for so many years, was instrumental in bringing numbers of them
to Christ, and to-day in Northville, though he. closed his active work twenty
years ago, he is remembered with gratitude, and will be deeply mourned by
many of his early friends and associates, and especially by his old pastor,
between whom there was a life-long friendship, not unlike that between David
and Jonathan. For several years after he became a member of this church,
he contributed to aid the feeble church he had left, besides what he gave to
support the gospel in this place.

When he came to this city, twenty years ago, I was glad to welcome him as
a Christian brother and a fellow laborer in the church of Christ. He brought
his letter with him and united with us, and soon was elected a ruling elder,
and made superintendent of our Sabbath-school. As an elder and Sabbath-
school superintendent, and a Christian brother, I have always found him
faithful to the trusts and responsibilities committed to his charge. Brother
Covert was a man of warm heart. We have been friends for twenty years.

280 Pioneer Society of MiCHiGAisr.

and the friendship, I trust, will be renewed soon in a brighter and better
world.

Brother Covert held several honored offices of trust when in the prime of
life, before he came to reside among us; and since he has been with us, for
ten or twelve years, he has been one of the Superintendents of the Poor,
and when in that office he looked not only after the temporal, but often after
the spiritual welfare of those poor unfortunates dependent upon charity.

Mr. Covert for several years has felt increasing infirmities of age and the
inroads of the disease which has taken him away. He often spoke of the
nearness of death, and knew from the disease which was preying upon him
that he was liable to be called without a moment's warning. I believe his
house was in order, and that he was watching and waiting for the coming of
his Lord ; and though his death was sudden, and perhaps unexpected by his
family and friends, yet not to him. He had thought of it so much and
spoken of it so often that death and he were "old acquaintances." On Sat-
urday morning, after a few moments of suffering, he said to his beloved
wife and attending physician, who were doing all that could be done to allevi-
ate his sufferings, Let me go — let me go liomeP^ He saw the messenger had
come, and he was summoned to *'Immanuel's Land" — to his home above —
and he wanted to go; and when he had thus spoken, he fell asleep. We
mourn his departure. His memory is fragrant. He needs no eulogy from
me or any other friend. In God's Book all his members are written. His
record is on high. It is a consolation that sweetens the bitterness of our
grief, that these sad hours are permeated with such blessed memories. And
may these sorrowing ones console themselves with these precious truths.

Prom another Newspaper.

The citizens of Flint were greatly shocked on Saturday morning last by
the announcement of the death of Mr Jacob B. Covert, a well known resi-
dent of the third ward. As he had been on the street the day before as usual,
and in apparently good health, the surprise was painful in the extreme. He
arose early in the morning as usual, to arrange the fire, and on returning to
his bed, he complained of a severe pain in the region of his heart. He had
been accustomed to these attacks, but this one was of unusual severity, and
Mrs. Covert immediately summoned Dr. Murray, residing across the street,
who came only to find him in the actual agonies of death. He survived but
a few minutes, passing away at about seven o'clock. He reached his 76th
birthday on the Monday preceding his death, and the event was celebrated by
quite a gathering of intimate friends at his house. It was a happy occasion
with him, for he was always socially inclined, and enjoyed the society of
friends with great zest. On the evening before his death a number of the
family friends had been entertained at his house, in honor of his wife's
birthday, and he had been very happy at this little gathering also.

Mr. Covert was a native of New York, but coming to Michigan at an early
day, he spent a number of years at Northville, Wayne county. He had been
a resident of Flint for about twenty years. He was the builder and owner of
the fine three story block on Saginaw street bearing his name. He had, in
company with Hon. F. W. Judd, platted and added to the city what is known
as Judd & Covert's addition to the city of Flint. He was for many years
one of the superintendents of the poor of this county, and was for some
years engaged in the mercantile business. For the past eight or ten years he
had been extensively engaged in the insurance business.

Gratiot County.

281

He was a man of marked religious character, and for many years was
superintendent of the Sunday-school in the Presbyterian church, and was
also, for a long time, a ruling elder in the same church, of which he was a
prominent and honored member.

His death will produce a noticeable vacuum in the religious, social, and
business life of the city. His character was strong and positive, and his
opposition to what he deemed to be wrong, was aggressive, uncompromising,
and courageous. His attachments were strong, and his affection for his fam-
ily was tender and protecting.

He leaves a wife who was devotedly attached to him, a son in Saginaw,
and a daughter in Northville, besides several grandchildren.

GRATIOT COUNTY.

MEMORIAL REPORT.

DEATH OF RALPH ELY.
From the Detroit Evening News, April 13, 1883.

Gen. Ely, formerly auditor general of the State, died at his home in
Readmond, Emmet county, on April 12.

Ralph Ely, a member of the State Pioneer Society, was born in Marshall,
Oneida county, N. Y., July 10, 1820. His parents removed to Stockton,
Chautauqua county, two years later, where he remained until he reached his
majority, receiving his education in the district school of the neighborhood,
and assisting his father on the farm. When of ago he went to Indiana where
he remained two years, being married meanwhile, and then returned to his
father's house for three years. In 1846 he removed to Ronald, Ionia county,
Mich., and has made this State his home ever since. In 1854 he removed to
Gratiot county, and settled on Pine river, being obliged to cut his own way
through the woods for 20 miles. During his first six years in Gratiot county
he was engaged in farming, lumbering, and mercantile business. He built
the first grist and saw-mills at Alma, and devoted much time to public inter-
ests, and contributed largely from his own means to assist destitute settlers.

On the breaking out of the rebellion he recruited a company and entered
the service as captain of company 0, eighth Michigan infantry. He remained
in the service till June 1, 1866, being successively commissioned major,
lieutenant colonel, and colonel of his regiment, and also commissioned colo-
nel for meritorious conduct, by President Lincoln. In April, 1865, he was
made brigadier general, and was the first, with his brigade, to enter Peters-
burg and receive its surrender by order of Gen. Grant. During the war he
participated in over 30 engagements, some of them the severest of the strife.
After being mustered out he spent a year superintending the emigration of
freedmen from South Carolina to Florida and their settlement on govern-
ment land in that State. He then returned to his home and former occupa-
tion of farming and lumbering in Gratiot county. In early life he was a
democrat, but became a republican on the organization of the party. He
was State senator from the 26th district during the session of 1873-4. In
the fall of 1874 he was elected auditor general and re-elected in 1876. Soon
after his term expired as auditor general Mr. Ely entered upon a general
lumbering and farming business in Emmet county, near Cross village, where

282 PioNEEB Society op MicHiaAisr.

he had since resided. His last sickness was of a urinary character, from
which he had been a sufferer for about eight weeks previous to his death.
His funeral will occur Sunday next.

INGHAM COUNTY.
INGHAM COUNTY PIONEER SOCIETY.

THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL ^MEETING OP THE ASSOCIATION, JUNE 12, 1883.

The eleventh annual meeting of the Ingham County Pioneer Association
was held in Rayner opera-house in Mason, and notwithstanding the inclem-
ency of the weather, there was a large attendance from all parts of the county
— particularly from Leslie and the townships in the central part of the county.
These meetings freshen the recollections of many incidents in the early history
of Ingham county and the grand old State of Michigan, and they are certainly
very interesting and productive of much good, as they make the young pio-
neers of the county realize that they, too, have responsibilities to bear, and
that they must soon be ready to bear them.

The meeting was called to order by the president, Thaddeiis Densmore of
Mason. The proceedings of the last meeting were read and approved, and the
association proceeded to the election of officers, resulting as follows :

President — Whitney Jones, Mason.

Vice-Presidents — Capt. J. R. Price, Lansing; S. 0. Russell, Leslie; Samuel
Skadan, Ingham; R. Tryon, Alaiedon.
Secretary — George W. Bristol, Mason.
Treasurer — Peter Lowe, Mason.

Executive Committee — K. J. Bullen, Aurelius ; S. 0. Russell, Leslie ; L. B.
Huntoon, Lansing.

There being no more business for the forenoon session, the meeting
adjourned until 1 : 30, and the members were escorted to the Baptist church,
where a sumptuous dinner had been provided at the expense of the citizens of
Mason, and was served by the ladies of the Baptist church.

Afternoon Session.

On reassembling after dinner the meeting was called to order by President
Densmore, after which the choir, consisting of Mr. and Mrs. Drake, Miss
Rogers, and Messrs. Winans and Densmore, with Mrs. H. P. Henderson as
organist, and Mr. and Mrs. B. J. Rogers, coruetists, sang, in a very creditable
manner, that beautiful song, Homeward Bound."

Miss Augusta Chapin, who was expected to make the address, was
unable to be present, owing to the change in the date of the State pioneer
meeting, and in her absence Rev. D. Baldwin, of this city, made a few appro-
priate and well timed remarks.

Father" Elijah Woodworth of Leslie, 92 years of age, then mounted the
rostrum and talked for fifteen or twenty minutes without apparent fatigue.

Singing, " Star of Descending Night," followed.

Short speeches were listened to from Ex-Judge Griffin Paddock of Ingham,
Hon. M. D. Chatterton of Mason, J. M. Williams of VVilliamston, and Capt.
J. R. Price of Lansing, interspersed with excellent music by the choir.

At this time the president stated that news had just been received, announc-

Ingham County.

283

ing the death of an old and honored member — Wm. Harrison Horton of
Vevay, who died at one p. m.

The committee appointed to provide a list of the names, so far as possible,
of the members who have departed this life since the last meeting, reported
the following :

Alaeidon — Jeduthan B. Blake.

Aurelius — Eeuben Bullen, Mrs. Geo. B. Webb, Hiram Bristol, Bert Robin-
son, Alice R. Webb.
Bunkerhill — Hon. Ferris S. Fitch, Thomas Lawrence.
Delhi — Charles Holbrook.
Ingham — Mr. Every.
Lansing — Mrs. Kelley, Cyrus Hewett.

Leslie — Cornelius Calkins, Mrs. DeLamatyr, Ogden Wards, Ezra B. Wood,
Mrs. H. B. Hawley.

Mason — Mrs. Cornelia Smith, Alexander Miller.
Meridian — Mrs. M. W. Barnes.
Onondaga — Edward Plannagan.

Vevay — Allen Hathaway, David Palmer, Moses Jacobs, Wm. Claflin, Mrs.
Margaret Haynes, Mrs. Enos Northrup, Wm. H. Horton.
Wheatfield— Mrs. M. J. Pollok.

Maj. L. H. Ives gave a short eulogy on the life of Hon Ferris S. Fitch, and
also of Hiram Bristol. Rev. W. Doust spoke of the true womanly traits and
abiding Christian faith of Mrs. Enos Northrup and Mrs. Geo. B. Webb; also
of the many noble qualities of Reuben Bullen and Wm. Cook of Delhi; said
it ought to be written on the tombstone of Mr. Bullen, ''Here lies an honest,
upright man." Perry Henderson of Mason made a few feeling remarks in
response to the name of Wm.H. Horton, whose death had just been announced.
Capt. J. R. Price of Lansing responded to the names of Mrs. Kelley, Mrs.
Cornelia Smith, and Mr. Hewett, eulogizing each for their many worthy
qualities. S. 0. Russell of Leslie responded to the name of Ogden Edwards,
and J. J. Tuttle of Leslie to the name of Cornelius Calkins.

The following resolution was read and unanimously adopted by a rising
vote :

Be it resolved^ By the pioneers of Ingham county, in their 11th annual conference
assembled, that our heartfelt thanks are due and are hereby extended to the officers
of our society for their earnest and efficient work in the past; to the people of the
city of Mason for their assistance and numerous courtesies extended to-day; to the
ladies, old and young, of the Mason Baptist society, for their kindness in serving the
dinner so sumptuously prepared; to the owners of the Rayner opera-house for the
use of their building; and to the choir who have furnished the excellent music for
the occasion.

There seemed to be a desire on the part of a few to hold the next meeting
at Lansing or Leslie, but the matter was finally left to the executive com-
mittee. The meeting will doubtless be held at Leslie or Mason. Twenty-
eight new names were added to the society.

The meeting closed with a beautiful piece of music by the choir and the
benediction by Rev. Doust.

284

Pio^^EER Society of MicHiaAN.

HISTORY OF THE MICHIGAN FEMALE COLLEGE, AISTD A SKETCH OF
THE LIFE AND WORK OF MISS A. C. ROGERS.

BY MRS. ELIZA C. SMITH.
Read June 13, 1883, at the Annual Meeting of the Michigan State Pioneer Society.

Fourteen years ago this present season, the institution known as the Mich-
igan Female College, occupied the north wing of the building on the prem-
ises since purchased by the State for the School for the Blind. The school
rooms were filled in the hour.s of study or recitation, with bright, eager, young
faces that had taken on no lines of care ; and in the hours of recreation and
social enjoyment, the halls were alive with the sounds of gayety and mirth
from happy girlish hearts. What a contrast to those afflicted children of the
State, who now carefully feel their way about the grounds, was that gay com-
pany who fluttered about with song and laughter, and all that joyous, hope-
ful eagerness for the future which it is given most of us to experience once in
this changeful life of ours. The close of that school year witnessed the
usual partings, the usual plans for return and renewed work, on the part of
teachers and pupils, plans destined never to be fufilled. In the interval
between the end of the school year and the beginning of a new one, she who
was from the first its inspiration, to whose hopefulness and enthusiasm it owed
its existence and usefulness, was suddenly called to a higher life, and released
from the cares and physical weariness which had often made her earthly life
so hard to bear.

To many of the old residents of Lansing, the name of the Michigan
Pemale College is closely associated with recollections of, their own history in
a new and struggling town ; and there are many others, in different parts of
the State, to whom, for various reasons, the name, and all the associations it
brings up, must always be specially dear. The demolition soon to take place
of that part of the building so long the home of the institution for which so
much was hoped, seems to make this a particularly suitable time to give a
permanent record of its history, before all its landmarks shall have disap-
peared before the relentless march of change and improvement.

It was in the year 1855 that many teachers and liberal minded persons
interested in the subject, began to give special thought and effort toward
securing the opening of the Michigan University to women. It was dis-
cussed at different gatherings, and at the meeting of the Teachers' State
Association that year, Miss A. C. Rogers read a paper strongly urging their
co-operation and personal effort in behalf of the cause. The arguments
for and against the proposed change are too familiar to need more than an
allusion here. Its friends and advocates maintained that the State having
made such liberal provision for her sons, was guilty of great injustice in
withholding the same advantages from those equally her wards and children,
whose only disqualification was that of sex. At the session of the Legisla-
ture of 1857 the subject was brought up, receiving no particular encour-
agement. It was finally thought by those interested, that nothing could be
accomplished in this direction, and they therefore decided to establish in
Lansing a school for young women, in the hope that the State would take
such a nucleus under its fostering care, and eventually endow at its capital a
'College for young women, which should afford them the same opportunities

Michigan Female College.

285

for higher education as was enjoyed by their brothers at the University in
Ann Arbor.

The name Michigan Female College was given it by ardent friends rather
as an earnest of what the school aimed to become, than what it really tuas.

It was and could at first be, only a school open to pupils of all grades
of advancement, but its plan was, as rapidly as possible to classify its pupils,
and constantly raise the standard for admission and graduation, till it should
be, as its name implied, a College for young women.

The school opened in September, 1855, under the charge of Misses A. C.
and Delia Rogers, and Miss H. K. Olapp.

The use of the State capitol was granted for the daily school sessions, and
here, for two years, in the intervals allowed by the short sessions of the Leg-
islature, which were then the rule, it continued.

The question of a site for a permanent building was, from the first, a trouble-
some one. Lansing, like most new towns, was poor in everything but its
possibilities ; but these, in view of its being the State capital, were vast and
dazzling. There was certainly no lack of unoccupied land everywhere within
.the extensive limits which had been staked out for the rapid growth of the
town. But the owners of desirable situations placed such a higli value upon
their real estate, even when its future beauties were concealed by the native
forests, or the blackened stumps, or the swamps, as yet guiltless of drainage,
that they were unwilling to part with any of their acres without conditions
that made their acceptance impossible. The feeling of rivalry between
the two extremes of the town, now happily a thing of the past, was at that
time very strong, so that all efforts to settle upon a central location for
the school, proved useless. At last a gift of twenty acres of land in the north
end of the town, and a subscription of $20,000 were secured, and in spite of
the probability that this would alienate the other sections of the town, the
offer was thankfully acceptedc The names of those who contributed to this
result most liberally, both of their means and their personal efforts, were the
Hon. H. H. Smith and D. L. Case, and the late Hon. James Turner, and
A. Hart. To the friendship and advice of these gentlemen Miss Eogers
always held herself greatly indebted, as well as to the kindness of many other
friends of the enterprise, impossible here to name. Of those outside the town
who gave their generous aid, should be named Hon. John Owen, and the
late Oapt. E. B. Ward .of Detroit.

Lansing has always been more distinguished for its generous disposition,
than for an abundance of means that makes it easy or possible to carry out
great undertakings. It was even more so at that early day, when large for-
tunes were prospective, and very limited resources the actual present situation.
A handsome plan was drawn and accepted, embracing a large main building
and two wings. With a certain portion of the subscription (which had been
pledged conditional to carrying out the entire plan), it was proposed to erect
the north wing, trusting to the success of the school, the liberality of citi-
zens, or possibly to the assistance of the State, to carry out and complete
the undertaking.

From the time of making the subscription, from the first earth excavated
for the foundation, the personal oversight and exertion of Miss Rogers were
everywhere present. Untrained in the cares of business, inexperienced in
the detail of mechanical industry, her woman's quickness of wit, and her
indomitable determination stood her in good stead to supply the lack of pre^

286

PioNEEB Society of Michigan.

vious experience. Was a subscription slow in coming, or difficult to be real*
ized, even though pledged in good faith, it was she who would so often find
a way to turn it/' as the saying is^ taking labor or some commodity neces-
sary to the work, instead of the money, often so difficult to obtain. The
contract for the building was let to good and reliable men, but the circum-
stances to which I have alluded, and her own absorbing interest in the work,
combined to keep her on the ground much of the time as the work progressed.
Round after round she watched the bricks go on, to form the walls, till it
seemed like actually putting in a part of herself ; and it did, indeed, repre-
sent an expenditure of nervous and physical strength which was seriously felt
in after years.

The building was completed and occupied in the fall of 1858. All the sub-
scription available under the conditions, had been called in for the building.
For its furnishing and internal preparations for comfort, the private means
of the Misses Rogers were required. With that spirit of friendly cordiality
and helpfulness so characteristic of new communities, and of which, at least
in its outward manifestations, an increase of wealth and comfort seems so
destructive, the ladies of Lansing came together, and by the pleasant lightening
of labor made by many hands, fitted and sewed the carpets for all the rooms
in the building. From the first, the school was filled to its capacity, and had
the purpose of the founders been merely to build up a successful school for
girls, satisfactory pecuniary returns might have rewarded their efforts. But
they were always looking forward to the ultimate end they had in view — the
building up of an institution which should afford to young women the advan-
tages of a collegiate course. Expenses looking towards this end were con-
stantly increased, that absorbed not only the earnings of the school, but the
private means of its founders. Efforts were made at the session of the
Legislature of 1867 to induce the State to accept the beginning that had
been made, as a nucleus for a Female College. The effort, though at first
somewhat promising, was unsuccessful, and was not again repeated. Miss
Rogers did not live to see the accomplishment of the object she had first had
in view when she engaged in the agitation of the subject of the Higher Edu-
cation for women, viz.: the opening to them of the State Universityj and
had she foreseen how soon this was to follow, it is doubtful whether it would
have satisfied her wishes. In the years of thought she had given to the sub-
ject, and with lier constantly increasing experience of the needs and dangers
of those critical, all-important years, her views on the subject of co-educa-
tion had become modified, and she latterly greatly preferred separate educa-
tion for the sexes. To the last it was the dream of her life, and her
strongest hope, that some man of fortune and liberality might be moved to
so bestow his wealth as to make Michigan famous, as Massachusetts and New
York are, for their magnificently endowed colleges for women.

During the fourteen years of its existence, the Michigan Female College was
to Lansing a recognized social and educational power, whose far reaching
influence it is not easy to estimate. In those early years of the history of the
town, society was necessarily in a crude condition. The capital city now so
accessible from every part of the State, was separated from the outside
world by long, wearisome stage rides, so that amusements or public entertain-
ments were rarely enjoyed. Even the eastern Lyceum Lecturers, anxious to
impart something from their stores of information to their rude western
brethren, were apt to be discouraged after having once encountered the ter-

Michigan Female College.

287

rors of the corduroy roads, or the heavy Michigan clay, and to resolve to post-
pone further missionary efforts in this direction till railroad facilities could
be offered them. There are many still resident in Lansing, and many scat-
tered in widely different directions who will remember how much was done
at the College to supply this lack of agreeable and profitable entertainment,
and who will acknowledge themselves indebted to the hospitality of those
homelike parlors not only for many happy hours, but also for a higher ideal
of social pleasures, and for the awakening a taste for intellectual enjoy-
ment, and a desire for improvement that might otherwise have lain dormant.
The number of pupils residing in the building was usually about twenty-five,
with perhaps twice that number of day pupils from different parts of the town.

The aims of the school, as I have already suggested, were high, and some-
times beyond attainment. But there was thoroughness, and an honest pur-
pose to accomplish real mental work, rather than to go over a certain amount
of ground in text books. No one could become a member of that busy com-
munity without feeling the influence of the spirit of industry that pervaded
every department. Were it possible to collect such testimony, I doubt not
there are living many women who would without hesitation date their first
serious views of life, and earnest resolves for its best service, from the begin-
ning of their school life at the Michigan Female College, and especially to
the personal influence and example of Miss A. C. Rogers.

What I have been asked to write in regard to the history of this institution
was intended to be in the nature of a memorial record of the life and works
of Miss A. C. Rogers, but justice would be done neither to the living nor the
dead, were all mention omitted of her sister Miss Delia Rogers, who survives
her, and was associated with her from the opening of the institution till its
close. Her courage and cheerfulness were supplemented by the elder sis-
ter's zeal and enthusiasm, and if the one was the inspiration and guiding
spirit of their joint work, the other gave the practical direction, the ready
helpful hand, equally necessary to its continuance and success.

The external facts, even of the busiest lives, are soon told. Miss Abigail
0. Rogers was born at Avon, N. Y., in 1818. The perseverance and energy
which distinguished her through life, enabled her in spite of many disadvan-
tages, to attain proficiency in her studies rare in those days of limited oppor-
tunities, and when scholarship was scarcely thought desirable for women.
At the asje of nineteen she took charge of a Young Ladies' Seminary at
Coburg, Canada, and two or three years later accepted a situation as pre-
ceptress of White Plains Seminary in Westchester county, N. Y. After leav-
ing this position she was for several years at the head of the female depart-
ment of the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary at Lima, N. Y., for many years the
largest and most prominent institution of the kind in the country. About
the year 1847 she came to Albion, Mich., to take a similar position, and from
there went to Ypsilanti as Preceptress of the State Normal School. In each
of these positions her zeal and* earnestness made her influence deeply felt.
Her personal interest and care for the individual welfare of those under her
charge made the relation of teacher and pupil close and affectionate, and
won not only respect, but life-long love and esteem.

From Ypsilanti Miss Rogers came to Lansing in 1855. The years she
spent here were in many respects, satisfying but also constantly full of anxie-
ties, cares, and hard struggles which seriously affected her health. Her fine
physique should have indicated perfect health, and promised length of days ;

288 Pioneer Society of Michigan.

but her strength, especially her nervous strength long overtaxed, yielded to a
sudden attack of congestion of the brain, and without regret or conscious
pain she passed from this life of disappointments to that state of higher
activities where doubtless are full compensations for the brave souls who have
painfull}/ toiled here, without seeing the fulfillment of their hopes.

Prom the appreciative notice that appeared in the Lansing Republican at
the time of her death, I quote the following as showing the affection with
which she was regarded in her own home: **Her intimate friends well know
how she has labored for the success of the Michigan Eemale College against
many disadvantages. She has met financial difficulties, the opposition o-f
those opposed to the higher education of women, and the disadvantages of
a location too distant frOm the center of the town for the accommodation of
those who would otherwise have become pupils, with a devotion and constancy
worthy of the cause which she made a life work. She was the acknowledged
and leading champion of the higher education of women in Michigan. To
her more than to any other, or perhaps all other women of the State is due
the present elevation of sentiment in regard to the higher education of
women, and her work shall follow her through all coming years."

The last work of her pen was an address to the graduating class of 1869,
in which she held up to them as worthy of imitation the beautiful sketch of
the Perfect Woman" in the book of Proverbs. To those who knew her
best, it seemed that this might well have been drawn from her own character.

In trying to fix upon a central point as the controlling trait around which
other virtues clustered, it has seemed to me that her absolute truthfulness
and sincerity shine out with brightest light. A false pretense of any kind
was abhorrent to her. She would not assume an interest or regard she did
not feel, nor did she ever wish to secure such expressions from others. No
one of the many who have been under her care, can ever forget the search-
ing look of the mild, clear eyes that seemed to pierce the inmost secrets of
the soul, and to make subterfuge or evasion impossible. By precept as well
as example, the surpassing value of genuineness in character and life, over all
seeming was constantly impressed. She did not however practice or encourage
that miscalled frankness that insists upon telling the whole truth, even when
it may be both useless and harmful. When reproof or correction were
necessary, her words were like the firm, unfl.inching touch of the surgeon,
who hurts to heal ; but with this trait were united a deep sympathy for those
who had erred either through misfortune or fault, a wise patience, and a
charity that could overlook many shortcomings and forgive all personal
injuries.

Her standard for conscientious right living was so high, that like the best
of those who have lived looking toward such an ideal, she often lamented
falling far below it ; but to those who looked up to her from a lower level,
the path she trod seemed illumined with the light of Christian deeds of
charity and benevolence. •

Hers was not that easy spirit of fellowship that contents itself with saying
to the needy, **Be thou clothed, or fed, or warmed." Her quick and gener-
ous impulses took active forms of helpfulness wherever a worthy occasion
offered itself. No young woman anxious for improvement, but lacking
means to meet the expense of tuition, ever stated her. case in vain to this
true, earnest friend of all who wished to help themselves. *'Some way," she
would say, ^'it must be done — you shall have the chance;" and during all

MiCHiGAUsT Female Colleg-e.

289

the years of its existence the school constantly had among its menbers those
who without any prospect of paying for their privileges except the hope of
earning something by their own efforts in the future, were enjoying all the
advantages of the most favored pupils. Gratitude and appreciation do not
always follow such benefits, but those who do generous deeds find their best
reward in their own consciousness of having carried out the idea of the
human brotherhood ; and there are many who, having repaid the pecuniary
debt, will still acknowledge a life long obligation for the help received just
at the right time, and for the bent which turned their lives toward higher
and better purposes. How far reaching beyond all our powers of estimating
is such an influence ! Hundreds of young women coming at various times
under the guidance of this great hearted, liberal minded woman, date from
that influence a turning point; an awakening in their lives; and they in
turn reflect upon their circle, wide or limited as the case may be, all the
cheer, and light, and blessing that flow from a gracious enlightened woman-
hood. And this suggests what seems to me the crowning grace of Miss
Sogers' character — her true and perfect womanliness. Some one has said
that we especially admire in either sex, what is usually thought to be the
predominant trait of the other — the tender heart in great men, the imperial
intellect in great women.

The conjunction of the two is, fortunately, not so rare as it once was, and
it does not now awaken our repugnance to a woman to hear that she has a
masculine mind. Should this intellect however, be subjected to an exclu-
sively masculine training^ and all the feminine graces of character and man-
ner be neglected ; the gift of helpfulness, and the beautifying touch ignored,
that should rightfully be educated in every girl's hands as conscientiously as
her mind is trained, we must own that society, the family, and woman her-
self are defrauded, and the vaunted Higher Education for Women but a
doubtful benefit.

Miss Eogers in her own person exemplified the combination of refined
womanly tastes and occupations with more active and public pursuits, and
found pleasure in a life of study and thought attractive to an earnest mind
irrespective of sex. The work of her needle was as fine as her beautiful
penmanship, and her love of order and tasteful arrangement of her home
were as noticable as the thoroughness in her teaching and school discipline.
It was not enough that the young ladies under her care should be proficient
in mathemetics — they must learn the use of the needle if hitherto neglected;
not enough that their exercises in French and German were well prepared —
their own rooms must be in a condition of order and neatness to make them
fearless of inspection. Conversation they were taught to regard not merely
as idle talk, but as a gift especially desirable for women, to be cultivated, and
carefully improved. In a word, she aimed to develop her girls in the many-
sided way which a woman's after life is sure to make necessary.

Of her religious life it would be impossible to speak apart from her regular
daily life and work, since it was all permeated with the same deep and
abiding principle of love for God the Father, and for men his children.
Herself from early life a member of the Methodist church, she inquired
after no one's creed, or inward convictions. In her view all the roads tended
toward the same end, and the weariness and hardness of the way demanded
of each traveler all possible forbearance and helpfulness, with no small
suspicions or cavilings.
37 .

290 PioNEEK Society oe MicmaAisr.

The sumoions to that unseen world which in hours of suffering had often
seemed to draw very near came at last suddenly, and without warning.

Few indeed may hope to find there such a record of good deeds done with-
out ostentation, or self righteousness, or hope of reward — and of no one
could it ever have been more truthfully said, in regard to the employment of
talents, means, and opportunities for usefulness, *^She hath done what she
could."

MICHIGAN'S OLD STATE CAPITOL SUCCUMBS TO THE FLAMES AFTER
THIRTY-FIYE YEARS OF SERVICE.

From the Lansing Republican, Dec. 19, 1882.

On Saturday, December 16, at about 2 p. m., fire was discovered in the
second story of the old capitol building, in close proximity to a chimney on
the north side of the cupola. An alarm was sounded, and both steamers and
the hook-and-ladder company were soon on the ground, but for some reason a
stream could not be obtained until the building, which was dry as tinder, was
so enveloped in flames that its destruction was inevitable. Soon after the
alarm was given smoke began to issue from all the crevices in the roof and
upper stories, and in a few moments afterwards a dense black cloud rolled
away to the eastward, which showed that the flames were rapidly spreading
throughout the interior. Within ten minutes afterward the bright flames
were seen through the upper windows on the west and north sides of the build-
ing, and it was not long before the roof and dome were ablaze. The destruc-
tion was witnessed by thousands of our citizens.

The building had recently been purchased by Piatt Brothers, who had
fitted it up for the manufacture of handles and bent work, and had just com-
menced work. They lose a part of their manufactured stock, but save their
machines, safe, saw-mill, and boiler, with the new buildings in which the
latter were placed, and the engine, which was in the basement at the south-
west corner of the old structure, was not injured. The old senate chamber
was occupied by Foster Post, G. A. R. AH of the movable property of the
society was saved, but the desk, and the canopy beneath which every presi-
dent of the senate had sat from 1848 to 1879 fell a prey to the flames.

Messrs. Piatt estimate their loss at not less than $10,000. They were
insured for about $10,250 in the following companies: Westchester of New
York, $1,000; St. Paul, Minn., $1,000; Union of California, $1,750; Com-
mercial Union of England, $500. Miller & Davis, agents. E. R. Merrifield
had $3,000, divided between the Niagara of New York and the Northern of
London. S. W. Wright had $3,000 on the building as follows: Rhode
Island Underwriters' Association of Providence, American Fire Insurance
Company of Philadelphia, and Fire Association of Philadelphia, $1,000 each.

Thus have the devouring flames destroyed another and perhaps the most
interesting ancient landmark of the capital city. Located by act of Legisla-
ture in an unbroken wilderness, in 1847, in the hope that the very absurdity
of the act establishing the capitol in such a place would bring the Legislature,
which had been for months quarreling over a location, to select some eligible
site, the action was taken in dead earnest by the commissioners appointed to
locate and construct it. They were heartily seconded by the pioneers in this
section, and in the face of obstacles which most men would have deemed
insuperable, they cut roads, cleaned squares, hauled lumber for finishing

Michigan's Old Capitol.

291

nearly 50 miles by team, and erected this building. The act providing for its
constractioQ was passed March 26, 1847, and was approved by William L.
Greenly of Lenawee, at that time lieutenant governor and acting governor.
Governor Felch having been elected U. S. senator. In the fall of the same
year they had completed this frame building on block Ko. 115. It was two
stories in height, about 60 by 100 feet in dimensions, and was surmounted by
a plain belfry or cupola. In 1865 an addition of 16 feet was made to the
south end. The original cost of the building, including commissioners' pay
and expenses, 1847-49, was $17,868.46; appropriations of 1865 and 1867 for
enlargement and furniture, $8,083.55; total, $25,952.01. The first governor
inaugurated within its walls was Epaphroditus Eansom, father of Willis
Kansom, the present deputy railroad commissioner, and the last one was
Charles M. Oroswell, who was also the first governor inaugurated within the
walls of the new capitol, January 1, 1879. Ten governors of Michigan were
installed in office in the old capitol, of whom six served for two terms each.
In its senate chamber and hall of representatives, during 32 years, the men
whom Michigan has most delighted to honor imbibed their first lessons in
statesmanship, and within those time-honored walls, now lying in ashes, was
perfected most of that legislation which has placed our beautiful peninsular
State in the front rank as regards educational, penal, and eleemosynary sys-
tems. During the dark hours of L861-1865, when the nation's life hung
trembling in the balance, and thousands of Michigan's bravest sons were
baring their breasts to the storm of lead and iron hail that the republic
might live, those old walls often rang with the fiery and patriotic utterances
of Michigan's war governor and the generous, wise, and loyal men who were
gathered with him in council, to determine what other sacrifices patriotism
demanded of their people in view of the crises which were hourly threatening
the existence of the national republic. Though superseded by a newer and
more imposing structure, in whose shadow it stood, lonely and neglected,
there were memories connected with it which were dear to the heart of many
an old pioneer of Lansing, as was evinced by occasional remarks dropped
from the quivering lips of some of the grey-haired men standing near, as
with bent forms and moist eyes they watched the heavy timbers which their
strong arms and willing hands had raised, totter and plunge into the seething
fl.ames below in the process of destruction.

The exact cause of the fire cannot be determined, but it is supposed that
the flue, near which it originated, was defective, although all the chimneys
had been carefully examined by a practical mason, and repaired, so that they
were believed to be perfectly safe. This is the fifth time that the Piatt
Brothers have been called upon, within the past 10 years, to see their prop-
erty devoured by flames, just as they were fairly launched in business.
Luckily they are not called upon this time to bear all the loss, as will be seen
by the amount of insurance above stated, but their prospective loss from
inability to meet their orders will be heavy. It is hoped that they may con-
clude, after a full investigation of the matter, to rebuild.

J. Polhemus, who occupied a room in the second story of the old capitol,
near where the fire broke out, was not as fortunate as any of the other
occupants. He reached his room soon after the fire broke out, but was
driven out by the dense smoke, almost suffocated, and lost everything in the
way of clothing and furniture. Mr. Polhemus' loss falls very heavily on
him, being an aged man and in straitened circumstances.

292

PioisTEER Society of MiCHiGAisr.

A BEIEF BIT OF HISTORY ABOUT THE LOCATION" OF THE OLD CAPITOL.
From the Evening News, Detroit, Dec. 16, 1882.

Lansing, Mich., Dec. 16. — The fire in the old State capitol building broke
out at 2:30 p. m., and the building is now (3:45 p. m.) wholly destroyed.
The loss of Piatt Bros, will be heavy. They are said to be insured for
$8,000. Most of the machinery and manufactured stock was saved. The
fire originated in the garret from a defective chimney. Fortunately the wind
was in the right direction. No other buildings were destroyed. The grand
army of the republic occupied the upper story and saved most of their
furniture.

The burning of the old State capitol at Lansing to-day makes the follow-
ing brief bit of state his'ory of interest at this time. The constitution of
1836 provided that the seat of government should be established at Detroit
until 1847, when it should be permanently located by the Legislature. In
January, 1847, Grov. Felch called attention to this provision, and the legisla-
ture attempted to carry it out. After long and tedious effort — Ann Arbor,
Jackson, Marshall, Kalamazoo and other places being determined to have it
— a proposition was carried to locate it on the school section of the extreme
northwestern township of Ingham county. It was known to be an unbroken
wilderness, without even a good wagon road leading to it, but the absurdity of
the thing disarmed opposition and the measure was carried in triumph. It
was then voted to hold the next session there, in hopes that the difficulties of
the situation would bring members to their senses and lead them to unite on
some available point. There was scarcely a house in the neighborhood, and
the site of the present city was covered with a dense growth of timber. But
the commissioners went to work, cutting roads, cleaning streets and squares,
and putting up buildings. Lumber for finishing purposes was hauled in
wagons all the way from Flint, but in the face of all difficulties the **old
capitol" was built and some sort of provision made for the members who met
in January, 1848. The new village was first called Michigan, and then Lansing.

KEMINISCENTIAL.
BY GEO. P. SANFORD.
From the Lansing Journal, Feb. 22, 1883.

As we are about to clamber down from the editorial tripod of the JouRisrAL
office, we feel disposed to reminiscence. The September day in 1856 when we
mounted the stage coach at Jackson to penetrate the north woods to Michi-
gan's Capitol was bright and balmy. We had a new sheepskin from the
Normal School authorities, and, having just turned our majority, we sallied
out in life to take a new field of labor. Life lay before us. Heart within and
God o'erhead buoyed us with hope and confidence.

As we made our way northward we penetrated a dense smoke from the burn-
ing forests, marshes, and swamps of Central Michigan. As evening came on,
while we were yet ten miles away, the darkness became impenetrable. A man
with a lantern in the road ahead to pilot tlie way, and two others beside the
leaders, enabled the driver to pick his way only with difficulty. All the pas-
sengers walked, including two ladies. A little girl of one of the ladies not
being old enough to walk, a gentleman of the party took her in his arms and

E-EMmiSCENTIAL.

293

carried her. I noticed the gentleman closely. Tall, erect, with a benign and
intelligent face, a deep, rich, cultured voice, he was a man to be noticed in
any place. We shared with him the labor of carrying the little girl. Arriv-
ing in town, we stopped at the Lansing House, a frame building standing
across the avenue, east of the present Lansing House, and which was kept by
J. M. Shearer. We registered next to the kind gentleman who had carried
the child. He registered, ^'H. Seymour, Utica, JN". Y."

The next morning we sallied out and found our friend, John Horner, who
was teaching for Miss Rogers, in the Michigan Female College, which occupied
the Ohio House, in front of where 0. T. Marks' livery stable is. He boarded
at the Columbus House, a frame hotel standing where now is the Hudson
House, and kept by Mr. 0. C. Darling. We got a rig and drove to North
Lansing, where we were to teach. Washington avenue was ungraded, and
part of the way the roadway twisted about to avoid the stumps. In front of
the present Methodist church was a deep gully. Down by Alton's cooper shop
was another, from the bottom of which one could not see a block ahead or
behind. There was no sidewalk, and few houses between the towns. J. Turner
& Case kept a store on the corner of Franklin and Turner streets, and the
genial, kindly smile which overspread the serene, honest, manly face, radiant
with those large, luminous eyes of James Turner, when we met, lingers in our
memory to this day. Mr. Turner lived in a one-story wood house, just north
of his store, which is still standing. He was the director of the school district,
and had hired us to teach the school a year for the then, to us, princely sum
of $600. Miss A. C. Rogers, who \md been Preceptress of the Normal school
while we had been a student there, had performed the kindly office for us of
securing the engagement. The brick school-house in the First ward, recently
removed to make way for the present one, was the scene of our labors. Miss
Hattie Seymour was one of the assistant teachers. Miss Anna Post, now
Mrs. D. W. Van Auken (her daughter was married the other day) was another.
In the winter Miss Mary Horner, whom some of our readers have since known
as Mrs. Geo. P. Sanford, was the other. Mr. B. F. Simons was one of the
students. The honest face of quiet little Jimmy Turner brightened as new
ideas were grasped ; Charley Lewis, the future famous M. Quad, kept the
school in a roar with his funny declamations. Seymour Foster, whose father,
Theodore Foster, was the superintendent of the reform school, which stood
far out in the stumpy fields to the left, was a serious-faced, quiet boy. (Last
fall teacher and pupil were respectively chairman of the democratic and repub-
lican county committees.) His bright sister, Fannie, gave promise of the fine
features of the present Mrs. A. E. Cowles. Lelia Parmelee, now Bixby, was
a handsomer girl than her late invalid face would indicate. H. H. Smith, D.
L. Case, and James Turner were the potential triumvirate of Lower Town.
James I. Mead kept a store on the corner of Cedar and Franklin streets, but
he attended strictly to business. His young clerk, John Robson, was just
from the country, fresh and bright. H. H. Smith & Co. kept a store where
Northrop' s drug store now is, and between that and the hotel (now Franklin
house), kept by Horace Angell, there were no buildings, as there were none
between it and the river. D. W. Van Auken was the Company of H. H.
Smith in the mercantile business, as he was of Miss Post in the prospective
matrimonial business. John Tooker was a genial, witty young fellow, who
worked in the foundry. Hart's mill was the only one in town, and was man-
aged by Ben. Hart. Judge Hart yet lived in Lapeer. There were just four

294

Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAN.

brick buildings in town, the Benton House, the Merrifield building, occupied
now by W. Gr. Patterson, the present Second National bank building, and the
store of Mr. F. M. Oowles, since burned and rebuilt, where IST. F. Jenison now
is. Burr & Grove kept a hardware store about where Simons' Palace store
is now. It was said that young Geo. Grove would niarry the sprightly Miss
McFarlane. John Thomas & Co., of which firm Major Merrifield was a mem-
ber, kept a dry goods store next door. Ekstein kept cigars and toys, and
Lederer & Brothers kept a clothing store about where Newman's store is now.
D. W. Buck was in the furniture trade. J. C. Bailey kept the only bank in
town in the present Second National bank building. Van Murphy was post--
master, and kept the office up near the Hudson House.

J. W. & E. Longyear kept their law office over Bailey's bank. S. E. Longyear
and E. C. Dart were law students in their office. It was whispered that young
Dart was enamored of Miss Sarah Darling, one of the reigning belles of the
time. S. D. Bingham, with his bushy hair and blue swallow-tail coat with
brass buttons, held forth at the State offices, and it was an open secret that he
was a suitor for the hand of the handsome Miss Charlotte Dexter, a student
at the college. The brilliant Geo. W. Peck was a star of the time. D. C.
Leach lived in a one-story wood dwelling next north of the fine brick he after-
wards built on Washington avenue. He was editor of the Republican, which
was printed in a wooden building then standing in the rear of the Hudson
house, but which has been removed, and is used by G. B. Sutton as a livery
stable. The Journal was then edited by Geo. W. Peck, who soon after sold it
to S. P. Mead, and he in turn sold a half interest to J. M. Griswold. Orlando
M. Barnes of Mason, was prosecuting attorney ; to-day he received the oppo-
sition vote for U. S. Senator. Dr. Shank, Col. Jones, Judge Chapman,
Judge Pinckney, that fall elected Judge of Probate, with others named, were
among the leading citizens of Middle Town. A wooden bridge on Main street,
one on Michigan avenue, and another on Franklin street, were the bridge sup-
ply of the town. A line of elegant four-horse post coaches" to Jackson,
and another to Detroit, were the principal means of communication of th&
State with its Capital. Byron G. Stout was Speaker, and young State Sena-
tor Ferry was a favorite among the young people. The Legislature elected
Z. Chandler, of Detroit, to succeed Gen. Cass as U. S. Senator. Twelve years
later we voted for him in the Legislature for his third term. Gen. Cass
spoke during the campaign on the old State-house square, to a throng of the
admiring democracy of Central Michigan.

The school building for Middle Town was a one-story wood structure, near
the Free- Will Baptist church. A year or two later the present Second-ward
brick was erected at the western verge of the population.

A raw, straggling village of perhaps two thousand people, scattered over
space enough for a place of 15,000, reached only by stages, the Capital of
Michigan was not the pride of the State. The scream of the first locomotive
was yet in the future. A grist-mill and a portable saw-mill, situated where
Allen's lumber yard is, and run by the Eamsdells, now of Manistee, the Lower
town foundry, and Parmelee's carding mill, constituted the manufacturing
interests of town. There are very few business firms in town unchanged.
Dr. Shank remains, but is more interested in the growing professional fame
of that young dare-devil boy Rush, than in his own work. A score or so of
the business men remain. Harley IngersoU began the dry goods business in
a few weeks, and still remains in the Double Mammoth. A. Cottrell was in

Memoeial Eeport. 295

the gunsmith business ; I. Gillett the jewelry line ; Viele sold books. Dr.
Wright kept a general store. Dr. Eussell Thayer sold drugs, and his little boy
has since been an Alderman, and his pretty little daughter is the stately and
accomplished Mrs. Geo. B. Hall. The society belles of that day are now
marrying off their daughters. The children then in the schools and the
streets are now educating their families, and bearing the business burdens of
the city. In seven different directions our citizens fly by the magic power of
steam. A beautiful little city of ten thousand people has crowded out and
replaced the rough backwoods town of twenty-six years ago. After spending
four years in the University at Ann Arbor, and several years in the union
army, we have since borne our part in these changes, which seem so magical,
as best we might. We feel weary, and propose to take a brief rest.

MEMOEIAL REPOET.

BY GEO. H. GREENE.

DEATH OF CYRUS HEWITT.
Lansing RepubUcan, November 25, 1882,

Cyrus Hewitt, a member of the State Pioneer Society, one of the oldest
pioneers of Michigan and for many years one of its most prominent officials
as well as an old and highly 'respected citizen of Lansing, departed this life
on Thursday, Nov. 23, 1882, at about 5 o'clock p. m., aged 77 years.

Mr. Hewitt was born in Saratoga county, N. Y., Feb. 19, 1805. But little
can be learned of his early life, but he came to Michigan in 1836, locating in
Marshall, and engaging in his profession as a civil engineer and surveyor,
laying out and platting several of the now flourishing towns along the line of
the M. C. railroad, and north and south of it. In 1837 he came to Eaton
Eapids, and from there descended the river to the present site of North
Lansing, in a '^dug-out," with two other men, and surveyed the Seymour
mill property, taking the levels for the dam which was built there. One of
these men was John W. Burchard, who lost his life by drowning while
engaged in its construction. He was official surveyor of Calhoun county for
many years, and also a United States surveyor, and surveyed the lands of
Calhoun, Hillsdale, Jackson, and other counties. He was reputed to be the
best surveyor of his day in the State of Michigan.

Mr. Hewitt came to Lansing in 1858 as an employe in the State land office,
and was the able deputy of Samuel S. Lacey in that department from 1861
to 1865, when he succeeded Mr. Lacey in that office, serving one term, and
gaining a state reputation as a most efficient officer. He was subsequently
mayor of Lansing.

Mr. Hewitt had been engaged in banking and in milling previous to his
removal to Lansing, and soon after his retirement from the land office he
engaged in banking in this city, with L. K. Hewett. Subsequently he
assumed the entire control of the business, which he conducted successfully,
enjoying the fullest confidence of the business community at home and
abroad. He retired from business about five years ago.

Mr. Hewitt was three times married. His first wife was Miss Caroline
Gage of Kalamazoo, by whom he had a daughter, Mrs. M. 0. Eobinson of
this city. She died when her daughter was about four years old. Ten years

296 Pioneer Society of MiCHiaA]sr.

later Mr. Hewitt married Miss Olivia G-riswold of Marshall, who died about
four years subsequent to her marriage. He then remained single about fifteen
years, when he married Mrs. Mary Grilley of Lansing, who, with his daugh-
ter, survives him.

Mr. Hewitt was for many years a prominent and enthusiastic Odd Fellow.
He was admitted to Capital lodge. No. 45, in this city, Aug. 32, 1867, elected
its treasurer July 1, 1868, and continued to act in that capacity until Jan. 1,
1881. He received the encampment degrees in Ingham encampment No. 23,
at Leslie, July, 1868, and was a charter member of Friendship encampment,
No. 33, of Ijansing, which was instituted Sept. 31, 1868. For several con-
tinuous terms he represented his lodge and encampment in the grand bodies,
and continued his membership with the order until his death.

Towards the original project of an Odd Fellows' institute, located at Lans-
ing, Mr. Hewitt was a generous contributor, and paid $600 towards the pur-
chase of the property — thus attesting his faith in that grand undertaking of
the fraternity. In this connection, the following tribute from the pen of an
eminent Odd Fellow, who knew him for many years and was his intimate
friend to the last, will be read with pleasure :

**He was a man of few words, but had a sound, discriminating judgment.
Firm in disposition, clear and logical in his arguments on all occasions, his
remarks were always received with the greatest respect. A man of the
strictest business integrity, ever generous, and a faithful worker for the best
interests of his lodge, he was truly beloved by every member. With words
of encouragement to young members to assume the duties and responsibilities
of the management of lodge business, he was always present to restrain their
impetuosity, and as a balance wheel protect against the overreaching energy
of the inexperienced.

"But he is gone ! His place is vacant ! We shall see his face no more —

"Like the mist on the mountain,
Like the foam on the river.
Like the bubble in the fountain,
He is gone— and forever!"

DEATH OF WM. HA.RRISOK HORTON OE VEVAY.
From the Ingham County Democrat, June 11, 1883.

Although not unexpected, it was with sadness the news of the death of Wm.
Harrison Horton of Vevay, which occurred on the 13th inst., at one o'clock,
was received by his many friends in this city, and especially by his brother and
sister pioneers of the county, assembled at the Eayner opera-house at the time
his death was announced. Last fall Mr. Horton' s health began to fail, and
while no apparent disease was manifest, ho gradually wasted away, physically
and mentally. For several weeks prior to his death he seemed to realize its
near approach, and said to the writer tiiat he only awaited the appointed hour.

Wm. H. Horton was in the 70th year of his age. He was born in Orange
county, N. Y., in 1814. In 1837 he came to Michigan and settled on the
northeast quarter of section five in Vevay, Ingham county, May 30, 1837.
Thus for over 46 years Mr. Horton had been a resident of Ingham county,
and an honored, trusted, and respected citizen. He aftei' wards sold his farm
in the northeast part of the town, and in 1854 purchased the place where he
resided up to the time of his death, four miles south of this city, now a
beautiful and productive farm. He has held many ofiices of trust and

Memorial Eeport.

297

has always filled them with fidelity and honor. In 1854 he was elected
register of deeds of Ingham county and served in that capacity six years. He
was thrice elected supervisor of Vevay — in 1856, 1860, and 1878. Mr. H. was
well versed in the early history of Ingham county, and we might also add,
nearly all other subjects, as he was quite a student and possessed a remark-
ably retentive memory. His wife and an only son, Willis H. Horton, survive
him. There were but few men like Wm. H. Horton and he will be sadly
missed by many. In religious faith he was an Old School Baptist^ in which
belief he was born and reared.

Funeral services were held at his late residence yesterday afternoon. Rev,
Doust officiating, and the remains interred in the Rolfe burying ground. A
large crowd of sympathizing friends and neighbors followed his remains to
their last resting place. Mr. Horton was a member of the State Pioneer
Society.

DEATH OF OKEIK S. CASE.
From the Lansing RepubUcan.

On Saturday, April 23, 1881, at about 5 o'clock p. m., Orrin S. Case died
at his residence, corner of Washtenaw and Sycamore streets, from rheu-
matism of the heart, after an illness of about three weeks, aged 64 years, 11
months, and 7 days.

Of the early history of Mr. Case but little is known here. He was born in
Kew York and must have come to Michigan at an early age, as the Kalama-
zoo G-azette, referring to his illness, states that he was a resident of that
village from 1836 to 1848, and one of the original publishers of the Gazette.
He was a brother of Mrs. Henry Gilbert of Kalamazoo.

At the breaking out of the Mexican war he enlisted in the First Michigan
volunteers. Col. Stockton commanding, with the late Gen. A. S. Williams of
Detroit as lieutenant colonel, F. W. Curtenius of Kalamazoo being captain of
Mr. Case's company. He served through the war, and came out of the service
broken in health and having contracted the disease which has finally terminated
his life.

Soon after his return to Michigan he resumed his trade, and in the fall of
1848 he came to Lansing and took a position in the office of the Michigan
State Journal, working on State work during the first session of the Legisla-
ture held in this city. Mr. Case and C. V. De Land printed on hand presses
the Journal and bills of that session. He worked the first power press set up
in the office, and was head pressman during nearly the entire period between
1848 and 18.68, when he took a position in the book-room, which he has held
almost continuously until the day of his death, having been, since the death of
Mr. Mead in 1870, the oldest employe in the Republican office.

Upon the organization of Berdan's sharpshooters, in the early days of the
rebellion, Mr. Case enlisted in a company from this section, and went to
Washington, but was rejected upon examination on account of the rheu-
matism heretofore referred to, and returned home, receiving no remuneration
for his expenses. It is also true that, although a constant victim to the
disease contracted while in service in Mexico, Mr. Case has never received a
pension from the general government, having firmly declined to apply for any
assistance, although urged to do so, and assured by competent judges that he
was clearly entitled to it.

298 Pioneer Society op MiCHiaAisr.

Mr. Case was married in this city, November 18, 1853, to Miss Mary Teeter,
daughter of Elson Teeter, and sister of Mrs. George E. Murrey. Five chil-
dren have been born to them, viz. : Belle, born Oct. 1, 1854; Frank E., May
23, 1856 ; Ida M., Feb. 26, 1862 ; Oscar S., Dec. 10, 1864, and Walter, March
9, 1869, all of whom with their mother, are living.

The funeral took place on Monday afternoon, and was largely attended.
About 30 employes of the Kepublican office marched to his late resi-
dence, and six of the eldest acted as pall-bearers. The services were held at
the Universalist church, which was beautifully decorated with flowers, and a
most impressive and eloquent address was delivered by the pastor, Kev. Mr.
Dobson. A large concourse of friends accompanied the remains to Mount
Hope cemetery.

Though naturally reticent, Mr. Case was unusually intelligent, a keen
observer, and accurate in his conclusions. He had an extensive fund of infor-
mation, gathered trom reading and experience, which, added to a tenacious
memory and excellent conversational powers, made him an interesting and
agreeable companion. Positive in his likes and dislikes, he was plain-spoken
to a fault, but his kindness of heart and sympathetic nature gained him
many friends among his neighbors and acquaintances. His familiar face will
be sadly missed from its accustomed place, where he has labored for more
than 30 years, and it will be long, indeed, ere his memory will grow dim in
the hearts of those who best knew and most respected him.

IN MEMORIAM.

BY KEV. GEO. TAYLOR,

for twenty-seven years an intimate acquaintance and esteemed friend of
Mrs. Abigail R. Pratt, who entered into rest, Sept. 20, 1882, aged 77 years
and 22 days. ^

At Pilgrim's rest in Beulah land,

Viewing her heavenly home afar ;
She, gazing on its golden gates,

Exclaims, "For me they stand ajar."

Mrs. Abigail Rogers Pratt, daughter of Noah Rogers, was born in Cornwall,,
Conn., August 29, 1805, and was educated at Litchfield. From genealogies
extant she had reason to believe herself a descendant of Rev. John Rogers,
who, on the day after the triumphal entry of Queen Mary into London,
preached a sermon exhorting the people to adhere to the doctrine taught in
the days of King Edward, resisting the forms of Catholicism, and for which
he suffered martyrdom ; which relationship she prized, not vainly, but with
commendable solicitude to render her whole life worthy of so noble an ances-
try. On September 16th, 1829, she was married to Eliakim M. Pratt, and
soon after removed to Livingston county, N. Y., where they resided until
1842, when, moving west, they settled in Flint, Mich., where her husband
died Jan. 1, 1852.

Mrs. Pratt was the mother of five children, two of whom, daughters, died
in infancy. One son. Adjutant Noah Miner Pratt, of the 8th Regiment
Michigan Infantry, while gallantly leading his men in an engagement at
Wilmington Island, S. C, April 16, 1862, was shot, and died upon the field.

Another daughter. Miss Frank D. Pratt, departed this life April 3d, 1882,

Memorial Eeport. • 299

greatly mourned in Flint and Lansing. The following extract of her obituary
is copied from the Lansing Republican : April 3d, at 3 o'clock P. M., while
earth was radiant with spring sunshine and bursting bud, there came a heav-
enly messenger and gently called from earth the loving daughter, sister, and
friend, Frances D. Pratt."

Hubert R. Pratt, her only surviving child, resides at Lansing, Mich., at
whose home the subject of this memoir peacefully ended her days, Sept. 20,
1882. Of the commencement of her religious life no data is found; but her
ever having been known as an active Christian woman, it is presumable that
she had been devoted to God from early youth. As a member of the Presby-
terian church, in every department of Christian duty, she was excelled by
none. She was one of the founders of the '^Ladies' Library Association," of
the city of Flint, and an early member of the ^'Lansing Women's Literary
Club;" in which, by her superior culture, literary taste, and large experience,
she made herself eminently useful.

When through the war of the rebellion, a field was opened for woman's
usefulness, she became a leader in the work of the Sanitary and Christian
Commissions ; and after the bloody strife was ended, in company with those
eminent, patriotic ladies, Mrs. Jane W. Brent, Mrs. Jane E. Palmer, Mrs.
Elmina Brainard, and Mrs. E. Willard, she appeared before the State Con-
stitutional Convention assembled at Lansing, successfully pleading for contri-
butions to aid in completing the soldiers and sailors' monument, erected in
Detroit to the memory of the braves that fell, and of all who fought in that
sanguinary conflict.

A still richer item, and one on which grateful memory will ever delight to
dwell, is that of her ardent love for the sanctuary of God, and the lowly duties
of piety ; for the fuller enjoyment of which, being through failing strength
unable to reach the Presbyterian house of worship, in January last she trans-
ferred her membership to the Congregational Church, whose pastor, Rev. T.
P. Prudden, officiated at her funeral solemnities. But it was when the exer-
cise of literary taste and accomplishments, and patriotic and benevolent sym-
pathies were no longer in requisition, that the graces of her piety shone most
brightly; continuing to increase in brilliancy, until the evening of her life
appeared as a gorgeous sunset, radiant with more than rainbow halos ; while
she would converse so freely and cheerfully of her heavenly prospects. On
one occasion, less than a week before her departure, while conversing with a
friend on the comforting words of the Saviour, '*In my Father's house are
many mansions; I go to prepare a place for you; I will come again and take
you to myself," etc. ; her eyes beaming forth the pleasure inspired by the
thought, she exclaimed, '*Yes, and I shall soon occupy my portion of that
heavenly home ; for I seem to realize that the gates already stand ajar for my
admittance."

Surely her surviving son, grandchildren, relatives, and numerous friends
will count such a record a more precious legacy than millions of the gold that
perisheth.

THE LATE MRS. A. R. PRATT.
Lansing Republican, September 28, 1882.

The Flint Citizen contains the following sketch of the late Mrs. A. R.
Pratt, who died on the 2d inst. at the home of her son, Hubert R. Pratt, in

300

PioisTEEii Society of Michigan.

Lansing: The deceased was born at Cornwall, Litchfield county, Conn.,
where she spent her early days. Soon after her marriage she removed with
her husband to Livingston county, IST. Y. In 1843 they came to Flint, Mr.
Pratt being one of the firm of Higgins & Pratt, the pioneer hardware mer-
chants of this county. Mr. Pratt died nine years after coming to this city,
but his widow continued to be an honored member of Flint society until
1858, when she removed to Lansing, and has lived there with her son ever
since, up to the time of her death. During her residence here she was a
member of the Presbyterian church, and took an active part in the ladies'
work connected with the erection of the present church edifice. She was
one of the original members of the Ladies' Library Association, and was
always active in benevolent" work. She was a true Christian lady, beloved by
the community." Mrs. Pratt was a member of the State Pioneer Society.

IONIA COUNTY.
CHKISTMAS IN IONIA FIFTY YEARS AGO.
BY P. H. TATLOR.

Meeting Hon. S. A. Yeomans one day last week, I asked him to tell me
about their first Christmas. He laughed heartily at my request, then said :

You know the interior of my father's house, and are able to give a wordy
picture. You may tell how we ground our corn, and, I think, some friendly
Indian gave us a saddle of venison, which was prepared for our dinner that
day." First about the corn. This colony arrived at the end of their journey
May 28, 1833. The corn which had been planted by the Indians was pur-
chased by the new comers. When fully ripe the corn was taken care of. Now
comes the necessity to grind it. Each family having corn had a tree felled
near the house. The stump was hollowed out on the top by the use of the ax
and fire so as to make something like a mortar. Into this cavity the corn was
placed and then broken by means of a pestle. When broken the corn was
taken to the house of Samuel Dexter, where it was ground in a large coffee
mill. This was done after the day's work was finished. Mr. Yeomans says
he would go with his father to help grind the corn; one turn, then the other,
for half or two-thirds of a pailful every night.

Now for the Christmas. Fifty years ago there were no stores or shops where
presents could be bought, so something must be gotten up out of material in
the house. This house of Erastus Yeomans was a very commodious log house,
standing a few rods west of the frame house, doors on each side (the latch
string was always out), a large stoop on the south side. In the west end of
this house was an old-fashioned open fire-place ; the stick chimney was large
enough for Santa Claus to drive his reindeers and sleigh into. These pioneers
coming from the east brought some of their eastern notions with them, and
one was to keep Christmas. In order to have something for each little stock-
ing. Aunt Phebe must sit up after the children had gone to bed, and some-
times they would be urged to retire earlier than they desired to. When fairly
out of sight the Christmas work was brought out, and by late bedtime Christ-
mas eve something was placed in each stocking. I will only guess what it was :
For the youngest, a pair of red mittens specked with white with a braided
string of red and white. Now for the dinner : The fireplace was large enough

Ionia County — Memorial Report.

301

to take a quarter of a cord of four feet wood if necessary ; from one side of
the chimney to the other a stout pole was placed on which to hang the long
pothooks and trammels. While the kettles were boiling over the fire, the sad-
dle of venison was suspended from the beam above by a stout cord in front,
and as it was cooked on one side, it was turned around so that each part was
most thoroughly done. A large pan was on the hearth to catch the drippings,
and the old-fashioned, long-handled frying-pan was brought into use to bake
the short-cake. So Christmas fifty years ago was ''A Merry Christmas" to
each one as they came in sight — a pair of mittens to the smaller children, and
a dinner good enough for the president.
Ionia, Dec. 24, 1883.

MEMORIAL REPORT.
BY HON. HAMPTON KICH.

Mason He arse y was born at New Auburn, Maine, on the 6 th day of July,
1809, and removed to Michigan when 27 years old, settling at Ionia in 1836.
In the following year he was' married to Miss Caroline Cornell, a sister of
Thomas Cornell. During his residence of 46 years in Ionia, he has been
identified with the growth of our village, having been engaged for many
years in the furniture business. He has frequently been elected to office,
having filled at different times the positions of county clerk, county treasurer
and justice of the peace. He served as justice for twenty-one years, and now
(1882) at the ripe old age of 73, he has passed away, an honored and
respected citizen, whose memory will long be cherished, and whose name will
go down in local history as one of the first settlers of the Grand Eiver valley.

Dr. William B. Lincoln died at his home in the city of Ionia in 1882
(date not reported), in the 75th year of his age. He had been ill for some
time, and his death was not unexpected.

Dr. Lincoln was born in Peru, Bennington county, Vermont, December
29, 1807. He was one of nine children and his father was a farmer. When
a young man he taught school in the winter and worked on his father's farm
in the summer. He studied medicine in the office of Dr. Abraham Lowell,
of Chester, Vermont, and at the age of 25 graduated from the clinical school
of medicine in Chester, Vt. In the spring of 1883 he set out on horseback
- on a prospecting tour through western New York, and coming to Herkimer
learned of the formation of the Dexter colony, whose destination was Ionia
county, Michigan, and visiting Mr. Dexter at his home in Schuyler, the
young man decided to go west with him. They left Utica April 25, and
arrived in Ionia, May 28, being one month and three days on the road.
Arriving here after a journey through an unbroken wilderness extending
from Jackson to the Grand river valley, the doctor decided to cast in his lot
with the new colony. Coming here thus as one of the pioneers, he has made
Ionia his home from that time to this. All old settlers will remember his
pleasant home, where he lived so many years, just at the forks of the road
south of Grand river. For several years he was the only physician in this
region, and frequently traveled into adjoining counties, a distance of 40
miles on horseback. Often it was necessary to ford Grand river, and in the

302

PioisTEEK Society of MiCHiaAN.

winter when the stream could not be crossed with a horse, he at times went
on foot from 30 to 40 miles to visit the sick. He engaged in farming at
times ; also in the drug business. In 1834 he built the first frame house in
Ionia county, which we believe still stands on the original site. In 1837 he
married Anthy P. Arnold, daughter of one of the Dexter pioneers, Oliver
Arnold. They were the first couple married in Ionia county; he was the
first clerk of Ionia township, which then embraced the whole county; the
first township meeting being held at the G-erman Indian trading station, six
miles up the river from the then village of Ionia. He was a whig until the
republican party was formed, since that a republican ; has been an active
member of the Baptist church here since its organization, and was for many
years trustee and deacon. The members of the family of the deceased who
survive him are his wife and four children, three daughters and one son,
viz. : Mrs. V. S. Eastman, Mrs. H. B. Barnes, Mrs. Geo. W. Nelles, and
William T. Lincoln. Dr. Lincoln has thus passed the best part of his life
in this vicinity, and from first to last he always had the confidence and
esteem of all who knew him — and that includes the entire community. He
was always a kind husband and father, a good citizen, exemplary in his daily
life, a man of piety and a man of his word. His name, like that of the late
Dr. Cornell, is a household word throughout Ionia county.

Edson English was born September 12, 1801, in Tunbridge, Orange
county, Vermont; was married April 12, 1823, to Abigail Willard; moved
from Vermont to Michigan, where they settled in Boston, Ionia county,
October 2, 1840, with a family consisting of his mother (who lived until she
was ninety- two years old), and three sons and two daughters ; all of whom
married and settled near enough to his home so that he could visit them all
in one day. He died upon the farm where he first settled, May 20, 1883, in
the eighty-second year of his age. His wife is living, and in the eighty-fifth
year of her age. They had one son, born in 1842, who lives upon the farm
on which he was born. He espoused the cause of Christ in early life, and
was a faithful member of the M. E. church until his death, and while his
iamily and many friends mourn their loss, they take consolation in the fact
that he was ready and anxious to pass over the river, and welcomed the sound
of the boatman's oar.

Samuel Geeen died at his residence, on section eighteen, in Portland,
Ionia county, Michigan, May 24, 1883, aged seventy-four years. He was born
in Cayuga county, New York, but while quite young his father removed to
Wayne county, in the same State, where the subject of this notice continued
to reside until his marriage with Miss Malinda Haskins, when the young
couple decided to emigrate to Michigan, and cutting their way for a part of
the distance west of Detroit, they arrived at Portland, July 4, 1837, with no
resources, except twenty-five cents, and that indomitable energy called pluck,
so essential to success with a pioneer. Mr. Green and his wife remained with
William Dinsmore, at the mouth of the Looking-glass river, the first night of
their arrival, and then located land on section 22, which, in 1842, he
exchanged for land on section 18, where he continued to reside until his death.
Having all his earlier years lived in a new country, he never enjoyed educa-
tional advantages, and therefore neither sought nor obtained official promi-
nence, though he was ever an earnest voter, and true to his convictions. He
was originally a whig, and then, by natural affiliation, a republican until his

Memorial Eeport.

303

decease. He was by occupation a farmer, and by patient industry acquired a
competency, co be divided among his heirs. At his death he left, besides his
widow, eleven children, forty-five grandchildren, and four great grandchild-
ren surviving him. Mr. Green was not a professor of religion, though never
skeptical as to the teachings of the Bible. The great question of the future
he regarded as beyond his comprehension, and left its solution until its develop-
ment should be within his understanding.

Judge Erastus Yeomans, the last survivor of the original colony of pioneers
who settled in Ionia fifty years ago, died peacefully at his home in Ionia,
June 8th, 1883, precisely eleven days after the fiftieth anniversary of the date
of his arrival on the spot where he died. The funeral services were held in
the Baptist church on Sunday afternoon at 3 o'clock. The sermon was by
Eev. James Lamb, and was very appropriate and impressive. The bearers
were Lewis S. Lovell, Alex. F. Bell, Osmond Tower, James M. Kidd, John L.
Taylor, and 0. 0. Thompson. The remains were deposited in Oak Hill cem-
etery, within a stone's throw of the house where for half a century he had
lived and where at last he died full of years, taking with him to his grave the
respect and esteem of all who ever knew him, and leaving behind him the
memory of a well-ordered and useful life.

The following brief sketch will be read with deep interest by hundreds of
his old friends throughout Ionia county and other parts of the State.

Erastus Yeomans, youngest son of Daniel and Esther Yeomans, was born
in New Lebanon, Conn., Aug. 11, 1791. His ancestry, as the name implies,
was of pure English stock, who came to this country near the close of the
seventeenth century. He was educated in the schools of his native place and
as a student, early gave evidence of a superior mind. At the age of sixteen
he removed with his parents to German Flats, Herkimer county, N. Y. The
following year he engaged as teacher in one of the public schools of the county,
continuing in the same school nearly three years. Soon after this occurred the
war of 1812, with Great Britain, in which he demonstrated his fitness to be a citi-
zen of the republic, by taking his place in the ranks of her defenders. March
19th, 1815, he married Phebe Arnold, daughter of Job and Hannah Arnold, of
Fairfield, N. Y. Any sketch of the life of Mr. Yeomans, however brief, would
be comparatively valueless, that should fail to acknowledge the fact, that in the
marriage with Miss Arnold, a factor was added to his life-work, by the power
of which was given the solution so perfectly expressed by Solomon in the
words: "Her husband is known in the gates, when he sitteth among elders
of the land.'' From his marriage, for about fifteen years, he engaged in
farming and brick-making. April 20, 1832, Mr. Yeomans and family joined
a colony of five families, and emigrated to the then territory of Michigan.
The magnitude of such an undertaking can at this time scarcely be estimated.
After a journey of thirty-nine days, the last half of the distance from Detroit
being through a trackless wilderness, the little colony reached their destina-
tion, the present site of Ionia city. May 28, 1833. Small patches of corn and
vegetables purchased from the Indians constituted all that could be grown for
the subsistance of the colony the first year. With the work of organization
peculiar to a new country, no one of the pioneers was more closely identified
or efiicient. He was appointed first postmaster of Ionia county, in 1834,
receiving his commission from Amos Kendall, postmaster-general in the cab-
inet of Andrew Jackson, which position he held for six years. In 1841 he was
elected associate judge of the county, an ofiice in which he served eight years.

304 Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAir.

For thirty of the fifty years which he lived in Ionia, as township, village and
city, he was continually the recipient of unsought official trust. His death, in
his ninety-second year, severs the last visible bond between pioneer struggles
and our present success and prosperity, in the midst of which, the lesson from
such a life should cause us to remember that, —

'* 111 fares the land to hastening ills a prey,
Where wealth accumulates and men decay."

No better eulogy can be said of him than that he enters into rest with the silvery
radiance cast athwart his brow by the sunset of life, undimmed by a single
charge of w¥ong to his fellow men.

Hon. Frederick Hall, who died at his home in Ionia in 1883 (date not
given), was born in Shelburn, Vt., March 24, 1816, and was therefore
at the time of his death in his 68th year. His father was Burgess Hail,
at one time associate justice, and member of the legislature in the G-reen
Mountain State.. The subject of this sketch was educated in the
common schools. In the year 1835 he migrated to Galena, 111. In the fall
of that year he pushed on west of the Mississippi, where he spent the winter
chopping cordwood, an incident of his career to which he often referred with
a certain commendable pride. He came to Michigan in the following year
(1836) and about the first of September settled in Lyons, where for a time he
was engaged as clerk in the store of his uncle, Gr. S. Isham. His spare time
was occupied in looking up land, or surveying, in company with A. F. Bell,
his life-long friend, who was at that time also one of the young pioneers
of the county. While residing at Lyons he was apointed deputy to
Adam L. Eoof, the then register of deeds. That was in '37. In 1840 he
was chosen justice of the peace in the township of Lyons. He removed to
Ionia in 1841 and engaged as clerk for Daniel Ball, and in 1842 assisted John
Ball, of Grand Kapids, in selecting 500,000 acres of the lands granted to
Michigan by the United States for internal improvements. In '43 he was
deputy register, and clerk for the receiver in the United States land office. In
1844 he was elected register of deeds to fill vacancy caused by death of William
Dallas, and the spring following was appointed by President Polk receiver of
public moneys, a position which he held for the full term of four years. He
was elected to the lower house of the Legislature in 1849. He was again
appointed receiver of public moneys in the U. S. land office by President
Pierce, in 1853, and served the full term of four years. He was the demo-
cratic candidate for congress in the 5th district in 1864, and was the first
mayor of the city of Ionia in 1873, a position to which he was reelected. He
was also the first president of the First National Bank of Ionia, and one of the
original directors and prime movers in building the Ionia & Lansing railroad
— afterwards merged in the Detroit, Lansing & Lake Michigan — now the
Detroit, Lansing & Northern. He was the democratic candidate for lieuten-
ant governor in 1874, and one of the Tilden electors in 1876. When he retired
from the land office in '57, he entered into a co-partnership with L. B. Town-
send for the transaction of a general real estate business, and under the firm
name of Hall & Townsend they dealt very heavily in pine lands, continuing
the business until a short time before his death. Mr. Hall's foresight early
led him to see the value of pine timber, and the buying and selling of pine
lands was his main business through life. If he at times turned his attention
to mercantile, banking, or other pursuits, it would be but temporarily, and it
only served to confirm his judgment that investments in pine lands were not

Mbmokial Report.

305

only the safest but the most profitable. By adhering steadily to this idea he
amassed a fortune which fell to worthy hands, for there were few men so open-
handed, public-spirited, and benevolent. No public enterprise, no worthy
charity, no needy individual ever appealed to him for aid in vain. He seemed
always to observe the motto, "Freely ye have received, freely give." His
benefactions were many and munificent, none the less noteworthy, because
unostentatious.

For more than forty years he was a leading figure in Ionia, and no one of
the many worthy men who helped to build up our city and county, was more
widely known, or more highly respected. He had a cheerful smile and a kind
word for all. He was especially fond of children, and rarely passed a child
that he did not stop and say a pleasant word. None of those who grew to
boyhood or girlhood in Ionia when it wais a hamlet, can forget the tall and
handsome form of Frederick Hall, then a young man, whose salutation to
them was always smiling and pleasant, whose words were never else than win-
ning and wholesome. The children all liked him, and no man who has not
loveable traits of character, can win his way to the hearts of the young.

As a business man he was singularly methodical and correct, as well as suc-
cessful; indeed, his correct business methods were one secret of his success.
In all his transactions he was governed by a high sense of honor. His integrity
was unimpeached and unimpeachable.

In politics he was a democrat, never swerving in his allegiance to that party,
which, when it had a chance always honored him. . When the war came on,
he was unequivocally on the side of the union, and his voice and purse were
used to encourage and support the government in carrying on the war against
secession. He was selected as one of the field officers of a regiment of infantry,
together with John Lc Morse and Rev. Isaac Errett, but contented himself
with contributing of his means and influence to aid younger men in doing the
active work in the field. He was a good friend of the soldier and no man
extended warmer words of congratulation to the Ionia boys when they received
promotion, or gave them more hearty encouragement when they left home for
the theatre of war. Doubtless had the party to which he belonged succeeded
in getting control in the State and nation, he would have held high positions.
His personal popularity when he ran for congress and for lieutenant governor,
caused him to run far ahead of his ticket, though of course the strong repub-
lican majority in the district and state rendered his election hopeless.

Mr. Hall was married in 1848 to Miss Ann Eager. The wedding took place
at the residence of Hon. A. F. Bell, the house being the one known as the
Dallas house. It stood near the site of the present Hackett block. His wife
survives him, also his only child, a daughter, who is the wife of Oapt. J. L.
Fowler, TJ. S. army.

There is one other matter that will to many of his friends be of especial
interest. Several years ago Mr. Hall became a member of the Episcopal
(St. John's) church, of this city, and for many years was one of its vestrymen.
These facts conclusively show the religious opinions of the man. To many he
had made known his faith in Christianity, and long before his death his hope
in Jesus Christ. And this hope was not merely a blind grasping after a life
beyond, as this life was slowly departing, but was the result of careful, intelli-
gent thought, and a settled conviction of his judgment of the truth of Chris-
tianity, and his duty to obey those convictions.
39

306

Pioneer Society of MiOHiaAK.

RECAPITULATION.

Mason Hearsey — died 1882, aged 73 years.
Dr. Wm. B. Lincoln — died 1882, aged 74 years.
Edson English— died May 20, 1883, aged 81 years.
Samuel Green — died May 24, 1883, aged 74 years.
Erastus Yeoinans — died June 8, 1883, aged 91 years.
Frederick Hall — died 1883, aged 67 years.

JACKSON COUNTY,
MEMORIAL REPORT.

BY JOHN L. MITCHELL.

Beport of Deaths of Pioneers in Jackson County^ for the year ending June 1st, 1883, of the
age of Sixty years and upwards; giving date of deaths age, and place of residence.

Date of Death.

1882.
June 4...
June 4...
June 6..,
June 17..
July 14...
Aug. 1-..
Aug. IC. .
Aug. 20..
Aug. 31..
Sept. 20..
Sept. 28..
Oct. 2....
Oct. 2..._
Oct.3._..
Oct.8....
Oct.25. ..
Oct. 31...
Nov. 3...
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov. 18...
Nov. 18...
Nov. 18...
Nov. 20...
Nov. 29...
Dec. 14....
Dec. 15....
Dec. 21....
Dec. 22....
Dec. 23...
Dec. 31....
1883.

Jan. 1

Jan. 5

Jan. 6....
Jan. 22...
Jan. 23...

4..
7..
11.

15.

jSTames.

John R. Martin

Cornelius Soper

Mrs. Thomas J. Kent

Aruna P. Woods

Houghton Butler.

John Sheedy

Peter Knauff.

John T. Durand

Daniel D. Eddy

David W. Taylor

Mrs. Perrin Moe

Robert Watts

Joel Park

Morris Knapp /

Clarlv Hall

Francis VV. Carr

Mary O'Hearn

John Helraer „

Isaac Van Ortwick

Mrs. James L. Miner

Rev. Leonard P. Tompkins.

Pardon Fisher

William Clapp

Rudolph D. Jackson

William Hogle

Ambrose S. Crouch

Mrs. A. M. Barber

Andrew Crofts

Mrs. John Haddock

James Finn

Jared L. Richardson

Mrs.Abram Sanford

David A. Shumway

William Warmington

Mrs. Thomas Wilson

Samuel O. Knapp

Mrs. N. P. Houghtailing.
Justus Fowler

As?e.

Place of Kesidence.

U-dt

Vvity oi tidiCKoOn.

Grass Lake.

Jackson.

Spring Arbor.

Jackson.

Waterloo.

Jackson.

Leoni.

Jackson.

Sandstone.

Leoni.

Jackson.

Rives.

tTackson.

Jackson.

Napoleon.

Parma.

Columbia.

Rives.

Hanover.

Blackman.

Sandstone.

Liberty.

Michigan Center.

Henrietta.

Sandstone.

Jackson.

Sandstone.

Cohmibia.

Jackson.

Summit.

Jackson.

Liberty.

Spring Arbor.

Jackson County — Memorial Eepokt. 307

Beport of Deaths. — Continued.

Date of Death,

Orriii Gillett

Cornelius W. Vining

Mrs. L. M. Jones

William Mayo

Miss Clara Coffin

Mrs. Sarah Gardner

Seth Bartlett

David H. Kogers.

Mrs. Edward De Lamater

Mrs. David Henderson

Sylvester Champlin

Mrs. Chauncy Hawley

Mrs David Shelly

Mrs. William Preston

Kev. Daniel W. Lathrop..

Mrs. Martha H. Sears

Franklin D. Turner

Mrs. Frank Abbey

Mrs. Courtland Austin...

Mrs. William Clapp

Mrs. Lydia A. Sharp

Mrs. Walter White

Age.

62
66
61
72
103
83
68
75
72
80
62
80
60
75
84
67
64
67
81
71
70
83

Place of Eesidence.

Parma.

Columbia.

Jackson.

Sandstone.

Brooklyn.

Sandstone.

Brooklyn.

Leoni.

Blackman.

Napoleon.

Grass Lake.

Jackson.

Spring Arbor.

Pulaski.

Sandstone.

Eives.

Hanover.

Brooklyn.

In this list of sixty names are some of the first settlers of the county, and
while all have left their mark in its growth and prosperity, a few have exerted
a strong influence in making Jackson county what it is. John T. Durand
came to Jackson with the first families; saw the first cleariugs made, and as
a surveyor guided many of the settlers to their locations. His business as sur-
veyor made him acquainted with good locations, and early investments of this
kind made for him an ample fortune. Samuel 0. Knapp, coming some twelve
years later, by his energy and good judgment did much to develop the growth
of the city of Jackson. As a member of the Methodist Episcopal church of
Jackson, he contributed largely to the establishment of that church there, and
his influence has been felt in that denomination throughout the State. Wil-
liam Olapp, of Hanover, was one of the pioneers of the county, and at the
time of his death an officer of our local society. He was a man of sterling
integrity, honored and beloved by his fellow-citizens.

The number in the list would prevent a personal mention, even if I had
known them all, but I can say this : They did their work well. They cleared
the forests, subdued the soil, built houses, — in fact they have given us what we
have got to-day, one of the best counties in a State that has no superior in the
Union.

We loved them while with us, let us emulate their good deeds and honor
their memory.

308 PioisTEER Society of MicmaAi^.

KALAMAZOO COUNTY.
THE PIONEER PICNIC.

THE KALAMAZOO COUNTY PIONEERS OUT IN FORCE AT GALESBURG, ON SEPTEM-
BER 27th, 1883.

The long looked for pioneer picnic took place at Strattou's grove, at Gales-
burg, and drew together a great throng of those who remain of the men and
women who in an early daj came here and by their efforts made the then wil-
derness to become the magnificent country of to-day. Not only were the
patriarchs there, but with them came their children, grandchildren, and even
great grandchildren, and a sturdier concourse is seldom brought together.
Kalamazoo and the immediate vicinity was well represented. The special
train which left the Central depot at 10 :45, consisting of five coaches and a
baggage car, carried about 250 persons, and the run to Galesburg was made
in a little less than half an hour; a stop being made for passengers at Com-^
stock.

During the ride those who have not been in the country of late, had an
opportunity of seeing the effects of the continued drouth. The fields already
sown with wheat, and those in the course of preparation, looking dry and
brown, and wherever they were being worked the team was encompassed by a
cloud of dust.

The train on its arrival at Galesburg was met at the depot by the Galesburg
cornet band, who welcomed the guests with a very well rendered musical selec-
tion.

The grove was the objectiye point, and while many rode in various convey-
ances at hand, the majority took up the line of march on foot, the grove being
situated on the bank of the river about a mile from the depot. Here were
teams innumerable, the woods being literally full of them, and here under the
shade of the branching oaks the platform for the speakers had been erected*

The meeting was called to order by Hon. E. E. Miller, of Richland, who
called upon the Kev. Milton Bradley, of Richland, to offer prayer. After
music by the band, Mr. A. D. P. Van Buren, of Galesburg, made the fol-
lowing

address of welcome,

Mk. President, Pioneers of Kalamazoo County, and Fellow Citi"
ZENS: — It is my pleasant duty, in behalf of the citizens of Galesburg, to
welcome you all here to-day. And let the word welcome bear to you the old
message of hospitality it was wont to bear in times long past. This is the day
of our annual reunion — the red-letter day" for the old settlers when we are
inclined to revive the memories of our past history, and recount the achieve-
ments of the old soldiers who served in that famous campaign in the wilder-
ness here, some half century ago. There are many citizens here to-day, any
one of whose lives in this locality will embrace nearly the entire period of our
county's history. Our worthy president himself has witnessed most of the
changes that have been wrought in this region during the last forty-eight
years. Yes, we can say in true historic sense, '^Here are men who have come
down to us from a former generation" — among whom are Comings, Earl,

Kalamazoo County — Pioneer Picnic. 309

Clapp. the Ooreys, Flanders, Mills, Daniels, Keith, Whitcom, the Aldriches,
McClarys, Whitfords, Burdicks, Babcock, Freer, Bata, Johnson, Loveland,
Brown, Hawver, Smith, Knapp, Gray, Steward, Ralph, Mason, Lay, How-
land, Hoag, Deans, Hamiltons, Goes, Dunning, Taylor, and others — men who
came as pioneers in advance to this unreclaimed wilderness, '*and drew
civilization and internal improvements slowly after them;" men who boldly-
led the way to this rich heritage of ours, **and to an amplitude of ownership
that a prince might envy." This beautiful grove, in which we are now assem-
bled, is on the land located by that sturdy frontiersman, William Toland, in
1829, and which is now owned by our worthy townsman, Lucas Stratton, who
was an early pioneer to Portage county, Ohio. It is here, in such gatherings
as this, that the early settler, catching the spirit of the olden time, again feels
that "his foot is on his native heath," and that he is '^pioneering" once
more. It is here, I say, that he gets a touch of that old feeling that once
made this entire community a band of brothers. We should strive to keep
alive this genuine spirit of brotherhood, especially in these times when the love
of money-getting withdraws men from all social relations, and narrows life
down to a mere business channel. Let us continue to meet yearly, and to
*'eat salt," as of old, at our neighbor's board, and let it mean now,
as it ever did, lasting friendship and feality to each other. In this
respect, these picnics and kindred gatherings are to us what the Greek
games and festivals were to that people ; they established peace and brother-
hood among them, and, while they were observed, made them united and
unconquerable, John Adams, when over eighty years old, said to a neighbor
on whom he occasionally called: "I shall lengthen out my life a number of
years if I continue these visits to your home." He referred to this social
element as an elixir" whose virtues would prolong our existence. Let us,
then, continue these reunions. Let them be kept up while the old pioneers
yet live, and when those old familiar faces are gone, all gone," may their
sons and daughters continue the institution founded by their fathers, making
it useful to future generations. Again I welcome you here ; and suffer me to
repeat to you the words of Sir Walter Scott to our own Irving: ''There are
those among our friends whom we would ever remember as kith and kin and
ye are of them."

The address was responded to by Hon. Eli R. Miller, president of the
-association, as follows :

In the name and in behalf of the Pioneer society of Kalamazoo county,
I rise to thank the citizens of Galesburg and vicinity for this second invita-
tion to enjoy the hospitalities of our annual reunion, and for the welcome so
kindly and earnestly delivered by your excellent speaker. And to you, sir, I
know I may extend in behalf of the society the most abundant thanks for
your long continued interest and untiring industry, in redeeming from
oblivion so much valuable material for the future history of the county and
the State ; the annals of both county and State societies bear rich testimony
to your diligent research in this commendable labor.

There are now enrolled three hundred and eighteen members of the society
yet living — eight members having been removed by death since our last
annual gathering, to wit:

Oliver 0. Hill, born in Windham county, Vt,, 1803; removed to Oshtemo
in 1835, and died February 11, aged 80, for forty years a pioneer.

Col. Frederick W. Ourtenius, born in New York city, Sept., 1806; removed

310 Pioneer Society op Michigan.

to Kalamazoo, 1835; died June last, aged 77; a pioneer of the county for
48 years. Col. Ourtenius was one of the fifteen who attached their names to
the call for the meeting which organized this society.

Euphemia E. — wife of Neil Hines — born in New Jersey, Dec. 6, 1806;
removed to Oshtemo in 1836 ; died July last, aged 77; for 46 years a pioneer,

John Baker, born in Hampshire county, Mass., 1814, removed to Oshtemo
in 1837 ; died August last, aged 69, a pioneer for 44 years.

David Sargent, born in Monroe county, N. Y., 1819; date of removal to
Kalamazoo not recorded ; died early in this month, aged 64.

Benjamin Drake, born in Sussex county, N. J., 1787; removed to Oshtemo
in 1830; died in September, aged 96, for 53 years a pioneer of this county.

Amos Knerr, born 1813; removed to Kalamazoo in 1836; died in Septem-
ber, aged 70, for 47 years a pioneer.

Mrs. Cynthia, wife of Alfred Nevins, born in Haverhill, New Hampshire,
in 1802 ; removed to Richland in 1842 ; died March last, aged 81, a pioneer
41 years.

**The shadows lengthen as the day declines" and as we chronicle these
departures we bow our heads in reverential sadness. But yet the memory of
their example and noble achievements swells our bosoms with thanksgivings
and exultation, and their memory shall abide with us a fragrance, and a
hymn of praise until we too, shall join them on the crystal shore.

At the annual meeting held in June, 1873, a vote was passed on motion of
Mr. Dewing, that upon the death of a member the secretary shall give
immediate notice to all members of the society, and it shall be their duty to
attend the funeral of the deceased member.

A further vote was passed at that meeting, instructing the secretary to
make a memorial record of the death of the members of the society.

These resolutions have not been observed, and I trust at the next annual
meeting some action may be taken which will secure practical results for
this end. A memorial record furnished the secretary by the friends of the
deceased member would perhaps secure the end desired.

I trust the annual meeting for the election of officers, which is fixed by
the constitution on the second Wednesday of January, will not be forgotten,
but that a full attendance of the members will be gathered at Kalamazoo at
that time.

The next paper presented was by A. D. P. Van Biiren on

THE PETTIFOGGERS OF THE PIONEER PERIOD.

The word pettifogger means to do small business as a lawyer. In other
words, the genus pettifogger is a fledgling of the legal species that some-
times developes into a full attorney-at-law. We write of the preliminary
period of our judicial system, the pettifogging epoch, that ushered in the
lawyer era. This was during our territorial nonage, before our courts were
fully established, when the justices of the peace were appointed by the
governor, and when ''his honor/' the justice, the ''sworn six" and the
constable constituted all the court we had. Of course the pettifogger was in
vogue, in the new settlements where there were no lawyers, many years after
our courts were established. There were but few people here then; hard toil
kept them healthy and honest; but little law was wanted, and but little was
enacted by the legislatures. The "statutes" at that time were but a little
primer compared to the two ponderous volumes constituting our present

The Pioiteee Picnic.

311

''compiled laws." As there was no 'Miigher court" to appeal to, this prim-
ary court was the beginning and end of all pioneer litigation. Would that
time, money and public morals, could be saved from the damaging effects of
litigation now, as they were then. The pettifogger, lawyer and judge had an
easier time in the old days, than the same parties have at present. An emi-
nent legal authority says: "There is no labyrinth so intricate as the chaos
of local laws. The plan of putting a new legislative patch on the old gar-
ment has been pursued," year after year, till the old garment, patched and
altered, like "Hunk's coat," has been in and out of fashion more than
twenty times, making its condition to-day such, that it defies the ablest legal
expert to tell which part is now in vogue, and which is not. Consequently
he who starts a law suit in these degenerate days, must "tread the giddy
mazes" of an interminable legal dance. And if he ever gets through it, his
attorney "the fiddler," usually takes the larger part of the prize that the
poor victim has danced for. But, as we have said, it was different here in
the old days. There were then no professional men here, and the early
settler was sometimes forced to try his hand at law, as he did at the mechanic's
trade, school teaching, "doctoring," or any other business that must be done.
Hence the exigencies of the new settlement created the pettifogger, and he
was a much more useful man then, when he was really needed, than now,
when we have plenty of lawyers.

He was really useful at times, in aiding his neighbor to get out of a business
tangle, or some other unforeseen difficulty he had drifted into. On the whole,
we think the practice of these "untutored" barristers, before the old justice
court, conformed more to what Burke defined law to be, when he said: "Law
is benevolence acting by rule," than does the practice of our modern lawyers.

Many of the old pioneer pupils will remember that they used to have for
copy in their old writing books — " Lawyers' houses are built with fools'
money." That kind of money was not in vogue in the old times. There is
plenty of it in circulation now-a-days.

The Old Pettifoggers,

William Harrison, of Climax, son of the late Judge Bazil Harrison, was
a member of the old bar. His practice was before Squires Pierce and Holden
of Climax. He came here in 1830, and is yet living on the old farm where he
settled 53 years ago. Willard Lovell, father of Hons. E. T. and L. W. Lovell,
and brother of Hon. Cyrus Lovell, of Ionia, was another member of the old
Climax bar. He came here in 1832, died some time in the "forties." He
was a man of vigorous intellect, and had the making of an able lawyer in him,
but was content to remain a farmer. Isaac Pierce of Climax, so long known
as "Squire Pierce," was, in his best days, one of the ablest justices who ever
served his township. He was also a member of the Climax bar. He came
here in 1838, and died a few years ago. The contests he has had with Major
Lovell in the old justice court are well remembered by the early settlers.
Gen. Horace H. (Jomstock, who came here in 1832, and died many years ago
in New York, was a distinguished member of this legal fraternity, and pleaded
in the courts at Comstock and Galesburg. His old opponent, Geo. L. Gale,
I think, came here a lawyer. Alpha Tubbs of Charleston, brother of Lyman
Tubbs, came here in the thirties and died a few years ago at South Haven.
He occasionally "pettifogged a case" in the early courts in this vicinity. Dr.
James Harris, one of the early and prominent pioneers to Charleston, and

812

Pioneer Society oe MicHiaAisr.

a maa of varied attainments outside of iiis profession, was one of the old
pettifoggers. The doctor had a fluent tongue and ready words, and, His said
that he had much tact in managing a jury, and in handling a witness. But
of all the members of this old court, none have been longer in practice than.
Conrad Eberstein of Brady. He came from Germany in 1833, settling with
his father's family on Goguac prairie, Calhoun Co. Many years ago he
removed to Brady, where he yet lives. Ooonrod," as he is familiarly called,
has practiced in most of the justice courts in this part of the State. His good
memory, native wit, and tact have aided him much in managing a case. He
has often been deputed to attend to suits in the country, for the leading law-
yers of Battle Creek and -Kalamazoo, and may properly be called the "attor-
ney general" of the old primary court. His brother George, of Scotts, has
been a pettifogger of late years. Orra Bush, of Charleston, another old petti-
fogger, practiced before Justices Geo. Davis and S. Howland from 1840 to
1864, in Charleston and Ross. He has been counsel in some one hundred
suits in this old court. He now lives in Kalamazoo. E. W. Hewitt, formerly
of Hickory Corners, now of Augusta, began here as a pettifogger, and is well
known throughout this region. He is a man of extensive reading, and there
is material in him for an able lawyer, had he chosen to develop it. Orrin
Page, years later, was another of this tribe. He and Marsh Giddings have
had "many a bout" in the justice court at Galesburg. B. F. Traverse, of
Augusta, was another of the late pettifoggers in this vicinity. R. G. Smith,
though not of the old class of pettifoggers, yet his name deserves mention for
his long practice here in our justice courts. He is now a full-fledged attorney-
at-law.

Anecdotes.

Willard Lovell, or, as ho was usually called, Major Lovell, often had
" Squire Pierce " as a competitor in a legal content. The "Squire," in his
younger days, had a penchant for learned words. He was one

" Who on scraps of learning dote,

And think they grow immortal as they quote."

In a suit they were trying before Squire John Holden, he used many learned
words, and they came in rather faulty grammatical order. To quote the old
expression, "he gave the court and jury the raw material and let them
' gramrnarize ' it to suit themselves." After he had been speaking to the
jury sometime, Major Lovell thus addressed the court: "Your Honor, I
object to my opponent's murdering the King's English at this rate. I have
yet to make my plea, and unless he stops soon, as I cannot speak in any other
tongue, there will be no language for me to talk to this jury in."

At one time William Harrison, or "Uncle Billy," as ho is commonly called,
was pleading his own case against his old neighbor, Seth Fletcher, before
Squire Pierce. In the trial Fletcher claimed an off-set for the amount of one
load of lumber. Uncle Billy demanded proof that the lumber was ever deliv-
ered to him. Hale, Fletcher's son-in-law, was the counsel on the other side.
After Hale had finished on his part, Billy, stepping forward, said: "Stand
aside and let Lawyer Harrison make his plea." This he did in plain, direct
words, and so effectually that he gained his case.

The next day Uncle Billy called on Squire Pierce and asked to see his docket.
Turning to his case he requested the Squire to give "old Fletch" credit for

The Pioneer Picnic.

313

tweoty-five dollars, the price of a load of lumber. *'But," says the Squire,
" you did not receive the lumber." Yes I did/' says Billy, "but he did not
prove that he delivered it." '*Then why didn't you acknowledge its delivery
at the trial yesterday?" ^'Ah,"' says Uncle Billy, '^I was in for the fight
then, and it wouldn't do to let up while I had *old Fietch' down, for I wanted
to whale the old cuss.; so endorse twenty-five dollars as paid ; that's fair. He
delivered the lumber if he didn't prove it. Give him credit, that's right."

Mr. Frank Little then read the following paper, prepared by Hon. E. R.
Miller, in memory of

JOHN" F. GILKEY.

What a pioneer was John F. Gilkey ! He came from Chester, Vermont, to
Richland, Michigan, in the strength of his manhood, being then 33 years of
age. The family, consisting of his father and mother, sister Harriet and
brother Charles, came the year following, while the brother next to John F.,
William Youngs, came the succeeding year, the entire family presenting an
array of muscle, grit, energy, and enterprise seldom equaled in these or any
other days. John F., who was the operator for the family, with great care
-selected and entered of the government, some 1,300 acres of choice prairie and
opening land on the north fiide of Gull Prairie, as a home farm, and immedi-
ately commenced clearing, plowing, fencing, and building; in the meantime •
exploring and entering desirable government lands in Ross, Climax, Comstock,
and Cooper, in this county, as well as large tracts in other counties, amount-
ing to over 7,000 acres choice lands. Finding it difficult to procure lumber
for building, he erected a saw-mill at the outlet of Gull lake in 1833, and
subsequently purchased the flouring mill built by Tillotson Barnes on the
same water power. To facilitate the growth of the settlement he purchased
and drove in from adjoining States, herds of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine,
from year to year, as the demands of settlement or his own convenience
required (the writer having made one horseback trip with him, in quest of
cattle and horses, of over 1,700 miles, extending to New Madrid, in Missouri).
In the selection of stock — which in an early date were only the native breeds —
Mr. Gilkey possessed rare good judgment, so that his cattle (which came to be
known as the Gilkey breed) were for size and muscle inferior to none. A story
is told of Wm. Y. : In breaking in a huge four-year-old steer, he lassoed him,
and with the strength of Hercules, had got him by the nose and horn, when
the steer managed to give his tormenter a savage blow with his heels. Youngs
seized Mr. Steer's nose with his teeth, and as the blood started, and the steer
bellowed, he earnestly inquired, "well, who begun it?"

Although not a religious man, Mr. Gilkey was behind none in contributing
to build churches and school-houses, and not a few barrels of flour were rolled
out of the old mill at Yorkville to families who were in want. Indeed, sym-
pathy with those in trouble was in him characteristic. And many a man in
the county north, now living in comfort and affluence, could testify to the

helping hand" of John F. Gilkey, when the wolf was at the door.

He was a successful man in most business enterprises in which he engaged,
because he brought to his aid a cool head, and indomitable energy, and indus-
try. A story is told illustrating his pluck: One winter in an early day, pro-
visions were very low at Grand Rapids, and Mr. Gilkey started a drove of hogs
ior that market. News of his approach had preceded him, and on his arrival,
40

314 PioNEEB Society op MiCHiGAisr.

by preconcert of the dealers, no one would buy except at very low figures. Mr.
Gilkey quietly circulated around in the evening, and bought up all the salt in
the village, and next hired men and began to butcher, and pack his pork.
This brought the speculators to terms and his pork sold at good prices.

The last great enterprise which engaged head, heart, and hand was in. the
construction of the Ooldwater & Lake Michigan railway. A considerable part
of the portion running through Richland was built by himself, and this when
he was over 70 years of age. How much we all regret he did not live to see
this work completed and enjoy a ride upon their first passage through the
town. He died at the age of 84, having been a pioneer for 47 years.

Rev. Milton Bradley then read the following sketch of one of the most
famous of the early pioneers,

KEY. MASOK KKAPPEN".

The fathers, where are they? "Finished their course, and crowned," yet
with us. They came to this county 55 years ago, in the strength of their
years, bringing a handful of seed corn, which had been ripening on the hills
of New England for two centuries, and planted it beside all waters, and every
kernel of that corn germinated for 30, or 60, or a 100 fold, as now
developed in farms, beautiful homes, schools and churches, and all the ele-
I ments of a Christian civilization. AH honor to the fathers and mothers of
that generation. These are the evidences of their worth and immortality.

Rev. Mason Knappen and family came to Richland in 1833, from Hines-
burg, Vermont. Half a century before, the Knappen family emigrated from
Washington, Ct. He had been pastor of two or three churches in Vermont,
covering a period of 30 years — a leading Congregational minister after the
pattern of Edwards and Dwight, granite from the Lord's quarries, with the
finish of the master workman upon it. He was a part of the Hinsdale
colony, having been associated with the Hinsdales at the east. He was found
equal to the burdens and work of a new country, which called out all the
earnestness and energy of his nature. When he left his church in Hines-
burg he did not expect to be able to devote himself entirely to the work of
the ministry, but to take it up as he should have health and opportunity, in
the territory of Michigan. Consequently he gave himself largely to outdoor
pursuits, preached and organized churches, and constantly manifested his
interest in the old work. Some of his addresses in religious meetings were
of a superior order, and I have often listened to him with great interest when
his religious nature was deeply moved and he told us the old story in his
earnest, vigorous manner.

We remember him as genial and considerate with his friends, and ready to
aid the unfortunate. No wayfarer ever went away hungry from his door, and
he was known for his ready and generous hospitality.

A tradition has come down to us, somewhat mythical it may be, that he
loved the horse — a good horse, for driving or for the saddle. I find in an old
record of those times the following statement: In November, lb43, he was
invited to preach in Battle Creek, at the dedication of the first church erected
in that town. He made the trip on horseback, in . company with a friend,
and the cheer of the ride through the wilderness was like an inspiration for
the church service before him. All the land — the forest and the stream, the
settlers' cabins, and the pioneer families, of that morning ride, came into

In Memoriam.

315

that dedication service ; then home and rest. At another time with a son
and this same friend, he drove from Battle Creek to Hastings. Each man
drove his own team. The road was new and rough. Knowing his readiness
for any enjoyment which might be found in the ride, his companions were
somehow willing to take advantage of such methods of driving as might tax
his skill and forbearance. Unfortunately for him, in collision with some
rock, or stump, or slough, a wheel came off and he came to grief ; making
his entrance into Hastings riding a fence rail. The story was told that he
was a careless driver and had been worsted by the young men. This was put
on record for any future emergency, when his judgment of the horse or his
skill in horsemanship should be on trial.

It is rumored that his sons and grandsons have a like fellowship with the
horse, and that the old type of driving has never quite died out.

But neither with him nor with them has this fellowship with the noble
beast degenerated into the strife and gambling of the race-course. The
nobleness of his character was never stained by any such contaminations.
These were only the genial recreations of his active life.

While he did not claim to excel in general scholarship, he was familiar
with the current history of the times, and kept up his reading to the last.
He was thoroughly familiar with ail questions relating to the condition of this
country and the nations. He understood the work and growth of the church,
and was deeply interested in its extension into every part of the earth, espe-
cially the home department. He took an advanced position on all questions
of mission work and reform, and was known by his friends to believe and
declare, in any presence, that all men of every race are entitled to life, lib-
erty, and the pursuit of happiness; that while instruction, renovation, and
righteousness should be secured at any cost for our own citizens, the same
work should encircle the earth. He loved the discussions which grew out of
these questions, and his antagonists found occasion to look well to the logic
of their facts. His practical New England theology compelled him to these
plans and work. His Pauline, Knox, and Calvin companionship led him to
these earnest convictions, study and defense of the mission truths, which he
had been studying for 50 years. He was wont to say that the sovereignty of
nations rested on the being and sovereignty of God, and was wont to glory
in the thought that the same Infinite Father cared for him and the sparrow.
Impulsive, generous, fearless, he went forward in duties, embarrassments,
and burdens. Those who knew him best, and were admitted without reserve
to the fellowship of his home, and inner life, especially young men, learned
to respect and love him, and to know that the old truths he had taught were
moulding his spiritual nature, that the love of Christ more than all else, did
constrain him and lead him forward to the Father's bouse.

IN MEMORIAM.

BY A. D. P. VAN BUEBK.

Mrs. Maria Mills Upjohk, youngest daughter of the late Deacon Simeon •
Mills, of Kichland, was born in at Orangeville, Wyoming county, N. Y.

Her father's family removed from Orangeville to Ann Arbor, Michigan, in.
18'26, and to Gull Prairie, Kalamazoo county, in 1831, where most of her life
in Michigan was spent. She was converted when yoang, at her home on the

316

Pioneer Society of MiCHiaA][sr.

prairie, by the preaching of. Eev. Luther Humphrey. In the year 1837, she
was married in Kichland, to Dr. Uriah Upjohn; and died at her home in that
place of typhoid pneumonia, on the 17fch of February, 1882, in the 60th year
of her age. Thus, with the exception of a few years, her life in this state was
spent at the family home on Gull Prairie. Daring the pioneer days — that
ordeal period in which the noblest characters were developed, Mrs. Upjohn
was the faithful wife and mother to her large family. Ever hopeful amid
severe trials, and fruitful in expedients, she was of great aid and comfort to
her husband who was for so many years the only physician in the new settle-
ment. The spirit of perseverance and thrift pervaded her household. It was
here, amid the hardships .of those early days, that her best qualities were dis-
played ; it was here that her industry brought her family through the hard
times; that her fortitude stayed them; that her frugality lengthened out
their small stores; that her cheerfulness brightened the dark hours; that her
courage brought comfort and hope in sickness and distress.

We have, in Mrs. Upjohn' s life, the finest type of the mother, as outlined
in that scriptural passage, She looketh well to the ways of her household,"
for with her, 'Mocking well to the ways of her household" included the edu-
cation and training of her children. If there is any parental duty neglected
in our American households, it is the training of children. When their phy-
sical wants are supplied and they are on the way to school, they are supposed
to be cared for, and here paternal duty generally ceases. No thought is given
as to who instructs them, or in what or how much they are instructed, thus
neglecting the most essential thing in their education — the importance of
•starting right.

" Children like tender osiers take the bow,
And as they first are fashioned always grow."

A child may be educated and not trained. To train is to direct, mould,
fashion and keep in the right way. Mere education does not do this. The
scripture does not say educate, but train a child in the way he should go, and
when he is old ho will not depart from it.

The plants in your garden demand training at your hands, and if they do
not get it, their stunted growth fiaunts you with your neglect. And does not
the intellectual and moral deformity in your children, by neglect of proper
training, point unmistakably to your dereliction of duty?

1 know of nothing more beautiful in a household than to see, as the result
of paternal duty, the children attaining their full educational, moral, and
spiritual growth. This Mrs. Upjohn as a mother, strove to accomplish. One
who knew her well wrote in the published notice of her death, this character-
istic passage : She devoted her life to her husband and children, instilling
into the minds of the latter, ideas of thoughtfulness and self-culture which
have made them prominent members of the community in which they have
been called to move." This is literally true. What is so potent in the house-
hold as the true mother in whom the characterizing quality of genius is so
like to dwell?'' Here is that mystic power that transforms the plastic mind
into a likeness of its own. We see this in the marked individuality of her
character, which also characterizes her children. From her they learned to
think, act and do for themselves, to be self-reliant. Thus each child was
trained into full^ developed womanhood or manhood. This is the highest and
most valuable attainment in home life — the art of knowing hoiu to manage
for one's self in th« world.

To THE State Pioneer Society. 817

And we would add that Dr. Upjohn was as devoted as his wife to the
important task of securing a thorough education for their children.

There were twelve children, eight daughters and four sons, eleven of whom
grew to adult years.

Helen Maria, the oldest, graduated from the medical department of the
University at Ann Arbor. She is now Mrs. Hugh Kirkland, and practicing in
her profession at Kalamazoo.

Mary N. graduated in the Pharmacy class at the University ; is now Mrs.
William Sidnam, and lives at Hastings, Mich.

Alice, educated at the Seminary on Gull Prairie, and at the Normal School
at Ypsilanti, married Eev. Wright Barrett, of the M. E. Church. Kev. Mr.
Barrett is a member of the Michigan Methodist Conference, and his work is
in different parts of the State.

-Henry U. got his diploma of M. D. from the medical department of our
University; married Millie, the daughter of Wm. C Kirby, of Charleston,
and is now practicing his profession in Kalamazoo. His wife also is a gradu-
ate from the medical department of the University.

Virginia, died in 1870, while the family were living at Calesburg.

Amelia graduated in the pharmacy class of the State University. She and
her sister Mary, were the first female graduates from the department of phar-
macy in our University. She married Dr. Archibald Campbell, of Fulton,.
Ohio, at which place she died.

Sarah, educated at Ann Arbor, married Kev. John Redpath, Presbyterian
minister, now located near Petoskey.

Ida was educated at the Union School in Ann Arbor. She married James
Hayward, who graduated a civil engineer from the University, and was
drowned while in the United States service. His wife died in Kalamazoo.

William E., graduated from the medical department of the University. He
married Eachel, daughter of Dr. 1. J. Babcock, of Kalamazoo, and is prac-
tising his profession in Hastings.

Frederick L. and James, both educated at the Union School in Kalamazoo,
have taken the management of the home farm in Kichland, and with them
their father resides.

TO THE STATE PIONEER SOCIETY.
BY HEKRY BISHOP. .

Has the great change that has taken place within the past fifty years been'
of as great advantage as the opportunity offered? Have we made the best use
of the knowledge we have gained? Are we using justly the vast invention&
and improvements of that time, and are they justly enjoyed by all? The
producer and the laborer, if they ride or furnish freight for our railroads, not
only pay their own full share of the expense, but they must pay for the mil-
lionaire and other dead-heads that ride in palace cars at their expense'.

The same injustice is meted out in other matters. Men too often use the
great advantages of the education which the public has furnished them to get a
living by their wits instead of their hands. The number we are educating for
the professions is vastly out of proportion to that of other useful employments.
It's a fast age; the most useless stands at the head if only fast or excels at
gaming. The horse that can trot a mile the quickest is valued by thousands.

318 PiojfEER Society of Michigan^.

while the valuable work horse is valued by hundreds. The fast horse is of no
use only to eat up what the work horse has produced, and as a general prin-
ciple, it is of little advantage to the world at large whether the horse's speed
is two minutes or ten to the mile. If it could be tested without jockeying or
gambling it would be much less objectionable. Every species of amusement
is turned to gambling. The game of base-ball that used to be resorted to by
students and men of sedentary habits, is now turned into the worst kind of a
gambling game, and is destroying for any useful employment a large number
of our young men whose great strength and physical endurance enable them
to excel at this game, and who, in a few years, are turned out of this employ-
ment a mere wreck of their former self, and are then much more likely to
engage in keeping a saloon and a gambling house than to engage in any use-
ful employment.

If the Pioneer Society can only induce those who are to take their places to
start right, by referring them to what they had to accomplish to enable them
to give their children the advantages of an education, which if properly used,
will make useful men and women of them, they will have done their duty
towards them. Nothing should satisfy them better with their present lot than
to be told how their parents had to live in the first settlement of the State.

If the sons who are now wanting to leave the old home to live by a profes-
sion could realize how hard father had to work to get the farm in a condition
to support the family, they would not consider it so much of a hardship if
they are called upon to remain at home and take the laboring oar, and let
father enjoy that rest from labor which old age requires. And the daughters
should feel the same towards mother; and if she cannot have as nice a silk
dress, with as many furbelows on it, or as stylish a hat with a stuffed bird on
it as the city girls have, she should console herself with her present lot, when
compared with her mother's, who felt contented and happy when she had rea-
lized enough from the sale of poultry and butter and eggs to purchase herself
a good gingham dress and a pair of calfskin shoes. The dress was then all
made by hand, but I doubt if as much work was then laid out on it with the
needle by hand as is now, over and above what can be done with the sewing
machine. Teach the boys and girls while young how to earn their own living,
and then when they arrive at the age that requires it of them, it will not be
looked upon as a hardship.

Let us then as pioneers, by precept and example, try to benefit the rising
generation by setting them good examples; let us be honest in our dealings
with one another; keep out of bucket shops and all other gambling dens, and
out of that other shop where nothing larger than tumblers are used, but if
used too often, is more destructive to human happiness than all other causes
combined. Let fathers and mothers try and make home the pleasantest place
in the world for their children, by furnishing them all reasonable recreations
and amusements, with reading matter to teach them what is going on in the
outside world, and they will grow up a happy, contented, and prosperous
family.

Kalamazoo, Jimc, 1883.

Kent County,

319

MEMOEIAL REPORT.
BY HENEY BISHOP.

Obituary notice of pioneers of Kalamazoo county since June 1882 :

Oliver 0. Hill — died Feb. 11, 1883, aged 79 years and 8 months. Mr.
Hill was a farmer, and a very intelligent man.

Daniel Fisher — died March 27, 1883, in the 70fch year of his life. He was
a nobleman by nature; many of the early settlers remember the kind offices
performed by him as a careful nurse in sickness.

JoB.:^ Grose — died in April, 1883, aged 70 years,

Jesse M. Grose — died June 3, J 883, aged 73 years.

These two brothers were farmers, and had lived for the last forty-five years
within one mile of each other. Their father, together with themselves and two
brothers-in-law, purchased about 200 acres of land, mostly on credit, when they
came to Michigan, and by the united efforts of the family soon paid for it ;
and the the two brothers now deceased, by industry and economy, increased
their broad acres so as to enable them to leave to each of their children a good
farm, owning together over eight hundred acres thus divided. They were
among the pioneers who, by the labor of their own hands, have helped to
make our beautiful State a home of which we feel justly proud.

IsIaisCY Browk — died Oct. 22, 1882, aged 87 years; a resident of Michigan
for over 50 years. She was mother of Hon. Stephen F. Brown.

IsTathaniel Kilgore — farmer; aged 63 years.

H. 0. BuRHHAM — aged 84 years.

Orrejs" Pattersox.

Alexander Glynn — farmer.

Dr. William H. Fox — Schoolcraft.

Isaac Simmons — farmer.

Eli Harrison — farmer.

Dr. Moses Porter.

Samuel E. Walbridge— miller ; son of Hon. D. S. Walbridge.
Gharles Hope.
Alphonzo Boughton.
William Scudder — farmer.

Many in the above list are worthy of special notice, but from my limited
acquaintance with them, I am unable to furnish it and do them justice.

KENT GOUNTY.
OUR BAlsrKS.

the old national, eourth national, city national, grand rapids
national, and the sayings, — what they are and the men who
ha7e made them.

From the Grand Rapids Saturday Globe, December 8, 1883.

As every man and woman in Grand Rapids and the immediate vicinity —
whether rich or poor — is directly or remotely interested in our banks, the
great money centers here, reporters for the Saturday Globe have invested
much conscientious labor in the preparation of the following article.

320

Pioneer Society of Michkja]?!.

The history of the banking system in Grand Rapids, dates back so far as-
1839, and forms an important link in the chain woven about the ^'Valley
City/' and its rapid growth as a commercial center. In the primitive ages of
Grand Rapids the settlers were wont to look upon a ^^coonskin'' in the same
light as we now gaze upon a bank bill, inasmuch as it was a commodity and
answered every purpose in bargain or sale. It is an enjoyable feast to gain
the attention of one of the *' old settlers " and listen to him, as for hours he
will dilate upon the primitive condition of the banks in an early day. Old,
tumble-down frame rookeries appeared to be first choice with the bankers,
and where to-day the institutions are all provided with ample room, in those
days, cramped, musty, diugy quarters seemed to best suit the money lenders.
The capacious apartments now used by the several banks, stand as monuments
to a steady, progressive, enterprising city.

PRIMITIVE BANKS.

During the years 1839-40, the Grand River bank, located in the county
offices, on Bridge street, flourished, with John Almy as president and Wm.
A. Richmond as cashier. Jealous of the success of the institution, Louis-
Oampau, Sini^' Johnson, and George Ooggeshall attempted to start a rival
house, located in the second story, or attic, over Smith & Evans' store, about
where the west part of the Luce block now stands. ^'The People^s" bank,
as it was called, had plates engraved and put bills in circulation, the reputed
capital stock of the concern being $100,000. Being unable to produce to the
bank examiner the necessary amount of deposits, it was finally decided by
him to give the bank one month to make up the deficiency, John Ball in the
meantime to act as receiver. The bank never succeeded in its endeavors and
prior to 1842 both banks had gone out of existence. Johnson flourished for a
time as editor of the Grand River Times, and afterwards became a leading
Washington politician. The officers of the institution have long since been
garnered by the reaper and peacefully sleep with their fathers.

"WM. J. WELLES.

The first bank or exchange office was opened in 1852 by Wm. J. Welles, he
being located at the corner of Monroe and Justice (now Ottawa) streets, in
the room occupied at present by the Union ticket office. In 1856 he removed
to a frame building on Pearl street, located where the entrance to the Arcade
is now. He continued in business until May, 1861, when he made an assign-
ment to James Miller. In contrast with the failures of the present day, it is
well to place the fact upon record that Welles ultimately succeeded in liqui-
dating in full every debt with interest. He died suddenly in 1874.

DANIEL BALL.

In 1853 Daniel Ball began the transaction of a general banking business, in
the attic of a wooden warehouse, located about where the office of the Old
National bank now stands. The panic of 1857 proved a death-blow to his
prospects, and though lie weathered the storm until October, 1861, he could
not successfully continue the enterprise. Solomon L. Withey (now U. S,
District Judge) and Byron D. Ball were the assignees, and wound up the
business of the bank. Like Wm. J. Welles, Daniel Ball paid every creditor
in full.

Our Banks.

321

RA VILLA H. WELLS.

During a portion of the years 1857-1859, one Ravilla H. Wells, carried on
a banking business in the city. His career was short and be went away sud-
denly, leaving many creditors with aching hearts and empty pockets. He is
now said to be residing somewhere on the Pacific coast.

MARTIN L. SWEET.

In December, 1861, M. L. Sweet reopened the old office of Daniel Ball, and
until the organization of the First National bank, March 10, 1864, continued
to transact a general banking business when it became a part of that institu-
tion.

LEDYARD & ALDRICH

opened a private bank in 1860, and in the fall of the same year Henry
Fralick purchased the interest of M. V. Aldrich. The firm of Ledyard &
Fralick continued in business until 1865, when the business was transferred
to the City National bank.

HOLDBN- & BATES.

On January 1, 1869, Holden & Bates, then operating an insurance office,
opened in connection therewith a savings department, which formed the
nucleus of the present Grand Rapids Savings bank.

E. P. & S. L. FULLER.

In the spring of 1868 E. P. & S. L. Fuller came to this city from New
York State, and after building a block at No. 54 Canal street, opened a private
bank. Business continued to increase with the firm until the summer of
1876, when, owing to illness of the senior member, the firm decided to retire
from active commercial life.

GRAFE & DENNIS.

The business of E. P. & S. L. Fuller was turned over to their former
cashier, H. H. Dennis, who at once associated with himself Peter Graff, Jr.,
of Pennsylvania. Under the firm name of Graff & Dennis they continued
the business until 1879 when they became a part of the Farmers & Mechanics'
bank.

MOSES V. ALDRICH.

On February 18, 1871, Moses V. Aldrich resumed the business of banking,
in the room now occupied by the Union ticket office. March 24, 1875, he
removed to the Aldrich block, on the southeast corner of the same street,
and continued in business until the time of his death, after which the bank
was reorganized and became the Grand Rapids National.

RANDALL & DARRAGH.

In the fall of 1873, L. H. Randall associated himself with J. 0. Darragh,
and under the firm name of Randall & Darragh transacted a private banking
business until 1879, when they became a part of the Farmers and Mechanics'
bank.

322 Pioi^EER Society of MiCHiaAN.

DAVID L. LATOURETTE.

About May 1, 1870, one David L. Latourette opened a private banking
institution in the McEeynolds block, and by means of promises of heavy rates
of interest succeeded in securing some $75,000 from depositors. In a short
time he turned up missing. Where he went to no one was ever able to say,
but from all the Grlobe can learn, he languishes beneath some orange tree in a
tropical atmosphere, while his creditors are obliged to pass their lives in a
bleak Michigan climate.

FARMERS AND MECHANICS.

The Farmers and Mechanics' bank was organized February 1, 1 879, its
nucleus being the private banking institutions of Eandall & Darragh and
GraS St Dennis. The capital stock of the concern was $100,000, and was
officered as follows :

L. H. Randall, president; H. H. Dennis, vice-president; J. 0. Darragh,
cashier.

The concern went out of business January 18, 1882, but during its existence
the bank paid good dividends to its stockholders.

OUE PRESENT BANKS.
OLD NATIONAL.

The First, as it was originally called, dates its organization to March 10,
1884, when, with a capital of 150,000 paid in (considered a heavy sum at that
time), its doors were first opened to the public. M. L. Sweet was chosen
president and Harvey J. HoUister cashier. In 1867, the capital stock was
increased to $200,000, and again in 1871 to $400,000.

The charter of the bank having run out, it was reorganized and rechartered
February 24, 1883, with a capital stock of $400,000, and dubbed with its
present title, the Old National bank. At a meeting held July 1, 1883, the
capital stock was increased to $600,000, and again on September 1 to $800,000.
The deposits of the bank at the present time are over $1,600,000.

S. L. Withey is its president, J. M. Barnett, vice-president, and H. J. Hol-
lister, cashier. The following gentlemen constitute its board of directors: S.
L. Withey, W. E. Shelby, M. L. Sweet, John Clancy, Willard Barnhart,
Joseph Heald, J. M. Barnett, S. W. Osterhout, D. H. Waters, H. C. Akeley,
F. Loettgert, J. H. Martin, and Harvey J. Hollister.

The following are the employes of tlie institution : Hoyt G. Post, first or
paying teller, with a record of twenty-two years' standing in the bank or its
predecessor; Charles F. Pike, receiving teller; Alonzo B. Porter, first
accountant; Joseph Hornor, second accountant; Charles F. G-rinnell, collec-
tion and correspondence clerk; C. H. Johnson, J. B. Wilson, Edward Best,
and Joseph Penny, clerical assistants. The vice-president, J. M. Barnett,
gives his entire attention to the details of the bank.

FOURTH NATIONAL.

This bank was organized and commenced business January 19, 1882, with
a capital of $300,000, with the following officers: President, A. B. Watson;
Vice President, A. J. Bowne ; Cashier, I. M. Weston ; Directors, A. B. Wat-

Our Present Banks.

323

son, A. J. Bowne, I. M. Weston, James M. Nelson, Wm. Sears, George 0.
Pierce, James Blair, D. A. Blodgett, and George W. Gay.

On July 18, 1883, H. P. Baker was made assistant cashier. January 23,
1883, T. Stewart White was elected director in place of James M. Nelson,
deceased, since which time no other changes have been made.

The working force of the bank is as follows: I. M. Weston, cashier;
H. P. Baker, assistant cashier; Homer W. Nash, paying teller; Fred K.
Baker, receiving teller ; Tom M. Pierce, chief book-keeper ; Lincoln Bowen,
assistant book-keeper; John A. Seymour, assistant; J. Brooks Garnsey,
collecting clerk.

This is the youngest bank in the city, and is the depository for the county,
city, and Board of Education.

Next season a new building for its use will be erected on the northwest
corner of Canal and Lyon streets. I. M. Weston, the cashier, is also presi-
dent and principal owner of the First National bank at Whitehall, Mich.
Hon. A. J. Bowne, vice-president, is also president of the Hastings National
bank at Hastings, Mich., the First National bank at Eaton Rapids, Mich.,
the First National bank of Larimore, Dakota, and senior partner in the
banking firm of Bowne & Combs, Middleville, Mich. D. A. Blodgett, of the
board of directors, is senior partner in the banking house of D. A. Blodgett &
Co., of Cadillac.

The Fourth National has paid four or five per cent semi-annual dividends,
and accumulated $40,000 of surplus and earnings since its organization a year
ago last January.

CITY KATIOKAL.

The City National bank began business March 1, 1865^ with a paid up
capital stock of $50,000, which on January 1, was increased to $100,000.
The first board of directors was made up as follows :

W. B. Ledyard, Henry Fralick, Ransom E. Wood, James M. Nelson, R. C.
Luce, John W. Pierce, James Miller, George Kendall, and Thomas D. Gilbert,
many of whom yet retain their positions, it appearing to be the policy of the
stockholders to keep tried and true men. Mr. T.D. Gilbert, was chosen as the
first president of the bank, J. Frederick Baars as cashier, and Edward H.
Hunt as paying teller. These officers have continued to hold their respective
offices up to the present time, and largely to their efforts may the fact that
the bank holds the position it now does, be attributed. Upon several occasions
the capital stock has been increased, until now it aggregates $300,000, and the
records of the bank show deposits amounting to nearly $1,000,000. In addi-
tion to this the bank has accumulated a surplus of $300,000 and paid regular
dividends to its stockholders. The following gentlemen constitute the present
board of directors.

Thomas D. Gilbert, George Kendall, Frank B. Gilbert, Ransom C. Luce,
Henry Fralick, J. C. FitzGerald, Julius Houseman, L. D. Putnam, and Noyes
L. Avery. Following is the clerical force of the institution : Edward H.
Hunt, assistant cashier and paying teller; Otis H. Babcock, with a record of
thirteen years in the bank's employ, receiving teller ; John R. Stewart, gen-
eral book-keeper; Charles H. Harrington, individual book-keeper; George H.
Raymond, correspondence clerk; Fred. Ball, collection clerk; George
Schrader, note clerk ; Charles W. Shepard, exchange clerk, and S. M. McKee,
draft and mail clerk. The bank occupies commodious quarters in its own

324 ^ PioisrEER Society of Michigan.

buildiug on the corner of Pearl and Monroe streets, and is ranked as among
the solid institutions of the city.

GRAND RAPIDS NATIONAL.

Soon after the death of Mr. M. V. Aldrich, the private banking institution
formerly managed by him, was reorganized under the banking law, and with
a capital stock of 1200,000. On March 9, 1880, the Grand Rapids National
bank began its existence, with the following officers :

0. H. Bennett, president; Freeman Godfrey, vice president; T. C. Sher-
wood, cashier; Edwin Hoyt, Jr., assistant cashier. The following gentlemen
comprised the original -board of directors: 0. H. Bennett, Edwin F. Uhl,
Paul Steketee, Freeman Godfrey, Wm. G. Herpolsheimer, George H. Long,
W. B. Ledyard, I. M. Clark, and Enos Putnam.

On April 1, 1882, the capital stock was increased to $300,000, and again
August 1, 1883, to $500,000, and the bank numbers among its customers
some of the best firms in the city. Edwin F. Uhl is the present president of
the bank, Freeman Godfrey, vice president, and Wm. Widdicomb, cashier.
Since its organization but two changes have been made in the board of direc-
rectors, and those by reason of death and withdrawal, which as now consti-
tuted consists of Messrs. Edwin F. Uhl, Joseph Houseman, George T. Kim-
ball, Freeman Godfrey, M. J. Clark, Enos Putnam, George H. Long, M.
Englemann, D. H. Waters, W. G. Herpolsheimer, Charles S. Hazeltine,
Thomas D. Stimson, Wm. Widdicomb. The following are the employes of
the bank: E. Hoyt, Jr., assistant cashier; Nathan M. Brisbin, chief book-
keeper; F. M. Davis, paying teller; Wm. Foote, receiving teller; Charles B.
Hooker, correspondence and collection clerk; Wm. Fowle, assistant book-
keeper; Zach. Aldrich, L. D. Osborn, and A. S. Hicks, clerks. Messrs.
Hoyt and Brisbin have been connected with the bank since its first organ-
ization by Mr. Aldrich, and are looked upon as monuments to the integrity
of the institution.

GRAND RAPIDS SAVINGS.

On April 1, 1870, with the private banking institution of Holden & Bates as
a nucleus, a number of capitalists met and formed the Grand Rapids Savings
bank, with A. X. Cary as president, and M. W. Bates, as treasurer, the paid
up capital stock being $50,000. In 1872, the bank was re-organized under a
new act of the Legislature, its officers remaining the same, save that the title
of Bates, as treasurer, was changed to the modern one of cashier. In 1873
the capital stock was increased to $100,000, and on January 1, 1879, reduced
to $50,000, its present basis. In 1874 George W. Allen succeeded M. W. Bates
as cashier, holding the position until 1879, when he was succeeded by D. B.
Shedd. On June 1, 1879, Isaac Phelps was elected to succeed Cary as presi-
dent, and M. S. Crosby was elected vice president at the same meeting.

The bank is now managed by the following board of directors: Isaac
Plielps, J. M. Stanley, E. S. Pierce, C. G. Swensberg, J. D. Robinson, M. S.
Crosby, S. S. Bailey, W. D. Tolford, and George M. Edison. The first office
of the bank was located in the basement under the City National bank, and
in 1873 it was removed to the Lovett block, corner Pearl and Canal streets.
Some two years ago another move was made to the rear of the City National
bank, and with ample vault room and accommodation at their command,
they intend retaining their present location for many years to come.

The Gtrowth of Grakd Eapids.

325

GROWTH OF GRAND RAPIDS— SOME OF THE THINGS TO BE FOUND IN
THE VALLEY CITY— A FEW FIGURES.

1883.

For many years Owashtenong, or the rapids of the Grand river, was the
center of savage intercourse in northwestern Michigan. A village of Ottawas
was located on the west side of the river, at a point near where now stands
the Worden furniture factory, which in 1760 had reached its greatest strength
and influence. From 1764 to 1820 the history of the Indian settlements in
this vicinity is necessarily disconnected. In 1824, Rev. L. Slater came to
Grand Rapids, accompanied by several workmen, and established the Baptist
Mission. Mr. Slater's labors having shed a ray of light into the wilderness,
commerce, her necessary handmaid, was not long in following. Louis Campau
was the first white person who came to Grand Rapids to build himself a home,
and up to 1833 his only white companions were traders like himself. From
this time on, the growth of the present city of Grand Rapids has been almost
phenomenal, and within half a century from the real opening of civilization
by the settlers, is found a city of over 45,000 inhabitants, standing second in
size in the beautiful Peninsula State. Though her growth has been rapid it
has nevertheless been substantial, and to-day her towering church spires and
massive blocks stand as monuments to the persevering, indomitable pluck of
prosperous citizens.

GOVEENMEKT.

The city is governed by a mayor, a board of 16 aldermen (two from each
ward), a board of education, board of police, and fire commissioners, a board
of public works, consisting of five members, a board of review of three mem-
bers, board of health, and the usual minor officials, comptroller, marshal,
clerk, physician, surveyor, director of the poor, highway commissioners, etc.

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS.

The public school system, though decidedly expensive, is so arranged as to
fit the youth for direct admission to the State University. There is one Cen-
tral, or high school located upon the east side of the river, while the west side
is equally well ornamented with a fine Union school-building, located in the
heart of this most flourishing portion of the city. Sixteen ward or primary
schools also form a part of the system, the assessed valuation of school
property being placed at $579,600. The number of pupils enrolled is 5,496,
requiring the services of 140 teachers, eight of whom are males. Seventy-
one thousand dollars are annually expended for salaries, making the average
pay of each teacher a trifle over $500. In addition to the regular branches,
French, German, Latin, Greek, and music are among the studies furnished to
the public. In addition to the public schools there is a business college, a
theological seminary of the Holland church, a convent, two Catholic parochial
schools, two Kindergarten, and eleven private schools.

RELIGIOUS EDIFICES.

There are 51 church societies in the city, most of them having substantial
places of worship, and it is estimated that their membership will exceed

326

Pioneer Society or MicmaAs^-.

25,000. The societies are divided as follows : Baptist, 2; Children of Zion,
1 ; Catholic, 4 ; Church of Christ, 1 ; Congregational, 3 ; Episcopal, 4 ;
Hebrew, 1; Lutheran, 4; Methodist Episcopal, 7; African M. E., 2; Pres-
byterian, 3 ; Eeformed, 14 (mostly Holland) ; Spiritualist, 2 ; Universalist,
2. The property of these societies is valued at 1750,000. This city is the
Cathedral town of the Eoman Catholic Diocese, and the home of the Bishop
Rt. Rev. Joseph Richter. The Rev. George D. Gillespie, Bishop of the Pro-
testant Episcopal church, and Bishop Patterson, of the Children of Zion
church, have their headquarters here. A flourishing Y. M. C. A., with over
200 members, has commodious rooms and are doing good work for the young
men, ably assisted by scores of the best citizens.

JUDICIAL.

Grand Rapids is the centre for general courts, the U. S. Court for the
Western district of Michigan being held here, with S. L. Withey as judge.
The Circuit Court is presided over by Judge Montgomery, while cases coming
under city jurisdiction are tried in the Superior Court, I. H. Parrish, judge,
or the Police Court, presided over by Judge John T. Holmes. Judge Cyrus
E. Perkins presides over the Probate Court, while four Justices of the Peace,
at large, dispense justice in minor criminal and civil cases.

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

A public library containing 15,000 volumes, a Y. M. C. A. reading room,
Farmers' club, two Ladies' Literary societies, and two charitable institutions
form the public institutions of the city. The two latter, St. Mark's and the
TJ. B. A. Homes, are supported by private charities.

SOCIETIES.

The city has three military companies, five bands, one Chapter Royal Arch
Masons, four lodges F. & A. M., one colored, two commanderies K. T., one
colored, four bodies of Scottish Rite, five lodges I. 0. 0. F., including an
encampment. Patriarchal circle and Daughters of Rebekah, two lodges A.
0. U. W., two posts G. A. R., two lodges Knights of Honor, four chapters
Order of Chosen Friends, two chapters Royal Arcanum, two bodies I. 0. G.
T., six W. C. T. U.'s, one each of Council Royal and Select Masters,
Forresters, Red Men, I. 0. of B. B., Knights of Pythias and Royal Templars.
In addition there are 38 miscellaneous societies, musical, literary, etc., includ-
ing a Caledonian club, St. George club, Turn Verein, German and Holland
Workingmen's Aid society. Old Residents' society, Kent Scientific Institute,
Medical society, Bar association. New England society. Sportsmen's club.
Agricultural, Horticultural and Driving Park associations, four musical
societies. Base Ball club, etc.

BANKS, ETC.

There are four National banks with a capital and surplus of $1,700,000,
and deposits aggregating 84,500,000, and one Savings bank with a capital of
$50,000 and deposits amounting to about $100,000. There are 81 companies
incorporated under the state law with an aggregate capital stock of over
$10,000,000, mostly paid up.

The Growth of Graistd Eapids.

327

MINERAL DEPOSITS.

Vast deposits of gypsum are found near the city and its manufacture into
calcined plaster, stucco, wall finish, etc., give employment to several hundred
persons and about 100,000 tons are annually quarried.

YALUATIOK.

The assessed valuation of the city is $19,084,120. The amount of city
taxation is $227,526 for general purposes, $111,274: for school purposes, $57,-
510 for sewer and street purposes, $39,375 the city's proportion of the county
tax, and $31,541 proportion of the State tax. The bonded indebtedness of
the city is $412,000 for water-works, railroad aid, etc., and $97,000 for school
purposes.

STKEETS AND AVENUES.

There are 132 miles of streets, about one-half of which are graded and
improved. There are six miles of streets paved with wood and stone and over
24 miles of sewers.

POLICE AND FIEE.

The police department numbers 42 men, under charge of Superintendent
Perry, thirty of whom are patrolmen and the balance divided among ser-
geants, detectives, oflBce men, court officers, drivers, etc. There are 52 full
and part paid men in the fire department, under the charge of Superintend-
ent Lemoin. The department includes three steamers, six hose carts, one
extinguisher, and two hook and ladder trucks. The fire alarm system com-
pletely surrounds the city and embraces 56 boxes of the Gamewell patent.
A reservoir system of water-works is used, the cost being in the vicinity of
$500,000.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Eight railroads enter the city, and some 50 trains arrive and depart daily.
Three express companies do business in the city: American, Adams, and
United States. There are two electric light companies in the city, furnishing
280 lights for store purposes and 32 street lights. There are il2 miles of gas
mains and 175 street gas lamps, and a large number of naphtha lamps used
for the same purpose. The free delivery mail system has been in use for
the past ten years, twelve carriers being employed. There are three opera
houses and twelve public halls. Four lines of street railroads, aggregating
fifteen miles, encircle the city. The telephone system is in general use, 563
subscribers belonging to the city exchange.

FACTOEIES, ETC.

There are 22 furniture factories employing over 3,000 hands; the capital
invested in lumber and saw-mills is $1,200,000, over 500 hands being
employed and nearly $200,000 paid annually in wages ; a capital of $300,000
is invested in the manufacture of agricultural implements, some 300 hands
being employed ; a capital of $400,000 is invested in founderies and machine
shops; $200,000 in meat packing and slaughtering; $350,000 in sash, doors,
and blinds ; five flour mills manufacturing 5,500 barrels of flour weekly ; seven
breweries manufacturing 49,500 barrels of beer per annum; two brick facto-
ries making 25,000,000 bricks per year; seven box manufactories; five carpet

328

PioisrEER Society of MiCHiaAivr.

sweeper factories manufacturing more than two-thirds of all the sweepers made
in the United States; 18 carriage and wagon makers, and 44 lumber manu-
facturers and dealers. In addition to this, the manufacture of boots and shoes,
coffins, caskets, tubs, pails, wooden bowls, clothes pins, sleds, children's wag-
ons, woven wire mattresses, glue, patent medicines, crackers, candy, cigars,
tobacco, bent wood goods, clothing, etc., form no small part of the manufac-
turing interests. In addition are the car shops of the G. R. & I., and other
interests such as barrel factory, veneer and panel works, spice and coffee mills,
felt boot factory, woolen works, bluing factory, edge tool works, marble
yards, brush factory, bottling works, etc.

BUSIi^ESS, TRADES, ETC,

The various kinds of business may be summed as follows : bakers, 17 ; bar-
bers, 34 ; billiard halls, 11 ; blacking manufactory, 1 ; private boarding houses,
32 ; boat builders, 1 ; book binders, 6 ; book stores, 6 ; retail boots and shoes,
23 ; boot and shoe makers, 30 ; broom factories, 5 ; contractors and builders,
24 ; carpet weavers, 4 ; chair factories, 4 ; cigar factories, 26 ; clothing stores,
15; commission merchants, 9; confectioners, wholesale, 2, retail, 15; coopers,
8; corset factories, 2; crockery dealers, 10; dentists, 21; dress and cloak
makers, 71; drugstores, 27; dry goods, 21; engravers, 4; florists, 8; flour
and feed, 31 ; funeral directors, 5; gents' furnishing goods, 7 ; grocers, whole-
sale, 10, retail, 153 ; hair goods, 7; hardware, 21 ; harness, 10 ; hats and caps,
7; hides and pelts, 7; hotels, 36; insurance agencies, 36; jewelers, 7; laun-
dries, 12; lawyers, 106; livery, 21 ; butchers, 53 ; millinery, 16 ; music stores,
3; notions, 7; photographers, 12; doctors, 97; printing ofiices, 15; real
estate agencies, 44 ; restaurants, 23 ; roofers, 4; saloons, 159; sewing machine
agencies, 12; soap factories, 2; merchant tailors, 17; tobacco and cigars, 15;
teas and coffees, 4; wholesale liquors, 12; wooden shoe factories, 2; daily
newspapers, 4 ; and about a score of weekly publications.

MEMORIAL REPORT.

BY ROBERT HILTON, V. P.

Judge Lovell Moore, born March 23, 1797; died Nov. 24, 1882, age 85.

Richard Godfrey, born June 1809 ; died Oct. 30, 1882, age 73.

James M. Nelson, born Nov. 17, 1809; died Jan. 18, 1883, age 73.
Dr. Alonzo Piatt, born Jan. 10, 1806 ; died Nov. 18, 1882, age 76.
Henry Bremor, born Nov. 28, 1806 ; died May 20, 1883, age 76.

Mrs. Charlotte (Hart) Cuming, born 1812 ; died Mav 19, 1883,

age 71.

Judge Lovell Moore died Nov. 24, 1882. He was among the oldest and
best known of the '*01d Residents" or pioneers of this city. He was born
at Shirley, Mass., March 23, 1797. When he was fourteen years of age his
father's family moved to Dalton, N. H., and engaged in farming. In his
youth he was not rugged, and soon abandoned the farm and went to St.
Johnsbury, Vt., where he engaged as a clerk in a store, and also learned the
trade of engraver of marbles and tombstones, serving a regular apprentice-
ship. His brothers John and Hiram being in business at Savannah, Georgia,
he went there for his health, and staid one year; then returned to St. Johns-

Memorial Eeport.

329

bury and studied law in the office of Joseph P. Fairbanks. He married,
April 14, 1819, Tirzah West of St. Johnsbury, who died May 17, 1824, leaving
two sons — Lovell Moore, Jr., now living in Brandon, Wis., and Presbury West
Moore who died at Fort Independence in 1849, aged 25. He again married,
Dec. 14, 1828, Lucy Fuller, who survives him, now in somewhat feeble health,
and of whose children three are now living — Mrs. Tirzah Hall, of Eipon,
Wis. ; Mrs. Eliza J. Safford, and Julia Ann Moore. Horace C, a son, died
in 1851, aged seven, and Charles F. died in Mobile in 1875, aged 44.

In April 1831, the three brothers, John, Hiram and Lovell Moore, the two
former having removed from Georgia to Vermont, started west and explored
Michigan Territory, and made extensive purchases of lands where are now Corn-
stock, Galesburg and Climax, Kalamazoo county, and began some improve-
ments, breaking land and putting in crops. They then went back, and in
October of the same year left St. Johnsbury to make Michigan their per-
manent home, accompanied by Henry Little, a brother-in-law of Lovell, and
family. They were thirty-tree days on the journey, arriving at Galesburg,
November 5. The Moores erected a saw-mill at Oomstock that winter, and
were prominently identified with the development of that region. Lovell
Moore resided at Comstock from 1833 to 1836, practicing law. The earliest
public records of Kalamazoo county tell of a meeting held April 3, 1832, at
which Lovell Moore was clerk, to organize the north half of the county into a
township to be called Arcadia. That must have extended to Grand Eiver.

In the fall of 1836 Lovell Moore came to Grand Eapids with his family, and
occupied the old Baptist Mission House on the west side of the river. He
opened a law office on the east side, about where Leonard & Son's crockery
store now is on Monroe street, and kept an Indian canoe, with his name
painted on the side, for crossing the river. He was soon after chosen a jus-
tice of the peace, and took part in determining many of the disputes in law
of those days. He was a conspicuous figure in the local bar of the early days,
being of ready speech, a genial, buoyant disposition, and always ready for a
friendly tilt with any comer; also eminently social and companionable in
society circles.

About 1840, Mr. Moore moved into and soon after purchased the house on
the corner of Fulton and Division streets, which has ever since been the family
residence. It is one of the oldest frame houses in the city. In 1854 he was
nominated by the convention of the free democratic party, which met in
Jackson February 22, and to which he was a delegate, as candidate for Secre-
tary of State ; but as the republican party was organized at the same place in
July following, some changes of names on the ticket were involved, his being
one of those dropped. He had been a whig, before joining that movement,
and in the later years of his life he acted with the democratic party. In
1855 he was elected Kecorder of the city, and presided over the Recorder's
Court for a year.

Soon after this his health began to fail, and, though he was able still for a
long time, intermittently, to be upon the streets, and attend to some business,
he many years ago retired from active professional duties, and for several
years preceding his death was an invalid, confined mostly to his home ; where
he has been assiduously and tenderly ministered to by his youngest daughter,
Julia Ann, whose constant and filial care of her aged parents furnishes an
example of untiring, affectionate solicitude and devotion that is praiseworthy
beyond the power of words to express.
42

330

Pioneer Society op Michigait.

Mr. Moore was a man of good business capacity, a prudent and trustworthy
counselor, a man of thorough integrity, appreciated and greatly esteemed by
a large circle of friends ; a model husband and father, loved and beloved in
his family and all in intimate relations with him and them. He was a prom-
inent member of the Masonic fraternity, of high standing in its councils, had
had been Grand Master and G-rand High Priest of the State, and was the recipient
of many valuable testimonials of esteem from that ancient order. His religious
tenets were those of the Protestant Episcopal Church ;■ he was a zealous and
exemplary member of St. Mark's, and among the early patrons who have con-
tributed to its prosperity. A resident of Grand Rapids nearly fifty years ; one
who participated in the early struggles, aided in the development and lived ta
share in the successes of our city, and always took a lively interest in things,
pertaining to its welfare; prominent in the social circles of a community-
whose members are passing away, — a retrospection of the life of Lovell Moore-
brings to the mind's eye of every "Old Resident" almost a panoramic view of
the entire history of the city and valley. He goes peacefully and in confident
hope through the dark vale appointed for the exit of all living from the shores-
of time. And an entire community join in respectful and heartfelt sym-
pathy with his aged widow, surviving children and other relatives, rendering
tribute to the memory of the departed, their friend for half a century.

The funeral of Lovell Moore which occurred from St. Mark's church
under the auspicies of the Grand Lodge of Michigan F. & A. M., was an
occasion long to be remembered from its imposing nature. It was a fitting
demonstration in honor of the fine old man whose life went out after eighty-,
six years of existence, fifty of them in the city, and most of the fifty in the
house where he died. Nearly three hundred Masons from all parts of the
State were out, among them some of the best known persons in the State,
to do tlie dead honor. Heavy delegations were present from Muskegon, Grand
Haven, Rockford, Lowell, and smaller ones from all parts of west Michigan.

Among the eminent members and ex-members of the Grand Lodge of
Michigan out to honor the remains of ex-Grand Master Moore were Alanson
Partridge of Birmingham, grand master; R. W. Laudon of Niles, grand
treasurer; David Patterson of Detroit, grand junior warden; W. P. Innes of
Grand Rapids, grand secretary ; Henry Chamberlain of Three Oaks, Daniel
Striker of Hastings, and A. T. Metcalf of Kalamazoo, ex-grand masters, and
many others.

Large and distinguished as was the array of Masonic notables present, it
was smaller than it would have been had it not been for the accident near
Birmingham on the D., G. H. & M., which prevented the various lodges
along the line of that road from being represented, and kept the following
past grand masters with other eminent grand lodge officials and ex-officials,
from attending: Hugh McCurdy, Coruuna; W. L. ^Yebber, Saginaw; 0. L.
Spaulding, St. Johns, and John McGrath.

At the residence before the taking of the corpse to the church for the final
services over it at that place, there was held the usual simple though impres-
sive services of the Masonic order, under the auspicies of the Grand Lodge
of Michigan as were all the ceremonies of the day. After all these were over
the body was removed to the church.

A large concourse of friends gathered at the church, which with the mem-
bers of the Masonic orders, the Old Settlers' Association, and other organiza-
tions were out in bodies, filling the house of worship almost to its full capacity.

Memorial Eeport.

The Masonic fraternity was out in unusual force, nearly 250 being present at
the church, many of them Grand Lodge officials and ex-dignitaries of the
order, as named above, with templars of distinction from many parts of
the State. Lovell Moore Lodge F. & A. M. of Muskegon, and Lovell Moore
Chapter F. & A. M. of Eockford, named after the dead gentleman, were each
present by large delegations. The full funeral service of the Episcopal church
was gone through with under direction of Rev. Spruille Burford. Among
the pall-bearers were L. R. Atwater, L. H. Randall, and J. T. Holmes.

The funeral procession led through the principal streets and was made up
in the following order: First, De Molai commandery of knights templar,
forty swords strong, acting as escort to the grand commandery which fol-
lowed, being represented by a good number of prominent members. Lovell
Moore Lodge of F. & A. M. of Muskegon and Lovell Moore Chapter of F. &,
A. M. of Rockford, each with large delegations, came next. The Old Resi-
dents' Association came next, sixty strong, and was followed by members of
the Grand Rapids bar association and citizens in carriages, making a long and
imposing cortege. Two .bands filled the air with strains funereal.

Upon arriving at the cemetery the usual solemn services of the Masonic
order at the grave were gone through with. The coffin lowered while they
were progressing and the last funeral rites of sand-sprinkling on the coffin-
board that covered the inanimate form of one of the best-souled and greatest
hearted men that ever lived in Grand Rapids over, all, weeping relatives,
sympathizing friends, reverencing acquaintances, and respecting associates
turned away and returned to the city while the sextons heaped dirt upon that
heart, stilled forever.

At a meeting of the Old Residents' Association held pursuant to call to
attend the funeral, the following resolutions were, on motion of Thos. B.
Church, unanimously adopted :

Besolved, That this association hereby record its appreciation of the great worth
of their deceased brother, emphatically a pioneer in the Grand River valley, who
has been a resident of this city from the year 1837, engaged principally in the prac-
tice of his profession in law, a good man, a good citizen, deserving of his numerous
friends and requitting himself well in all the relations of private life, and in the
various official positions to which he has been called.

Besolved, That though age and infirmities have drawn him from our frequent com-
panionship, that we recollect with a saddened pleasure, the cheery voice, the pleas-
ant countenance, the lively and instructive discourse with which he often favored
us; and now sympathize with family and participate in their well-founded assur-
ance that he is at rest in peace.

Besolved, That these resolutions be placed on record and be published in the
daily papers.

The following resolutions were presented to the Superior court and on
motion of Thos. B. Church were ordered to be placed upon the journal
thereof :

Besolved, That in the death of Lovell Moore, the community has lost a good citi-
zen and the legal profession a most worthy member:

Besolved, That as he was elected by this city to the judge of the Recorder's court
then existing and presided over the same with ability and to the perfect satisfac-
tion of his constituency, and that court was subsequently merged in the Superior
court of Grand Rapids, a notice of his decease and a tribute to his memory is held
to be appropriate and most emphatically due to his life of probity and to the
many excellencies of his head and heart.

Besolved, That the clerk of this court send a certified copy of these resolutions to
the family of the departed.

RiCHAKD GoDPROY, One of the pioneers of Grand Rapids and of this Valley,

332

PiONEEE Society of Michigan.

died October 30, 1882, at the residence of his daughter, Mrs. S. J. Sarsfield,
in Muskegon. Mr. Godfroy was quite generally known throughout the State
among the old residents, and highly esteemed for his probity of personal char-
acter, and for his genial and social disposition. He was born in June, 1809,
and was the son of Gabriel Godfroy, original patentee of lands where the city
of Ypsilanti now stands. He came to Grand Kapids in 1832, and for some
years previous to that was an Indian Agent at Lowell, this county. His
daughter, now Mrs. Sarsfield, was the first white child born here, outside of
the missionary stations. In the early days, with the Campaus, he was promi-
nent in the Indian trade here. About four weeks ago he suffered a stroke of
paralysis, from the prostration of which he never fully rallied. He was a
member of the Old Eesidents' Association. For some fifteen years past his
home has been mainly with the family of his son-in-law. Dr. S. K. Wooster,
at Muskegon and in this city. He was one of comparatively few who have
lived to witness nearly all the growth and development of this State from its
primal wilderness condition, and one who will be long and lovingly remem-
bered by a wide circle of friends.

James M. Nelson died January 18, 1883, aged 74 years. He was born at Mil-
ford, Worcester county, Massachusetts, xlovember 17, 1809, and was therefore
in his 74th year when he died. He was a son of Ezra Nelson, who was captain
of the artillery company of Milford, which went into the war of 1812. Mr.
Nelson came westward in 1836, at the age of 26, and although originally
intending to embark in business in a small way at Green Bay, Wisconsin,
then in the far west, when he reached Detroit the advantages of Grand
Eapids as a business location were called to his notice and he altered his
mind and came hither instead. A brother, George, had preceded him, and
when he arrived here the two engaged in business together. In 1838 Mr.
Nelson built the first raft that ever floated to the mouth of Grand river. In
1840 he became postmaster of this city, and continued to hold that position
four years. He gradually increased his business interests as years passed and
the city grew, and for fifteen years he was engaged in lumbering. In 1859
he retired from the lumber business and engaged in milling with Martin L.
Sweet as a partner. He remained in this business only four years, retiring in
1863 to enter furniture manufacture, purchasing with his brother Ezra T., a
half interest in the factory and business of 0. 0. Oomstock. From that year
he has been the head, through its various changes, of what for some years
past has been the firm of Nelson, Matter & Co. Mr. Nelson was regarded in
all furniture circles as one of the foremost of the pioneers of the early furni-
ture trade and stood near the head of the successful furniture manufacturers
of the country. As a private citizen he was unblemished, and not alone
respected but having the cordial good will and esteem of all. As a business
man he early made his mark in the western wilderness and all along through
the half-century that he lived in Grand Kapids was one of its most vigorous
and energetic citizens. He was one of the little group of honest, sturdy,
brainy men who away back in the days when Grand Rapids was but just
founded, by their enterprise, business worth, and earnest labor laid the foun-
dations for its present proud growth and material prosperity. And he is
among the last of them. As years pass on they rapidly grow less, and within
a few years the last of them will have passed from the scene of their active
existence. The loss of none of these venerated pioneers will be more keenly
felt than that of Mr. Nelson. During his residence of nearly fifty years in

Memoeial Eepoet.

333

Grand Kapids he established wide acquaintance and lasting friendship. He
was as well known as any citizen, and what can not be said of many men,
respect and esteem were co-extensive with acquaintance. Something of the
feeling entertained for the dead pioneer by workmen of the city, particularly
of those of his employ, was pathetically evidenced during his last long illness.
Nearly every day some of these people came to the residence with little things
of their selection, tid-bits and delicacies they thought might please him. Mr.
Nelson died a comparatively painless death, in the fullness of years, with
relatives about him, and in a city where living fifty years he leaves nothing
but a respected name, an honored memory. In so much as death can be
robbed of its sting to the family these facts must tend to lessen the supreme
bitterness of his relatives' sorrow. Mr. Nelson was twice married, first in 1839
to Mrs. Abba Gray, of Boston, Massachusetts. She died in 1858. In 1860
he married Mrs. Anna M. Sargeant who died in 1872. Four daughters sur-
vive him, Mrs. Stephen H. Ballard, of Colorado, Miss Abbie R. Nelson, Mrs.
E. W. Wright, and Mrs. Fred A. Maynard, of this city.

At a meeting of the members of the association of the Old Residents of
the Grand River Valley, January 21, 1883, called to attend the funeral of
James M. Nelson, Judge J. T. Holmes was called to the chair and A. B.
Turner was chosen secretary, when on motion of 0. C. Oomstock, seconded by
Wilson Jones, it was

Besolved, That we participate in the general expression of sorrow which has been
made since the decease of om' brother, by those with whom he has been so long con-
nected by religious, social, and business ties; that we bear our testimony with them
to that unpretentious yet firm piety which sustained his life and cheered and con-
soled his hours of impending and inevitable death; to that prompt, liberal, yet
prudent benevolence by which he relieved the needy and suffering, aided into success-
ful enterprise those in whom he discovered capacity and merit, so that his many
years have flowed on a placid, but widening stream of kind and beneficial influence
in that community to which, in its Infancy and frontier condition, he brought his
habits of morality and industry, his aspirations for progress and improvement and
that high standard of character, the excellence of which, though clothed with mod-
esty and not seeking occasion of public manifestations, was revealed in all its eleva-
tion and purity to relatives, friends and fellow citizens observing his protracted,
varied and always useful life.

Besolved^ That our comfort is that he reached the allotted term of life; that that
life's work was well done; that he has placed on our increasing roll of departed
worthies a name which we all unite to honor and hold in grateful remembrance.

Besolved, That these resolutions be placed on the record and a copy transmitted to
the family of the deceased.

Alonzo Platt was born in Stephentown, Rensselaer county, N. Y., upon
the 10th day of January, 1806, and died Nov. 18, 1882, and was therefore
nearly 77 years old at the time of his demise. His mother was a descendant
of the French Huguenots. He received a literary education at Lenox, Berk-
shire county, Mass., and was about beginning a collegiate course when an
attack of inflammation of the eyes compelled him to abandon his project. In
1825 he began the study of medicine in the office of a Lebanon, N. Y., phy-
sician. In December, 1829, he graduated from Berkshire Medical college.
After his graduation, he practiced his profession for two years in Port Gibson,
N. Y., coming in the spring of 1832 — over fifty years ago — to Ann Arbor, in
this State. He practiced there for a full decade, in 1842 removing to this
city. He was the oldest surviving practitioner, in point of years of residence
here, in continuous practice the while, in this city, with the exception of Dr.
Charles Shepard, who, though younger, antedates him in years of residence
with us. For many years he was in most active practice and had an extensive

334 PioKEER Society of MicHiaAN.

list of families for whose health he cared during all this time. He was a very
popular, careful, reliable, and successful physician. For a couple of years
past he has been in failing health, but it is only within the last few weeks
that he has given up work. During the war the doctor was surgeon of the
enrolling board for this congressional district. He had for many years been
prominently connected with the Grand Rapids medical society and other county
and State organizations devoted to medical science. He was of the old school
of practitioners, straightforward, trustworthy, and painstaking, and was in
high repute among those old residents who knew him best. He was very
charitable in his nature, much of a philanthropist, and took an active part in
the foundation of St. Mark's home, and for some time thereafter kept a free
dispensary at his house. In politics he was first a whig, and afterward a
republican ; in religion Episcopalian, having been for thirty years a warden of
St. Mark's church. He was married in the fall of 1832 to Laurella, daughter
of Stoddard Smith, a prominent lawyer of Greene county, Y. She sur-
vives him. For several winters last past, since the doctor's health has been
declining, he and his wife have summered each year in Florida. The imme-
diate cause of his death was kidney complaint, aggravated by a general break-
ing down of the system. He had been a great sufferer for some days. His
name will live in the memory of the people of Grand Rapids for years as a
synonym for honesty, uprightness, and charity, and his death will be widely
lamented.

A called meeting of the Kent county Medical Society was held at Dr. Shep-
ard's office to take formal action on the death of Dr. Piatt. There were present
Drs. Shepard, Johnson, Boice, Wood, Wooster, Ohipman, Brady, Herrick,
Shultz, Miller, Hoskins, and Sleigh. Drs. Boice, Brady, and Miller were
appointed a committee to draft appropriate resolutions, and it was decided
that the resolutions should be given to the daily papers for publication, and
a copy of them with the official seal of the society and the names of the
present officers should be sent to the widow of the deceased. The commit-
tee afterward made a formal report, and it was decided that the physicians
who wished to attend the funeral should assemble at Dr. Shepard' s office at
12:30 p. M., when the members of the profession shall proceed to St. Mark's
church in a body. Drs. Johnson and Chipman were named as pall-bearers.
The other pall-bearers will be two vestrymen of St. Mark's, and two represen-
tatives of the Old Settlers' society.

The committee appointed from the Medical Society to draft resolutions of
respect and condolence upon the death of Dr. Alonzo Piatt, performed their
duty by drawing the following :

Whereas, After fifty years of faithful, conscientious, and unremitting labor in the
profession of his choice, it hath pleased the All Wise to call to rest, and to his reward,
our esteemed friend and fellow physician, Doctor Alonzo Piatt;

And Whereas, Not only we, but the earlier physicians of the State of Michigan
have had always in Dr. Piatt a constant and unselfish friend, and one of the most
upright and honorable members;

And whereas. His honesty of purpose, strict integrity, purity of heart and high
moral character secured him the confidence and friendship of all who had the pleas-
ure of knowing him; therefore

Besolved, That in his death we recognize an irreparable loss to the community, a
real and valued member of the profession and in every sense a good and upright
man. That his life and professional character are worthy of remembrance and per-

Memobial Eeport.

335

petuation; and that we sincerely offer to the wife of the deceased our sympathy in
her great and sorrowful hereavement.

John Brady, M. D.
G. B. Miller, M. D.
Eugene Boise, M. D.

Committee.

HEiq"EY Bremer died at his residence on Trowbridge street, Grand Eapids,
May 20, 1888. The anatomical injuries sustained from a fall from his wagon
were the fracture of some ribs and contusion about the head and face. The
most serious complication, however, was the shock to the nervous system,
from which the vital organs failed to react. He bore the most intense suf-
ferings quietly and patiently, and his death was one of remarkable peaceful-
ness, corresponding to the life he had lived.

Mr. Bremer was born in Germany, November 28, 1806, and was therefore
in his 7'i'th year. He received a collegiate education, graduating from Peter-
shogen college with high honors in 1839, and emigrated to America the same
year, coming at once to Ohio, where he remained two years. He then went
to Detroit, where he resided for ten years. For a time he was a teacher in
the German schools of that city, but subsequently he engaged in mercantile
transactions, establishing himself in the soap and candle business. In 1850,
he moved to this city, engaging in the same business, which he pursued pros-
perously for several years. In 1855 he purchased a stock of groceries on the
corner of Canal and Lyon streets, where he did business until 1860. In 1861
he was elected city marshal on the republican ticket, serving one year. He
then purchased a meat market, which he operated for a short time. In 1872
and 1874 he was elected county treasurer, and from 1879 he served two terms
as city comptroller In all these trusts, he was a faithful, painstaking officer.

Mr. Bremer was one of the organizers of the German Evangelical Luth-
eran church in this city, and constantly served it in an official capacity. He
was also a member of the Old Residents' Association, and was held in high
esteem by the members of that society. He was married in 1844 to Miss
Maria Ackermann, a native of Germany, who survives him. No children
were ever born to the couple, but they adopted a child in infancy and reared
her as their own. She is now the wife of Mr. William G. Herpolsheimer.

Mr. Bremer was of a genial disposition, and although quiet and unobtru-
sive, invariably won the respect and warm friendship of all with whom he
came in contact. His beaming face and cheerful heart will be sadly missed
by many.

The funeral was held from the German Lutheran church at the corner of
Bridge and North Division streets, and there was a very large attendance, the
church being crowded. The Old Settlers were out in a body and Mayor
Angell and the common council were present to witness the last sad offices
over the veteran servant of the people they all had known so long. Eev.
Henry Koch made a very affecting sermon. In its course he said that he
desired to render thanks to all those present for attending the funeral, and
thus showing their high esteem of the deceased and their sympathy with his
family and relatives.

"Henry Bremer was a kind man, a faithful husband, a loving father, an
affectionate brother, a peaceful neighbor, a good citizen, and a faithful
servant of the public in every office with which be had been honored — more
than all this, he was a good churchman. He was one of the founders of this
congregation, has ever been an officeholder in the church, and a leader among

336 PlODSTEER SOCIETT OF MlCHiaAN^.

its people. He was, indeed, a pillar and a precious jewel in our congregation.
He was a Christian, not only by name, but in heart and in fact, for he truly
believed in the true God and in the Bible as His word. He was not ashamed
of the gospel of Christ, but believed in the power of God unto salvation to
all that believe. He was not uncertain in his belief. He could say and did
say, "I know in whom I believe.'* And in this, his faith unto Christ, he was
true unto his end. He fought the good fight of faith, he finished his course,
he kept faith through his life, and there is given to him the crown of right-
eousness, and therefore we truly believe that we have not lost him forever.
It is our consolation in this our great sorrow that the Savior took him home
to eternal life and blessedness." After the sermon was finished the remains,
which were in a casket decorated with a beautiful wreath of tuberoses,
woven in green, were followed to their last resting place in Oak Hill cemetery,
and there interred with solemn ceremonies. The pall bearers were H.
Castens, G. Blickle, Peter Voigt, F. Drekel, J. Faenger, and C. Prange. It
will be years before the memory of the just walks and kindly ways of Henry
Bremor will pass from the minds of men and the remembrance of his quiet
virtue will be cherished through their lifetimes by the hundreds who knew
him but to reverence his qualities.

At the meeting of the old residents previous to the funeral it was, on motion
of Franz Berles,

Besolved, That we heard with profound sorrow of the death of our brother,
Henry Bremer; that we had long known and esteemed him; his amiable disposition
endearing him to us and to all who saw the "daily beauty" of his life; so conscien-
tious, considerate of others; exemplifying the divine charity of a tolerant but firm
religious faith, which guided his steps whilst among us and held him prepared for
his departure, however sudden it might be.

Besolved, That in the discharge of high and important official trusts, in the
county and city, imposed on him by his fellow-citizens, he furnished a model of
administration, in integrity and faithfulness, to all succeeding him therein, and
secured, as he merited, the unqualified commendation of his constituencies.

Besolved, That a copy of these resolutions be furnished to the widow of the
deceased and to the public press.

Mrs. Charlotte Cumikg died May 19, 1883, at her residence on Bostwick
street, aged 71 years. She leaves five daughters, two of whom are married,
and an extensive circle of friends to mourn her death.

Mrs. Charlotte Cuming was born in Rochester, IST. Y., in the year 1813.
Her maiden name was Charlotte Hart, and her father was one of the
wealthiest, most influential, and most public spirited men of his region. He
and his brothers did much for the growth and material welfare of Eochester,
which in his time was but a mere hamlet compared to its present size. The
Hart family still hold a prominent position in society and business circles at
her birth place.

About 1830 she married Rev. Francis H. Cuming, D. D., becoming his
second wife. In 1839 they came together to Ann Arbor where they remained
for four years, and then in 1843 came to this city where he took charge of St.
Mark's church. Mr. and Mrs. Cuming made this city their home until death
put an end to their respective careers of usefulness. He died in 1862 or 1863
at a ripe old age, after residing here nearly twenty years and during the most
of this time acting as rector of St. Mark's church. Since the death of her
husband Mrs. Cuming has lived at the family residence on the hill and
managed a large and valuable estate in a masterly and business like manner.
She has been engaged extensively in works of benevolence and charity, and

Memorial Eeport.

337

many poor people in the city will mourn her death as that of a cherished
friend. She was the mother of six children, one of whom is dead. They are
Mary, Charlotte, Frances, Emily, and Anna, all daughters. Charlotte is the
wife of Dr. Reed, a well to do physician of Philadelphia, and Frances is the
wife of Mr. Nourse of Allegan county. As the husband of Mrs. Cuming
was a very prominent man in his day, a brief reference to his life will not be
out of place. Rev. Francis H. Cuming was born in Hartford, Connecticut.
His father was a Scotchman who came to this country during the Revolution-
ary war to assist in the subjugation of the rebels." His heart failed him at
the magnitude of the task and he soon left the army, fell in love with a
blooming American lady and married her. Young Francis was educated for
the Episcopal ministry and took orders about 1820. At Rochester he married
a Miss Hurlburt, who died a few years later, leaving him the father of two
children. One of these children, a son, afterward was educated at Ann Arbor
and went west, subsequently becoming governor of Nebraska. About 1830
Mr. Cuming married his second wife, the lady lately deceased. About this
time his name became involved in the anti-Masonic move and the William
Morgan disappearance and supposed assassination. He was a prominent
Mason, and was credited by Thurlow Weed with giving the toast, shortly
before the Morgan disappearance, at a Masonic banquet: ''The enemies of
our order — may they find a grave six feet deep, six feet long, and six feet due
east and west.'' Immediately after this toast was pronounced, according to
Weed's statement, a number of prominent Masons left the hall, and it is said
then made way with the man Morgan. In 1839 he came to Ann Arbor where
he remained for four years. In 1843 he came to this city and took charge of
St. Mark's Episcopal congregation which was in its infancy. Ho first lived
in the house now occupied by the U. B. A. home and when he removed to a
new brick house on the hill. Dr. Bliss of Garfield sickness fame, occupied his
old residence. Under his management the church prospered and waxed
strong. During his administration the present church was built. In 1861 he
went into the army with the Third regiment, and in the fall of the same year
he returned home broken in health. A year or two afterward he died,
mourned by a large circle of friends. Mrs. Cuming survived him twenty
years, increasing year by year the high esteem in which she was held by the
old friends of the family, and making new ones. She will be sincerely
mourned.

The funeral of Mrs. Cuming was held from St. Mark's church. The
attendance was largely of friends and relatives of the deceased, who had lived
so long in the city and been so closely identified with the growth of that
church. At the residence, before coming to the church, the minor litany
was read by Bishop Gillespie.

The services at the church were conducted by Rev. Spruille Burford, who
read, the burial service. He was assisted at the church by Bishop Gillespie
and Revs. Coolbaugh and Macfarlane. Mr. Burford said : ^' An illustrious
American poet has written of the dreadf ulness and awfulness of death. But
in this case the description will not fit. This is an occasion not of mourning,
but of joy, as we meet to pay our last respects to a faithful mother and wife,
whose reward is now assured. She avoided all ostentatious show, but by
sweetness of manner and character she lived a queen in her own home. Fifty
years of her life she spent in aiding her husband to build his massive reputa-

43 .

338

Pioneer Society of Michig-ajt.

tion. Her work was largely among the poor, and in the homes of the poor
there is cause to-day for mourning. Here she passed through as a light and
benediction to the lowly and oppressed." Mr. Burford announced that at
some future time a proper tribute to the memory of the deceased would be
delivered.

After the closing prayers and benediction by Bishop Grillespie the procession
went to Fulton street cemetery where the interment was made in the family
lot by the side of the late Dr. Cuming. Among the relatives and friends of
the family who were present at the funeral were : Kev. J. S. Large and
daughter, Traverse City ; Rev. Eugene Babcock, missionary of diocese ; Mrs.
Dr. Reed, Colorado Springs, Col. ; Mrs. Nourse, Plainwell, Mich. ; Miss Anna
Cuming, Chicago,

LENAWEE COUNTY,
memorial of FERNANDO C. BEAMAN.
BY FKAKCIS A. DEWEY.

Hon. Fernando C. Beaman was born in Chester, Windsor county, Vermont,
June 28, 1814, the sixth son and twelfth child of Joshua and Hannah Bea-
man. His father and mother died when Mr. Beaman was fifteen years of age.
At that time he had received a district school education, afterwards attending
Franklin Academy, at Malone, N. Y., working himself through by teaching
school seven winters and three summers. In 1836 he went to Rochester, the
following year entered the law office of Haight and Elwood ; also reading law
with Wm. S. Bishop, an honored member of the bar.

In the year 1838 he came to Manchester, Washtenaw county, Michigan.
In the year 1839 he was admitted to the bar in Lenawee county, the same year
formed a partnership with Hon. Consider A. Stacy, at Tecumseh. May 10,
1841, Mr. Beaman was married to Miss Mary Goodrich, of Brockport, N. Y.,
by whom he had three children. In 1843 he was appointed prosecuting attorney
of Lenawee county by Gov. John S. Barry, then removed to the county seat,
Adrian, where he resided until his death. He was prosecuting attorney of
Lenawee county for six years. During this time he formed a law partnership
with Hon. A. R. Tiffany, and later was in the firm of Beaman, Robert Beecher,
and Thomas M. Cooley, now Judge of the Supreme Court. In 1854 he
attended the Jackson convention which organized the republican party in
Michigan. Also a delegate to the national convention at Pittsburg, and the
same year served as one of the presidential electors of this State, casting his
vote for Fremont and Dayton. In 1856 he was elected Judge of Probate,
which office he filled for five years. In the year 1860 was elected represen-
tative to congress in the second district, comprising Monroe, Hillsdale, Lena-
wee, Cass, Branch, and St. Joseph counties, and for four succeeding consecu-
tive terms, he was reelected to congress. In May, 1872, he was elected presi-
dent of the First National bank at Adrian. November 13, 1879, he was
appointed by Gov. Charles M. Croswell to the exalted office of United States
Senator, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Hon. Zachariah Chandler,
but owing to ill health did not accept one of the highest offices in the gift of
the State.

Lekawee County — Memorial Eepoet. 839

Hon. Fernando 0. Beaman, late member of Lenawee County Pioneer Soci-
ety, also of the State Pioneers of Michigan, departed this life at his beautiful
and cherished home in the city of Adrian, September 18, 1883, aged 68 years
and 2 months. For a period of oyer 40 years Mr. Beaman has been a cordial
friend to the writer. We presume to think it a pleasure to note an outline
record of a beautiful and well spent life. When we review over 40 years of a
man's daily history, with the varied offices he has occupied, his legal and
cherished advice seldom at fault, therefore I am pleased to say he was faith-
ful to every trust reposed in him, with a full determination to accomplish the
just benefits without corrupt appliances. As months and years passed away
it brought increased experience and usefulness, with a cherished happiness, to
look on the fast descending tide of time which was daily enriched by useful
work of the head and heart, a rich reward to a virtuous benefactor. His
experience, his information, his courtesy and dignity marked him as a debater
and a statesman. It is always a matter of interest to trace the early stages of
a public man, and learn how the germ of the later success was laid in the
experience of youth, which show how true it is that the child is father to the
man. We can most truly say that men born in obscurity, with active energy,
a will, character, and foresight, are the ones who have laid the corner stones
of our towns, counties, and States; to their arms we are to entrust their safety
or custody in all time to come.

We have laid away in the silent tomb, our distinguished citizen ; a column
has fallen not easily replaced ; Lenawee county, the city of Adrian and his
cherished family have no longer his wise counsels; his fireside is desolated of
his care and protection ; his history is rounded out to a ripe and complete
fruition; the home which has been saddened, the home ties which have been
severed, all point to the vacant place, around which his loved ones often met,
and there is no need to tell them of their loss. His death is a sore grief to all
who knew him, and all will sincerely lament that his name no longer tells us
of his presence, but has passed into a precious memory. With his death closed
an earthly life not only ripe in years but rich in unbroken usefulness.

MEMORIAL REPORT.

The following is the annual memorial report of pioneers of Lenawee county
who have died during the ladt year, beginning June 6, 1882 to June 16,
1883. A large number of historic early settlers have been laid away in the
tomb; there are but few remaining. It is saddening to contemplate that in
a few years more they will all have gone to their final resting place. An
unusual number have died the past year, making the count 138 persons:

840

PioiiTEETi Society of MicmaAisr.

MEMORIAL REPORT.— Continued.

Town.

City of Adrian.

Morenci

Franklin

Fairfield

Morenci

Hudson

Raisin .

Raisin

TecLimseh

"Woodstock

Tecumseh

Tecnmseh

Kiga

Fairfield

City ,

Madison

Medina..

(Jambridge

Tecumseh

City

Riga

Franklin

Fairfield

Cambridge

Clinton-

Hudson

Tecumseh

City

Ogden

City

Ogden

Fairfield

Adrian..

Ogden

Raisin

Fairfield

City

Raisin

Medina

Franklin

Woodstock

City

Tecumseh

Blissfield

Tecumseh

City....

City

Franklin

Ogden

"Woodstock

Adrian

Blissfield

Ogden

Palmyra

Franklin

City

T. Perkins

Mr. Ham

Mrs. Jesse Penticost

Mrs. Ann Smith.

Mrs. Huldah Converse

Mrs. Ann Hoag.

Mrs. Mary Ann Cornelieus,

Mrs. John Welsh

James Conorton

Maria Ferris

James McKinney

Father McRay

Adam Ding

Ruth Baker

Wm. Ingels.._.

Elizabeth Bennet

Sarah Hewley

Louisa Pchtl

Sarah Collar

George Train

E. H. Winans

Mr. "Vickary

Mrs. Francis Wilson

Lida Acker

Mrs. John Lambert

Mary Aton

Timothy Gay

Susan Gillmore

Fernando C. Beaman

Edward A. Jorden

Osborn Terry

Zina Winters

Mrs. G. Davis

Mrs. Brazilla Arnold

Mrs. W. L. Rogers ,

Wm. Smith. ,

Warner M. Comstock

Mahlon Schomp

W. R. Mann

Maria Raymond ,

John Staples.-

David Fel'ris

Wm. Dorr

Rev. L. P. Tompkins

Elizabetli Wisner

Henry Jones

VVm. S perry.

Mary G. Gardner

Mary Ann Simons

Thomas Eason

Charles S. Cobly

E. S. Garnsey

Charles Chapman

John J. Allen

George A. Hathaway

I^avina Robertson...

Wm. Palmer

Mrs. Allen Baker

Octavia Xewkirk

Month.

Age

1882.

June

June.

June..

June.

July

July... .

July

July-

July

July..

July.-

July..

July...

July

August

September..
September-
September..
September-.
September..
September..
September,.
September..
September..
September.-

October

November..
November..
November..
November.-
Noveraber..
November.-
November..
November..
November..
December --
December ..
December
December
December
December
December..
December .-
December
December ..

Memorial Eeport.

341

MEMORIAL REPORT.— Continued.

City

Medina

Seneca

Raisin

Macon

Clinton

Rollin

Macon . .

Weston

Rome.

Clinton

Cambridge.

Morenci

Hudson

Raisin

Hudson

Rome

Franklin

Rome

Tecumseh...
Tecumseli...
Blissfield....

Adrian

Dover

Franklin

Medina

Cambridge.

Rollin

Tecumseh.. .

Adrian

Tecumseh-.
Blissfield . .

Hudson

Clinton

Adrian

Hudson

Clinton

Hudson

Raisin

Deerfield...
Deerfield...

Macon

Raisin

Medina

Clinton

Deerfield...
Tecumseh .

City

Ridgevvay .
Cambridge.
Nixon.....

City

Madison.

City

Adrian

Tecumseh-.
Madison ...

Names.

George J. Hoegle.
Walter Whipple.

Mrs. Gillety

Charity Sweeney

Martin Everett

John Pennington

Mrs. Wm. Bartlette

Jane Schoop

Israel Pennington

Kortright Knapp

1. H. Sprague

Clark Sutton.-

John B. Drake.--.

Andrew J. Miller,-

George Williams

Esther Westgate

Wm. Williams

Marcus Palmer

George Allen

Elijah Baker..

Mary Merry

Elizabeth Sholes

Josiah Love..

Peter Ousted. _

Isaac Warren

Mrs. S.Holenbeck

Renselear Baker

Charlotte Swift..--....
Mary Gastin

Elizabeth McConnelL-

Emely M. Bogart ,

Harriet M. Crane

Francis Brown

George A Brown

Nathan S. Green

A. W. Britton

Orrin Dean

John S. Clark

Mrs. M. B. Perkins

Samuel Gleen

Rev. Zediah Smith

Charles Swedenbarger.

Edmond Hand

Mrs. John Krauly

Daniel Butts

Eliza Smith

Mrs. D. S.Clark

Hiram Westcoot

Gilbert Warner

Joshua Warring

Mrs. John Bilton

Mrs. Arthur Anderson -

Sarah L. James

Bernard Ahmau-

Maria Collins

Hattie Sigler

James Osborn

Samuel P. Glenn

John Wilson

December .-
December -.
December..
December ..
1883.

January

February.- -
February. --
February...
February...
February.. -
February..-
February-.-
February---
February— -
February. --
February.-.
February..
February..
February..
February..
February...
February--.
February...
February,-.
February...
February...

March

March .

March

M arch

March

342 Pioneer Society oe MicmaAisr.

MEMOKIAL EEPORT.— Continued.

Town.

Clinton

Cambridge

City

Adrian

Rollin

Ridge way .

Clinton

City

Hudson

Clayton

Rollin

Morenei

Hudson

Medina

Seneca

Mason

Woodstock

Names.

Hiram Reynolds

Cornelia Myers..

Francis Voorheis

John S. Fleming

Beal Sloan

Jonathan Hall

Sylvester Ellis

Mrs. Francis R. "Whipple

Jerome "Wood

J. H. Thompson

Joseph Allen

nias J. Baldwin

Maria Reach

Mrs. Eli as Acker

Jacob Woodward

Finley Harriott

John A. Harriott

Mrs. O. Kelley

Month.

March.
March .
March.
April..
April. .
April..
ApriL.
April..
April..
ApriL.
April..
May...
MsLy...
May...
May...
May...
June...
June...

The whole number of pioneers of Lenawee county who have died since June
8, 1882, up to June 8, 1883, above the age of 45, and who have resided in the
county over 35 years, was 138. There were three over 90 years of age, twenty-
nine over 80 years, sixty-seven over 70 years, and twenty-five over 60 years of
age. The average years of life was a few days over 73.

LIVINGSTON COUNTY.
MEMORIAL REPORT.

BY NELSON" B. GREEN.

Dr. Ira T. Bingham, died , 1883, aged 69.

Algen S. Denson, died Feb. 13, 1883, aged 84.

Elisha E. Hazard, died , 1883, aged 59.

Israel B. Colburn, died June 13, 1382, aged 68.
Lorenzo E. Smith, died July 15, 1881, aged 72.
Rodman Case, died Oct. — , 1882, aged 78.
Samuel Batcheller, died April 25, 1881, aged 86.
Alonzo Wilcox, died Jan 7, 1882, aged 74.

Dr. Ira P. Bingham died at Brighton, aged 69 years. Was born in
Camillus, Onondaga county. New York, April 12, 1812. He came to Brigh-
ton, Livingston county, in 1841, making him a resident of Livingston county,
42 years.

Algen S. Denson was born in Blixton, London, England. Came to
Michigan in 184 9, settled in the township of Handy, Livingston county,
Michi;.^an. Died Febraary 13, 1883, aged 84, being a resident of Michigan
3i years.

Elisha E. Haza.rd was born in New York, July 3, 1823. In 1836 he
came with his father, Hon. Chester Hazard, to G-enoa, Livingston county,

Mackinac County.

343

Michigan, where his father has lived ever since, making him a resident of
Michigan 47 years.

Israel B. Oolborn" came to Livingston county, Michigan, June, 1859, and
settled in the township of Conway, remaining there until June 13, 1882,
when death called him away, aged 68 years, making him a resident of Mich-
igan 24 years.

Lorenzo E. Smith, one of the early pioneers of this county, was born in
Saulsbury county, New York, Oct. 9, 1809, and died July 15, 1881, aged 72
years. He came to Michigan in 1837, making him a resident of Livingston
county 47 years.

KoDMAN Case was born in Rhode Island, Sept. 5, 1804. In 1843 he came
to Michigan and settled on the farm in Hamburg, Livingston county, where
he lived up to the time of his death, October, 1882, aged 78 years, being a
resident of Livingston county 39 years.

Samuel Batcheller died at his home in Oceola, Livingston county,
Michigan, April 25, 1881, aged 86 years. Ho was born in Providence, Rhode
Island, April 25, 1795, making him a resident of Michigan 48 years.

Alonzo Wilcox was born in Alleghany county, Aimer township. New
York. He came to Michigan in 1842, died January 7, 1882, agod 74 years,
making him a resident of Michigan 40 years,

• MACKINAC COUNTY.
COUNTY OF MACKINAC-FROM THE ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.
BY DWIGHT H. KELTOi^", LIEUT. U. S. ARMY.
THE AMERICAN EUR COMPAKY.

To notice slightly the origin of the American Fur Company, we will say
that John Jacob Astor, a German by birth, who arrived in New York in the
year 1784, commenced work for a bakery owned by a G-erman acquaintance.
He was afterwards assisted to open a toy shop, and this was followed by
trafficking for small parcels of furs in the country towns, which led to his
future operations in that line.

Mr. Astor' s great and continued success in that branch of trade induced
him, in 1809, to obtain from the New York Legislature a charter incorpor-
ating *'The American Fur Company," with a capital of a million dollars.
It is understood that Mr. Astor comprised the company, though other names
were used in its organization. In 1811, Mr. Astor, in connection with certain
parties of the old Northwest Fur Company (whose beginning was in 1783, and
permanently organized in 1787), bought out the association of British mer-
chants known as the Mackinac Company, then a strong competitor in the fur
trade. This Mackinac Company, with the American Fur Company, was
merged into a new association called the Southwest Fur Company. But in
1815, Mr. Astor bought out the Southwest Company, and the American Fur
Company came again to the front. In the winter of 1815-16, Congress^
through the influence of Mr. Astor, it is understood, passed an act excluding
foreigners from participating in the Indian trade. In 1817-18, the American
Fur Company brought a large number of clerks from Montreal and the
United States to Mackinac, some of whom made good Indian traders, while

344 PioKEER Society of Michigan.

many others failed upon trial and were discharged. Among those who
proved their capability was Gurdon S. Hubbard, Esq., then a youth of sixteen,
the earliest resident of Chicago now living there. He was born in Windsor,
Vt., in 1802, and his parents were Elizur and Abigail (Sage) Hubbard. His
paternal emigrant ancestor was George Hubbard, who was at WethersQeld,
Ot., in 1636. Mr. Hubbard is also a lineal descendant of the clergyman-gov-
ernor Gurdon Saltonstall (named for Brampton Gurdon, the patriot M. P.,
whose daughter was the grandmother of the governor), who was the great-
grandson of Sir Richard Saltonstall, the firm and efficient friend of early
'New England. We need, therefore, merely add here that Mr. Hubbard left
Montreal, where his parents then lived, May 13, 1818, reaching Mackinac
July 4th, and first arrived at Chicago on the last day of October or first day
of November of that year. In 1828, he purchased of the Fur Company their
entire interest in the trade of Illinois.

D. H. KELTON, COMPILER OF THIS PAPER.

Having entire charge of the management of the company in the west, were
Kamsay Crooks and llobert Stuart. To William Matthews was instructed the
engaging of voyageurs and clerks in Canada, with his headquarters in Mont-
real. The voyageurs he took f rotn the habitants (farmers) ; young, active,
athletic men were sought for; indeed, none but such were engaged, and they
passed under the inspection of a surgeon. Mr. M. also purchased at Montreal
such goods as were suited for the trade, to load his boats. These boats were
the Canadian hatteaux, principally used in those days in transferring goods to
upper St. Lawrence Kiver and its tributaries, manned by four oarsmen and a

Mackinac County.

345

steersman, capacity about six tons. The voyageurs and clerks were under
indentures for a term of five years. Wages of voyageurs, $100; clerks, from
$120 to $500 per annum.

These were all novices in the business ; the plan of the company was to
arrange and secure the services of old traders and their voyageurs, who, at the
new organization of the company were in the Indian country, depending on
their influence and knowledge of the trade with the Indians, and as fast as
possible secure the vast trade in the west and northwest, within the district of
the United States, interspersing the novices brought from Canada so as to con-
solidate, extend, and monopolize, as far as possible, over the country, the
Indian trade.

The first two years they had succeeded in bringing into their employ seven-
eighths of the old Indian traders on the Upper Mississippi, Wabash, and Illi-

346

Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAN*.

nois Rivers, Lakes Michigan and Superior, and their tributaries as far north
as the boundaries of the United States extended. The other eight thought
that their interest was to remain independent; towards such, the company
selected their best traders, and located them hi opposition, with instructions
so to manage by underselling to bring them to terms.

At Mackinac, the traders' brigades were organized, the company selecting
the most capable trader to be the manager of his particular brigade, which

Mackinac County.

347

consisted of from five to twenty batteaux, laden with snoods. This chief or
manager, when reaching the country allotted to him, made detachments,
locating trading-houses, with districts clearly defined, for the operations of
that particular post, and so on, until his ground was fully occupied by traders
under him, over which he had absolute authority.^

We will here allade to Mr. Astor's attempt to establish an American empo-
rium for the fur trade at the mouth of the Columbia River, which enterprise
failed, through the capture of Astoria by the British in 1814:, and the neglect
of our government to give him protection. The withdrawal of Mr. Astor
from the Pacific coast left the Northwest Fur Company to consider them-
selves the lords of the country. They did not long enjoy the field unmo-
lested, however. A fierce competition ensued between them and their old
rivals, the Hudson^s Bay Company, which was carried on at great cost and
sacrifice, and occasionally with the loss of life. It ended in the ruin of most
of the partners of the Northwest Company, and merging of the relics of
that establishment, in 1821, in the rival asssociations.

Ramsey Crooks was a foremost man in the employ of Mr. Astor in the fur
trade, not only in the east, but upon the western coast, and has been called
*'the adventurous Rocky Mountain trader." Intimately connected, as Mr.
Crooks was, with the American Fur Company, a slight notice of him will not
be out of place. Mr. Crooks was a native of Greenock, Scotland, and was
employed as a trader in Wisconsin, as early as 1806. He entered the service
of Mr. Astor in 1809. In 1813, he returned from his three years' journey to
the western coast, and in 181? he joined Mr. Astor as a partner, and for four
or five years ensuing he was the company's Mackinac agent, though residing
mostly in New York. Mr. Crooks continued a partner until 1830 when this
connection was dissolved, and he resumed his place with Mr. Astor in his
former capacity. In 1834, Mr. Astor being advanced in years, sold out the
stock of the company, and transferred the charter to Ramsey Crooks and his
associates, whereupon Mr. Crooks was elected President of the company.
Reverses, however, compelled an assignment in 1842, and with it the death of
the American Fur Company. In 1845 Mr. Crooks opened a commission
house for the sale of furs and skins, in the city of New York. This busi-
ness, which was successful, Mr. Crooks continued until his death. Mr.
Crooks died in New York, June 6, 1859, in his 73d year. Mr. Astor died in
1848.

Washington Irving, in his Astoria," gives a graphic account of the occa-
sional meetings of the partners, agents and employes of the old Northwest
Fur Company, at Montreal and Fort William, where they kept high days and
nights of wassail and feasting; of song and tales of adventure and hair-
breadth escapes. But of those lavish and merry halls of the old North-
west," we need suggest no comparison with the agency dwelling of the
American Fur Company at Mackinac, where the expenses charged for the year
1821 were only 1678.49. In that account, however, we notice the following
entries: 31^ gallons Teneriffe Wine, 4|- gallons Port Wine; 10 gallons best
Maderia ; 7^ gallons Red Wine ; 9 gallons Brandy ; one barrel flour.

348 Pioneer Society of Michigan.

COLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS AT MACKINAC.

1801-6, David Duncan.
1806-10, George Hoflfman.
1810, Harris H. Hickman.
1810-15, Samuel Abbott.

1815- 16. William Gamble.

1816- 18, John Rogers.
1818-33, Adam D. Stewart.
1833-43, Abraham Wendell.

1843-49, Samuel K. Haring.
1849-53, Charles E. Avery.
1853-55. Alexander Toll.
1855-61; Jacob A. T. Wendell.
1861-67, John W. McMath.
1867-71, S. Henry Lasley.
1871, Janles Lasley.

INDIAIs AGENTS FOR MACKINAC AND VICINITY.

1816-24, Wm. H. Puthuflf. •
1824-33, George Boyd.
1833-41, Henry R. Schoolcraft.
1841-45, Robert Stuart.
1845-49, Wm. A. Richmond,
1849-51, Chas. P. Babcock.
1851-53, Rev. Wm. Sprague.
1853-57, Henry C. Gilbert.
1857-61, Andrew M. Fitch.

I 1861-65, D. C. Leach.
1865-69, Richard M. Smith.
1869, Wm. H. Br©ckway.
1869-71, James W. Long.
1871, Richard M. Smith.
1871-76, George I. Betts.
1876-82, George W. Lee.
1882, Edward P. Allen.

MACKINAC COUNTY PROBATE JUDGES.

1823-25, William H. Puthuff.
1825-29, Jonathan N". Bailev.
1829-33, B.Huffman.
1833-40, Michael Dousman.
1840-44, Bela Chapman.
1844-48, William Johnson.
1848-53, Bela Chapman.
1853-60, Jonathan P. King.

1860-65, Bela Chapman.
1865, Alexandar Toll.
1866-73, Bela Chapman.
1873-77, George C. Ketchum.
1877-79, George T. Wendell.
1879-81, Benoni Lachance.
1881, Thomas Chambers.

MACKINAC VILLAGE— PRESIDENTS.

The following is a list of the wardens or presidents of the borough or village
of Mackinac since its incorporation in 1817 :

1817-21, Wm. H. Puthuff.

1822, George Boyd.

1823, Wm. H. Puthuff.
1824-25, Michael Dousman.
1826, Jonathan N. Bailey.
1827-30, Samuel Abbott.
1831, Edward Biddle.
1832-43, Samuel Abbott.

1844, Edward Biddle.

1845, Samuel Abbott.

1845, Abraham Wendell.

1846, Bela Chapman.

1848, Augustus Todd.

1849, Bela Chapman.
1850-55, Augustus Todd.
1856, Jonathan P. King.
1861, John B. Couchois.

1872, John Becker.

1873, Wm. Madison.

1874, Dr. John R. Bailey.
1875-76, Edwin C. Gaskill.
1877-81, Wm. P. Preston.

1882, Horace A. N. Todd.

1883, Wm. P. Preston.

POSTMASTERS.

Postmasters in Mackinac since
The office was known as Michilima

1819-22, Adan» D. Stewart.
1822-25, John W. Mason.
1825-29, Jonathan N. Bailey.*
1829-49, Jonathan P. King.
1849-53, James H. Cook.
1853-59. Jonathan P. King.

he establishment of the postoffice in 1819.
kinac until 1825 :

1859-61, John Biddle.
1861-6G, James Lasley.

1866- 67, John Becker.

1867- 77, James Lasley.
1877-80, George C. Ketchum.
1880, James Lasley.

*Fir8t postmaster at Chicago, appointed March 31, 1831. The first postoffice on this side of the
Atlantic ^vas established by Governor Lovelace, at New York, in 1G72.

Maokiis-ac County.

349

MACKINAC COUNTY CLERKS.

Clerks of the county from its organization in 1818 :

1818-21, Thomas Lyon.
1822-24, F. Hinchraan.
1825-46, Jonathan P. King.
1847-52, P. C. Kevan.
1853-54, Wm. M. Johnston.

1855-58, John Becker.
1859-63, Wm. M. Johnston.

1864, Charles O'Malley.

1865, John Biddle.

ANCIENT NAMES 0¥ EIVERS, LAKES, ETC.

Lalce Ontario. — Champlain called it " Lac St. Louis ; " Count de Frontenac,
in 1674, called it Ontario;" on Sanson's map, 1679, it appears "Ontario ou.
Lac de St. Louis;" it had also the name Frontenac ; *' Hennepin called
it Ontario or Frontenac;" Tonti and Father Membre called it Lake
Frontenac;" on De L' Isle's maps, 1700 and 1703, it appears as ''Lac
Ontario."

Lake Erie. — This name, says Mr. Baldwin, was derived from the tribe of
Fries, on the south shore; the same tribe was also called the Cat nation.
Hennepin called it ''Erie," also " Conty ; " and Sanson's map, 1679, gives
it "Erie Lac;" Membre called it '^de Conty;" De L'Isle's maps give it
''Lac Erie."

Lalce Huron. — Champlain called it "Mer Douce;" Father Membre, as well
as Hennepin, called it *'Lake Orleans;" De L'Isle's maps, 1708 and 1718,.
give it "Lac Huron ou Michigane;" on his map of 1700 it appears as " L.
des Hurons."

Lahe Superior. — Marquette's map gives it " Lac Superieur ou de Tracy; "
Hennepin called it "Lake Conde ; " on De L'Isle's maps it is "Lac Supe-
rieur; " Senex's map, 1719, and Coxe's, of 1721, call it " Nadouessians."

Lahe Michigan. — Marquette, Dablou, and La Salle, called it the lake of the
"Illinois;" Claude Allouez, in 1676, reached this lake on the eve of St.,
Joseph; he said, "We give it the name of that great Saint, and shall hence-
forth call it 'Lake St. Joseph;' " Allouez was the first to give it the name
of " Lake Machihiganing ; ^'* La Salle and Father Membre called it " Lake Dau-
phin;" St. Cosme called it "Miesitgan," and also "Missigan;" Maresfc
was one of the first to call it Lake Michigan.

Lake St. Clair. — Hennepin wrote it "St. Clare; " on the map of De L'Isle,
of 1700, it is "L. de Ste. Claire; " on his maps of 1703 and 1718, it appears
"Lac Ganatchio ou Ste. Claire." Shea says "it received its name in honor
of the founder of the Franciscan nuns, from the fact that La Salle reached it
on the day consecrated to her."

Mississippi River.\ — One or more of the outlets of this rivei; was discovered
in the year 1519, hy the Spanish officer, Don Alonzo Alvarez Pineda; he
named the river "Rio del Espiritu Santo." De Soto named it "el Rio
Grande del Florida." Marquette, on his map, gave it the name " de la Con-
ception;" he also used the name "Missipi." La Salle, Membre, Henne-
pin, and Douay called it the "Colbert;" Joutel said the Indians called it

* KoTE.— The name as spelled by Allouez comes nearest the Indian pronunciation,
which is Mashiiganing or Mishiiganing, the double i being pronounced e-e. The
term signifies "a clearing," and was first applied to the northwestern shores of Lower
Michigan where there were large ancient clearings.

tNoTE.— The name of the river, in the principal Algonquin dialects, is "Mishisibi,''
(pronounced Me-she-se-be) meaning " large river."

350 Pioneer Society of Michigan.

*^Meechassippi ; " but he called ifc the ''Colbert" or ''Mississippi;" on Da
L'Isle's map it is "Mississippi;" and " S. Louis;" Allouez first speaks of
it as "Messipi" and again as the " Messi-sipi ; " St. Oosme calls it
"Micissipi."

The translation "Father of waters" is a poetical license.

Missouri River. — Marquette called it the " Pekitanoui," meaning muddy
water; the Recollects called it "the River of Ozages ;" Membre called it the
"Ozage;" on De L'Isle's maps, 1703, 1718, it is "le Missouri ou de R. Pek-
itanoni;" Coxe called it '^Yellow River; or, River of the Massorites."

Ohio River. — Marquette called the lower Ohio " Ouabouskigou ; " Jontel
called it "Douo, or Abacha," from the mouth of the Ohio to the Wabash, and
up that stream was known as the "Ouabache;" so it was called by Membre,
St. Oosme, and La Houtan. Above the Wabash-, the Ohio was more particu-
larly known as "Ohio ou Belle Riviere;" the river is so called on De L'Isle's
map, 1703. Evans, in 1755, calls it "Ohio or Alleghany or La Belle."

Illinois River. — Marquette speaks of it, but gave it no name ; on Franque-
lin's map it appears " Riviere des llinois ou Macopins;" La Salle called it the
"Seignlai;" Fathers Hennepin and Membre the "Seignelay;" Dablou not
only applied to one of the upper branches of the Illinois (the Desplaines) the
name "St. Louis," but to the continuation, the Illinois itself; Ooxe called it
the "Ohicagou;" De L'Isle's map, 1718, gives it "Rio des Illinois.'

Des Plaines River. — La Salle, in 1680, called the Des Plaines the "Divine
River;" Membre and Charlevoix did the same. La Salle afterward, however,
called it the "Checagou." Dablou called it "St. Louis River," including,
perhaps, the continuation, the Illinois; Franquelin's map, 1684, gives it
"Peanghichia." The river was frequently called the "Chicagou;" see De
L'Isle's map, 1718, and D'Anville's, 1755.

Chicago, and River. — Marquette called it "Portage River;" La Salle applies
the name "Ohecago" to this locality, but his Checago River was generally
the Des Plaines ; Franquelin's map, 1684, gives to this locality or river the
name of ." Cheagoumeinan," and to another stream "R. Chekagou;" Tonty,
in 1685, says that he arrived at the "Fort of Checagou." St. Oosme calls it
"Chikagou," "Chicagu," "Chicaqeu," and also "Chicago;" La Houtan,
1703, has it "Chegakou;" Senex, 1710, gives it "Checagou;" De L'Isle's
maps have it ''Checagou," also "Chicagou;" Moll, 1720, gives it "Cheka-
kou;" Charlevoix, "Chicagou;" Col. De Peyster speaks of it as "Escheca-
gou," and again as " Eschicagou," a river and fort at the head of Lake Michi-
gan. Popple's atlas, 1733, has it "Fort Miamis ou Ouamis;" Mitchell, 1755,
"R. and Port Chicagou," and Sayer and Bennett's map, 1797, says Point
Chicago River."

/Sandusky Bay. — On De L'Isle's map, 1718, it appears "Lac San-dou-ske."

Saginaw Bay. — On De L' Isle's maps, 1703 and 1718, it appears "Bays de
Saguina," and "Baye Saguinam ;" Coxe called it the "Sakinam."*

The Sacs lived on the Saginaw and Titibewassee before removing to
Wisconsin.

Patterson^ s Point. — A rocky point of land on the north shore of Lake
Michigan, some sixty miles from Mackinac is so called, from the fact that Mr.
Charles Patterson, one of the principal members of the Northwest Fur Com-
pany, with all his crew, was there drowned about the year 1788.

* Note. — " Osaginang, or " Osakining, is the Indian name, derived from " osagi " or
" Osaki."

Marquette Monume^^t Association.

351

Marquette River, — On De L' Isle's map, 1703, it is "R. Marquet;" Charle-
voix called it River Marquette," or ''River of the Black Robe."

Isle Royal, Lake Superior. — On De L'Isle's maps, 1700 and 1703, it
appears Monong;" Ooxe calls it '^Minong."*

MicMlimackinac. — Marquette called it *' Michilimakinong ;" Hennepin and
Membre speak of it as "Missilimakinak ;" Joutel called it "Micilimaquenay ;"
De L'Isle's map, 1703, calls it ''Isle et Habitation de Missilimakinac." f

The change of "n" into "1," by the French, is frequent in Indian names.

Green Bay. — Marquette called it "Bay of the Fetid;" Hennepin and
Membre did the same. Marquette says the Indians called it "Salt Bay;"
St. Oosme called it "Bay of Puants ; '' on De L'Isle's maps, 1700 and 1718,
it appears as "Baye des Puans."

Milwaulcee River. — Membre calls it "Melleoki;" St. Cosme termed it
"Melwarik;" on De L'Isle's map, of 171 8, it is called " Melleki."t

Fox River of Illinois. — Joutel, on his map, gives it "Petescouy;" St.
Cosme calls it "Pistrui;" Charlevoix calls it " Pisticoui."

Wisconsin River. — Father Marquette called it the " Mesconsing; " Henne-
pin quotes the Indians as calling it the "Ousconsin" or "Misconsin." Membre
called it the " Mesconcing ; " St. Cosme, the " Wesconsin."|!

THE FIRST COUNTY COURT.

The first meeting of the Mackinac County Court was held on Monday, the
7th of December, 1818; Wm. H. Puthuif, Chief Justice, presiding, assisted
by John Dousman, Associate Justice. The proceedings of the first session
consisted in declaring the limits of the jail-yard, and the "debtor's limits."
The latter were very liberal — "Commen'bing on the Streights (Straits) at such
a point below Robinson's Folly as that a straight line drawn through or
directly over the point of said Folly shall strike the northeastern angle of
Fort Michiiimackinac ; embracing said Fort and with its northern wall, to
the northwestern angle of said Fort; thence a due west course to the
Streights, and thence with the meanderings of said Streights, at low water
mark, to the place of beginning."

The first case on thjB docket was in the July, 1819, term of court. It was
John Dousman vs. Joseph Valiencourt, to recover on note of hand.

The second case was Laurent Rolette vs. Edward Biddle, for $7,000 for
assault and battery by the latter on the person of the former, in the afternoon
of June 7th, 1S19.

MARQUETTE MONUMENT ASSOCIATION.
From the Mackinac Register, August 6, 1879.

The full order of exercises for the 8th and 9tli inst., of the Marquette Mon-
ument Association, has not been definitely established, but will be substan-
tially as follows :

Friday, the 8th, at 2 P. M., a civic and military procession will form
* Note. — " Minong" is the Indian name.

tNoTE. — Marquette came nearest the Indian pronunciation of the word, which is
*' Misliinimakinang."
j Note.— " Minewag " is the Indian name.

II Note. — The Indian name is " WishkOsing," the "o" having the nasal sound of
the French " ou."

352 PioDSTEER Society of Michiga^t.

opposite the postoffice, under the direction of the Marshal, and proceed to the
a:rounds where the followino^ order of exercises will be observed :

Address of welcome — Hon. Thos. W. Ferry, president.

Invocation — Rev. Dr. George Duffield.

Reading letters of regret from distinguished invited guests.

Address — Hon. 0. I. Walker, of the Michigan Pioneer Society.

Music — 10th Regiment Band.

Address — John Gilmary Shea, LL. D., of the New York Historical Society,
on the Life and Character of Marquette.
Music.

Poem — " The Christian Missionary," — Father Oronin, of BuHalo.
Singing by the children of the public schools.

Paper by Hon. J. N. Arnold, President of the Chicago Historical Society.
Music.

Address of Missouri Historical Society.

Saturday, August 9: At 9:30 A. M., all the steam craft in the district
will proceed to Point St. Ignace, where lie the remains of Marquette, and
Father Jacker will then deliver an address touching the burial and exhumation
of the bones of Marquette.

The steamers will return to Mackinac about 2 P. M. when, at the git>unds
of the Mission House, the following order of exercises will be observed :

Invocation — Rt. Rev. Dr. Borgess, of Detroit.

Address — Hon. C. C. Washburne, president of the Wisconsin Historical
Society, on the pioneer history.

Delegates from Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, and other State Historical Socie-
ties will deliver brief addresses.

Singing by the children of the public schools.

Address — Hon. Thos. W. Ferry and Hon. Carter Harrison.

A committee of prominent guests will be appointed to select a site for the
monument in the National Park, which site the association will endeavor to
secure from congress, and prepare for an early placing of the corner stone.

At 7 P. M. the trustees and officers of the association will meet at the City
Hall for the transaction of business.

MARQUETTE.

He was born in the city of Loan, in France in 1637. At the age of 17 he
became a member of the society of Jesus. He was a teacher and student in
that order for twelve years. In the year 1666, being then of the age of 29,
he landed in Quebec. He was not long idle after reaching this country. On
the 15th of October of that year, he started for Three Rivers to study the
Montaquais, the language of the various tribes, also Algonquin, with Father
Gabriel Druilletes, and remained there until April, 1668, when he was ordered
to the Ottawa Mission of Lake Superior. In 1671 he founded tlie Mission at
Point St. Ignace in the Straits of Mackinac and remained there until 1673.
Here he perfected his plans for the discovery of the Mississippi, but the pro-
ject had been conceived by him several years before, and was favored by
Talon, intendant of New France, who wished to see the Hag of France planted
by the side of that of Spain, on the Pacific and Mexican Gulf.

May 17, 1673, Marquette, Joliet, and five men set out in two bark canoes
from the Mission of St. Ignatius, on their voyage of discovery. Their only

Mabquette.

353

provisions were Indian corn and dried meats. They coasted along the shor^
of Lake Michigan, then called the Illinois, to Green Bay. They left the bay
at the mouth of Fox river, up which they advanced to Moskoutens, where
they arrived June 7, 1673. Here they remained three days, when taking two
Algonquin guides, they started for the Wisconsin river. The guides took
them safely to a portage, and helped to carry their canoes to the river and
returned home. Marquette and his companions sailed safely down the Wis-
consin and entered the Mississippi on the 17th of June. Down this mighty
stream they went without fear, and as events proved, without danger, until
they reached the Des Moines. Here they stayed six days, Marquette and
Joliet performing their duties as missionaries, and publishing to the Indians
the glories of the Christian faith. They then again took up their voyage, and
descended the river to Akansea, ten leagues below the Arkansas river, the
farthest point reached by them.

They started on their return July 17th, entering the Illinois river, where
the Indians entreated Marquette to reside with them, and a young chief con-
ducted the party to Chicago. In September they were all safe in Green Bay.

Joliet returned to Quebec, and Marquette remained at the Green Bay Mis-
sion until October 25, 1674, when he sailed for Chicago. Here he was warmly
welcomed by the Indians, and here he remained until May of the following
year. His toils and exposure had overtasked his strength, and he resolved to
sail to the Mission of St. Ignace and recruit his health. On the voyage om
Chicago to the Mission, his strength gradually failed, and he became so weak
that he could no longer help himself, but had to be lifted in and out of his
canoe when they landed each night. On the day of his death he pointed to
an eminence near the mouth of a river, and told his companions that
it was the place of his last repose. They entered the stream and carried him
ashore, erected a little bark cabin, kindled a fire and made him as comfort-
able as they could. Marquette now sent them away to take the repose
they so much needed. Two or three hours afterwards he felt his end
approaching and summoned his companions. Taking his crucifix from
around his neck, and placing it in their hands, he pronounced in a firm
voice his profession of faith, and thanked God for the favor of permitting
him to die a Jesuit, a missionary and alone. Then, his face all radiant with
joy, and the words "Jesus" and **Mary" on his lips, his soul passed "into a
high estate, far up within the Heaven." He died on the 18th of May, 1675,
in the thirty-eighth year of his age. This account of his death differs some-
what from the one given by Bancroft, but is taken from a trustworthy source.

Two years after his death, and almost on the anniversary of the event, a
party of Indians whom Marquette had himself instructed at Lapoint,
removed his bones to Point St. Ignace, where they now repose.

The qualities of the Jesuit missionary may, by men of discrimination, be
inferred from the fact, that the contemplations of them lifted the pedantic
historian Bancroft out of studied rhetoric into the realm of simple narrative
and faithful description. When a member of the "Boston Mutual Admira-
tion Society," so far forgets himself as to become natural, and give easy
play to feeling and fancy, we may safely make an afiidavit that there is
matter which overtops brains and reaches soul. The antiquated historian,
who surrounds patiently gathered facts with pompous diction, felt a pulse
stir within him as he considered the spirit and the work of the heroic and
45

354

PioisTEER Society of Michigan.

Christ-like Jesuit missionary and explorer. There are few pages of history
more faithful in detail, more suggestive of philosophical reflection, or more
graphic in narrative than those which Bancroft has given in his statement of
the life and labors of Marquette. The subject is one calculated to "rouse
noble thoughts.^' Over it all, illuminating every plan, and incident in the
life of this modest and great man, shines that divine spirit of love, which
eighteen hundred years ago taught self-sacrifice on the shores of Galilee, and
which, permeating all the intervening ages, informed the soul and spurred
to action the brains of the Jesuit on the banks of Huron and Michigan.

We understand the distinctions which can be made between Jesuit and
Jesus, and also understand how God can lift a man above any order of which
he may be a member. The motive and the cue for action" which ani-
mated Marquette were found in a nature responsive to all kindly and loving
thoughts, moved upon by the spirit of Jesus. So was his life guided, and
there is no device of sophistry, nor ingenuity of logic, nor subtlety of evasion,
nor jugglery with mental processes, nor anything in the form of intellect or
brains which God has fashioned which can give it other translation.

" His life was gentle,
And the elements so mixed

In him that nature could
Stand up before all the world

And say, this is a man."

POINT ST. IGIsTACE.

Around the straits of Mackinac there is no spot possessing historical asso-
ciations of greater interest than Point St. Ignace. Here Marquette estab-
lished his mission in 1676 ; here he prepared his plans for the voyage to the
Mississippi and down that river to a point ten leagues below the mouth of
the Arkansas; here was formed and perfected those friendly relations
between the Jesuit missionaries and the Indians which made the latter the
steadfast allies of the French, and Marquette an object of love and venera-
tion to all of the Indian tribes whose pursuits brought them in a more remote
degree to the commerce of the straits. Here was built the first fort, and
here as from a central radiating point, commences the history of Mackinac —
the whole country bordering the straits of that name.

It is fortunate for Point St. Ignace that the head of the Stockbridge Lum-
bering Co., Col. Stockbridge, does not allow his pursuits of business to inter-
fere with his interest in the history of the locality in which the company has
built up so long, a business. He is diligent in his pursuit of the early history
of the Point, and careful in the preservation of its details. Father Jacker,
who is now a resident of St. Ignace, is a veritable antiquarian, and from
these gentlemen we hope to gather many interesting incidents for the readers
of the Kegister touching the early settlement of that locality.

Little did Marquette imagine some two hundred years ago, that the mission
then established by him would be sought by the enterprising operator and
made a center for the building up of a large commercial interest; and as
little did he imagine that the advance in liberal ideas would bring men of
an opposing creed to his own to his grave, as a shrine, where homage would
be paid to genius, and a holy spirit of benevolence prompting it to noble
deeds.

Old MACKrNTAw.

355

OLD MACKIIS-AW.

Some one has said that history is true in names and dates, and false in
everything else. The remark will only hold good in the absence of authentic
records. The early history of the country around the straits of Mackinac can
be easily traced, and is susceptible of verification.

The Jesuit missionaries who first explored this country and made known its
resources, were men of method. They kept faithful records and reported
regularly and faithfully to their superiors in France. System was a distin-
guishing feature of the order founded by Loyola, and the old records of those
missionaries enable us to trace step by step the order in which different settle-
ments were made and the progress and history of each. The year in which
Marquette first established the mission (1671) at Point St. Ignace is known,
and the history of that settlement and the fort built there by the French is
one that can be followed with nicety of detail. Many persons who are not
residents in this vicinity, and have not searched the annals, suppose that

Old Mackinaw," or what is now known as such, is the spot where the first
settlement was made in the straits. This is a great mistake. Point St.
Ignace is the locality from whence starts the history of Mackinac, and in the
name Mackinac we include the country bordering on the straits, and the
island.

We shall not here attempt to condense the history of the fort at Point St.
Ignace, commencing as it did in 1673, and continuing with varying fortunes
until the building of the fort on the south side of the straits at what is now
known as ''Old Mackinaw" in 1714. This post, eight miles distant from
the island, continued in the possession of the French until 1761, then it fell
into the hands of the English as a part of the territory ceded by France the
previous year.

Among the French and Indians there always existed the most friendly feel-
ings. Said a Chippewa chief : '' They called us children, and we found them
fathers." When the English took possession of Port Mackinaw, a different
order of business and relations ensued. Says a historian, in speaking of the
conduct of the English : *' The fur traders were as a class, ruffians of the
coarsest stamp who vied with each other in violence and rapacity, and who
cheated and plundered the Indians and outraged their families. The soldiers
and officers of the garrison were insolent and repellant, dealing in menaces
and oaths, and not unfrequently blows."

Here we may find the causes leading to the conspiracy of Pontiac, resulting
in the massacre of the garrison of the fort, and several traders and residents.
At the time of the massacre the fur-trader Alexander Henry thus describes
the plan :

"The fort stands on the south side of the straits which is between Lake
Huron and Lake Michigan. It has an area of two acres and is enclosed with
pickets of cedar- wood, and it is so near the water's edge, that when the wind
is in the west, the waves break against the stockade. On the bastions are two
small pieces of brass English cannon. Within the stockade are thirty houses,
neat in their appearance and tolerably commodious, and a church in which
mass is celebrated by a Jesuit missionary. The number of families may be
nearly equal to that of the houses, and their subsistence is derived from the
Indian traders who assemble here in their voyages to and from Montreal.

''Michilimackinac is the place of deposit and point of departure between
the upper countries and the lower. Here the outfits are prepared for the

356 PiOKEER Society of MicmaAN.

countries of Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, Lake Superior and the
Northwest; and here the returns in furs are collected and embarked for
Montreal."

Such was Fort Michilimackinac in 1763. On the 4:th of June of that year,
there were encamped about the Fort a band of Ohippewas and also a band of
Sacs. The two bands met for a game of bag-gab-i-way. It is yery exciting
sport, and is to the Indians what base ball is to the whites. The ball is not
touched by the hand, but is batted with a bat about four feet in length, ter-
minating in a ring some four inches in diameter in which a net work of cord
is loosely woven. Two posts are set, sometimes a mile apart, and the object
of the game is to get the ball to the opponents' post.

The officers of the Fort, not suspecting treachery or danger, left the post
and Avere witnessing the game. The Indains haying free access to the Fort,
sent part of their numbers in and took possession. There were 90 men with
their officers. From the letter written by Major Ethrington, the Commander
of the Fort, to Major Gladwin of Detroit, it appears that Lieutenant Jamette
and twenty men were massacred, and the rest taken prisoners. Ethrington,
Lieut. Leslie, and eleyen men were taken from the Ohippewas by the Ottawas,
and saved through the intercession of Father Lanyis, a Jesuit missionary,
then living at what is now ' known as Cross Village. What became of the
other men the letter of Major Ethrington does not state.

For a little more than a year after the massacre, the Fort was only occupied
by the Coureurs de hois and a few Indians who chose to make it a temporary
residence. Then Captain Howard took possession of it with two companies of
troops and the place was garrisoned until 1780, in which year it was aban-
doned and the troops removed to the Island. A government house and a few
other buildings had then been erected here, but the fort which was built on
the site of the present one was not completed in 1783.

We have condensed these facts from a history of '*01d and New Mackinac"
by J. A. Van Fleet, except that portion of them relating to the records of the
old Jesuit missionaries. The lines of the old Fort are yet traceable, and some-
of the pickets near the water's edge and in the water are yet standing.

The completion of the Grand Rapids and Indiana railroad to old Mackinaw
and the completion of a railroad from Sault Ste. Marie to Point St. Ignace
are works which will probably be accomplished within two years.

More than two hundred years have gone by since Marquette established his
mission at Point St. Ignace. The Indians whom he hoped to bring to a
knowledge of the faith, which animated him are in their graves, and the
fraud and violence of the white man have caused their descendants to disap-
pear as snows before the breath of spring. In the lives of all nations which
have gone before us, there has been an avenging hand. Who shall say that
the massacre of the garrison at *^01d Mackinac" satisfied the presiding fate
which works in its own good time both justice and retribution? There may
be yet in store for the dwellers who now occupy the lands of the Indians, a
punishment which will be proportioned to the wrongs of which Pontiac made
complaint. Let us hope differently, and let us also hope that commerce will
perpetuate around Mackinac, that civilization founded on the spirit of Jesus
which impelled the Jesuit to these shores in the centuries which have passed.
It is not irreverent to say that the locomotive and the keel are more potent
propogandists of Christianity than theological establishments. Herein is found

Macomb County.

357

the refutation of the thought, that progress and the precepts and system of
the Nazarene are at war.

MAOOMB COUNTY.

ACCOUNT OF THE EAKLY SETTLEMENT OF MT. CLEMENS, AS GIVEN
TO MKS. E. M. SHELDON STEWART IN 1850.

BY GEN. JOHN STOCKTON.
[Read at the annual meeting of the State Society, June 13, 1883.]

During the war of 1812 I served under GoL Brush as a volunteer. We were
on the way to Detroit with supplies at the time of the surrender, and we were
surrendered with the rest of the army ; but the officers took the supplies and
returned to their homes.

In 1813 I joined the regular army, under Gen. Harrison, at Fort Meigs, and
remained in active service till the close of the war. I had the pleasure of
assisting in the recapture of Detroit, a year after Hull's surrender.

I was out on recruiting service most of the time for the first few months. I
was then ordered to Chillicothe, Ohio, and remained there till the autumn of
1814, when I was ordered to Maiden and remained there till peace was declared.
I had command of the troops who were to evacuate the Fort according to the
stipulations of the treaty of peace. I took down the American flag, wrapped
it around a sergeant, placed him in the center of the troops, marched to the
boats and came to Detroit.

In October, 1817, I removed from Detroit to Mt. Clemens. We came
through from Detroit in a day on the Lake road. There were already four
families in Judge Clemens' house, but we moved in, making the fifth family,
and remained there till we could build a log house, which was not many days.
Judge Clemens had purchased the claims of the few persons who had made
improvements on lands in that vicinity, and under a law of congress letters
.patent were issued to him as assignee.

There was a French settlement on the river two miles below here, which
had been settled for some years. A number of French families were also
settled along the lake shore and the river. A large number of Chippewa
Indians were in the vicinity, but they were peaceable. Maskeash, the prin-
cipal chief of the Chippewas, died soon after the close of the war of 1812, and
was buried on the Indian Reserve in all his ornaments. His son, who suc-
ceeded him as chief, was drowned sometime afterward, in the river at Mt.
Clemens. He got drunk, and about midnight ran across my garden, broke
the fence, and plunged into the water with an Indian ugh ! I heard the noise
and got up and searched, but could find nothing and did not suspect the facts.
The next day the body was found and was buried by his friends on the reserve.
Two or three days after, the relatives of the dead Indian came to my house
intending to extort money by threats. I noticed that they were unusually
reserved — only two of them had a word to say; they talked among them-
selves, and Mrs. Stockton understood what they said and warned me against
one of them who was a Canada Indian and could speak English. I asked him
the object of their visit, but could get no satisfaction.

The next day forty or fifty Indians went to Judge Conner at the Moravian

358

PioisTEER Society of MicmaAisr.

village and entered complaint against me for causing the death of their chief?
and threatened me with their vengeance. A Frenchman informed me of
their act and intentions, and I sent away Mrs. Stockton and the children, and
remained at home myself.

About 11 o'clock at night the Indians came; there was no light in the
house, and after some time they left.

In 1818 there were about fifteen families in the village of Mt. Clemens.
Schooners sometimes came up the Clinton river, but the inhabitants used
large canoes for their trips to Detroit. Provisions were brought from Detroit
till 1823. One summer, .Fred Hoxie, 63 years old, used to bring about sixty
pounds of flour on his back from Detroit, and commencing at one edge of the
settlement he would divide it among six or seven families. When emigrants
came along and asked for food the old man would tell them that " the inhabi-
tants of Mt. Clemens only eat once in three days, and this was not the third
day;" but he always divided with them whatever food he had.

In 1818 and 1819 the village was very sickly. At one time every man,
woman, and child in the village, except myself, was sick, and I went from
house to house doing what I could to alleviate suffering.

One night an Irishman said if he could have some milk he Avas sure it would
cure him. I went to one of the neighbors to get some, but the cows had not
come home. I returned and told the man the reason of my failure. His
wife, who was also sick, lifted up her head and exclaimed, What did you
say? Do the cows have the ague in Michigan?"

I remember one sad case of sickness — that of Mrs. Clark. One morning-
I rode 27 miles to Detroit for medical advice, returned and then sat up all
night, and the next morning went to Detroit again. This I did for three days
and three nights, but the poor woman died. Her disease was fever. This was
in 1819. There were a great many cases of fever that summer, and we were
rejoiced when Dr. Chamberlain came in October. The first minister in Mt.
Clemens was a Methodist by the name of Easton. He boarded with me, and
began to preach in October, 1818. The growth of Mt. Clemens was very slow
because the influence of Detroit was against us, and most of the land in the
village and vicinity was owned by a very few individuals, and no other land-
could be obtained, while at Pontiac, and other places, land could be purchased
directly from the Government.

In the winter season we had no lack of amusements. J^ot unfrequently
twenty and even thirty sleighs well filled, and provided with music, would
come to Mt. Clemens and dance till 2 or 3 o'clock, then go to St. Clair and
dance, come back here and dance, then go to Detroit and dance again. At
another time we would go from here to Detroit, thence to Monroe, and thence
to Maumee, and dance at every place.

Some time in 1818 a grist-mill was erected above Mt. Clemens ; there was
also a wind-mill at the mouth of the river.

The Moravian village was settled before Mt. Clemens, and in 1818 con-
tained about twenty families. This village was about three miles from Mt.
Clemens.

The first merchant in Mt. Clemens was Mr. Doty, who used to buy his tea
by the pound and sell it out by the two ounces.

The first lawyer admitted to the bar in the Northwest Territory was Thomas
Ashley of Mt. Clemens, admitted in 1820. Macomb county was set off in
1818, though the act was strongly opposed by many of the oldest inhabitants

Mt. Clemens and Vicinity.

359

The first record iti the county clerk's office is that of a tract of land sold by
Christian Clemens and Elizabeth Clemens, his wife, to the governor of the
Territory of Michigan for the time being in trust for the use of the county
of Macomb. On this land the court-house was built, the lower story was of
hewn logs, and the second story frame.

The taxes, at the rate of J per cent, for the county of Macomb in 1818,
amounted to $418.00. There were then about fifteen families in this village.

The first judges in the county were Judge Clemens, chief judge, and
James Conner and Elisha Harrington, associate judges.

The southern and western portions of the county were heavily timbered,
while the northern and eastern portions were plains. The whole county
abounded with game. Clinton river was then called Huron of St. Clair, and
the name was changed to Clinton river by an act of the Legislative Council.

Mt. Clemens was incorporated in 1837.

Mt. CLEMENS AND VICINITY.

ACCOUNT GIVEN BY EDWARD TUCKER AT HIS OWN HOUSE IN 1852, TO MRS.

E. M. SHELDON STEWART.

My father's name was William Tucker. He was born in New Jersey.
When he was about eleven years old his father, brother Joseph, and himself
were riding along the road in a wagon when they were attacked by a band of
Chippewa Indians. His father was killed, and my father and his brother
Joseph were taken captive and brought to the Indian camp on the shore of
Lake Erie. When they reached the camp the Indians gathered around father
saying, *'Sing, sing," meaning probably his death-song; but father ran for
protection to the Indian who had bought him of the rest of the band on their
way to camp. My father was soon sold to another Indian by the name of We-
kan-nis, who took him, with other prisoners, to Detroit, and there in the pres-
ence of the boy gave his father's scalp to the British Agent, Mr. Baly. For
seven years the Indians still held my father prisoner, and then suddenly gave
him his liberty. He was then 18 years old. While a prisoner he used to go with
the Indians in autumn to Cleveland or Mackinaw, and return in the spring to
Detroit. His brother Joseph who was taken prisoner with him died among
the Indians. Another brother died on an island. A brooch with his initials
was found on the corpse and brought to my father who recognized it.

Father was in the Fort at Detroit during the Pontiac war. For sixty days
and nights he was one of the sentinels on the ramparts. One day he saw an
Indian crawling up the ravine trying to get near enough to shoot the sentinel.
Father fired and killed the Indian. A squaw, belonging to the tribe in which
father was for so many years a prisoner, revealed to him the conspiracy of
Pontiac, and he told the commanding officer.

For some time after the Pontiac war father was employed by Meldrum as
an Indian trader, at $40 per month. In the summer of 1773 he went to Vir-
ginia, and on the 8th day of August, 1773, he was married and brought his
bride on horseback right through the wilderness, and through a village of the
Wyandottes to the part of the farm where my house now stands. The house
was of logs and stood a few feet in front of this present homestead.

Wyandotte and Chippewa Indians had villages on the Clinton river. There
was also a large village of the Wyandottes below Detroit. The Indians were

360 Pioneer Society of Michigan.

always kind to father ; he was well known in all the six nations. Indians in
their wild state are hospitable, honest, and truthful. I have played many a
day with the Indian boys.

The next fall after father's marriage Mr. Conner moved into the Moravian
village, five miles from here. This village was among the Indians at what is
now Kibby's Mills. My father was for a long time an interpreter for the Brit-
ish, and finally bought a commission in the Indian Department, for £50, He
received 12 a day and two and a half rations. He used to escort the British
ofiBcers on hunting excursions and had a fine time. He was in Detroit most of
the time and my mother made the farm her home. Father had slaves then ;
they raised all kinds of provisions on the farm and took to the Detroit market
in father's own boat. The British ofiicers would often come out to the farm
for a spree, and would hand over their money to the negroes for safe keeping.
The Indians also could be trusted. At one time James Conner, an Indian
trader at Chicago, sent an Ottawa Indian to Sandwich to a Scotchman named
Patterson, for $1,000 worth of silver ornaments for the Indian trade. ^ The
Indian obtained them and delivered them safely, and was rewarded for his
fidelity by receiving a good suit of clothes.

In September, 1780, father obtained a deed from the Chippewa Indians of
a tract of land seven miles long on Clinton or Huron river, from the mouth
of the river up, and running three miles back. The deed was drawn up by
Mr. Belcour, the British agent. Ten chiefs signed the deed by their " totems.''
Not long after father obtained the deed some designing white men instigated
the Indians to obtain the deed and destroy it. An armed band of Indians
came to the house one day and demanded the deed. Father took a large knife
and sat down with them and talked the matter over calmly, and told them
they could not have the deed. His firmness overawed them and they left him
ever afterward in undisturbed possession. But years afterward, when Robert
McNeff, the first surveyor under the British government, surveyed the land
along the Clinton river, we learned that according to law my father could not
hold so large a tract of land, but my brother Charles held 629 acres and I
held 640 acres.

All the inhabitants along the frontier had fearful times with the Indians
for a year before and during the war of 1812. Their depredations were fre-
quent and unexpected. There was no other way only to give them what they
asked for. The inhabitants on the St. Clair and Huron rivers were invited to
Detroit for protection, but they did not all go. Our family remained on the
farm. My mother was a woman of rare courage.

My father served during the war as captain in the American militia. The
Chippewas and Wyandottes around us were allies of the Americans, and were
peaceful until after the surrender of Detroit by Gen. Hull. I am glad I was
not in Detroit at the time of that shameful surrender. When the news came
of the approach of Gen. Harrison with the American army to retake Detroit I
was ploughing in the field. I at once stopped my team, unharnessed and
started immediately for Detroit, and joined the troops going to meet Harrison's
army. I liked fighting. I was in the battle of the Thames and had my share
in the glory of the victory. When the Wyandottes and Brown's family were
taken prisoners I was piloting provision boats, and secreted Capt. Anderson
and took him in the night to Grosse Point.

Gen. Cass and Gen. McCarthy marched the American troops into Canada.
When the army camped at night it was discovered that the boats were twelve

Monroe County.

361

miles behind, on Bear Creek. Capfc. Smith was ordered to detail a squad of
men to go for the boats. A sergeant and twelve men, of whom I was one,
were selected and ordered to march at once and bring up the boats before
morning, and if that could not be done, to stave the boats. When we reached
the boats we found the current so strong that we could not proceed with them,
so we destroyed the boats and undertook to carry the cartridges ; but we soon
found that weight of 75 pounds each was more than the men could carry a
distance of twelve miles, so we secreted the cartridges and went back to camp
after pack horses. When we again reached the cartridges we found that one
pile had blown up, but the rest we delivered safely.

After peace was declared we returned to our farms on the Clinton river.
The present homestead was built four feet back of the first log house, and
here my father died, March 7, 1805. Mother died in 1848, a very old woman.
My parents had ten children, three daughters and seven sons. I was the fifth
child and was born in Detroit July 16, 1782.

Judge Clemens, the founder of the village of Mt. Clemens, moved there in
1804. We used to call Mt. Clemens High Banks or Big Spring, from a large
spring which boiled out of the bank. Clinton river was called by the French
and Indians Nottawasippee. About the year 1817 the American settlers began
to come to Mt. Clemens. Dr. Allen was the first physician in this region.
Mr. Ashley, Dr. Thompson, Judge Le Roy, and Gen. Stockton were among
the first settlers. The first distillery in Michigan was built at Mfc. Clemens, by
John Brooks, and afterward bought by Judge Clemens and Mr. Wisewell.

MONROE COUNTY.

recollections of the eaely history of the city and

county of monroe.

BY HOK. I. P. CHRISTIANCY.
Read at tlie annual meeting of the State Society, June 14, 1883.

When, some months since at an informal meeting of a few minutes in the
streets of Lansing with the president of the society, Hon. Michael Shoe-
maker, I promised to present to the society a paper upon the County and the
City of Monroe, I had no definite idea of the plan or the scope of the paper
I should write ; and I think it quite probable that, from what was then said,
those gentlemen might naturally enough have inferred that the scope of my
paper would embrace a biographical sketch of the leading citizens of Monroe
in 1836, when I went there, and for some years after. This was my general
idea at the time of the conversation. But I was not informed, so far as I
can recollect, that any paper upon the history of Monroe would be expected
from another hand, and knowing that Monroe had been recognized (in this
State at least) as an independent State ever since its dissent to the action of
the pseudo convention at Ann Arbor, of Dec. 14, 1836, which assented to
the loss of its southern boundary, it occurred to me that a slight sketch of its
history ought to precede the biography of its individual citizens; and that
some special matters of local interest, which seldom get into history or biog-
raphy, might appropriately be given in a preliminary paper. With these
views I had prepared the present paper before I saw the recent announce-
46

362 Pioneer Society oe Michigan.

ment in the press, that I would read a biographical sketch of the leading
men of Monroe Oounty, and that Hon. Talcott E. Wing would read one
upon the history of the county. How far, therefore, each may have crossed
the other's track can only be seen by the result; and, as he is the older citi-
zen of Monroe (though the younger man), and there is more of the histor-y
of the Independent State" than is likely to be exhausted in a single brief
effort, I cheerfully consent that where we may be found to have crossed
each other's track, my portion at the crossing may be stricken out. I might
have given from general recollection, a brief biographical sketch of the
leading men of Monroe, but up to this time I have not been able to obtain
sufficient particular facts and dates to make my work useful and reliable as
one of reference, which I wish to make it. I hope therefore, the present
paper may be accepted as an introduction to the Biographical sketch of the
leading men of Monroe, which, with the permission of this society, I hope
hereafter to present.

The county of Monroe was first established by Executive Act (authorized
by the ordinance), July 14, 1817, and its boundaries were more particularly
described (substantially as they are to-day) by an Executive act of Gen. Cass,
then Governor, Sept. 10, '22 ; and the then and present county of Lenawee,
then unorganized, though established by the same act, was attached to the
county of Monroe, together with all that part of the territory ceded by the
Indians to the United States by the then recent treaty of Chicago, which
included most of the country between the Grand Kiver on the north and
the St. Joseph on the south.

The town or village of Monroe was first established by an executive act of
William Woodbridge, secretary and then acting governor of the territory.
Sept. 4th, 1817, before which (and for a long time after upon the maps of
the country) the settlement was called French town, and supposed to be on
the north side of the river, though it was about equally upon both. But at
the time of the war (of 1812 and 1813) there was a small stockade on the
north side of the river known as the Wayne stockade, just opposite the upper
end of the present upper bridge, on the ground since occupied by Charles
ISToble as a residence while he lived in Monroe, and since the residence of Mr.
Chapman. And at the time of Winchester's defeat most if not all of the
American forces occupied a stockade nearly a mile further down the river just
below where the old wagon road for Detroit leaves the river, where the prin-
cipal battle was fought. The principal and more central part of the town or
village of Monroe (as established in 1817) was laid out and platted on the
south side of the river, on the farm then owned by Joseph Loranger, and
the fronts of the next two farms west owned by Kirby, Smith, and Anderson..
Judge A. B. Woodward (who sold his farm to Loringer), and who had bought
it originally to qualify himself as Judge under the 4th section of the ordi-
nance which required a Judge to own at least 500 acres of land, had given his.
place the euphonious name of Euphemia, which it retained until the name
of Monroe was substituted.

The first white settlements in what is now tlie county of Monroe were com-
posed of French Canadians who began to locate there about the year 1783
or 1784 (though Francis Navarre is said to have gone there in 1780). Their
first settlements were confined mostly to tlie north and south banks of the
River Raisin '^Rivier aux Raisins," so called from the immense quantities of
wild grapes along its banks, which as late as 1843 and 1844 I saw growing on.

Early History of Monroe Coukty. 363

the Macon Reserve along this river and the Saline and Macon vrhere the forest
was still untouched, over the tops of the tallest forest trees ; some of the vines
being from six to eight inches through ; which, after climbing to the tops of
trees, dropped branches to the ground, which again took root and made an
inextricable mat of vines, such as I have never seen elsewhere except in the
tropics. But those settlements also spread with considerable rapidity to
Otter Creek, about four miles south, and to Stoney Creek, about four miles
north, and Swan Creek, eight miles northeast. So that, as appears by the
subsequent grants of donation tracts to these settlers under the act of Con-
gress, March 3, 1807, which confined the right to such grants to lands occu-
pied and in part improved prior to July 1, 1796, these settlements must, prior
to the last named date, have extended all along both sides of the River Raisin
almost continuously for eight or nine miles, and a few isolated tracts a little
further up and along both sides of Otter Creek from near the lake to some
four miles into the interior and along Stony Creek.

These early French settlers, for the sake of security and protection from
the Indians, had settled very near to each other along the River Raisin and
other streams mentioned; clearing only a small portion of land in front
along the streams. But as the act of Congress confined each claimant to the
lands the front of which he had improved, and allowed him any quantity not
exceeding 640 acres, requiring him to pay the government surveyor for survey-
ing his tract, several remarkable results followed : 1st, To get any consider-
able quantity of land, each would be compelled to take a narrow tract, mak-
ing up the quantity by extending a greater or less distance back from the
stream ; this resulting in making the tract of each a long and narrow, ribboned
like, piece of land fronting on the stream. 2d, As the claimant had to pay
the government surveyor for surveying his claim and most of the settlers, in
the honest simplicity of those days, could see no use in extending their tracts
further back from the front than would be convenient to work as a farm,
together with enough woodland in the rear for fire-wood and timber, most of
them declined to pay the extra cost of surveying out the large tract to which
they would be entitled (640 acres), which in most cases would have extended
from three to five miles to make up the quantity ; and not more than one in
ten of them would consent to make their tracts longer than about two miles,
and many of them not more than one. But occasionally a claimant, more
far seeing or more confident of the future, or perhaps stimulated thereto by
some Yankee" (who had agreed with the claimant to purchase his claim
and take an assignment of it, or to take it after the patent should issue) would
extend his claim four miles or more in depth, so as to include nearly 640
acres allowed by the law. But these cases were exceptional and did not
amount to one in twenty.

Very generally the adjoining claimants would make their claims of the
same depth, and most generally about two miles, so as to make the rear of
their claims a straight line; but occasonally would come in the midst of them,
a more modest claimant who refused to extend his claim more than about one
mile. This, of course, rendered the rear of the body of claims jagged and
unequal, and the consequence of this was, that when the government some
years after surveyed the public lands, finding a considerable body of claims
extending the same distance back and bounded alike by one straight rear line,
omitted to notice the fact, that among these claims were some which ©nly
extended back about half the distance, and the land in the rear of these

364

Pioneer Society of Michigai??-.

short claims was thus by mistake, left unsurveyed, and treated as if part of
the claim in front. And though the original claimants knew that these lands
were not included in their grants, their descendants who were generally
illiterate, most of them unable to read, really believed that such lands were a
part of the front claim which they had inherited, and they treated them as
such in perfect good faith, selling, mortgaging, and leasing them as if a part
of the front grant. And they might well do so in good faith, as the patents
for a large portion of these claims were sent on to Michigan in 1812, and
were captured by the British on a schooner bringing them, and the heirs of
the claimants, totally unacquainted with routine, never troubled themselves
to enquire, and with their limited knowledge, could not, if they wished, have
ascertained the truth in relation to these grants. There were several thousand
acres of these so-called '*lost lands," many of which were among the best in
the county. Between 1850 and 1854 (while Hon. Charles Noble was sur-
veyor general in Michigan), a full and complete survey of such lands was
made and returned to the general land office in Washington. But the diffi-
culty in making provision, upon equitable principles, for the adjustment of
the various complications which had grown up under such a state of things,
has prevented any adjustment of these titles, and the truly paternal nature of
our government toward those who have, in good faith, converted the wilder-
ness into fertile fields, has prevented, and it is to be hoped, will long prevent
any hasty legislation which might disturb the occupants of such lands. Simi-
lar cases occurred in Wayne county along the Detroit river, the Eiver Rouge,
etc., in reference to which special acts have been passed, and while I was in
the U. S. Senate the claim of Ephraim P. Abbott to a tract of this lost
land" in that county came before Congress, which was disposed of upon
equitable principles by the act January 19, 1877.

And upon similar principles nearly, if not quite, all such claims ought to be
settled in the county of Monroe. The possession of these various tracts of lost
land led to much litigation in that county, and the connection of the public
surveys with the prior grants of claims led to some litigation in another way.
The surveyor of the private claims did not always mark the side lines of some
of the claims, isolated from the general body of claims, and the government
surveyor, on some occasions, included in the public surveys large portions of
such claims; and the government lands were bought in good faith, but after-
wards found to fall within the patent of a prior claim. Such was the case of
a purchase of public land by Wolcott Lawrence, in Raisinville, some eight
miles above Monroe on the river; a large part of whose purchase turned out
to be within the bounds of a prior patent or a claim which had been pur-
chased by Christopher Bruckner, and this case, after a long litigation, was
settled by the decision of the Supreme Court of Michigan, in Bruckner's
Lessee v. Lawrence, 1 Doug. 19; and all other cases of a similar kind were
settled or decided on the basis of this decision.

While on the subject of the public lauds and land grants, it is proper to
say that there was one Indian reservation within the limits of Monroe county,
of nine sections of land at a place called Macon, on the River Raisin where
the River Macon falls into the River Raisin. This was reserved to the Ottawa,
Chippewa, Wyandotte, and Pottawattomie Indians by Hull's treaty of Detroit,
of Nov. 17, 1807. But by the treaty at the foot of the rapids of the Miami,
made by Lewis Cass and Duncan McArthur on the part of the United States
with these and other tribes of Indians, Sept. 39, 1817, all these lands except

Early History of Moitroe Coukty. 365

three sections "on the River Raisin at the place called Macon/' was ceded to
the United States. The 16th article of this treaty granted to ''the Rector
of the Catholic church of St. Ann, of Detroit, for the use of the said church,
and to the corporation of the college of Detroit in common, each one-half of
three sections of land, * * * Uq^^ ^i^q j^iyer Raisin at a place called
Macon, and three sections of land not yet located; " and the superintendent of
Indian affairs of Michigan (the governor) was authorized to select the said
tracts of land.

In suits which I brought in behalf of the church in 1841, to recover the
three sections at the Macon for which a patent had been issued January 26,
182G, by the President (John Quincy Adams) to the Rector of the church
and his successors, it became necessary to ascertain how the patent came to
be issued for the three sections at the Macon in severalty to the Rector of the
church and his successors in office, or how the Rector became the owner in
severalty. For this purpose it was necessary to ascertain what was ''the col-
lege of Detroit," and how, if at all, a partition had been made. I enquired
of all the old inhabitants I knew, at Detroit and Monroe. Mr. Fraser, the
father of the Michigan bar, could give me no information. James A. Van
Dyke, who was counsel for the church at Detroit, after months of enquiry,
failed to learn. I enquired of Austin E. Wing, who had been a resident of
Detroit from near the date of the treaty, but he could remember nothing of
the "college of Detroit." Finally it occurred to me that Gen. Oass, who had
recently returned from France, and was then (1843) at Detroit, and who was
one of the commissioners who made the treaty, must know what he had under-
stood by the "college of Detroit." I went with Mr. Van Dyke to see him. At
first he, like the rest, seemed oblivious of the whole matter; but, after
thinking for a few minutes, "Ah," said he, "I have it. The college of
Detroit was the nest egg of the University of Michigan. The university had
been incorporated by an act of the governor and judges, drawn up by Judge
Woodward, by such a pedantic and uncouth name, that even if we could
recollect it (which was difficult) we always refused to adopt, and we chose to
call it the ' College of Detroit.' The name given in the act I have forgot-
ten. Let me reflect a moment. Ah, it was the Catholo — the Catholopistemiad,
and if you can find the old records of the university, they will explain all. I
think, though I am not sure, the three sections assigned to and selected by,
the University, were the Toledo sections. I know there was a partition between
the church and the college, but I have forgotten the particulars."

With this information I soon found in the office of the Secretary of State,
the act incorporating the "Oatholopistemiad," which had never been printed,
but had remained unknown to the public and uncited from the day of its
passage. And I found the original record of the action of the church and
college in the hands of Matt Williams at Detroit, containing a full and for-
mal partition recorded between the Rector of the church and the corporation
of the college (University) ; the three sections at the Macon being assigned
to the Rector of the church and the three sections yet unlocated, to the
University. I found also that Austin E. Wing, Fhillip Secuyer and another
gentleman whose name I have forgotten (but I think it was Brown) were
appointed to examine and select the other three sections on behalf of the
university ; that they had performed this duty (but did not select the Toledo
lands as supposed by Gov. Cass), and that they had made an able report
extolling in enthusiastic, though no more than truthful terms, the great

366 PioKEER Society of MicmaAN.

excellence of Michigan lands, and the advantages to settlers which Michigan
offered over most of the States of the Union. This paper is eminently pro-
phetic, and shows that the writer (Austin E. Wing) had, for a man of that
day, a wonderfully accurate prevision of the then future of Michigan. This
paper ought to be published, and I would insert it here, if it had any special
local reference to the county of Monroe of which 1 am speaking.

But, to proceed : I found that the State had already sold part of the lands
selected (of these three sections) and thus ratified the partition. And with
the aid of act 53 of the laws of 1841, 1 found no further difficulty in recover-
ing the three sections at the Macon for the church, though the case went to
the supreme court, my. old friend, Alpheus Felch, being the counsel on the
other side.

As to the other six sections of the reserve, they were proclaimed for sale by
the government in 1839 or 1840 ; but at my suggestion (I was then a clerk in
the land office at Monroe, though practicing law) John D. Pierce, then super-
intendent of public instruction for the State, applied to have these sections
assigned to the State as school lands to make up deficiencies for school sec-
tions in the county of Monroe, covered by what were called the *'old French
private claims." I made out the papers for the signature of the Governor,
and the commissioner of the United States land office at once recognized the
claim and the lands were so assigned.

While in the Michigan Senate in the winter of 1850, 1 brought to the atten-
tion of Frank Sherman, then superintendent of public instruction, the original
charter of the "Oatholopistemiad or University of Michigania,'' and suggested
to him that it ought to be published. (I had already used a certified copy of
it in the suit I have mentioned.) He at once accepted the suggestion, and in
the next report inserted the full text of the act. In this way the original
charter of the Michigan University first saw the light in print, and was at
last rescued from the oblivion to which its pedantic and unchristian name had
theretofore consigned it.

Having thus disposed of these preliminaries, I now refer to my own advent
to the county of Monroe from my native State of New York, in May, 1836.
Not being of a martial turn of mind, I did not venture into Michigan until
all the dangers of the Toledo war" had passed. And that this was a most
dangerous war I have very strong evidence from an eye witness, as an excel-
lent old lady of my acquaintance who dwelt on the north bank of the Eiver Eaisin
above the city of Monroe, used frequently to say she had lived through three
wars. 1st, G-en. Wayne's war; 2d, Tecumseh's war (the last war with Eng-
land), and 3d, the Washtenaw war" (by which she meant the Toledo war, —
the Washtenaw contribution to the Michigan army having marched down
the Eiver Eaisin by her place), and that the Washtenaw war" was the worst
of all, for the Washtenaws had stolen all her geese, turkeys, hens, and chick-
ens. And then again, several successive legislatures of Michigan might be
brought to show the dangers and calamities to which Lewis E. Bailey's horse
was exposed in that war. I prudently avoided all these dangers by waiting till
they were over, and Michigan had become an independent State, though not
yet one of the United States. But on the 12th of May, 1836, having just heard
of the disappearance of the ice from the harbor of Buffalo, I started for Mon-
roe, Michigan, by wagon, with others from Ovid, New York, to Lyons,
intending to settle in Michigan. We took a packet boat on the Erie canal at
Lyons, and in the wonderfully short period of two days arrived at Buffalo, May

Early History of Monroe County.

367

15, 1836. On the morning of Monday, May 16th, we embarked on the
steamer Michigan for Detroit. This steamer was considered the Queen of the
Lakes, being some 200 feet long, and near 50 feet beam, with two heavy low
pressure engines, one on each side (enough to weigh her down without addi-
tional loading). On the 18th of May, after a yery pleasant passage, we
arrived at Detroit in the morning, and, taking breakfast at the Steamboat
Hotel,^' then kept by Uncle Ben. Woodworth," I took the boat Andrew
Jackson for Monroe. This boat as well as the G-eneral Brady, her consort,
and which together constituted a daily line from Detroit to Toledo, then a
village of nearly 500 inhabitants, was a boat at least twice as long as she was
broad. General Brady was on board, still a fine, erect, gentlemanly old man,
and every inch a soldier, as he had been from his youth. The voyage to
Monroe was stormy and tempestuous, the boat rolled and tumbled like a tub,
having a peculiar faculty for diving and always coming up all right, like a
duck, and for the last time in my life I became very seasick. But about one
o'clock in the afternoon we entered the mouth of the River Raisin and steamed
up its tortuous course to the dock, about a mile below the then village of
Monroe (the ship canal not then being completed, which subsequently short-
ened the distance by some three or four miles).

I found Monroe a somewhat scattering village — the village proper being
confined to the south side of the river, while the portion on the north side
was known as Frenchtown.

The only public building at the time of my arrival in the village was an old
yellow two-story wooden building, the upper part of which was used as a
court-house and the lower as a jail. This was on the southwest quarter of
the public square in front of where the Presbyterian church now stands, and
it had a small space in the rear surrounded by a stockade and serving as a
yard for prisoners. Within a few days after my arrival the ground was
broken for a new court-house on the present site, and this building was com-
pleted and ready for use in the spring of 1838, and the old court-house soon
after removed. The River Raisin bank was on the north side of the public
square, fronting on Washington street, and the land oflBce was kept in the base-
ment. Strong's hotel was a few years since erected on the same ground and
on that adjoining at the west then covered by the Episcopal church. A toll
bridge crossed the river at the foot of Monroe street, which was the same
year made a free bridge, and a new one on the same site was soon after built,
and some four or five years after, another at the foot of McOomb street. The
entire village, including the Frenchtown side, had from 1,800 to 2,000
inhabitants, though it claimed to have near 3,000. And, if all the transient
persons then there for the purpose of land speculation were counted, the
population would probably have been 3,000, for at that time the rage of
speculation was at its hight, and the hotels, or rather taverns, were full of
them, as well as the private houses which could take boarders. This spirit of
speculation seemed to have attacked the people of all the northern states, and
to some extent the southern, like an epidemic, and a general rush was made
for Michigan and other western lands, such as has never since been seen east
of the Rocky Mountains. And small as Monroe then was, it was larger than
Chicago, and quite generally believed to have better prospects for becoming a
large city. There was a United States land ofiice at Monroe covering a dis-
trict including Monroe, Lenawee, and Hillsdale counties, and the southern
* tier of townships in Jackson, Washtenaw, and Wayne counties as far east as

368 PlO^TEER SOCIETT OP MiCHiaAK.

the Huron river, Levi S. Humphrey being register and Dan. B. Miller receiver.
I went into this land office as assistant clerk to Ira E. Grosvenor, then chief
clerk to the register, and continued in that position till the 5th July of that
year (1836), when the office was closed until December following, when it
again opened under Gershom T. Bulkley, register, and I became his only
clerk, and so remained until 1841, when the office was removed to Detroit,
nearly all the lands in the district being then sold. The great bulk of the
lauds really good for cultivation without drainage had been disposed of prior
to the closing of the office in July, but the sales for May and June were
large, I think over $100,000 per month. And it may tend to give some idea
of the reckless spirit of speculation to mention the fact that, on the 4th of
July, 1836, Charles H."and William T. Carroll entered 40,000 acres, their
only mode of selection being to take all that were left in most of the town-
ships in that part of the district situate in Monroe, Wayne, Washtenaw, and I
think some townships in Lenawee and Hillsdale. These were nearly all low
and wet lands, which, by drainage, have mostly become valuable. But if the
owners retained them until they were drained, and paid all the State, county,
and township, as well as ditch taxes, they must have found it a bad specula-
tion, and every acre of the land, including interest and taxes, must have cost
them much more than the land could be sold for, probably two or three times
as much. But speculation was not confined to public lands; it ran quite as
strongly to the founding of cities and villages, and innumerable city and
village plats were laid out, and hundreds and thousands of shares and lots in
such imaginary cities and villages found ready sale. Men not worth $1,000
would purchase tracts in and near Monroe, for 120,000, $30,000, or $50,000,
paying a small sum down and giving mortgage for the balance, and often
selling at a much larger sum, a few actually making money in this way, but
almost all losing in the end, and finding themselves hopelessly in debt from
which they only obtained relief under the bankrupt law of 1841. And many
of those who had acquired a large property before this rage of speculation set
in were swept along by the tide and incurred liabilities which reduced them
to comparative poverty, though they scorned the idea of taking the benefit of
the bankrupt law. Among these were Dan. B. Miller, Levi S. Humphrey,
and Austin E. Wing, and others. For myself, coming from Seneca county,

Y., a land" of sober and steady habits, where men never thought of pur-
chasing more than they had the means to pay for, and where a sale or trade
for even $5,000 would be a matter for months of deliberation, I was amazed
and bewildered, and yet not so entirely bewildered as I probably should have
been had I had any money to invest. But having nothing, and not being
able to see how men could become rich by simply trading the same jackets
with each other, I was fortunately not deceived or drawn into the whirlpool,
but looked upon the whole as a kind of nightmare which could not last, and
so wrote my friends at the east.

Gen. Jackson's celebrated specie circular came none too soon. I predicted
the crash which was sure to come, and which would have been the worse the
longer it was delayed. It would have been better for the country had it been
issued a year sooner. At that day the comparative importance of railroads
as a means of transportation, as compared with navigation by water — by
lakes, rivers, canals, — was understood by none, and it was not suppposed that
railroads could ever successfully compete with lake or river navigation, or
even with canals, in the carrying of freight for long distances ; nor was it

Eaely History of Monroe Couistty.

369

then supposed practicable to construct railroads, for any sum which would
render them paying enterprises, in many places which have since been found
practicable and profitable. I remember well that it was not until about J 840,
that the project of constructing a railroad along the Hudson river began to be
seriously entertained, and then the general opinion of the press was : 1st. That
it was impracticable to construct a railroad through the Highlands, and 2d :
That it could not compete with the river navigation, except in tlie winter
when navigation was closed. It was believed also to be very problematical
whether a railroad along and near the route of the Erie canal could compete
with that canal in carrying freights except in the winter. And capitalists
had not sufficient confidence in such an experiment to form a single company
from Schenectady (where a railroad had before been completed to Albany),
through to Buffalo, and this was only accomplished by several successive com-
panies, each for a short distance. The whole question of railroad transporta-
tion was yet an experiment, and very few had any confidence that such roads
could ever successfully compete with transportation by water. With such
ideas prevalent everywhere, it is not strange that some of the most intelligent
men, not only in Michigan, but in the Eastern states, should have considered
Monroe, at the west end of Lake Erie a most eligible point for a large city.
That it was then generally so considered is shown by the fact, that some
among the most competent and intelligent men of the State, and some of
whom for a long time exercised a very large, not to say a controlling influ-
enoe, settled in Monroe. Such men as Austin E. Wing, Warner Wing, Dan B.
Miller, Charles and David A. ISToble, Levi L. Humphrey, Robert McClelland,
Alpheus Felch, and Wolcott Lawrence, all men of brains and enterprise,
settled there prior to 1836, and had full faith in the future prospects of
Monroe.

Gen. Cass and several leading men of the State of New York, Judge
John P. Cushman of Troy, Jacob D. Lansing of Lansingburg, Thomas W.
Olcott of Albany, with some others (generally known as the Cass Co.),
through Austin E. Wing of Monroe, in 1835 or early in 1836 purchased the
lands on the south side of the Eiver Raisin (extending back to Plumb Creek)
including about all the River front at and near the head of navigation,
together with all the lands on the opposite, north side of the river, from the
point where the old Detroit road left the river (some distance above) down
some distance below the head of navigation, including the whole of several
old French claims. They also purchased about 10,000 acres of land called
the Great Prairie," situated partly in the western part of Monroe County,
but mostly near the east line of Lenawee county. These lands at Monroe,
when I arrived there in 1836, and for some time after, would have been con-
sidered cheap at 1300,000 or 1400,000. Monroe became a city in 1837,* and
as the appropriations from congress were tardy, the city taxed itself for com-
pleting the upper part of the ship canal across a bend of the river, and after
two or three years completed it. Monroe was then struggling with its great
rival Toledo; and until the Wabash and Erie Canal was completed, Monroe

*The following is a Hst of Mayors of Monroe: Geo. B. Harleston, elected April, 1837; James Q.
Adams, 1838; Dan B. Miller, 1839 and 1840; Robert McClelland, 1841; Walter P. Clark, 1842; Jas. J.
Godfroy, 1843, 1845 and 1846; Sam'l. J. HoUey, 1847; H. V. Man, 1848; James Armitage, 1849; John
Burch, 1850; E.G.Morton, 1851; D. A. Noble, 1852; S. R. Arnold, 1853, 1864, and 1865; Walter W.
Prentice, 1854; G. W. Strong, 1855; E. G. Brigham, 1856; F, Walldorf, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, and 1866;
A, I. Sawyer, 1868, 1869, 1870, and 1877; Heman J. Redfield, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, and 1875; George
Spaulding, 1876; Jacob Van Wormer, 1878; H. S. Noble, 1879, 1880 and 1883; Burton Parker, 1881
and 1882.

370

PioiiTEER Society of Michigan-.

was in the ascendant. But by 1844 or 1845 this canal was completed, and
Monroe began to see its declining prospects, but with heroic courage it still
struggled on. The Cass company however, began to see the hand-writing
upon the wall, and thought it time to get quit of a bad speculation ; and, in
1844, Austin E. Wing having become discouraged with the prospects, turned
over the agency of the company to me. Finally, in 1846 or 1847, a parti-
tion between the several owners was brought about, Henry Ledyard acting
for Gen. Cass ; Joseph Clark (then of Detroit) for one of the owners, and I
for the others ; and each of the owners from time to time disposed of his
portion as purchasers offered, but at far lower prices generally than had been
originally paid in the piirchase, to say nothing of the loss by taxes and interest.

In 1852 and 1853 a liue of steamers was established from BufEalo to Monroe
and Toledo, consisting of the Southern Michigan, the l^orthern Indiana, and
the City of Buffalo, the largest and most sumptuous steamers that ever sailed
the lakes, making Monroe the direct route from Buffalo to Chicago, and from
that time to the close of the year 1856 the prospects of Monroe again boomed
up. But about this time the railroads along the south shore of Lake Erie
being completed, the steamers could no longer compete with the railroad, and
the line of steamers was withdrawn. From this time it was clearly seen that
Monroe was out of the direct line of travel and transportation from the east to
the west, and that Toledo was at the right point for that purpose. But the
Wabash & Erie canal which had first secured to Toledo her precedence, soon
began to lose its importance, as railroads were extended along its route, and is
now practically abandoned, like nearly all the canals which had been con-
structed, superseded by railroads, with the single exception of the Erie canal
through New York, which, owing to the importance of the route and the facts
that it has been greatly enlarged and made free of tolls, is still capable of
competing, as to heavy freights, with the great IST. Y. (Central and other
roads. And it has finally become established that the chief beneficial purpose
of either lake, river, or canal navigation is to so far compete with railroads as
to keep down the charges for freight within something like reasonable limits ;
and how long it will continue to serve even this purpose is still problematical.
No such revolution in the means and manner of transportation has ever before
occurred, and so far as human foresight can now predict, is not likely again
to occur in the history of the world. But in view of the past, and making
due allowance for future inventions and discoveries, it is not safe to predict
anything. My own ojnnion is, that discoveries and inventions are still in their
infancy, and that a century hence our descendants will look with as much
mingled wonder and compassion upon the ignorance of our age as we do at
the ignorance of three centuries ago, for the progress of knowledge is not
merely in proportion to years, but its speed is in more than arithmetical ratio
owing to the rapid accumulation of facts, the deductions from which, as well
as from those we now possess, will constitute the science of the future.

But to return to Monroe. Situate as it is, between Detroit on the one side
and Toledo on the other, and the Southern Canada R. E. running through
the northwestern portion of the county, and the Ann Arbor and Toledo rail-
road from the northwestern to the southeastern portion, have brought more
than half the county practically nearer either Detroit or Toledo than to the
city of Monroe, and deprived it of the share of trade and business it formerly
enjoyed, and diminished its relative importance as a place of business. This,

Early History of Monroe County. 371

however, is not an isolated or exceptional case of the effect of railroads upon
the smaller towns through the country permeated by them. The general
result of the system — as imperative as a general law — has been, and will con-
tinue to be, to create a tendency of all business to a few great centers. And
this again is only a branch of a still more general tendency or law, which
railroads did not create, but which they, together with all other corporations
for business, have powerfully tended to develop and augment the tendency to
concentrate large amounts of capital in a comparatively few hands, and thus
divide our population into two classes, employers and employed, rather than
to encourage personal independence and individual competition, and there-
fore, a more general distribution among the masses. But in these respects,
railroads and other aggregations of corporate wealth, all of which seem to be
necessary for the accomplishment of any great enterprise not undertaken by
the government, only inherit the inevitable infirmity of all human inventions,
contrivances, and institutions, — even the best and wisest — that of producing,
among great benefits, many incidental evils — and, under the present order of
nature or of Providence, in which good and evil are so inextricably mixed in
human affairs that scarcely any important human action can be performed,
certainly no great enterprise, however good upon the whole, can be achieved
without some evil incidents ; it is quite vain to think of enjoying the good
without encountering the evil. And no human invention, institution, or
enterprise, can be denounced as bad which produces largely more good than
evil. The whole sphere for the exercise of human wisdom, benevolence, and
patriotism is limited to an honest and persistent effort to augment the good
and to extinguish or ameliorate the evil. But with our best efforts, many of
the tares must be left with the wheat till the harvest.

But this is no place for the discussion of philosophic theories, and I return
again to the city of Monroe, which will always be dear to me as the place
where the best years of my manhood, from the age of twenty-four to that
of sixty-two, were spent, and around which cluster the dearest memories of
my life (excepting those of my childhood and youth) — when for so many
years I personally knew nearly every man, woman, and child, and they all
personally knew me, but where most of those I once met in active life are
now to be found only by their tombstones ; and most of those who have since
grown up from childhood to manhood are strangers to me, as I am to them.
I must still say of Monroe that it is yet one of the pleasantest towns for resi-
dence in the State. A large portion of her people are among the most intel-
lectual to be found in the State, educated and refined. The town is embowered
with trees, and fruits and flowers abound perhaps more than in any other town
of the State, and her suburbs are embellished with the richest vineyards.
Taken all together, I know no pleasanter place to live in for those who wish
to pass a quiet life. She may yet regain commercial importance by promoting
manufactures. And the wealthy business men of Toledo (less than an hour's
ride distant), may there seek quiet for their families, and still conveniently
carry on their business in Toledo.

Before closing this preliminary paper I will yield to the dictates of my head
and my heart by saying a few words of the early French settlers and their
immediate descendants, as I found them in 1836, and as I knew them for
years after. They constituted at that time the majority of the population in
the townships of Erie (Bay settlement), Sassille (Otter Creek), and French-

372

PiONEEn Society op Michigaist.

town (then including Ash), and nearly half the population of the village of
Monroe and township of Raisinville. They were mostly uneducated in the
sense in which we generally use that term, not much, if any over half of
them able to read even their own native (French) language, and not certainly
more than one in four able to speak the English language, nor more than
one in twenty who could write it correctly.

This lead to the necessity of employing English speaking lawyers or busi-
ness men to write their deeds and other business papers, and these last, know-
ing as little of French, or the sounds of the letters of their alphabet, as their
clients did of the English, would write the names of the English sounds of
the letters, which soon' resulted in the complete metamorphosis of many of
the French names to such an extent that it became in many cases impossible
to trace the names back to their French origin. (If I had the time I could
give many ludicrous instances of this transformation of names, but I must
proceed.) In many cases also the people had acquired nick-names by which
they were as well or better known than by their true original names, and the
English speaking people employed to write their deeds and other instruments
mistook these for their true names, and sometimes a second Christian name
for a surname, and in this way their true names were practically forgotten,
the nick-name or Christian name taking their place. Thus one rather import-
ant family by the name of Tuott was transformed into Durall, and another
from Saucoeur into Tessier. These are only examples, of which many others
might be given. But this is but an instance of a general rule. In the period
of transition from an ignorant or uncultivated age, in which every individual
adopted the spelling which best accorded to his own ear, to one in which a
common or general standard was, by general assent adopted, every imagin-
able and, to us, ?/?zim agin able form of orthography was adopted, not only as
to the names of persons, but as to the spelling of ordinary words. Similar
changes of names have taken place everywhere under similar conditions,
especially where our language has been replaced by another. The transfor-
mations were greater from the same causes among the Hollanders who settled
along the Hudson and the Mohawk.*

*Mere accidents gave names. Thus a man by the name of Brodt, in the passage across the
Atlantic had a son born in the midst |of a storm. He was christened Storm Vandusee (Storm of
tlie sea). This was assumed as tlie family name, and thus originated the name of Vandusess.

And the great Schuyler family of New York were for generations known by the surname of
Peterse (down even to the time of General Schuyler), and so signed their names to written instru-
ments, because the father of the first settlers of that family was named Peter, Peterse or Peter-
son, meaning the son of Peter. So the true surname of the family of Rutgers was Jacobson, the
first settler being Rutgus Jacobson (See preface to the work of Professor Pierson on the genea-
logy of the early families of Albany), Rutgers becoming the family name. It was not uncommon
to find what was intended for the same name spelled in a great variety of Avays according to the
fancy of the writers. Thus I find in the old Dutch and subsequent English records my own
name spelled in eighteen difi'erent ways: beginning with Korstensen and proceeding through
Koristensen, Karistense, Christensen, Christiaanse, Christianse, and :finally with many other
variations, ending in Christiancy (all intending to mean "the son of Christian"). The most
ludicrous blunders however, were when the Dutch undertook to spell English names, or the
Englishman make the same attempt with the Dutch, or either attempted the French names.
Thus, as samples, the Dutch Records of Albany and Schenectady spell the familiar name of
Jones in three difl'erent ways, "T. Sans, J. Jans, and Shawns." The English settlers made
equal blunders with Dutch names, and both equal blunders with French names; thus together
they converted the French "Du Frieuox" into "Fruax," Beaufils" into "Bovie," and "Barrois '*
into "Barroway." But this can be no subject of Avonder, Avhen the records of the Mayor's
court, and other courts at Albany in English under English rule as late as 1698, spelled
the Avord " plantift" " plentive — the Avord "ten," tenn — the Avoi-d "suit," sute — "denies"
denys— "desired," desyered— "parties," partys— "fire," fyre— "verdict," verdecht— and "tongs,"
tongues. The same individual after spelling the same word in different ways, anything like
uniformity of orthography, even in England, first began to appear in the days of Addison and
his compeers. But Ave are indebted to Doctor Samuel Johnson's Dictionary for the substantial
uniformity Avhich has since been established. The case, as all scholars know, has been similar
with all European, and probably to some extent with all written languages. [The compiler of

Eaely History of Mokroe County.

373

But, speaking specially of the French inhabitants of Monroe county, they
were nearly all farmers, and lived by the cultivation of the soil. Some few
might be called large farmers, but mostly they cultivated much less ground
than the same number of American farmers generally under like circumstan-
ces. Until 1828 or 1830 they had had no market for a surplus except the
small local demand among themselves, and by habit had quite generally come
to think there was no great object in raising a crop much beyond the neces-
sary annual supply for their own families. And this habit continued, to a
considerable extent, till after I came to the county, but gradually wore away.
They were unambitious, limiting their wants mainly to the real necessaries of
life, which were easily supplied ; industrious so far as they felt labor to be
necessary, but with none of that disposition to excessive exertion for the sake
of gain or the rapid accumulation of wealth which generally distinguished the
American of New England descent. They did not see the wisdom of over-
exertion, nor believe that happiness consisted in the constant over-exercise of
the mental or physical powers for accumulation of wealth. They were simple
and inexpensive in their habits and content with little. All devoted Catho-
lics, they scrupulously observed all the fete days of the church, and followed
implicitly the instructions of their clergy, who, judging from the efforts, must
have been faithful shepherds of their flock, kind and obliging to all, good
neighbors and faithful friends. In no people have I ever seen the virtues of
paternal, filial, and fraternal affection more fully developed. By nature they
were deferential, polite, and hospitable, not only among themselves but towards
strangers. In short, they were a very amiable and pleasant people, and their
standard of morality and integrity was as high as among any people I have
ever become acquainted with, crime being almost absolutely unknown. Few
of them had much of the education to be derived from books, but there were
many strong thinkers and men of sound judgment, of great and deserved
influence, such as the G-odfroys, the Navarres, the Roberts, the Duvals, Fon-
taines, Durochees, and many others too numerous to mention. And in a legal
practice of over twenty years in that county I thought this class of men among
the best and most reliable jurors the county afforded. Full reliance could
always be placed upon their fidelity to truth and justice.

To-day little difference can be seen between the French inhabitants of Mon-
roe and the other American citizens who have settled among them, and with
whom they have intermarried and mingled in all the business and relations of
life. Education has become general. Though nearly all are still able to
speak French, English is the language generally spoken. Their age of seclu-
sion and Arcadian simplicity is past, and like ourselves, they constitute but
so many individuals in the common homogeneous mass of English-speaking
American citizens.

these "coHections" may here observe that the writers spell the same names in various ways, and
as different families spell their names differently, he is, unless acquainted with the person men-
tioned, compelled to "follow copy" right or wrong.]

374 Pioneer Society of MicmaAN.

CONTINUATION OF THE HISTOKY OF MONROE.
BY TALCOTT E. WING.
Eead June 14, 1883.

In a former contribution to this Society, the history of Monroe county was
brought up to the close of the war of 1812. The brutal conduct of Ool.
Proctor's allies, bent on plunder, thirsting for blood and the scalps for
which they received two dollars each from the British government, rendered
it necessary for the wives and children of the settlers to spend the six weeks
prior to their flight to Ohio, in the stockade, or fort, on the premises now
occupied and owned by Edward 0. Chapman, on Elm avenue. So intolerable
was the annoyance and danger, the Americans with their families fled to Ohio
and Kentucky, the French settlers to Canada, and for the following three
years, this portion of the State was deserted. Mails were, however, regularly
carried from Detroit to Sandusky by the Indian trails, weekly, and three
years after tri-weekly, by Francis Consino, of Erie, and Mr.Banenof Lassalle,
contractors, on French ponies, who performed their trips very regularly, and
with great speed, when we consider there were no roads, or bridges across the
streams. Their approach to each postoffice on the route was announced by
the old-fashioned tin horn. Persons traveling then to or from Michigan,
timed their departure by these mail carriers, whom they followed as guides.

One after another of the families in 1816, '17, and '18, returned to French-
town, the principal settlement on the NTorth side of the river Raisin. All of
the stores and trading posts were on the north bank of the river, on the front
of Campau, Godfrey, and Lacroix farms, now occupied by residences of Louis
Lafontain and E. B. Lewis, and the flourishing nurseries of Messrs. Reynolds,
Lewis, and Ilgianfritz. A strife then arose for the location of the county
seat on the site of Frenchtown, on the north side of the river, but the prop-
osition of Joseph Loranger to locate in town of Monroe, in consideration of
his granting public grounds, with streets and alleys, was accepted, and county
seat was established on the south side, the present site of the city of Monroe.

It was during the three years that Daniel Mulholland, Samuel Agnew, Gen.
Levi S. Humphrey, Levi Marsh, Daniel S. Bacon, Col. Oliver Johnson, Sam-
uel Felt, Almon Chase, Alcott Chapman, Thomas Wilson, Luther Harvey,
Henry Disbrow, Dr. Harry Conant, Walcott Lawrence, Seneca Allen, Robert
Clark, Col. Taylor and Col. Chas. Lanmau, names now familiar to our
older citizens, came as the pioneers of southern Michigan.

In 1819 the court-house was built, and toll bridge across the river Raisin
completed. The remains from the burying ground then occupying the land
between First street and Front street, were exhumed and removed to the old
cemetery south of Sixth street; but one living witness of the transfer, Mrs.
Sarah Rowe, of Erie, remains with us.

In 1816, Dr. Horatio Conant (uncle of our present Secretary of State), set-
tled at Maumee, and was appointed by General Cass, then governor of Mich-
igan, justice of the peace. In 1810, Seneca Allen held a commission from
the Governor of Ohio as justice of the peace, with jurisdiction over the same
disputed territory, notified Dr. Conant that he must not attempt to do any
business under his commission from the Governor of Michigan. But Allen,
in December, 1819, had an engagement to marry a couple on the north or

Early History of Monroe County. 375

Maumee side of the river. The river was high, full of running ice, and very
unsafe to cross. Conant lived near the banks of the river on the Maumee
side, Allan near the bank on the Perrysburg side and nearly opposite. Allen
finding it impracticable to cross to fill his engagement, called to Dr. Conant
across the river and requested him to marry the couple. The doctor reminded
Allen of his former prohibition under his commission ; but Allen insisted on
the ground that necessity Icnew no law. Dr. Conant married the couple, and
received for his marriage fee, a jack-knife.

July 14, 1817, Monroe county was established, then including all of LenaAvee
and a portion of the present counties of Wayne and Washtenaw, and the
county court was to be held at such place not exceeding two miles from the
house of Francis Lasselle, on the bank of the river Raisin, as the court might
designate.

September 4, 1817, the town of Monroe was established and made the
county seat of Monroe county. In December of the same year, provision was
made for the construction of the first court-house, the second story of which
was used for the court, while the east part of the first story served as the resi-
dence of the jailer, and the west part for the jail. The second story, or court
room, was the only room for public assemblies for either religious, political,
or secular purposes for the following fifteen years.

June 1, 1819, John Anderson, Oliver Johnson, and twelve others were
authorized to build and maintain for twenty-five years, a toll-bridge across
the Eiver Raisin, which eventually gave place to the present Monroe street
bridge.

September 10, 1823, Monroe county was established as it now is, including
the disputed territory, but attached to it was the present county of Lenawee.

Jnne 30, 1824, the seat of justice for Lenawee county was established, but
the county was not organized until November, 1826. All suits then pending
before the Monroe county court were to be considered before that court.

April 19, 1825, Laplaisance Bay Harbor Company was organized by John
Anderson and seven others, and was the harbor for southern Michigan until
the completion of the government canal in 1842.

December 29, 1826, our delegate in Congress was instructed to protest
against any change of the southern boundar}', a premonitory symptom of the
Toledo war.

In April, 1827, the village of Monroe was incorporated. Common schools
were established in each township. The first township meeting of Port Law-
rence was held at the house of Eli Hubbard, who was the first supervisor, and
supervisors were annually elected until the close of the Toledo war.

The Catholic congregation, now known as St. Mary's, was organized Octo-
ber 10, 1780, by Father Friapeete, and ground for a church and pastoral
residence selected on the Momini farm, two miles west of Monroe, on the
north side of the river. The adjoining half acre was donated by Joseph
Hivon. The first church building in Monroe county was soon after erected
thereon, but was never well adapted to their needs, and, in a dilapidated
condition, was taken down in 1843. Its crumbling remains are still to be
seen.

Most of the Canadian settlers were very poor, from the devastations of the
late war. For years they had been visited by Jesuits and other mission-
aries of religious orders, who were sustained by voluntary contributions from

376

Pioneer Society of MicmaAisr.

France, never asking any compensation for their services, therefore, for many
years, not accustomed to contribute for the support of their pastors ; hence it
was difficult for years to educate them to the necessity of contributing for
the support of religious services. At first, to support church obligations,
the members contributed one twenty-fifth part of all they harvested from
their farms, with one cord of wood delivered annually by each member at the
pastoral residence. Subsequently they contributed four per cent of their
receipts, and each individual male member, delivered annually, the one cord
of wood. The Rev. Gabriel Richard visited this church in 1805, and from
this time to 1827 he was energetic, not only in ministering to the church, but
was very successful in giving aid to and obtaining aid from the government for
those who had been rendered poor by the desolations of the war, and though
he received assistance from time to time from other priests, he had the super-
vision of the church until 1827.

During his ministry, it became his duty, according to the rules of the
church, to excommunicate one of his parishioners who had been divorced
from his wife. The husband prosecuted him for defamation of character,
and obtained a verdict of 11,000. This money Father Kichard could not
pay, and imprisonment for debt had not then been abolished, and he was
imprisoned in the common jail ; but just before this event, in 1823, he had
been elected a delegate to Congress from this Territory, strange as it may
seem to us, and he went directly from his prison to the floor of Congress. He
was a man of superior ability, and rare benevolence, and died in Detroit,
September 13, 1832.

From 1828 the priestly functions were performed by Father Vincent Badin,
under whom the church on the old fair grounds was built, on the rise of
ground in rear of the present French Catholic church, which was subse-
quently used by the Irish portion of the congregation; after him by his
brother, Eev. Stephen Badin, who was Vicar G-eneral of the diocese of Balti-
more, then of Cincinnati. In July, 1829, Father Samuel Smith was pastor,
and he was succeeded by Father Oummings in 1831, who remained a few
years. He was succeeded by Kev. Father Carabin, who came to Monroe from
the church at Erie, during whose administration the large brick church now
occupied by said church, was commenced in 1834, and entirely completed and
consecrated in the absence of the Bishop in 1839, by Father Condig, who very
recently died in Chicago.

The First Presbyterian Church of Monroe was organized in the old yellow
court-house, by Kev. Moses Hunter and John Monteitli, Jan. 13, 1820. The
following named individuals constituted the first evangelical church organized
in southern Michigan, viz. : Joseph Farrington, Persis Farrington, Isabella
Mulholland, Mary Moore, Samuel Egnew, George Alford, Priscilla Alford,
Polly Wells, Eliza D. Johnson, Samuel Felt, Ann Felt, Rebecca Rice, Henry
Bliss, Nancy Bliss, Mrs. Sanborn, Lucy Egnew, who united with the church
by letters of dismission from other churches, together with John Anderson,
Eliza Anderson, Walcott Lawrence, and Caroline Lawrence (parents of the
late Mrs. Gov. Felch), who were received on profession of their faith, of whom
but one of the original members survives, viz. : Mrs. Eliza D. Johnson. Dur-
ing the year 1820, others were admitted into the fellowship of the church.
Walcott Lawrence and Joseph Farrington, Henry Disbrow, and Oliver Johnson
constituted the session. During the same year the Sabbath-school was organ-

Early History of Moi^roe Couoty.

377

ized under the superintendence of rhe late Charles Noble, the father of Chas.
W. ISToble and Mrs. George S. Frost, now residents of Detroit.

Rev. Moses Hunter, who labored alternately at Monroe^ Fort Meigs, and
Perrysburg, came into the country at the solicitation of Rev. John Monteith,
who was at the time the only English preacher in Detroit, and the instrument
of doing much good as a missionary of the Gospel. From this time until
1829, the church was ministered to by Kev. Messrs. Frontis, Ely, Prince, and
Goodman, when Rev. P. W. Warriner was installed their first pastor by the
Presbytery of Monroe. Robert Clark and Henry Conant were in 1833 elected
members of the session. Mr. Warriner resigned his pastoral office in the
spring of 1834. It was during the year 1831, this church erected the first
Protestant church building in southern Michigan, now standing on the corner
of First and Cass streets, at present owned and occupied by Zion's Evangelical
Lutheran church. Daring the years 1835 and 1836, the church was supplied
by the Rev. John Beattie and Rev. R. H. Conklin, during which time twenty-
five accessions were made to its communion, making the number of communi-
cants at that time 120.

In the year 1820, in the upper room of the old yellow court-house, which
has given place to the First Presbyterian church (occupying nearly the same
site), seventeen of the first settlers, viz.: Colonel John Anderson, Harry
Conant (father of our present Secretary of State), Oliver Johnson, Jeremiah
Lawrence, Thomas Wilson, David M. Jacobs, Timothy E. Felt, Luther Smith,
William Goodale, Henry Disbrow, Walcott Lawrence, Samuel Felt, Joseph
Farrington, John Cook, Charles l^oble, Wyman A. Town, and Luther
Harvey, assembled for fhe purpose of inquiring into the expediency of form-
ing a Bible society, and resolved, " In the strength of the God of the Bible to
place the sacred truth, without note or comment, in the hands of every family
in the county of Monroe."

To appreciate in some degree the circumstances under which this organiza-
tion was effected, we should be mindful of the moral darkness that then pre-
vailed in this vicinity ; of the very limited facilities for intercourse with, and
far removed from commercial centres ; limited in resources, with a very small
amount of money, and that depreciated in value, they naturally contrasted
their situation with the established and well regulated society from which
they emigrated to seek their fortunes in the far west, and resolved upon lay-
ing well the foundations of society upon which their children and children' s
children could build.

The difficulties and embarrassments which attended the raising of means for
the purchase of bibles and testaments, may be inferred from a resolution
which I here copy from the original record.

Besolved, As a sense of this society, that the initiation fee of fifty cents may be paid
into the depository of this society in cash, wheat, or corn, as shall best suit the con-
venience of parties, the wheat or corn to be disposed of to the best advantage for
the society by the board of directors.

I notice by an examination of the same records that the board of directors
were compelled to institute suit against the miller with whom the grain was
deposited to realize the amount deposited, thus subjecting them to as much
trouble in realizing from the miller as it was to collect the fees originally.

The directors' report in January, 1823, as the result of persevering effort,
shovYS that a copy of the sacred Scriptures had been placed in the hands of
48

378 Pioneer Society of MicmaAir.

every family in the county that was willing to receive. Their field of labor
extended beyond the limits of Monroe county, embracing the counties of Len-
awee, Washtenaw, and the southern portion of Wayne. The county of Monroe
was, within nine years from its organization, three times thoroughly canvassed,
and a bible or testament placed in the hands of every family willing to receive
it. This society became auxiliary to the American Bible Society, and was as
old, into four years. Through its agency over 7,000 bibles and testaments
were distributed in this county.

METHODIST CHURCH.

The Eev. Wm. Mitchell was sent to this section of country in 1810, and
preached at Detroit, Eiver Eouge, and Monroe, and was followed the next
year by the Eev. Mr. Holmes, who occupied the 6eld and continued a year
longer, ministering to a little band of twenty-three, but in consequence of the
war most of the settlers were forced to flee, and the little band was scattered,
and for the five subsequent years there was a suspension of effort by this
denomination. In 1817 the Eev. Joseph Mitchell came frequently to minister,
and as there was no public building in which to hold services, the residences
of Daniel Mulholland, Sr., and Samuel Felt were occupied as the most com-
modious. He continued to preach from time to time until 1821, when Eev.
John P. Kent succeeded him. He formed the first Methodist class, consisting
of Samuel, Elizabeth, Seth, Ethel, and Abigail Ohoat, Jacob and Mary
Parker, Lyman, Sarah, and Mary Hawey, and Philura West. The organiza-
tion was effected on the south side of the Eiver Eaisin^ about two miles west of
the present city of Monroe, in the house of Jacob B. Parker, on the farm now
owned and occupied by A. H. D wight, the dairyman. Mr. Kent occupied the
field but one year. After a long and useful ministry, this venerable man
died at Lima, New York, in 1880, aged 88 years. He was succeeded in 1822
by Samuel Baker, and as his circuit embraced all the settled portion of Mich-
igan except Sault Ste Marie, and having but one assistant, his visits to Monroe
were limited in number. He married one of the original class. Miss Sarah
Hawey, and after his death she became the wife of the Eev. John A. Baugh-
man, who occupied this circuit in 1825, and was justly regarded as one of the
ablest and most successful of the veteran itinerants. His ministry in this
State continued 32 years. Many now living still recall his preaching with great
pleasure. His successors were Geo. W. Walker and Jas. W. Finlay. Eev. H.
Colclazer and Elder Goddard assisted in forming a class within the village of
Monroe in addition to that whose headquarters were two miles up the
river. For the two following years, 1833-31, E. H. Pilcher and E. 0. Garib
preached in Monroe every alternate Sunday, occupying the "old yellow court
house " for services.

During 1835-3G Eev. Eobert Triggs Sen., with W. Gage, ministered to the-
church. In 1837 the church building was erected on the lot where the elegant
new church and parsonage now stand.

Eev. J. W. Davidson, through whose energy and industry the church was
erected, occupied the pulpit but four Sundays. The indebtedness of the
church was $2,500, and mortgaged to one of our citizens, J. Q. Adams, who
transferred the mortgage to the Bank of Michigan. As a large portion of the
subscriptions were payable in land, the mortgage was cancelled by a transfer

Early History of Monroe County.

379

of the lands to the bank. During the pastorate of Rev. A. M. Fitch the
church was dedicated, in December, 1839. The Rev. J. A. Baughman
supplied again the pulpit for one year. The Reverends A. M. Fitch, David
Burns, Risin Sapp, James Shaw, H. Oolclazer, R. R. Richards, Elijah Crane,
T. 0. Gardner, Seth Reed, Harrison Morgan, followed in succession as pastors.
In 3853 the city and church met with sore reverses. The magnificent
steamers and boats which formed a link in the line of travel between the east
and west were taken off the route between Monroe and Buffalo, and the tide
of travel and transportation found other outlets ; the removal of business and
many families ensued, and the Rev. Seth Reed gave church letters to more
than 40 persons in one year. This, with the ravages of cholera, decimated
the ranks of the church.

The following ministers came in the order of their names from 1856 to
1867: F. W. May, W. E. Bigelow, F. W. Warren, J. H. Burnham, L. 0.
York, and Wm. Fox. In 1867 the Rev. W. H. Shier, Presiding Elder, find-
ing the old chnrch building needing repairs, and failing to find a disposition
on the part of the congregation to make them, undertook the task of secur-
ing subscriptions for a new brick church. A subscription of $20,000 was
raised ; the foundation of the edifice was laid on the corner of Monroe and
Second streets.

Rev. J. W. Scott succeeded Mr. Shier, and it was not until during the pas-
torate of Rev. J. Venning, June 11, 1871, that the new church was dedicated,
with a comfortable seating capacity of six hundred, with an excellent organ,
heated by steam, and doubtless one of, if not the finest edifice in the con-
ference. The cost thereof has far exceeded their original intentions, but
through the energetic work of the subsequent pastors, J. 0. Wortley, D.
Carlton, J. 0. Perrin, and Rev. J. E. Jacklin, the indebtedness is now
reduced to a nominal sum, and will be entirely cancelled within the next sixty
days; the last of whom is the present incumbent, and is the thirty-seventh
in the line of ministers who have served the church.

PKOTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH.

In September, 1831, the Rev. Richard Berry came from Detroit, on horse-
back, and in the old yellow court-house, the Episcopal service was for the
first time publicly read in this county. Two months thereafter, accompanied
by the late Hon. Charles C. Trowbridge, the same rector held public service
again, at which time the first baptism occurred, that of Sidney Miller, Esq., now
residing in Detroit, and a daughter of General Murray, of the British army.
In the spring of 1832 the church was organized. General Murray and Seneca
Allen were elected wardens, and the Rev. John O'Brien became the rector.
The first church building was commenced in 1833, upon the lot where the
rear portion of the Park hotel now stands. On the 3d of May, 1834, twenty-
one persons were confirmed by Bishop Mcllvaiue. The Rev. John O'Brien
continued rector of this church until 1842. Tlie suggestion of his name
gives rise to many pleasant memories, confined by no means to the member-
ship of his church, for he was a godly man, highly esteemed, and unquestion-
ably one of the finest scholars in the country.

In 1817 Gen. Cass and Duncan McArthur negotiated a treaty with several
tribes of Indians at Fort Meigs, by which they secured three sections of land

380

PioisTEEB Society of Michigan.

for the College of Detroit, which subsequently enured to the benefit of the
university, but in the year 1824, through the exertions of Austin E. Wing,
delegate to congress, Gov. Woodbridge, and others, a second township was
granted, with permission to select the seventy-two sections in detached
localities.

This grant was reaffirmed by congress upon the admission of Michigan into
the union, and in organizing the university in 1837 the Legislature appropriated
the whole for its benefit, together with the avails of the three sections for
Detroit college. From this has come the entire endowment fund of the
institution of our university.

From the organization of the territory of Michigan in 1805 the laws were
framed by the governor and judges. June 7, 1824, Michigan's first represent-
ative Legislature (the territorial council) assembled at Detroit. The
representatives from Monroe county were, in the years 1824-25, Hubert La-
croix and Walcott Lawrence ; 1826-27, Hubert Lacroix and Laurent Durocher ;
1828-29, Charles Noble and Laurent Durocher; 1830-31, Abram Edwards
and Laurent Durocher; 1832-33, Daniel S. Bacon and Laurent Durocher;
1834-35, Daniel S. Bacon and Laurent Durocher; from 1823 to 1825, Gabriel
Kichard. From 1825 to 1827, from 1827 to 1829, from 1831 to 1833,
Austin E. Wing of Monroe county represented the territory as delegate to
congress, and during his terms appropriations were made by congress, and
contracts let, for turnpikes from Detroit to the south, west, and north.

When Ohio was admitted into the Union, February 19, 1803, her northern
boundary was termed the Fulton line, and owing to a want of knowledge of
the geographical position of Lake Erie, at the time Congress passed the ena-
bling act, proved to be an impracticable line. The United States Government
in 1812 authorized a new survey, which, owing to the war with Great Britain,
was not completed until 1817, by William Harris. This survey was reported
from land office department to the executive of Ohio, was adopted by Legis-
lature of Ohio, but was neve?' ratified by Congress as the boundary line between
Michigan and Ohio. The territory in dispute extended the whole length of
the northern boundary of Ohio, is about five miles in width, at the west end,
and about eight miles in width at the east end. The early settlement at the
mouth of the Maumee river, was first known as Swan Creek, afterwards as
Port Lawrence, then as Vistula, and now as Toledo.

The early settlers, and in fact up to February, 1835, the inhabitants of the
disputed territory acquiesced in being governed by the laws of Michigan Ter-
ritory ; but those in the eastern portion thereof, regarding their future conse-
quence dependant on getting the eastern termination of the contemplated
canal, then completed as far as Piqua, at the mouth of the Maumee river,
became suddenly convinced that they were living in the wrong State, and if
by siding with Ohio, concluded if the place would not be more healthy, it
would certainly be more profitable. The Governor was urged to extend the
laws of Ohio over the disputed territory. Governor Lucas then appointed
three commissioners to run and remark the Harris line. Governor Mason of
Michigan Territory, anticipating this, called the attention of the Michigan
Legislature, which passed an act, February 12, 1835, prohibiting, under a
penalty of $1,000 or five years' imprisonment, the holding of any office, or the
exercise of any official act by any person or persons not deriving authority
from the Territory of Michigan, or government of the United States. A

Early History of Moistroe County. 381

portion of the citizens were in sympathy with Michigan, another portion with
Ohio, therefore the Governors of Ohio and Michigan were advised of the
movements of each other.

On the 31st of March, 1835, Gov. Lucas of Ohio, accompanied by his staff
and the boundary commissioners, and about 600 well-armed and equipped
soldiers, arrived at Perrysburg on their way to run and remark the Harris
line."

Gov. Mason, with Gen. Joseph Brown, arrived at Toledo with a force under
the immediate command of the latter, variously estimated from 800 to 1,200
men, and went into camp, ready to resist any advance of the Ohio authorities
upon the disputed territory to run the boundary line or doing other acts incon-
sistent with Michigan's rights of jurisdiction over it.

Gen. Brown had for his staff, Oapt. Henry Smith of Monroe, inspector;
Major J. J. Ulman of Oonstantine, quartermaster; William B. Boardman of
Detroit, and Alpheus Felch, aids-de-camp. The two governors found them-
selves confronted by a military force that had been called out to enforce their
respective Legislatures' acts. Gov. Mason representing the tenant in posses-
sion, was content to rest at ease. Gov. Lucas found it convenient to observe
a masterly activity" for some days. The whole country, in the meantime,
became wild with excitement.

Hon. Richard Rush of Philadelpia, and Col. Howard of Baltimore arrived
from Washington, as commissioners from the President of the United States,
to use their personal influence to stop all warlike demonstrations, accompanied
by the Hon. Elisha Whittlesey of Ohio, as a voluntary peacemaker. They
advised the abandonment of forcible measures and wait for a peaceable settle-
ment by Congress, and recommended the Harris line " should be run and
remarked pursuant to the last act of the Legislature of Ohio without interruption.
Gov. Mason refused to agree to the propositions of Messrs. Rush and Howard,
claiming the right of possession under the original act of Congress creating the
territory of Michigan, and having acquired peaceable possession he would not
compromise the right of his people by a surrender of possession. Gov. Lucas
accepted the proposition for a peaceable settlement until after the close of the
next session of Congress, and disbanded the military force he had collected.
Gov. Mason refused to acquiesce in the proposition, partially followed suit,
but still continued making preparations for any emergency that might arise.
Gov. Lucas, in pursuance of the recommendations of the commissioners,
thought he could run and remark the Harris line without serious molestation
from the authorities of Michigan, and directed the commissioners to proceed
in making the survey. Formidable preparations were promptly made to pre-
vent the commissioners of Ohio from trespassing on the soil of Michigan.
President Jackson, at this juncture, applied to Attorney-General Benjamin
F. Butler, of New York, for his official opinion in regard to his power over
the parties. The opinion was that "the mere running of the line will consti-
tute an offense against the Territorial Act of Feb. 12, 1835, and if the com-
missioners of Ohio should attempt to execute the duties imposed on them, by
the law of their State, prosecution may be instituted against them in the
proper courts of the territory."

Notwithstanding the views of the authorities at Washington, the commis-
sioners proceeded to run the line, commencing at tlie northwest corner of the
State. Gen. Brown sent scouts through the woods to watch their movements.

882

PioisTEER Society of MiCHiaAN^.

When the surveying party got within Lenawee county, the under-sheriff of
Lenawee county, with a warrant and posse, made his appearance to arrest
them ; but the commissioners and surveyors made their escape from the dis-
puted territory, and reported through G-ov. Lucas to Washington, the attack
by a large force of Michigan, under Gen. Brown ; they had been fired upon, and
barely escaped with their lives. The breaking up of the surveying party pro-
duced great excitement throughout Ohio. Gov. Lucas, finding it impossible
to run the line, as proposed by Messrs. Kush & Howard, called an extra ses-
sion of the Legislature to meet on the eighth of June, which passed an act to
prevent the forcible abduction of the citizens of Ohio." The partisans of
Ohio were continually harrassed for the greater part of the summer of 1835.
Major Stickney, George McKay, Judge Wilson, and many others, were arrested
and taken to the Monroe jail.

When Major Stickney was arrested he fought and resisted the officer, but
was overpowered and requested to ride on a horse to Monroe. He refused, and
was by force put onto the horse. He would not sit on the horse. Two men,
one on each side, held him, while a third man led the horse. In this way they
got him about half way to Monroe, and tired of holding him on, tied his legs
together under the horse, and in that manner conveyed him the rest of the
distance. About this time J. Q. Adams, the district attorney of Monroe
county, reported to Governor Mason that Deputy Sheriff Wood, in arresting
Q. Stickney, who stabbed him, had fled into Ohio, and was protected by Gov-
ernor Lucas. The President was impressed with the importance of checking
the tendency towards more serious troubles. The President superseded Gov-
ernor Mason by the appointment of Mr. Charles Shaler, of Pennsylvania
August 29, 1835, as his successor, who failing to qualify, John S. Horner was
appointed. A lengthy correspondence was carried on between him and Gov-
ernor Lucas, which resulted in the discontinuance of prosecutions commenced.
The people of the disputed territory, from this time on, were left to regulate
matters in their own way.

At the next session of Congress Michigan was admitted into the Union,
with her southern boundary next to Ohio limited to the Harris line — the dis-
puted territory given to Ohio. Congress gave Michigan the valuable mineral
lands adjoining Lake Superior, to make up the loss of territory given to
Ohio.

It was during this year of 1835, February 24, the first appropriation was
made by Congress of $30,000, to construct the ship canal connecting the
waters of the river Raisin with those of Lake Erie.

During the year following the city of Monroe made an appropriation of
$25,000, and afterwards $10,000 more, for the construction of the city canal
across the bend of the river, thus shortening the distance from the city, and
making it direct to the ship canal.

Memorial Report.

383

MEMORIAL REPORT.

BY J. M. STERLlIiJ-G.

List of Pioneer deaths in Monroe County from June 4th^ 1882^ to June 10th, 1883.

Name.

Christopher Black

Mrs. Joseph Dansard

Mrs. William Fox

Mrs. James Labo.-_

*Dyckes McLachliii

Mrs. Emily Pine

Gerharclt Peters

Mrs. John Cunningham..

Peter Shinevare

Mrs. John Bolls..

John Emmert

Mrs. Samuel P. ISTavarre.

M. Mohr

Mrs. Anton Westermann.

Mrs. Phila Palmer

Mrs. Isabella Livingston.

Richard Metty

Peter Baier

Joshuay Dodge

Mrs. Thos. Doyle

Mrs. James Frost

Mrs. Capt. A. D. Perkins.

Peter Ronan

+John W. Reisig

Mrs. Mary Ann Knowles.

Mrs. Chas. Archer

Mrs. Rilla Brown

Miss Josephine Duval

Mrs. Christina Kressbach

Mrs. John Cicott

Luther Bisbee

Chas. Gierschke

Peter Conlisk

Bernhardt Rupp

James Nellsou

Mrs. Johanna Raymond-
Mrs. Johanna Brehm

Mrs. Samuel Mulholland.

Albert Piquette

Mrs. Anna M. Ranch

Mrs. Christian Grasley,.
Mrs. August Kiedemeier.
Mrs. Henrietta HubbilL..

James Robert

Theophilus Osgood

Duty Smith

Margaret Cronwitt

Mrs. Geo. W. Strong

Mrs. Andrew Spalding...

Died.

1S82.

June 4

June 11

June 15

June 13

June 30

July 3__

July 10

July 13

July 21

August 4

August 12

August 15

September 5.
September 16.
September 23
September 26
September 27.
September 30

October 3

October 2

October 15

October 19..-.
November 13.
November 24.
December 10..
December 11..
December 15..
December 13..
December 14..
December 15..
December 17_.
December 22..
December 30..

1883.

January 6

February 4

February 2....

Februarys

February 16...

March 12

March 19

March 21

March 31.

April 4

April 5

April 9

April 9.

April 12

April 27

Age.

72
41
81
37
68
79
77
76
90
40
61
49
81
65
89
74
84
73
75
49
66
64
45
51
90
84
72
72
81
58
70
76
78
64

71
71

80
84
71
37
81
74
75
74
78
82
81

* Was in Legislature 1874-76.

t Commissioner of Immigration 1869.

384

Pioneer Society op Michiga]jt.

List of Pioneer Deaths in Monroe County. — Continued,

Name.

Chas. P. Norris

Chas. Whipple

Thos. Rabbit

Christopher Lutz

Xavier Navarre

Mrs. Catherine Gentner

Alansoii Brainard

Christopher Seib

Mrs. Michael Eberlin....

Died,

April 30
May 17.
May 19.
May 19.
May 28.
May 30.
May 31.
June 5..
June 10.

Years' Kesi-

Age.

dence in

(Sounty.

OAKLAND COUNTY.

SKETCH OF THE FIRST SETTLEMENT OF PONTIAC, AS GIVEN BY MR.
ORISSON ALLEN TO MRS. E. M. SHELDON STEWART IN 1850.

Read at the annual meeting of the State Pioneer Society, June 14, 1883.

I came from Niagara county, N. Y. Left Buffalo October 20, 1818, on a
sail vessel. We were twenty-eight days crossing Lake Erie ; were driven back
to Erie three times. Finally landed at L'Anse Oreux and went in wagons to
Mt. Clemens. I stayed there a while and then the Pontiac company urged
me to come to Pontiac.

I hired a team and was three days coming here ; passed four houses on the
road, at two of which I stayed all night; one of these log houses, twenty feet
square, was occupied by two families.

In February, 1819, Joseph Todd, Wm. Lester, and I moved our families to
Pontiac. The village consisted of one log house built by the Pontiac com-
pany. Into this house we all moved, making a little community of 14 persons.
There was no chamber, no chimney, no floor except some split logs where we
laid our beds. Here we all lived till April. Before the ground broke up in
the spring I bought a barrel of flour in Detroit and hired it taken to Birming-
ham. Then I carried it on my back from Birmingham to Pontiac as we
needed it. I could carry thirty or forty pounds at a time. With this flour
and wild game and fish we got along very well till the first of June, 1819.
Then I found that I could not live in such a precarious way. Food could
only be obtained from Detroit via Mt. Clemens, and then a strong team
could only draw about half a load ; worst of all my money was gone and our
supplies were nearly exhausted. Finally I concluded to go to Detroit and see
if I could find any way to support my family. When I reached Detroit I
went into Judge Siblev's office and told him I must leave Pontiac. He asked
the reason, and I told him if I stayed there I should starve ; my money was
gone, and there was no work to be had ; it was the only time I had ever known
want. The Judge buried his face in his hands and sat silent for some time;
finally he said, '*You must not leave; we will furnish you with food and you
may pay when you can."

I said no; I might not be able to pay, and then I should wrong him.
We need more help," said the Judge, "and if you will stay we will give
you employment anO I will direct our agent to furnish you with provisions."

Oaklato County.

385

Early in the spring of 1819 the Pontiac company had built a large trading
house 20x60 feet, and divided into three rooms, and stocked with goods for
the Indian trade and provisions for the men in their employ. It was from
this agency that Judge Sibley promised me supplies.

The next morning after this interview I started for Pontiac with a number
of men employed by the company, three oxen and a cart, and one woman as
passenger. We had to cross a swamp about six miles wide, which was like a
sea of mud; the team got stuck, and the woman was obliged to wade out.

I reached home at dark and my wife brought me a piece of bread about half
as large as my hand, all the food there was in the house. I could not eat it,
nor could I rest that night from fatigue and anxiety.

Early the next morning I went to the trading house to learn the judge's
orders, and was rejoiced to find that they were, '*Let Mr. Allen have all the
provisions he wants."

Pork, flour, beans, a very few potatoes, and tea was the entire list of sup-
plies, but I was glad enough for a share of these.

It was not till a year afterward that Col. Mack's store was opened. In the
spring of 1819, Mr. Todd and I moved into houses we had built, and in early
summer a family by the name of Sterling came to Pontiac, and moved into
the house with us. The two families numbered eighteen persons, and in July
we were all sick, not one of us able to help the others. It was a full month
before we were really better. Of course the disease was ague and fever. Dr.
Wm. Thompson was the only physician in the county; and he lived eight miles
from Pontiac.

Every year, for seven or eight years, the whole region was very sickly from
July till the autumnal frosts, and this was a great hindrance to cultivating
and harvesting the crops. Indeed, for a number of years, we depended largely
upon Ohio. The French were poor farmers and raised but little for market.
The hogs brought here to sell were of the poorest quality, we used to call the
pork worhing porh,

Indians were very numerous. Pontiac was on the great northern trail, and
this was their camping ground, but they were not troublesome. Kishkauko,
a celebrated chief, sometimes came here ; he always had a body guard of ten
or twelve Indians, and neither he nor they would hesitate to kill any one who
oftended them, though no such tragedy occurred at Pontiac. One of Joseph
Oampau's sons once told me that during the war of 1812, he saw a white man
tortured here on the old camping ground by sticking pine splints in his flesh
and setting them on fire. Wolves were very numerous and bold. They
would even come to the house and take chickens from coop built against the
house. The Indians would not kill wolves nor snakes. I was once traveling
to the pay-ground beyond Flint, with six or seven Indians, when we saw a
very large blue racer — the Indians would not kill it, nor see me kill it. The
Indians call the wolves brother hunters."

Sugar made by the Indians was all the sugar used here for some years; none
was made in this vicinity. The Indians also brought us apples from the island
in Orchard Lake. The trees are said to have grown from seeds planted by
white prisoners during the revolutionary war.

My business led me all over the country, and I have often lain down beside
a log to sleep, not knowing that there was a human being within twenty
miles.

386

Pioneer Society oe Michig-ak.

The first church organized in Pontiac was a Presbyterian church organized
in 1823, and when Kev. Isaac W. Ruggles came as a liome missionary in 1824,
he found a church of nine members. A Congregational church was formed
in 1827. Three denominations worshiped in the old court-house for some
years. In 1832 the Congregational church edifice was erected, and dedicated
in 1833.

MEMORIAL REPORT.

BY E. W. PECK.

Names of Pioneers of Oakland County who died in 1882, and up to July, 1883; their place
of birth, State, the year they settled here, the town, the time of death, and age.

Bloomburg, Michael-.

Ball, William„_.

Butler, Alva

Davis, Mrs. Nancy

Green, Mrs. Jane

Jones, John

McQuigg, Simon L . . .

Philbri'ck, H. H

Richards, Lyman

Simmons, Joshua

Sherman, Jos. B

Axford, Samuel

Treat, L. L

Durkee, Jedediah

Place of Birth.

Clavernack, N. Y..
Seneca Co., N. Y...
Middletown, N. Y.

Rehoboth, Mass

Wayne Co., N. Y._
Milestown, K. Y..

Spencer, Y

Bradford, N". Y....
Burlington, Vt....

Dighton, Mass

Lyons, N. Y

Windham, Canada.

Mentz, Y

Williamstown, Vt..

When
Settled.

Where Settled.

When Deceased.

Age

1836..

Southfield

Dec, 1882....

1836_.

Novi

Jan., 1883....

1822..

Troy ..

April 7, 1883..

1819..

Bloomfield

March, 1882..

1836-_

Orion

Dec. 4,1882 ..

1821..

Troy

March, 1882..

1836..

Springfield

Nov., 1882....

1837..

Detroit

iMarch, 1882..

1837..

Troy

Sept., 1882...

1824..

Livonia

April, 1882...

1832..

Southfield

Feb., 1882....

1823. .

Oxford

April, 1882...

1840..

Orion

Feb., 1882....

1823..

W. Bloomfield..

July, 1883....

The above appear on our books as members of our society. Other aged per-
sons have died during the year past, but not being members I cannot give sta-
tistics. Samuel Axford, of the above, was a member of the House of Kepre-
sentatives of this State for one term, and L. L. Treat was a member of the
State Senate for a like term. Mrs. Nancy Davis was the youngest daughter
and the last of the family of the late Judge Bagley, one of the very earliest
settlers of Oakland county, and who was commissioned a justice of the peace
by Gen. Cass, in 1820.

OTTAWA COUNTY.

OLD SETTLERS' ASSOCIATION.

1858.

The incipient meeting of this Association was held at the Denton House,
Eastmanville, on Friday the fifth of March, 1858. On account of the post-
ponement, occasioned by the sickness of Dr. T. Eastman, the number pres-
ent was not as great as was expected. There were, however, sixteen persons pres-
ent who had arrived in Ottawa Co. prior to the year 1839. With the exception
of Dr. Eastman all appeared in excellent health and spirits. The Doctor,
although cheerful, was laboring under the effects of a relapse which he suf-
fered ti^.c day previously. We have seldom seen, in a small assembly, so
many men of strong mental, as well as physical qualities. They would do

Old Settlers' Association.

387

credit to any community on the globe for intellect, dignity of character,
sound sense and manly vigor. They proved incontestibly that those who
endure with patience and perseverance the early trials of pioneer life, and
escape the dangers incident thereto, although prostrated by sickness in the
early period of their settlement, are rendered capable of enjoying a long,
active and useful life.
The following is the call by which this meeting was assembled :

A meeting of the old settlers of Ottawa County, will be held at the Denton
House in Eastmauville, on the 22d of February next, for the purpose of organizing
an Old Settlers' Society, to be composed of all those persons that settled in Ottawa
County previous to the year 1839. It is deemed by the undersigned that such a
society can be made beneficial to all that are now alive, of the early pioneers of the
county; besides furnishing and perpetuating matters of history, for the present
and future generations, and providing means to smooth the dying pillow of the
living, as well as to preserve in memory, those of our early associates that have
preceded us to the tomb:

Wm. M. Ferry, Israel N". Harris, Henry Miller,

C. B. Albee, Henry S. Warts, H. A. Hopkins,

Benj. Smith, Henry Pennoyer. Isaac Byrant,

Timo. Eastman, Henry Middlemist, M. L. Hopkins,

Amos N. Korton, James M. Patchen, Galen Eastman,

John Rice, James M. Smith, Mason Eastman,

G, L. Norton, Samuel Torrens, George Eastman,

John W. Hopkins, Wm. M. Ferry, Jr. Wm. Hathaway,

P. C. Duvernay, Nathan H. White, .

Grand Haven, Jan. 5, 1858.

POSTPONEMENT.

The meeting announced as above has been postponed until March 5th, next.
Grand Haven, Feb. 25, '58.

TEMPORARY ORGANIZATIOIT.

On motion of Henry Pennoyer, Benjamin Smith, Esq., of Ottawa Center,
was elected chairman ^ro te7n.

On motion of Galen Eastman, Esq., Henry S. Olubb was elected Secre-
tary ^ro tern.

OPENING SERVICE.

Wm. M. Ferry, Jr. I will suggest the propriety, as this is the commence-
ment of the organization of the Old Settlers' Association, to keep in remem-
brance that we as pioneers here, met to establish a fund for the benefit of
old settlers, that as the blessing of the Supreme Being is necessary to every-
thing that man undertakes, before we proceed any further we have the meet-
ing introduced by prayer, that we may in our meeting here have a feeling of
dependence and the sanction of our consciences by recognizing a Ruling
Ouide and Providence over this as well as all other undertakings. I there-
fore move that the meeting be opened with prayer.

The motion \Tas adopted.

Hon. M. L. Hopkins. I will suggest that Eev. Wm. M. Ferry be requested
to open the meeting with prayer.

Rev. Wm. M. Ferry then engaged in prayer.

PERMANENT ORGANIZATION.

On motion of Hon. Henry Pennoyer, supported by Dr. Eastman,

Besolved, That a committee of three be appointed to report permanent officers; to
report a plan of proceeding and to make provision for the construction of By-Laws
for the government of the association.

388 Pioneer Society of MiomaAisr.

Mr. Galen Eastman moved that Hon. Henry Pennoyer, Rev. Wm. M.Ferry,
and Dr. Timothy Eastman constitute said committee.
Motion adopted.

On motion of Mr. G-alen Eastman, a reoess for 15 minutes was then taken.
After the recess, Henry Pennoyer, from the committee, reported as
follows :

The committee on permanent oflBcers, plan of proceeding, etc., report the
following resolutions :

Besolved^ That the style and title be " The Ottawa County Old Settlers' Associa-
tion.'-

And the following be the officers until the first annual meeting:

President — Rev. William M. Ferry.

Vice Presidents—Co], Norton, Bethuel Church, Esq.

Treasurer — William Hathaway, Jr.

Secretary — Timothy Eastman.

Trustees — Allen Stoddard, Henry Pennoyer, J. V. Harris, Henry Middlemist.
Besolved, That every person who settled in this county previous to the year 1839
be requested to become a member, and pay to the treasurer elect the sum of fifty
cents as an initiation fee.

Besolved, That the secretary be requested to provide the necessary book for the
use of the association, from their funds, and enroll the names of all the members, or
all that may signify their assent, either verbally or in writing, to become members,
by their paying to the secretary or treasurer the sum of fifty cents.

Besolved, That the committee on By-Laws be instructed so to draft them that the
association, when convened in annual meeting, may admit members honorary or
otherwise without money or price, by a vote of the association.

Resolved, That Hon. T. W. Ferry, Hon. M. L. Hopkins, and Galen Eastman, Esq.,
be by this meeting appointed a committee to draft a code of by-laws for the govern-
ment of the Old Settlers' Association of Ottawa county, and to report the same for
their action at the first annual meeting on the third Wednesday of January, 1859.

HENRY PENNOYER,
WM. M. FERRY,
TIMO. EASTMAN.

Committee,

On motion of Mr. 0. B. Albee, the report was adopted.

The only portion of the report on which there was any debate, was that in
relation to the time of holding the annual meeting, which was left blank in
the original report.

Mr. Henry Pennoyer was in favor of holding the meeting early in Novem-
ber, immediately after election, as it would afford an excellent opportunity of
allaying all the hostile feelings incident to a political campaign, as the associa-
tion would be composed of all parties. They could come together on such
occasions as old settlers and everlasting friends. If practical, the most
appropriate time for their annual festival would be the second of November,
being the anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers of the county,
the Kev. Wm. M. Ferry and family, at Grand Haven.

Mr. Albee thought November an inconvenient time for those engaged in
navigation to attend such a meeting. He suggested mid-winter as the most
convenient time.

After further consideration and discussion, the blank was, on motion of
Rev. Wm. M. Ferry, filled as above, appointing the first annual meeting to be
held on the third Wednesday in January, 1859.

The permanent organization being complete, the temporary officers were
about to vacate, when.

On motion of Henry Pennoyer, supported by Dr. Eastman, Henry S. Clubb
was requested to act as secretary, Dr. Eastman being unwell.

Old Settlers' AssociATioisr.

389

On motion of Dr. Eastman, supported by Eev. Wm. M. Ferry, Benjamin
Smith was requested to continue chairman of the meeting.
Col. Norton gave an account of his first arrival in Michigan,

RESPECT FOR THE MEMORY OF THE LATE HEITRY STEELE, ESQ.

Hon. T. W. Ferry offered the following :

Besolved, That in the recent sudden and melancholy decease of the late Henry Steele
of Steele's Landing, we not only recognize that Providence, whose dispensations
are at times mysterious yet never unjust, but feel warned again of the uncertainty
of life, and the rapidity with which death is hurrying from our midst the presence
of early settlers of our vicinity; and while now engaged in organizing a society,
the principal object of which is to arrest and preserve the memory of the names
and valuable deeds of the old settlers of Ottawa county from that oblivion which
time would fain cover them with, we would here stop to drop a tear and mingle our
sympathies with the bereaved family whose sorrow we would mitigate, but the full-
ness of which we can never know.

Besolved^ That a copy of the foregoing resolution be forwarded to the family of
the late Henry Steele.

Hon. Henry Pennoyer : In the death of Henry Steele we lost not only one
of the oldest, but one of the best settlers in Ottawa county. When the news
of his death arrived, we could only, for a few moments, stand aghast ! We
may well contemplate the suddenness with which death may approach the
human family. In the full tide of life and vigor and health, he was suddenly
sent into eternity. It is not for us to say whether he was prepared or unpre-
pared, but whatever of good we know of him, it is not unfit or improper on
this occasion to mention his deeds. At any rate, I have been recipient of his
hospitality and protection several times. I never approached his house but I
always found him ready to extend the hand of kindness. I always found *'the
latch string out." He is gone ! He is no more with us ! So we have all to
depart, one after another. It is fit and proper that the association shall be
prepared to take steps on such occasions to show tliat there is a friendly feeling
ever existing among the mass of citizens in this county, and I believe that this
meeting will have the effect of doing a good deal in this way. It is the death
of this very man, to commemorate whose memory these resolutions have been
offered that has been the means of bringing into existence this association. I
wish this to be borne in remembrance through all coming time. Not only in
meetings of this association, but let us ever cherish the memory of our
departed friend Henry Steele.

Wm. M. Ferry, Jr., moved the adoption of the resolution.

Mr. 0. B. Albee, seconded the motion.

The resolution was unanimously adopted.

The heat of the room at this time was considerable, and Dr. Eastman
expressed his regret that the state of his health required that he should retire
from the meeting. Before leaving them, he invited as many of the old
settlers as could attend, to call upon him at his residence and partake of tea.
The doctor retired from the meeting accompanied by Rev. Wm. M. Ferry and
Mr. Galen Eastman who subsequently returned.

FIRST POLL LISTS.

Mr. Pennoyer, said that in the Old Settlers' Association of Kent county
the first poll list of the different townships had been Collected. It would be
a good idea if the first poll lists in the county of Ottawa could be brought from
every township and presented at the first annual meeting of this association.

390

Pioneer Society oe MiCHiaAisr.

Rev. Win. M. Ferry. They could be gathered from each township.

Mr. Peiinoyer. I do not know whether the lists have been filed away or not.

Rev. Wm. M. Ferry. I think those of the township of Ottawa were pre-
served in the office. There was a time when I filed them.

Mr. Woodbury. To the best of my recollection, there were seventeen on
the first poll list of Talmage township, at our organization.

EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY.

Mr. Galen Eastman : I would like to hear from Rev. Wm. M. Ferry, as to
the early history of the county.

Rev. Wm. M. Ferry: "If I could entertain the association with any reminis-
cences of early scenes in this county, I should be happy to do so; but if I get
to talking, I shall talk too long.

The Chairman : The meeting will be very glad to hear Mr. Ferry.

Rev. Wm. M. Ferry then related the circumstances of the first settlement
of the county, and numerous incidents connected therewith.

Mr. Pennoyer also related incidents.

The meeting was also addressed by Hon. T. W. Ferry, Hon. M. L. Hop-
kins, Mr. I. H. Maxfield, L. Peake, Galen Eastman, T. B. Woodbury, and
Wm. M. Ferry, Jr.

Rev. Wm. M. Ferry: I would suggest that each person present, who has
taken part in the organization of the association, record his name in his own
hand-writing, so that the autograph of each be preserved. Also that the date
of the arrival of each one be added to the name. Such a record may be of
interest to posterity.

The suggestion being adopted, the following persons wrote their autographs^
and the date of their arrival was added as follows :

Wm. M. Ferry, arrived November 2, 1834.

Amos Norton, arrived 1836.

M. L. Hopkins, arrived 1837.

Wm. M. Ferry, Jr., arrived 1834.

Thos. W. Ferry, arrived 1834.

Benj. Smith, arrived 1838.

H. -N. Hopkins, arrived 1837.

Ira H. Maxfield, arrived 1836.

Thos. B. Woodbury, arrived 1836.

Henry Pennoyer, arrived 1836.

Lemuel Peake, arrived 1836.

Ephraim Pierson, arrived 1838.

0. B. Albee, arrived 1836.

Galen Eastman, arrived September, 1835.

N. M. Hinsdale, arrived 1838.

On motion a recess was taken, and an oyster supper, presented by the citi-
zens of Eastmanville, was served.

After supper, in tiie absence of the Chairman, on motion of Henry Pen-
noyer, Norman iVI. Hinsdale was elected clvairman.

Mr. 0. B. Albee related some amusing incidents.

The meeting was also addressed by E. Pierson, Henry Pennoyer, and Ira
H. Maxfield.

After a desultory conversation Mr. Pennoyer moved the following resolu-
tion which was adopted :

Key. William Montague Ferry.

891

Whereas, An Old Settlers' Association of Ottawa county being yet in a partially
organized state and will be destitute of by-laws until the first annual meeting,
therefore

Beit Besolved, That every member of this Association should feel it a duty incum-
bent upon him to attend the funeral of any deceased member of the Association
previous to the organization at the first annual meeting.
On motion, the Association adjourned until the third Wednesday in January, 1859.

NORM AN M. HINSDALE, Chairman.
HENRY S. CLUBB, Secretary.

The following is Ool. Norton's speech above referred to.

Mr. Chairman and Fellow Old Settlers: I arrived in the State
immediately after it was admitted into the Union as a State. I first arrived at
Detroit. I came to the Grand River Valley. When I started for this place I
supposed that the land was for sale. A friend of mine had written to say that
the land office at Ionia would be opened on a certain day. The day had
passed before 1 reached there. I found the land had not been surveyed on
this side. I was advised, however, to come and look at the land.

At that time there was a bill before Congress called Walker's bill," that
was to allow settlers a section of land. I supposed that bill would pass. I
came on by the lecommendation of friends, and made a commencement by
plotting out three preemptions under the expectation that the bill would pass.
It had passed the House of Representatives, but being a short session it
remained with the unfinished business in the Senate. Then I stopped, because
I did not want to expend too much, wishing to be able to buy my claim when
it came into the market.

1 started back for home, and came on again the first winter, and put up a
mill. I started one saw in May and another in June, 1838.

At that time it was pretty new to take the route from our place (Norton-
ville) to the Rapids. There was but one house, that was Mr. Yeomans's. Mr.
Yeomans had settled where Mr. Steele has since lived.

Provisions at that time were very hard to get. The early settlers had to pay
from $30 to $35 a bbl., for pork, and other provisions in proportion. I paid
that to provide for my men. Butter was half a dollar a pound. White beans
were the cheapest articles and they were $4.00 a bushel. Prices continued
equally high until the great bank suspension throughout the union and that
brought them down.

We had many hardships to endure in those days. People who come here
DOW think they help to settle a new country, but they know little of what the
first settlers had to endure. We had many annoyances, to say nothing of the
multitude of mosquitoes which were very thick. Nobody had prepared to shut
them out and did not know how to manage with them. In those days we had
to cut through the woods and cross streamSc We could not go a short journey
with a team without taking an ax and auger along with us.

REV. WILLIAM MONTAGUE FERRY.
From the Grand Haven Union, Feb. 6, 1868.

The sad event — which we briefly noticed last week — the death of this;
loved and honored pioneer of our city and county, demands a more extended
notice than we could then give it. We use the term "sad" in reference to-
his death, and feel that it is truthful as applied to those who are left behind,
deprived of the guiding and sustaining counsel of his far-seeing intellect and

392 PioisTEER Society of MicmaAir.

noble heart; yet we never knew a death more entirely stripped of its terrors,
nor a scene better adapted to extort the prayer ''Let me die the death of the
righteous, and let my last end be like his."

Mr. Ferry was born in Granby, Mass., Sept. 8, 1796, and was consequently
at the time of his death, Dec. 30, nearly 71 years and four months old. He
was the youngest one of a family of ten children, his youngest brother,
Aretas Ferry, of Bernardston, Mass., being now the only surviving member
of the family. His father, l^oah Ferry, was one of the ''sturdy New Eng-
land farmers," in whose character was combined firmness and decision of
purpose, with strict devotion to correct principles as the rule of his life, and
an earnest determinatiori to make his own efforts, with the blessing of Provi-
dence, the foundation of whatever success in life might be accorded to him.
The memory of this sturdiness of character in the father, was always blended
in the hearts of the children, with the fond love and fervent prayers of their
mother, who long survived her husband.

At fifteen Mr. Ferry was a slight, frail youth, not physically adapted to the
rugged toil of a New England farm. But trusting that his heart had been
graciously renewed by the power of the Spirit, he earnestly desired to obtain
a thorough education, that he might preach the gospel of Christ. His father
had not the means to aid him in carrying out this plan, nor would he consent
to it until the son promised that under no circumstances would he solicit or
receive aid from any one, but would make his way by his own personal efforts.

This point settled, he entered upon a clerkship in the store of his brother,
Heman Ferry, at Eemsen, near Utica, N. Y., where he remained three
years, meanwhile applying himself earnestly to study in his leisure moments.
At eighteen he accepted a tutorship under his uncle Joseph Montague, then
principal of a Female Seminary at Kinderhook, New York. He taught there
one year, and then went to Piainfield, Mass., where he prepared himself for
College, under the instruction of Kev. Moses Hallock. During these pre-
paratory studies, he also took charge of Sanderson Academy at Ashfield,
Mass., for a single term. Thus he provided for himself, redeeming his
pledge and maintaining his independent and self-reliant course. At the age
of twenty-one he was ready to enter upon his collegiate course at Union
College.

An incident occurred at this time, which well illustrates both his character
and his financial situation. Visiting the old homestead, he asked his oldest
brother to take him to Schenectady, that he might enter College. He did so,
and made the journey — then a long one — in a one horse wagon. — In crossing
a defective bridge near Schenectady the horse's leg was broken and another
must be purchased to fill his place. The young student insisted that the
journey was made for his sake, and he must bear the loss. The older brother,
not knowing the extent of his resources, yielded, and the sixty dollars neces-
sary to purchase a horse, took the entire amount of his funds, save a single
MX2Je7ice. With this he entered College, and we can imagine the feeling of
dismay that must sometimes have crossed his mind at the financial prospect.

But in Dr. Yates, a leading Professor of the College, he found a friend
who offered him such employment as would assist him in completing his Col-
lege course. He entered the Sophomore class, and graduated in his 24:th year.
He then pursued a two years' course of theological study at New Brunswick,
N. J., and six months under Rev. Dr. Gardiner Spring of New York, and
was licensed and ordained by the Presbytery of New York, in 1882.

Eey. William MoNTAauE Ferbt. 393

Offering his services to the "United Foreign Missionary Society," he was
appointed to explore among the Indian tribes of the northwest.

He came up the lake from Buffalo in the Superior, the first steamer that
ever floated on the waters of Lake Huron, and the second trip she made up.
Detroit was then a small village, mostly inhabited by French settlers and trad-
ers, and in the Territory of Michigan, there were small settlements commenced
at Pontiac, Monroe, and a few other points. The results of this exploration,
were the establishment of, and his appointment to the Mackinac Mission, on
the island of that name. Here he remained about one year, employed in lay-
ing the foundation for future labor. Having these arrangements completed,
he returned to Ashfield, Mass., in 1823, and was married to Miss Amanda
White, eldest daughter of Thomas White, and with Mrs. Ferry, at once
returned to resume his labors in Mackinac. In 1827 this mission was trans-
ferred to the care of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis-
sions.

Mr. Ferry's labors at Mackinac continued for twelve years, and they were
years of incessant and arduous toil. He entered into this labor as he did into
everything he undertook, with all the ardor of his soul, and with such fixed-
ness of purpose as was ever characteristic of the man. Indeed, as was well
expressed in the funeral discourse of Eev. Mr. Evans, None but one gifted
as he was, could have moulded into usefulness such material as was adrift on
the borders of civilization." He acted in the double capacity of missionary
to the Indians, and chaplain to the military post at Mackinac, and in both
these relations his memory is cherished with the strongest affection and rever-
ence by those who survive him.

He organized schools in which hundreds of Indian children were instructed
and prepared for usefulness, and otherwise opened fountains of influence
whose streams will bless the world to the end of time.

The exhausting cares and labors of such a charge, however, at length began
to tell upon his health, and a combination of difficulties led him to believe
that his active duties of life were passed. He did not expect to be able to
continue in discharge of the duties of ministry. What should be done? He
stated his convictions to the board, and they urged him to remain in his
present relations, even if unable to labor. The secretary of the board visited
the station and urged upon him the same view. But with characteristic
energy and decision, he determined this question in the negative. It was
contrary to his whole character to consent to be a burden upon the church,
and rendering no equivalent services for the support of his growing family.
He must, therefore, seek an opening to do something for the comfort of his
family, while he continued with them.

In these circumstances the late Eobert Stuart, a dear friend of his, (who,
if we do not mistake, made a public profession of religion under his min-
istry), proposed to him to take certain funds which he provided, and travel
for the double purpose of restoring his health and seeking a place of resi-
dence. With this object in view he visited Chicago, St. Joseph, Milwaukee,
and Detroit, whence he traveled across the county on horseback, with Mr. N.
H. White, to Grand Rapids, and down the river in a canoe to Grand Haven.

Hon. Eix Robinson, a fur trader, and now a resident of Kent county, had
a log shanty here for the convenience of his business, and Mr. Ferry spent
ten days in making certain surveys and other provisional arrangements for
settlement. These things being done, he procured of Mr. Robinson a bark
50

394 Pioneer Society of MicmaAN.

canoe and crew of Indians, and coasted to Mackinac, a distance of 240 miles.
Instead of being five or six days on the passage, as they expected, they were
sixteen days, and although their provisions were supposed to be ample, at the
end of eight days, they were all consumed. This was in September, 1834.
They obtained of a band of Indians, some green corn and a few squashes, on
which they lived, without salt, for eight days, until they reached Mackinac.
Making his arrangements as rapidly as possible, he chartered the schooner
Supply, of 44 tons, to bring his family and effects to Grand Haven, and after
a passage of three days arrived on Sunday morning, the 2d day of November^
1834. They landed none of their stores, but in Mr. Robinson's log shanty,
like the Pilgrims at Plymouth, 214 years before, they united in solemn public
worship, Mr. Ferry preaching from Zechariah, 4:10 — *^Who hath despised
the day of small things." Thus, as it were, the first act of the first settlers
was an act of prayer and praise, and thus they consecrated the future village
and city to God.

At the time of Mr. Ferry's settlement the nearest white neighbors were
forty miles distant. Ottawa county had not another white inhabitant. On
the south, ten miles up the Kalamazoo river lived a family named Butler.
On the east there was a family or two and a mill up Buck Creek, in Kent
county. On the river the first family was at the Rapids, forty miles up. On
the north the nearest settlement was at Mackinac, two hundred and forty
miles.

The accommodations of Mr. Ferry and his family for the first winter are
worthy of note. The log building of Mr. Robinson, in which they found,
shelter, Mr. Ferry himself described as about sixteen by twenty-two feet, and
in this were twenty-one persons to be accommodated. About two-thirds of
the number slept in the loft, and a portion slept in a vessel which had been
thrown into the harbor, unexpectedly, to winter there."

In 1835 Mr. Ferry visited Detroit, going by way of Mackinac. He there
made an arrangement with Mr. Stuart to explore the Grand River Valley to-
its mouth, the country being then an unbroken and almost entirely unknown
wilderness. Accordingly, accompanied by Oapt. Jedediah Perkins, of Ann
Arbor, and Mr. P. C. Duvernay, he traveled from Detroit to Jackson, where
they purchased a canoe and paddled down the river the entire distance to
Grand Haven.

But the financial crisis of 1836-37 did not fail to reach this infant settle-
ment, and Mr. Ferry found himself once more empty handed, and compelled
to commence anew. Mortgaging his house for $500, and procuring a credit
in Chicago for $500 more, he purchased a stock of goods and commenced
business anew. We need not follow these struggles of our persistent friend
minutely, as he brought himself out of the *'straits," and achieved inde-
pendence and wealth. These things are too well known here to need detail.

As the first act in the settlement of Grand Haven was an act of worship,
conducted by our departed friend, so that public worship was regularly main-
tained by him. For more than eighteen years he preached the gospel to the-
people of Grand Haven free of charge, until they were able and willing to.
employ and sustain a minister.

Mr. Ferry was eminently a loyal mak. He loved his country. During
our recent struggle with treason, he watched with deep anxiety the ebb and
flow of the tide of success to our armies. Most heartily he gave of his sub-
stance to promote enlistments, and of his sons to fight the battles of freedom.

Rey. "William Montague Ferry. 395

One of these continued honorably in the service till the close of the contest,
and the other fell gloriously with his face to the foe at Gettysburg. His fel-
low citizens, who saw how the father bore up under that mighty sorrow, who
heard the brave words in which, at the grave of his heroic son, he declared
that the sacrifice was not too great to save his country, need no testimony to
this point. And when more recently, his second son, entrusted with high
responsibilities at Washington, was called to decide whether he should leave
his father in steadily declining health, or his official duties, the brave hearted
father said : Go my son — that is your post — your duties to your country and
your constituency are there.''

His religious character partook of his mental in its decision, clear-sighted-
ness and stability. He could not understand how any Christian could allow
himself to be a doubting Christian — to live so that he could not at all times be
sure of a safe interest in his eternal inheritance. He was a warm-hearted
Christian. He loved the Redeemer, and he loved his church, and the church
in Grand Haven, and the ministers and churches with which he was associated
in the presbytery will long miss his clear-headed counsel, and his liberal hand.

In his business intercourse with the world his integrity was as inflexible as
were his religious convictions, and the steady purpose with which he main-
tained the institutions of religion, education, and morality, have done very
much toward building up all those influences which go to make the world
better.

Some years since he was thrown from a wagon by a vicious horse, and
received injuries from which he never entirely recovered, though he has
attended to business more or less until within a few months past. We believe
but few men would have borne up and continued in any degree active with the
measure of debility which has been upon him. With less force of character
he would have yielded to the pressure and probably died long before he did.
But his powers were consecrated to a holy purpose, and his mental activity
would not allow him to be idle while any physical power remained. For some
weeks, his bodily strength gradually wasted, though for the most part he
suffered no pain. In this gentle manner did he pass down toward the grave,
with clear perceptions of, and trust in the Saviour, and when the end came,
it was like the gradual sinking of the summer sun from a cloudless sky behind
the western hills. He breathed his last so gently that it was difficult to note
the precise time of his departure.

So fades a summer cloud away;
So sinks the gale when storms are o'er;

So gently shuts the eye of day;
So dies a wave along the shore.

THE FUNERAL.

Seldom has a bright, beautiful day in Grand Haven been so overshadowed
with a cloud of sorrow, as Thursday last, when the mortal remains of Rev.
William M. Ferry were followed to the grave. A large number of friends

Note by the compiler. In 1849 Rev. W m. M. Ferry was postmaster at Grand Haven,
and the compiler was sent by the P. O. Department to investigate the loss of money
sent by the mail. Starting from Adrian, the shortest route was— one day by stage
to Jackson; a day and night by rail to JSew Buffalo, and boat to Chicago; and a day
and night via Milwaukee to Grand Haven. Mr. Ferry took us across the bay in a
skiff, to where he was building a saw^mill, as we might say in a desolate swamp, now
the lively village of Ferrysburg. It was then a desolate looking region, but Grand
Haven showed marked signs of enterprise.

396 PioiiTEER Society of MiCHiaAK.

assembled at the residence of the family at one o'clock P. M., when, after
prayer by Rev. D. H. Evans, pastor of the Presbyterian church, and a hymn
sung by the family, a procession was formed under the charge of Mayor Parks,
and the remains conveyed to the church. The church itself was appropriately
draped and crowded to its utmost capacity, many remaining in the vestibule,
and numbers not being able to enter at all.
At the church, the services were :

1. Prayer by Eev. James Rice Taylor, of St. John's (Episcopal) church, of this city.

2. Hymn — "When I can read ray title clear"— read by Kev.D. H. Evans. Sung
by the choir.

3. Reading Scriptures — by Rev. E. D. Newberry, of Ionia.

4. Prayer — by Rev. D. M. Cooper, of Albion.

5. Hymn — "How firm a foundation ye saints of the Lord" — read by Rev. Mr.
Savage, of the Congregational church. Sung by the choir.

6. Funeral discourse — by Rev. D. H. Evans, pastor.

7. Prayer — by Rev. C. Van der Vene, of the Protestant Reformed church, of this
city.

8. Hymn— "With my substance I will honor"— read by Rev. L. M. S. Smith. Sung
by the choir.

9. Address— by Rev. D. M. Cooper, former pastor of the church.

After these solemn services, the procession formed as before, under the direction of
Mayor Parks, in the following order:

1. The Clergy.

2. The Common Council.

3. Pall Bearers, with Coffin.

C. B. Albee, Henry Griffin,

Hamilton Jones,
H. C. Akeley,
C. L. Storrs,
Cas. E. Wyman,
Capt. H. Squier.

DvriGHT Cutler, W
Geo. E. Hubbard, o
Ed. Killean, y
Harry Miller, .
Capt. R. Howlet, ^
W. H. Parks,

4. Family and friends.

5. Drs. Munroe and McNett.

6. Clerks in the employ of Ferry & Son.

7. Old residents and friends from abroad.

8. Citizens.

The long procession marched up Washington street to Fourth, up Fourth
to Columbus, up Columbus to Fifth, and through Fifth to the Cemetery. The
remains were deposited in a neat brick vault, and after the benediction by the
pastor, the procession re-formed and escorted the family and friends of the
deceased to his late residence.

MK. TERRr'S WILL.

By the kindness of Hon. Geo. Parks, Judge of Probate, we have been fur-
nished a synopsis of the will of the late Kev. William M. Ferry, which we give
to our readers with the feeling that is the final rounding of a completed life.

In the name of God, Amen. I, William M. Ferry, of the age of seventy
years, being feeble of body, but of sound mind and disposing memory, do pub-
lish and declare this my last will and testament.

First. — I commit and commend my soul, fallen it is true, but as I humbly
trust recovered by Grace, to the bosom of my Saviour, and my body I cheer-
fully resign to the sepulchre hallowed by Him who is the resurrection and the
life. On the slab provided for my grave let there be inscribed und^r my
name, age, &c., these words :

First Toil Then Rest.

First Grace Then Glory.

A Keyerie,

397

^'Second. — To my beloved wife, Amanda W., house in Grand Haven, with
all household goods, and the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars.

Third. — To my six children, each fifteen thousand dollars, being the sum
of ninety thousand dollars.

Fourth. — To my beloved sister, Mary Ames White, house on Wabash
avenue, Chicago, and the sum of five thousand dollars.

" Fifth. — To all my fifty grandchildren, nephews and nieces, each two hun-
dred dollars, being the sum of ten thousand dollars, leaving therewith this
earnest request, that as they were educated in a Christian land, so through
grace they would each and all see to it that they meet me safely hereafter,
washed and accepted through the blood of the Lamb.

Sixth. — To be permanently invested and called the ^ Ferry Ministry Fund,
the sum of twelve thousand dollars, the interest thereof to be used to support,
in destitute places in the State of Michigan, one or more ministers in conjunc-
tion with the people served.

^'Seventh. — To the Lake Forest University, in the State of Illinois, the sum
of twenty thousand dollars.

Eighth. — Towards the erection of a Female Seminary, at Lake Forest, the
sum of fifteen thousand dollars.

Ninth. — To the American Board of Foreign Missions, the sum of thirty
thousand dollars.

Tenth. — To the American Bible Society, the sum of thirty thousand
dollars.

^'Eleventh, — To the American Tract Society, of Boston, the sum of fifteen
thousand dollars.

'^Twelfth. — To the Presbyterian Publication Committee, the sum of fifteen
thousand dollars.

Thirteenth, — The residue (if any) after payment of all bequests and
expenses, to be divided among my children.

**My beloved wife, Amanda W., shall act as executrix, and my son, Edward
P., shall act as executor of my will. Ten years is given the executor, at his
discretion, in which to close up the estate."

A REVERIE.
BY REV. L. M. S. SMITH, FEBRUARY S, 1874.

I am sixty-six years old to-day. So says the '^Record," but I can hardly
believe it. My spirits are as buoyant — I had almost said as Jo?/-ant as ever
they were. I like a little fun and frolic as well as I did fifty years ago. I
romp with the children with as much zest as when I was sixteen ; perhaps a
trifle more so. For if I remember aright, when I was sixteen I had a little
more starch in my composition that afterwards disappeared — a certain idea of
dignity that I am not conscious of now. It was much the same kind of
dignity which other boys have, which came from not being quite sure of my
position, and from the thought that I was going to be a man soon, and must
begin to act like a man, though I didn't very well know how. The razor had
just then been called into requisition to mow the scanty down from my chin.
And as is the case with many a like soft-shelled specimen of adolescence, I
courted a segar. I was quite willing to undergo its terribly nauseating effects,
because men smoked, and if I could only smoke, that was so much evidence

398

Pioneer Society oe MicHiGA]sr.

that I was a man ! This, by the way, I was speaking not of young men, but
of an old one, i. e., of myself. I am falling into a kind of reverie — a loose
and irregular train of random thoughts, that come and are jotted down, as I
muse upon my age, and the circumstances that surround me. I am an old
man ; the world says so. And when I think of those two Arabic figures so
exactly alike, that tell the number of my years, I suppose it must be so.
And yet, as I intimated in the beginning, I do not more than half believe
it. Now and then as I have passed along, I have overheard a remark not
intended for my ear. ''There goes the old gentleman? " How strangely it
sounded to me. My hair is becoming gray, and yet I expected to have white
hairs if I should live long enough. Why not I, as well as others?

Gray hairs
Tell tales of the years that brought 'em;
And faces wrinkled, and bearded chin,
Will show the frosts of life's autumn.

But I enjoy my age. I have no desire to be younger. I look back upon
my younger days with no regrets, save that they were not better improved.
If I could go back to them, I have no reason to think I should do any better.
I can therefore only repent of my misspent time, and crave the forgiveness of
the One all-merciful. If I am not as agile as half a century ago, what
matters it? I do not expect to be. And for that matter, I do not need to
be. The children's song is mine.

" I have a Father in the promised land."

I trust Him. My diminished ability makes no difference with His. I have
the comforts of life, and so long as it pleases Him I shall have them. The
wealthiest man is sure of no more.

My friends have some of them come in to-day. They came, as they have
sometimes come before, to tender their regards and show their friendship. A
very pleasant little gathering we had, though some were absent who were
expected. A little incident of the day I ought to mention, and this will close
my vagaries. When I sat down to breakfast this morning, I found a small
parcel upon my plate, the gift of a friend. It contained an elegant pocket
handkerchief, surmounted by a cluster of abutilons, and within, the follow-
ing lines :

" This little token, worthy friend,
See that thou put to no base end.
Placed in a pocket next thine heart,
It will a grateful warmth impart.
May it ne'er be wet with woeful tears,
Whate'er the griefs of coming years.
Pure, firm, and white it comes to thee,
From all fruit stains, oh keep it free.
If ever thou shouldst chance to meet,
In crowded car or busy street,
A merry girl with pretty face.
With laughing eye and winning grace.
Pray don't unfurl it to the air;
To have thee "flirt," I do not dare.
With thy best clothes lay it away,
To be brought forth on festal day;
Unfold it then, perfume with care,
And place in the pocket of the coat you wear."

Memorial Ebpobt.

399

MEMORIAL REPORT.
BY HENRY PENNOYER.

Peter D. Mc:N"aughton, died March — 1883, aged 72.

John M. Weston died April 25, 1883, aged 88.

Sarah M. Howe died April 25, 1883, aged 71.

Derk J. Vos died June 7, 1883, aged 73.

Mrs. Wrn. R. Bard died June 8, 1883, aged 52.

Hiram A. Reed died May 12, 1883, aged 74.

John W. Hopkins died February 9, 1883, aged 69.

Andrew Ooon died March, 1883, aged 103.

John Rice died March, 1883, aged 70.

Timothy B. Lillie died August 23, 1880, aged 68.

From the Coopersville Observer, March 30, 1882.

Peter D. McNaughtok, one of the foremost of G-od's noblest men, is no
more. Such would be our expression, did we not know that the immortal
soul of this righteous man had joined kindred spirits in that world beyond
the veil which our finite eyes cannot penetrate, and that it was his mortal
remains only which we tenderly and tearfully laid away in the silent tomb
to await the resurrection of the just.

P. D. McNaughton was born at Breadelbane, Perthshire, Scotland, on the
17th day of November, A. D. 1810, from whence he emigrated in 1833, land-
ing in New York on the 18th day of July, with his parents, Duncan and
Elizabeth McJSTaughton, and their entire family of nine children, composed
of six stalwart boys and three girls, namely, Christie the oldest, then John,
James, Peter, Donald, Elizabeth, Jeanette, Duncan, and Alexander ; all of
whom, except Peter, who stopped at Caledonia, New York, went on to the
town of McGrilivroy, Middlesex county, Canada, where John, Donald, and
Jeanette (Mrs. James Craig) still reside, and where the mother died May 9,
1857, and the father May 11, 1860. Three of the brothers, namely, Janies,
Duncan, and Alexander, reside in Gratiot county, in this State, and Christie
(Mrs. John Sinclair), and Elizabeth (Mrs. John A. Campbell), died in this
State, in the town of Bowne, in Kent county, to which place Peter came from
Caledonia, New York, in the fall of 1838, when Bowne, with other town-
ships, was included in the township of Caledonia.

March 30, 1842, he married Harriet Campbell, who, with her former hus-
band, Ashel Kent, had immigrated to this State from Portage county, Ohio,
in January, 1837. Mr. Kent died September 5, 1840, leaving one child, a
daughter, now the wife of the well and favorably known Abner D. Thomas,
of Middleville, Barry county. Here Mr. and Mrs. McNaughton became
widely known as the popular host and hostess of the '*Oak Grove House,"
which was for many years a half-way house between Kalamazoo and Grand
Rapids, and one of the few places where travelers between these two settle-
ments could find shelter. There are, also, very few old settlers in Ottawa county
who do not recall a comfortable berth at the Oak Grove House, near the Cold-
water river, on their way hither ; and not travelers only found accommoda-
tions here, but the house of Mr. McNaughton was headquarters for the set-
tlers in all that region, who were wont to call there for advice and assistance
in sickness and trouble, and never in vain.

400 PioKEEE Society oe MicHiGAiir.

For eighteen years he was postmaster, the name of the office being Cale-
donia; during part of thac time highway commissioner, and for five years
town clerk. Among these early Michigauders little money circulated, but the
tavern business of Mr. Mcl^aughton necessarily required some ready cash,
and he became, in a small way, the banker for his neighbors, who could
always rely upon his kind heart and open purse for needed change to relieve
pressing wants. The word of these sturdy pioneers was usually as good as a
note, and as an example of the manner of doing business in those primitive
days, Mr. McNaughton often related the following anecdote :

An Indian who was indebted to Mr. MclSTaughton, had heard of notes and
desired to give his note 'for the debt. The note was written and the Indian
made his mark to it, then pocketed it, and no explanation could convince
him that the note ought to be left with Mr. McNaughton. He insisted that
it was his note, and hence by right ought to be in his possession. He carried
the note home, but appeared promptly with it and the money, when it
matured.

Politically Mr. McNaughton was always a democrat, and took that interest
and active part in politics that every good citizen ought to take, but no more.

March 28, 1860, they removed to Ottawa county, and located two miles
southeast of this village, where they diligently cultivated an extensive
farm until July 1, 1877, when they sold this farm to their son Edwin J.,
and removed to their present homestead in this village, where every man,
woman, and child knew and loved Father McNaughton. We could not stamp
upon the minds of our readers a deeper impress of the beauty of a truly
Christian character, than he has himself made, not only by his religious
intercourse with the members of the M. E. church, of which he and Mrs.
McNaughton were active members, since March, 1876, but by his daily walks
and intercourse with us all.

He was in usual health when he left home, in company with his estimable
wife, on Thursday, the 9th day of March, for the scenes and friends of their
former hom.e in Kent county and village of Middleville, where they often vis-
ited. They stopped at the residence of Mr. Thomas, in Middleville, until
Monday following, then went to Mr. Thomas's farm, five and one-half miles
north of the village. Here, during Tuesday night, he was taken with severe
coughing, which a dose of quinine somewhat relieved. He arose Wednesday
morning, as usual, and saying that he felt the need of more quinine, took
another dose. Soon after a severe chill came on, then fever. About noon he
was taken back to the village by Mr. Thomas, no one feeling alarm, as he had
had similar attacks, and always speedily recovered, but this fever did not
entirely leave him, and as it somewhat abated, it left him comparatively
paralyzed, and in a stupor from which he never recovered.

On Thursday morning congestion of the brain became apparent, the rela-
tives in this vicinity were sent for, who reached his bedside Friday noon, but
too late to receive any signs of recognition by the dying man. He lingered
until the following Wednesday morning, March 22d, when he expired at half-
past six o^clock, surrounded by his sorrowing wife and all his children, namely
Mrs. A. D. Thomas of Middleville, and Mrs. Warren Lillie and Richard D.
and Edwin J. McNaughton of this county, with their husbands and wives.

His remains arrived here Thursday evening, just two weeks from the day on
which he left us apparently well, and on Friday afternoon they were escorted
to the church which he had served and loved so well, and from thence to their

Memorial Bepokt.

401

final resting-place, by a very large concourse of truly mourning friends from
far and near; and the final farewell" uttered by Mr. Charles W. Wilde, the
master of Ottawa Grange, No. 30, on behalf of his brethren, found lasting
echo among the many friends who stood by that open grave. Praise of the
dead is so general and the terms eulogy" and obituary" are now in the
public mind so nearly synonymous, that we will on this occasion not multiply
words which on the death of a truly beloved husband, father, and brother,
and universally esteemed citizen, have become almost void of their real mean-
ing and depth of expression. In the language of Rev. J. Archer, in his very
appropriate and practical discourse on this occasion, the subject of which was
the resurrection of the dead, "Father McNaughton was a pillar of the church
and a co-worker with God."

JoHiq- M. Weston" died April 25, 1883, at the home of his son-in-law, S.
E. Marshall, aged 88. The deceased was born April 1, 1795, in Hingham
county in what was then known as the Province of Maine. He moved with
his parents to Onondaga Co., N. Y., in 1811. Soon after removing to
Onondaga he learned the trade of carpenter and joiner, which he followed
for almost fifty years. In 1869, he moved to Allegan, Mich., and resided
with his daughter, Mrs. E. Thayer. In 1871 he lost his hand by a saw in a
mill, thereby incapacitating him from much manual labor, but being a great
reader and having a retentive memory, he enjoyed life well. Last: fall his
eyesight and memory both began to fail and continued until he died. Uncle
John, as he was usually called, although not a brilliant man, was strictly hon-
est in every sense of the word, and died as he lived, honored and respected by
all who knew him.

Mks. Sarah M. Hov^e died in Talmadge, April 25, 1883, of consumption,
aged 71 years, 5 months, and 15 da3's. She had resided in Lament 21 years,
had been a faithful member of the M. E. church for nearly 30 years and died
trusting in Jesus. What a consolation to her bereaved children ! Five daugh-
ters and one son are left to mourn her loss. Although she lay suffering six
long weeks, there was not a murmur heard. The future was bright; her last
words were, "I am going home." Out from the darkness into the sun-
shine; the noble, the unselfish; our dear, loving mother. In our sorrow
comes the sweet consolation of a well spent life, with a faith that never fal-
tered. Through the flowered vales, o'er the thorny paths, down through the
valley of the shadow of death, her smile-wreathed face dispelled the gloom,
arched by the bow of hope. Let the beautiful dead sleep.

From the Courier Journal, Grand Haven, June 9, 1883.

Derk J. Vos died at his home on Elliott street in this city, Thursday after-
noon, June 7, at 2 P. M., after an illness of about two months, aged 7ci
years, 3 months, and 14 days. Funeral from his late residence, Saturday,
June 9, at 2 P. M.

Mr. Vos was born in the Province of Groningen, Netherlands, Feb. 22,
1810. He emigrated to this country with his family in the spring of 1856,
and after a tedious journey of some ten weeks, arrived at Grand Haven
on the morning of July 4, 1856, and has resided upon the site of his
present residence ever since (nearly twenty-seven years), being among the
oldest residents of this city. He leaves a wife, four sons and a daughter
to mourn his loss, besides thirty-four grandchildren, and a sister in the
51

402

PioiTEER Society of MiCHiaAisr.

old country, whom he visited iu the summer of 1878. At his request the
funeral will take place at his late residence. Though he was a frequent
attendant at church, his home was his dearest spot on earth, and he
desired that the last services over his remains be held there. He had a very
large circle of acquaintances and a great many friends, especially among his
countrymen, and was much respected as an honest, upright man and citizen,
and those that knew him best loved him most. He was a man of sound mind
and good judgment and though he received but a common school education,
being a constant reader, he was well versed in ancient and modern history,
and the common sciences. His wife loses in him an affectionate husband, his
children a kind father, and the community a good citizen.

Mks. Wm. R. Bukd. — One of the saddest accidents we have been called
upon to record for many weeks occurred in this city on Friday morning at
ten minutes after eight o'clock. Mrs. William R. Burd and Mrs. Shears
were driving into the city, with a horse and buggy, and while on Third street
the horse became frightened at a fire engine and ran the buggy into the shade
trees near the First Reformed church, throwing both women out upon the
pavement across from the Cutler House and nearly in front of the church.
They were carried into the Cutler House and medical aid was summoned.
Mrs. Burd was terribly injured about the head and face, and died almost
immediately after the accident. Mrs. Shears escaped without serious injury,
and was soon restored to consciousness, though Dr. McNett, the attending
physician, informs us that she suffered a severe nervous shock, from which
it may require several days to recover.

Mrs. Burd, formerly Mrs. Moore, was 52 years of age, and leaves four sons
and one daughter, John, Charles, James, Ralph and G extrude Moore, all
grown up excepting the daughter, aged about 11 years.

Mrs. Shears is the mother of Geo. Shears, principal of the Nunica schools,
and both families live between that place and Spring Lake. The horse
belonged to George Shears. Coroner Gray summoned a jury, which will
probably not render a verdict until Mrs. Shears is able to give her testimony.

At the time of the accident the fire engine was pumping into the water
main while the engine at the water-works was being repaired.

The deceased was taken to Spring Lake on Friday evening, and the funeral
services will take place this afternoon (Saturday), at the Baptist church of
that place.

John W. Hopkins died at Grand Haven, February 9th, 1883, aged 69
years; a native of Rhode Island. He emigrated to Michigan in 1836, settled
for a time at Grand Rapids, engaged in the lumber business, and about 30
years since, he located himself at Grand Haven and has accumulated a suffi-
cient property for his family ; enough to keep the wolf from the door if
rightly cared for by those having it in charge. In life he was a good busi-
ness man, but the greater part of his life he has been afflicted with weak and
sore eyes which greatly retarded his work in the accumulation of property;
a man of purest integrity, always reliable and friendly to all that were dis-
posed to do right; had he been exempt from his at times severe affliction he
would have been one of the marked or prominent men of the State. Take
him all in aJl, as he was through life, all concede the fact that John W.
Hopkins was a good citizen, and that he performed his part well in pioneer-
ing this State from infancy to its present almost perfect manhood.

St. Clair County.

403

Hiram A. Eeed died at Spring Lake, May 12th, 1S83, aged 74 years.
He was an early resident of Spring Lake and held several township and vil-
lage offices in the past. He was the father of Mrs. George Schwab and Mrs.
John Dixon.

Andrew Ooon died at the Ottawa county poor-house in the month of
March, 1883. His age was said to be 103 years. He was born in Ulster
county, N, Y., of Hessian descent, and has lived in the State over 30 years.
Within five years last past we have seen hirn mowing with a scythe and snath,
taking his turn in leading three other men around the meadow. He told me
he did not know his age or date of birth. He retained all of his reasoning
faculties until the last year of his life. He leaves two sons unable or unwilling
to support him in his last extremities.

JoHK EiCE died at Lament, town of Talmadge, in the month of March,
1883, over 70 years of age. Mr. Rice was a good citizen, a leading man in his
township, always for the last 35 years holding some township office, and dis-
charging the duties thereof in an acceptable manner, and died at peace with
all ; a farmer.

Timothy B. LilLie, of the town of Wright, one of the first settlers in that
now rich town, was born in St. Lawrence county, N. Y., in 1812, and died at
his comfortable home August 23, 1880, 68 years of age. He purchased his
land for a farm in an unbroken forest, and by his hard, persistent labor left a
home fit for a prince. He there raised and educated a large family of sons
and daughters. Twenty-four children were born to him and his three wives.
The third is now living as the wife of Joel Lillie, a cousin of Timothy B., an
excellent woman. I have not heard, of any deaths among the children. They
are nearly all living, if not quite. All the sons are following the occupation
of the father, farmers. The daughters are all married to good husbands, who,
with the communities in which they live, know how to appreciate them. Tim-
othy B. Lillie always declined office, and still it may be said that he was a
leader of men. He was possessed of power at the polls, and if a man in office
had been dishonest, or done anything wrong, the influence of T. B. Lillie was
sufficient to defeat him, and the wounded would hardly know who hurt them.
Generous and open hearted, there was always a seat at his table for the hun-
gry; the needy never asked him for help in vain. If worthy and trying to
help themselves they were helped with a generous hand and measure. A firm
believer in the doctrine of universal salvation, while living he gave of his
means for the support of the faith that was in him.

ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
BY HON. WM. T. MITCHELL.
Read at the annual meeting of the State Pioneer Society, June 14, 1883.

So far as can be learned from the scattered and somewhat confused writ-
ings of the early French Missionaries and explorers of the Northwest it is
fairly well established that before the year 1670 a trading post was established
at the foot of Lake Huron on or near the ground since known as Ft. Gratiot,
by the French fur traders and hunters who were the first to land on the lower

404

Pioneer Society of MiCHiGAjir.

peninsula of Michigan. These traders had followed the line of travel pur-
sued by the earlier Jesuit Missionaries from Quebec to Montreal, thence up
the Ottawa and Matawan, thence across a short portage to lake Nipissing,
across that and down the French river to the Georgian bay. The Jesuit
fathers kept on along the north shore to the Sault De St. Marie, and beyond,
while the hunters and traders following them, diverged to the south and made
their first landing at the foot of Lake Huron within the present city limits of
Port Huron, and established a trading post and depot for furs at that point.

Before 1686 this trading post was taken possession of by a company of
French troops under M. DuLuht by order of M. De Denonville, governor
general of Canada, and the post became Fort St. Joseph. It was occupied
as a French fort but a short time, and was abandoned and destroyed, not far
from 1690. This was the third post or fort in Michigan, and had its whole
existence before Fort Ponchartrain at Detroit, which was established in 1701.
It was from the first commandant of Fort St. Joseph that Black River was
formerly named, by a slight change in sound, the Delude, a name that ought
to have been retained.

From evidences remaining a few years since, there must have been quite a
large area cleared and cultivated around the fort. Within the memories of
our old residents, the second growth of timber had not obliterated all the
signs of cultivation.

It is claimed by the old French inhabitants, that some of the first traders
and soldiers who visited this point had their families with them, and that
they are their descendants.

In 1688 before the abandonment of the fort, two separate English compa-
nies of thirty men each sent to open trade with the Ottawas were captured by
the forces stationed in Fore St. Joseph and sent to Quebec.

After the destruction of the fort the grounds were not again occupied till
Fort Gratiot was established in 1814; since which time it has been occupied
as a fort and garrison by United States troops till 1879, when it was finally
abandoned and the grounds sold. The Grand Trunk Railway depot and
buildings now cover the grounds of the old fort and a thriving city is occupy-
ing its abandoned fields.

The first passage of any vessel, other than canoes, through the river to
Lake Huron, was by the Griffin, in 1679, having on board La Salle and
Father Hennepin. The early English and French navigators represent the
St. Clair (then part of the Detroit), as much broader than it is, and filled
with islands and rapids, having a current that vessels could " ascend only with
a gale."

What is now Point Edwards was then an island, the then main channel to
the east of it having been gradually filled, and the present channel deepened
and widened. Evidences of the old east channel are seen in Sarnia bay and
the small lakes and depressed surface between it and Lake Huron. Capt.
William Thorn, father of the late Major John Thorn, asserted that he sailed
through the east channel in 1?70.

At the time the French held Fort St. Joseph, all the surrounding country
in Michigan and Canada was the land of the Hurons, one of the powerful
Six Nations, known under the confederate name of Iroquois. The Chippewa&
occupied the country to the north and around and west of Lake Superior.

After the treaty of peace between England and France, in 176'-^, the Eng-
lish occupied the forts at Detroit and Mackinac, communicating between them

History of St. Clatr County, 405

through the Straits and Lake Huron, The fields around the old abandoned
Fort St. Josepli were covered with a second growth of pine, and did not invite
a new occupation. The English desiring a stopping place, or depot for sup-
plies, between their two principal forts, Detroit and Mackinac, established
Fort Sinclair, on the south side of Pine river, in the present limits of St.
Clair city.

When Judge Bunce and the late D. B. Harrington, among the first Ameri-
can settlers, came here in 1817 and '19, the old chimneys, and some of the
embankments, were standing on the south bank of Pine river, between Main
street and the river St. Chair.

The uncertainty about the location and time of establishing this fort is
further removed by a paper given me a long time since as a guide to investi-
gate the rights'of the heirs of General, formerly Captain Sinclair, who was in
command of the British troops on these waters after the French occupation
and before the revolution. This paper clearly locates the fort at the mouth
of Pine river, then known as Cabelle Chasse. It purports to be a /«c simile,
or at least a copy of a memorandum and direction in the handwriting of
General Sinclair. I insert it in full as a matter of local interest.

"General Sinclair of Lybstee (England) has a property in the river
called Cai$Ue Chasse, aftewards called Fort Sinclair, which property extended
one mile on the Riviere a Rivirre, and one mile on each side of the
river Belle Chasse and bounded by the quarter river leading from Lake St.
Clair to Lake Huron. To know who is in possession? The general made
the purchase for government as a depot between Detroit and Michilmacki-
nac and on that post or depot being given up in consequence of the con-
tract made by government for supplying that communication, Gen. Gage
made over the right and claim of the crown to General, then Capt. Sinclair
in lieu of his expenses when exploring the lakes, and to refund the money
paid for the release of several prisoners taken from the colonies. In mak-
ing this inquiry it is necessary to attend to the division of boundary in 1783,
when that property fell to the partition of the United States."

This claim is, no doubt, fully barred so that the present occupants of the
old Fort Sinclair, now St. Clair City, will not be disturbed by any of the
Sinclair claimants.

A large number of the earlier English settlers of St. Clair county came
over from England and Scotland with, or were descendants of, the colony
esablished by Lord Selkirk at Belladoon, upon the Chenile Carte, the Eastern
(sometimes called the east) channel of the river into Lake St. Clair.

On the breaking up of that settlement some years before the war of 1812,
and not long after the revolution, many of the colonists crossed the river
and settled in the lower part of the county, at and near Algonac, among
them two families of Robinsons, a family of Browns, one of Stewarts, one of
Harrises, Capt. Harrow and others.

Capt. William Thorn, one of the first navigators of the lakes, first made
his home in Detroit, and soon after in St. Clair county, a little below Marine
City. He was the pilot of General Croghan, who made the unsuccessful
attempt to capture Fort Mackinaw from the English. Some of the troops
slaughtered by the Indians in that unfortunate enterprise, were volunteers
from St. Clair.

Hon. Zephania W. Bunce, then nearly thirty years old, landed in this
county, at his present home on the banks of the St. Clair, May 16, 1817,

406 Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAN.

where he still resides, an honored and revered gentleman of the old school, in
a vigor of body and elasticity and cheerfulness of mind equaled by few a
score of years his junior. He engaged in the fur trade and continued in the
trade in connection with Judge Abbott of Detroit, for many years. He became
intimately acquainted with the language, manners, and customs of the Indians,
who with few exceptions were the sole inhabitants of this section.

At that time the river was the only highway, there being no road north of
Mt. Clemens, and only Indian trails in St. Clair county. The wilderness had
been broken in but few, small, and isolated places. He in his sixty-six years
of continuous residence has witnessed most wonderful changes.

The town of St. Clair was first organized Jan. 5, 1818, by proclamation of
Gov. Lewis Cass. It was then a part of Wayne county, and was bounded on
the south by the northerly shore of the river Huron, (the Clinton river) on
the east by the shore of the lake and river to Fort Gratiot, and extending
west to the lands of the United States, three and one-eighth miles from the
river and lake shore.

Macomb county was organized by proclamation, Jan. 15, 1818, and was
bounded on the south by the base line, and on the north by a line drawn due
west from the White Rock (then understood to be a very large rock, and prom-
inent object in Lake Huron, now in Huron county, where it was said the
Indians met for sacrifices to their deities), and extending back into the coun-
try indefinitely, St. Clair county being within these limits.

St. Clair township was reorganized April 1, 1818, and embraced all the coun-
try in Macomb, St. Clair, and Sanilac counties north of a line drawn due west
from the mouth of Swan Creek, the now southern line of St. Clair.

The boundaries of St. Clair county were established by an executive act or
proclamation of Governor Lewis Cass, Sept. 10, 1830, and were as now except
they embraced towns 9, and the two southerly tiers of sections of towns 10
north, a little farther north than the village of Lexington in Sanilac county;
but the county remained unorganized and was still attached to Macomb. San-
ilac and Lapeer counties were laid out at the same time, and were attached to
Oakland for all purposes.

Under a proclamation of the Governor, in January, 1821, St. Clair county
was organized, and given all the necessary powers of local government, the
county seat being fixed temporarily upon lands owned by James Fulton, the
site of St. Clair city, and upon Fulton's conveying suitable lots to the
Governor for county purposes, the county seat was made permanent at St.
Clair.

St. Clair was the only township in the county. The county business was
done by, and was under the entire control of a board of commissioners who
had all the powers of boards of supervisors at this day.

The first board or cotirt of county commissioners as they styled themselves,
composed of Andrew Westbrook, George Cottrell, and John K. Smith, held its
first regular meeting June 4, 1821. Andrew Westbrook was then the largest
land owner and farmer in the county. His farm on the banks of the St.
Clair, a little above the mouth of Belle river, was a model, and the source of
a large income for those early days. He came into the county before, and
remained during the war of 1812, maintaining a position that enabled him to
reap largo profits from the disturbed and uncertain times. He was a man
of considerable ability, and looked up to as one of the wealthiest and most
prominent citizens.

History of St. Clair County. 407

George OottrelFs father, a German boy residing with his parents at Schen-
ectaday, was taken prisoner by the Indians at the burning and sacking of that
town, during the revolution, taken by them to Quebec, where they sold
him to a French gentleman, who took him into his family, and gave him
some education. He remained in Quebec with his benefactor until of age,
when he married a French girl, and with her moved to the west bank of the
St. Clair, near Marine City, in the town of Oottrellville. where George and a
numerous family were born and raised, all a credit to a most worthy ancestor.
George, at the organization of the county, stood high, and was at once placed
in office.

John K. Smith was a man of more than ordinary mark and energy. With a
crippled hand and foot, immediately after the close of the war of 1812, he
had pushed forward into the wilds and established a home on the spot where
Algonac has since had its thriving growth, and where his sons still occupy his
first clearing. He was a most worthy and excellent man, of clear head and
generous heart.

It was to these three men, in every way qualified, that the business of this
county was first entrusted.

Their first official act was to declare by resolution, what property should
be assessed for the purpose of raising taxes, as follows :

" Besolved^ That the following property be assessed for taxation the present year,
to wit : Improved lands, wild lands, etc., buildings, distilleries, grist-mills, saw-mills,
horses three years or upwards, horses two years old and not three years, oxen, cows,
young cattle two years old and not four years, hogs over one year old, household
furniture, calashes, carryalls, wagons, carts, gold watches, silver watches, brass
clocks, and wooden clocks."

This resolution is the only remaining evidence that there was then a dis-
tillery or grist-mill in the county, though the first is said to always precede,
and the latter soon follow Yankee settlements.

John Thorn was clerk of the county, and kept the records of the commis-
sioners on a quire of foolscap sewn together to make a book, which is the only
record of any of the early county proceedings or courts that has been pre-
served.

The board appointed Joseph Minnie, an uncle of the late Hon. Joseph P.
Minnie, assessor of the county, and directed him to make and return the
assessment by the 1st of July. At the same meeting the board directed the
Supervisor to lay out and open a highway from the mouth of Belle river
(now Marine City) to Pine river (now city of St. Clair) and that he appro-
priate half of the statute labor for that purpose.

At a subsequent meeting the board allowed Joseph Minnie, the assessor,
and James B. Woolverton, his assistant, the sum of $8.00 for making and
returning the assessment.

A county jail was built that year under contract with James Fulton ^'m
the rear of his house" at a cost of thirty-five dollars; Andrew Westbrook
furnishing the hinges and bolts at the price of 25 cents per pound, am:.ant-
ing to $6.63 in addition to the $35 paid Fulton ; after ordering the payment
of these sums the court adjourned.

It does not appear what amount was raised for public expenses for that
year, but in 18'^2 the board or court of commissioners raised the sum of $100^
for county purposes. There is no mention of the amount of the assessment
nor of the peicentage of either year.

There seojus to have been some mistake in the allowance to iVssessor Min-

408

Pioi^EEB Society of MiCHiGAisr.

— 1

nie, as the board at a meeting Feb. 9th, 1822, "ordered that there be allowed
to the said Joseph Minnie twelve and a half cents the balance due him on
settlement of his account for the year 1821 $0.12i."

This is a fair sample of the care of the board in the expenditure of public
funds; even the half cent was carefully accounted for.

The board in March, 1822, recommended to the executive the division of
the county into three townships to be known as Plainfield, Oottrellville, and St.
Clair, which was done by executive proclamation, March 19, 1823. Plain-
ville embraced what is now Clay, and Ira ; Cottrellville embraced Oasco, China,
East China, and the present town of Cottrellville; and St. Clair the balance
of the county. Each of these townships was one road district under the espe-
cial charge and direction of the supervisors.

James B. Woolverton was sheriff, and Reuben Hamilton under-sheriff, a
well as constable, he having received his commission as a constable directly
from Governor Cass. This was the commencement of that legal learning
and official life which culminated in the celebrated Court" of Port Huron,
of which for thirty years Reuben Hamilton Esq. was the presiding justice
and genius, and in which he left a worthy record.

Under a law of 1820, county courts were to be established in every county,
to have exclusive jurisdiction for the trial of civil cases, when the amount
claimed was not less than twenty nor more than one thousand dollars, and of
all criminal cases where the punishment was not capital, concurrent with the
Supreme Court.

Among other powers it was authorized when *^any negro, Indian, or
mulatto, should be convicted before it, to impose instead of the punishment
otherwise provided, such corporal punishment not extending to life or limb
as the court in its discretion shall direct: Provided, That such person shall
not be sentenced to be whipped for any one offense more than thirty-nine
stripes."

It is said that this punishpient was inflicted upon Indians in this county, in
one or two instances, but I liave been unable to find any reliable proof of it.

No records of the county court have been preserved, but from the records
of the commissioners it appears to have been established in 1822.

On the 27th day of April, 18>i2, Governor Cass issued a commission to
Hon. Zephaniah W. Bunce as "Chief Justice of the County Court in and for
the county of St. Clair," who took his oath of office June 10th, 1822, and
from that time he held the office and presided as Judge in a most satisfactory
manner until the court was abolished in 1827. I have before me drafts of
two of his charges to the Grand Jury which are models of excellence, and
evince a clear understanding of his duties. His oath on assuming office is
endorsed on the back of his commission and is fully as iron clad and full as
any oath that has ever been devised to ensure the performance of duty and
freedom from corruption. I give it \\\ full as of special interest :
TERRITORY OF MICHIGAN, )
County of St. Clair. f

"I, Zephaniah W. Bunce, do solemnly swear that I will support the consti-
tution of the United States of America. I, Zephaniah \V. Bunce, do solemnly
swear that I will take no reward for doing of justice, or any fee or gift of
gold, silver, or any other thing, by myself or any other, privately or openly,
directly or indirectly, for any person or persons, great or small, for any mat-
ter done or to be done, by virtue of my office, other than such fees, salary, or

HiSTOBY OF St. Clair County.

409

compensation as is, or shall be allowed by law. I will deny no one right, but
in all things execute the law. I will execute my office according to law, with-
out respect to persons. I will do equal rights to all manner of people, high
and low, rich and poor, learned and ignorant. I will not maintain any quar-
rel, but will endeavor with mercy and justice to quiet the same. I will not
spare any one for any gift, fee, or reward, or for any other cause. I will faith-
fully and honestly discharge all the duties of my said office as chief justice of
the county of St. Clair in the territory of Michigan. And in all things
belonging to my said office will do full, equal, and effectual justice without
fraud, favor, or affection, or the smallest partiality agreeable to the constitu-
tion of the United States of America, the laws of the United States, and the
territory of Michigan, in defense of the freedom and independence thereof,
and for the maintenance of liberty, and the distribution of justice amongst the
good citizens, inhabitants, and people of the said United States of America,
and territory of Michigan. So help me God.

[Signed}, Z. W. Bukce.

Sworn and subscribed to, this tenth day of June, in the year of our Lord,
one thousand eight hundred and twenty-two.

Ja:MES B. WOOLVERTOIT,

Justice of the Peace.

Judge Bunce had been, while the county was a part of Macomb, associate
justice of the court of that county. Samuel Ward and David Oaks were
associate justices of the county court.

Of what was allowed to them for salary or services in 1822, there is no rec-
ord. January 31, 1824, there was allowed Z. W. Bunce, Esq., chief justice,
for his services in public prosecutions, in 1823, $8.00, and $5.00 each to Sam-
uel Ward and David Oaks, associate justices. Whether they had any per-
quisites in civil cases there is no evidence. The sums allowed were in full of
salary.

Only $150 had been raised by tax for county expenses, and everything
was done on the most economical basis.

George A. O'Keef, Esq., a lawyer, of considerable note, of Detroit, had
been appointed and acted as prosecuting attorney of the county for 1823, and
was allowed $5.00 for his services.

The clerk, John Thorn, was allowed $41.00 for three years' services, and
the commissioners allowed themselves the large sum of $10.00 each, a year;
about one dollar for each meeting, to which they traveled from ten to twenty
miles, and the sheriff had $15.00 a year for his services.

Afterwards, and for the years 1824, 5, and 6, the late Hon. B. F. H.
Witherell, a then loading lawyer of Detroit, was prosecuting attorney of St.
Glair county, in all the courts, and was allowed $15.00 a year, a large advance
on the allowance to O'Keef. He was paid by county orders, and after holding
them, and perhaps using them as a circulating medium for three years, the
county paid him with a new issue of $45.00, and thus made the first recorded
instance in this county of paying old debts with new, and still keeping the
public credit good upon the paper basis.

It was, undoubtedly, all the money the county had at that time, and was
good enough so long as it answered its purpose.

It appears that the good citizens of this county were, at an early day, at
52

410 Pioi^"EER Society oe Michigai^^.

loggerheads about the location of the county seat. There were then discon-
tented people who sought to remove it from St. Clair and the Fulton grant.

August 10, J 824, an act was passed by the G-overnor and legislative coun-
cil, appointing Thomas Rowland, Charles Noble, and William Burbank '^com-
missioners to enquire into the expediency of removing the seat of justice of
the county of St. Clair, who were entitled to 12.00 each per diem for every
day necessarily employed by them in actual services'' to be paid out of the
county treasury. Of what was the action of the commissioners, there is no
record, but it was evident they did not find it expedient to remove the county
seat at that time, as, in 1826, the board of commissioners received from James
Fulton three lots, in the rear of the court-house, by deed to Lewis Cass, for
the use of the county, and, in 1827, the board of supervisors, which then
superseded the commissioners, received the unfinished court-house and jail
which had been contracted for by the old board, and directed their completion,
at the same time abrogating ''the jail in the rear of James Pulton's dwell-
ing." .

In receiving these three lots from Fulton, the board speak of them as in
the village of Sinclair, the name by which that city was formerly known, and
undoubtedly adopted from the name of the old fort at that point. The strife
as to the location of the county seat was then between Sinclair and the settle-
ment at the mouth of Belle river, now Marine City. It was renewed in 1828
with the same results.

The first board of supervisors consisted of Edward Beardslee, John S. Fisk,
and Martin Peckins, with Mark H. Hopkins, deputy-clerk. Edward H. Rose
was then county clerk. Desmond, afterwards Port Huron, embracing all the
county north of SinClair, was organized in 1828, and was first represented by
Jeremiah Harrington. Plainfield was changed to Clay that year.

March 25th, 1829, the supervisors had a full settlement of all the business
of the county, and they ascertained and determined that the amount of all
the county orders issued by the county commissioners and supervisors to the
present day," embracing a period of eight years, was $1,325.82. Remembering
that a large portion of this had. been paid for wolf bounties, it is difficult at
this day to understand how the entire county business could have been so
economically administered.

A circuit court was organized in 1827, first presided over by William Wood-
bridge, followed by Judge Wilkins until 1833, when Judge William Fletcher
was appointed, who held his first court in St. Clair county in October of that
year. Up to that time, no records have been preserved of the proceedings of
either the county or circuit courts.

The first record is that of the commission and official oath of Judge
Fletcher, so that there should be no question of his full authority and power^
Judges Bunce and Carlton were associate justices. Judge Fletcher held the
court until the State government was organized, when George Morrel was
appointed, and he has been followed in that honorable position by Judges
Daniel Goodwin, Warner Wing, and Sanford M. Green, by appointment, and
by Judges Joseph T. Copeland, S. M. Green, James S. Dewey, Wm. T.
Mitchell, Edward W. Harris, and Herman W. Stevens, by election.

The clerks have been James Fulton, John Thorn, Edward H. Rose, Horatio
James, Marcus H. Miles, Edward C. Bancroft, Volney A. Ripley, Charles
Kimball, Daniel Follensbee, Albert Carleton, Tubal C. Owen, H. P. Wands,.
Moses F. Carleton, and Horace Baker.

Htstoby op St. Clair County.

411

The sheriffs have been James B. Woolverton, Henry Oottrell, Harmon
Ohamberlin, Lepman Granger, Rauben Moore, Pierce G. Wright, Robert
Scott, David Whitman, Jas. H. White, Amos James, Elijah Haynes, Samuel
Russell, William Dumphy, Edward Potter, Joseph Stitt, John B. Kendall,
John Hilton, and Frank L. Follensbee.

The court of probate was organized in 1821, and Judge Bunce appointed
the first judge of that court. He has been succeeded by John K. Smith,
Horatio N. Morrison, Benjamin 0. Cox, John McNeil, M. H. Miles, J. J.
Scarrett, Dewit 0. Walker, Edward W. Harris, E. Thomas, and Joseph
Avery.

The records of this court are lamentably deficient. For many years na
record whatever, and for many others only stray and occasional files. Among
the early lawyers who helped to mould the business character of the county
are found the names of William Wood bridge, Benj. F. Witherell, A. D.
Frazer, George A. O'Keef, 0. J. O'Fiynn, A. Davidson, Charles Whipple,
H. F. Backus, James F. Joy, H. H. Emmons, James A. Van Dyke, Jacob
M. Howard, Daniel Goodwin, and Ebenezer B. Harrington, all of Detroit, and
most of whom have filled high positions and left honorable names; Robert
P. Eldridge, Richard Butler, H. D. Terry, and others of Mt. Clemens and of
this county, among the first were Ira Porter, Hazard Powers, Daniel B. Cady,
Lorenzo M. Mason, True P. Tucker, William Norman, McLeod B. C. Farrand,
John J. Falkenburg, Joseph T. Copeland, C. C. Burt, and John McNeil. Ta
follow the list further as to embrace all, would make it too cumbersome-
for this purpose, though it would show to some extent the business growth of
the county.

Of early physicians I have been able to get the names of but few. Drs^
John D. Ohamberlin, Hammon Ohamberlin (1823), Harrington, Weeks,
Berbe, Bissel, John S. Heath, Gardner, Drisbon, Raymond, L. Tucker, and
Traverse came at an early day, and after healing many have fallen before the
conqueror they trained themselves to do battle against.

Of the early churches and clergymen, I have been able to obtain but a very
limited account, and for this am. much indebted to Rev. 0. 0. Thompson,
late of St. Clair, now of Detroit. He came to St. Glair in 1831, and was
installed pastor of the Congregational church at that place in 1834.

Rev. Mr. Crawford, a Methodist Episcopal clergyman, was then preaching
and trying to organize a Methodist church at that place.

There was a small Oatholic church at Belle river, otherwise the Catholics
were supplied by missions, they having no other local organization in the
county.

There was no church of any denomination at Port Huron, then Desmonds
In 1841 Mr. Thompson organized the Congregational church in Port Huron,
there then being no other in this locality.

The Methodists and Catholics soon after established churches. Father
Norman Nash, an Episcopal clergyman and missionary to Mackinac, was
here, and officiated at weddings and funerals from Lake St. Clair to the
farthest settlement on Lake Huron.

With the increase of population, other church societies were formed, until,
in 1870, there were fifty-eight church organizations in the county, with prop-
erty valued at $210,850, and 12,300 sittings, of which organizations seven
were Baptist, three Congregational, four Episcopal, four Lutheran, twenty
Methodist, two Presbyterian, and seven Roman Catholic, and eleven of other

412

PiOKEER Society of MioHiGAisr.

denominations not named in the census. The ciiurches iiave undoubtedly
increased so that there are over 180 regular organizations in this county, fully
keeping pace with the rapidly increasing population, and in the territory this
county embraced in 1840, over 200. There were in 1870, thirty-four church
edifices, and are, at the present time, probably thrice that number.

It would be impossible to give a satisfactory list or account of all the early
business men and settlers ; whence they came, or how far they each helped to
develop the resources of this wilderness country.

In 1819, when the late Hon. D. B. Harrington, then a lad of twelve years,
came into this county with his father, Jeremiah Harrington, on a trading and
hunting expedition, there were not over a dozen English or American fami-
lies in the county, and their, as well as the French settlements, were confined
to the immediate bank of the river. The only frame house within the pres-
ent city limits of Port Huron, had been built on the flat near the center of
Court street, between Second and Third, in 1809 or 1810, by Anselm Petit,
father of the late Edward and Simon Petit. A barn built by him near his
house in 1828, near the western city limits, is still standing.

The second house was built by John Eiley, an Indian half-breed, in 1817
or 1818, on the northeast corner of the Indian reservation, near the bridge,
on the corner of Military and Water streets. A large log house and frame
barn had been built west of Military street, just south of the railroad cross-
ing ; the barn has but recently disappeared.

Old Peter Brandyniore had a log house just within the city limits, near the
south line, between Military street and the river. These were all the dwell-
ings or buildings within the present city limits, except at Fort Gratiot, in the
year 1819.

The first frame barn in the township of Port Huron was erected by Z. W.
Bunce, in 1825, on his farm, and is still standing.

The first frame barn in the township of Gratiot was built by Jeremiah Har-
rington in 18^8, and is still standing on his old farm in Sec. 31.

The first lumber wagon owned in town or citv was brought in by Jacob
Miller in 1831 or '32.

The first spring buggy was brought into town by Dr. Heath in 1842, and
the second by D. B. Harrington, the same or the next year.

The first road from the fort as far south as the Bunce place, so that a sleigh
could pass over it, was made by Maj. A. R. Thompson, then commanding at
Fort Gratiot, in the winter of 1828-9, Judge Bunce furnishing the plank for
the bridges over the small streams and gullies. At that time and until the
Gratiot turnpike was built by the government in 1832, there was no bridge
over Black River. May 9, 1831, the board of supervisors passed a resolution
to receive proposals for building floating bridges across Pine and Belle rivers.
The bridge across Belle river was built under contract by Kilburn Hoit, for
$225, and the one across Pine river was built by Horatio James, for $200,
and both were completed and accepted July 12, 1831; the territorial govern-
ment paying toward the first $132.35, and toward the last $117.65.

These were tlie first bridges in the county over the large streams, and until
that time there were scarcely any roads. Highways had been laid out and
partly worked, along the river bank from J. K. Smith's place in Algonac most
of the way to Black river, and one up Black river to the Morass Mills (Clyde),
of which John H. Wostbrook was road-master.

There was no communication with Detroit except by canoes and Mackinac

History of St. Clair County.

418

boats ill the summer, and along the shore and across the ice in the winter.
An occasional traveler made his way by Mt. Clemens, to Romeo, or Hoxie's, as
it was then called, and thence by Hoxie's trail through the woods to St, Clair,
or Palmer, as that village was then called. It was before the day of steam-
boats or even schooners.

Up to 1836, Marine City was known as Ward's Landing; Samuel Ward and
his brothers having settled in that thriving town some years previously.
David Lester came in 1835, and B. F. Owen in 1836.

There were then there Capt. Ward's brick dwelling, one frame, and three
log houses. Some eastern parties bought part of Ward's farm, platted it, and
christened the prospective village. New Fort.

The schooner St. Clair was the first vessel of any kind built at Ward's
Landing, in 1825. She was of twenty-five tons burthen, and was engaged in
carrying furs, and in general trade between Buffalo, the Sault, and Green
Bay.

The Marshal Ney was the next built, and owned by Samuel Ward and
Oliver Newberry, in 182?; of seventy-five tons burthen, and sailed by Captain
Samuel Ward.

The schooner Gen. Harrison, of 115 tons burthen, was built by B. F. Owen,
in the winter and spring of 1835 and '36.

The steamer Huron, of 200 tons, was bviilt in 1839, by E. B. Ward, and
placed in the river trade.

In 1836, the steamer Gratiot was running between Detroit, the river land-
ings, and Port Huron, had a speed of about five miles an hour. It took
between two and three days' running time to make the round trip.

Since the Huron was launched, in 1839, there have been built at Newport
(Marine City), over forty side-wheelers, some of the largest and best on the
lakes, sixty propellers, and sixty-five sailing vessels, besides ten first-class
yachts.

The largest propeller, the V. H. Ketchum, had a capacity of 2,100 tons, —
the largest of any vessel then afloat on fresh water.

The carrying capacity of the vessels, boats, and propellers, constructed at
Marine City, and owned there to a large extent, since 1839, would be near
200,000 tons.

The first steamer that came up the river to load at Newport, or Port
Huron, was the Argo, constructed on two log or dug out canoes, and required
a week to make the round trip between Detroit and Fort Gratiot.

The early settlers went to mill and did their trading at Detroit. They took
their produce in canoes, following close to the shore across Lake St. Clair to
Detroit, and exchanged a bushel of wheat for a yard of calico.

A fisherman who owned 304 acres of land and a mill south of Ward's Landing,
sold it for a rope to haul his seine with. The land is now worth $100 an acre.

The first saw-mill and grist-mill was built at Marine City, by M. Folger, in
1837. This saw-mill would cut 10,000 a day, and was remarkable for its
capacity; the next by Ward & Rust, in 1842; the next by Dr. L. B. Parker,
in 1850. Five large mills have been built there since that time. Marine City,
though sadly hurt by the depreciation in vessel property, is in every way a
prosperous town, and now has a population of over 2,500.

At or near Algonac, Harvey Stewart had a distillery, at an early day.

Jacob Williams, Frank Harson, and Aura P. Stewart lived on Harson's
Island in 1819. John K. Smith had just commenced a clearing and settle-

414 PioKEER Society of Michigan.

meut at Algonac. Next above him on the river, Oapt. William Thorn and
his two sons resided. About a mile and a half above, Capt. Robinson and
their sons lived ; next the Oottrells, Joseph Minnie, and Uncle Billy Brown.
At Belle river there was a Mr. Yax and three sons. There was no one at St.
Clair, or between Belle river and Louis St. Bernard's place, about a mile north
of St. Clair. From there to the Bunce place there was no settler, and but an
Indian trail for a road, and from Judge Bunce's to Peter Brandyniore's, near
the south end of the city, not a settler, and scarcely a trail for a road, and thence
through the city to the fort, with the few exceptions I have named, was a
dense wilderness.

On the opposite shore, in Canada, from lake to lake, there were only four
or five families of white men, but a large number of Chippewa Indians. A
saw-mill had been built at the mouth of Bunce creek by a Frenchman from
Montreal, in about 1690. The father of Ignace Morass built another in 1780,
and Judge Bunce erected the third in the same place in 1817. At an earlier
date than 1809, Meldrum and Park built another at the mouth of the creek,
on the place since owned by the late Col. Andrew Mack, below Marysville.
A mill had been built before the revolution on Pine river, about four miles
from its mouth, and still another by Meldrum & Park about 1800, in the
same place.

In 1816 Ignace Morass built a saw-mill on Mill creek, at Abbotsford, which
was bought by James Abbott and rebuilt, together with a grist-mill by Judge
Bunce, in 1831.

A mill contrived to run with a current wheel, was built on the St. Clair,
just above the St. Bernard place, in 1831, but was not successful, and was
afterwards rebuilt or changed into a steam mill, by Reuben and Stephen
Moore.

The first steam mill was erected in Port Huron in 1832, under the immedi-
ate charge of Capt. John Clark, by Dr. Justin Rice, for parties in Detroit,
the old Blackman Mill Company. Dr. Rice first introduced the use of saw-
dust as a fuel in that mill ; and it was in it than Mr. Luce, father of Mrs. D.
B. Harrington was employed as manager, and the late John Miller, as clerk.

Since then large numbers of mills have been erected in this city and differ-
ent localities in the county, most of which are gone, or are fast going into dis-
use. The forests of pine that once covered the northern and western parts of
the county have disappeared in manufactures, and their place taken by
rich fields and farms.

The little settlements that grew up around them have become flourishing
villages and cities; notably, St. Clair, a city of about 3,500 inhabitants, and
Port Huron, a city of 10,000, neither of which is any longer dependent upon
the lumber trade for growth or business. St. Clair county was unfortunately
situated for early or rapid growth. At the extreme eastern point of the State,
Port Huron being forty-two miles north and thirty-three miles east of Detroit,
travel and emigration passed by for a long time; it was only the chance way-
farer, driven back by storms or unable to go farther, that made the county an
abiding place. It was only known as a lumber county, and had no credit for
its rich and productive lands.

Without weight or influence in the legislative councils, entirely over-
shadowed by the richer and more accessible counties in southern and central
Michigan, ])ublic improvements were kept from us and everything possible
apparently done to prevent a fair development of our resources.

History of St. Clair Coukty. 415

When the legislature, in 1837, originated the three great railroads through
the State, the southern, central, and northern, after expending but a small
portion on the northern it was abandoned, and appropriations that should
have fairly been expended on it, were diverted to the central, to promote the
growth of Detroit and the counties along its line, the southern retaining a
somewhat larger share than the northern, but substantially yielding the lion's
share to the central.

It was also unfortunate for the city or Port Huron, that it was conceded to
be on the most feasible and best route from the east to the west, and that its
natural advantages were such that railroads and improvements must come to
it without effort or seeking; and that capitalists must see its wonderful natural
advantages and come to its aid even as manna was sent unasked to the hungry
Israelites. In this spirit, and with such hopes, the people platted towns and
waited, built magnificent cities on paper, and then sat down, rested, and
waited.

Among them, depending upon faith without works, the city of Huron was
platted by Butler, Cummiugs, Ayrault, Gen. John McNeil, and others, all of
whom were rich in promises, on what has been since known as the McNeil
tract, extending from the lake above the light house to Black river, through
which was to be cut a ship canal, with splendid locks to overcome a supposed
fall of from 8 to 10 feet, and from which was to be derived, by means of
latterals, water power sufficient for the manufactures of a State.

An elegant first class hotel was projected and the materials got on the
ground, which afterwards took the form of the old Huron house in this city
and was burned in 1855. A careful survey by which accurate levels were
determined, showed the fall from the light-house to the mouth of Black river
instead of being from 8 to 10 feet was only 18 inches, and that the projected
slack water navigation was unnecessary and the mill power a myth. The
bubble burst, and the future city moved down to its natural location.

The city of Zilwaukie, or New Milwaukie, projected and laid out on
the sands of the lake, with its golden promises tempted Hon. 0. D. Conger to
start and try his fortune in an old fashioned saw-mill at Lakeport.

Other projects equally visionary had birth and feeble but well dressed
infantile existence at various points in the county, made fine colored displays
on paper and then lapsed into the primeval wilds.

Effort was confined to plats and schemes of paper cities and ceased with the
transient hope it generated.

Population did not fill the paper cities, and improvements that would have
come with capital and effort were taken away and passed to points not having
our natural and local advantages, and other cities were built while the vision-
aries were waiting for something to turn up.

In 185G the Port Huron & Milwaukee Railroad Company was organized,
and quite a large amount of money and work expended on the line, but when
every prospect of its speedy completion was bright and glowing, the funds
appropriated by the capitalists for its completion, through the influence of
parties interested in a rival route, were diverted to the Detroit & Milwaukee,
and Port Huron doomed to another failure.

The G-rand Trunk, a road controlled by English capitalists, seeking a west-
ern outlet, was compelled to build a road to Detroit in 1859, and Port Huron
was put in connection with the great world by easy communication.

Previous to that time, a trip to Detroit, 60 miles, in the winter season was

416 Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAi^,

a matter of dread, and was accomplished over the Gratiot turnpike in from
12 to 24 hours.

Since then, by unprecedented efforts for this locality, and by continued
struggle, and by the pluck and energy of Wm. L.Bancroft above any other one,
the Port Huron & Lake Michigan, now the Chicago & Grand Trunk railroad,
has been completed to Chicago, thus placing the city, where nature designed
it should be, upon the most direct line of travel from Chicago to the seaboard.

The Port Huron & Northwestern railway has recently put the city in con-
nection with Sand Beach and Port Austin on the lake shore, with the Saginaw
valley, and is extending to the southwest. The building of this road has
brought general life and prosperity to the city and county.

With the crash of 1873, and hard times following, local shipping interests
suffered greatly, but were too important to long so remain, and now give
evidence of renewed prosperity.

In spite of, and against all difficulties and impediments, the county has
grown in population and business from one of the smallest to the fifth rank in
the State; only four counties now outrank it in population or importance.

It population has increased wonderfully, and from mere lumbering hamlets
and pine lands the county has become one of thriving cities and towns, and
rich agricultural lands second to none.

In 1830 the population of the county was 1,114.

In 1840 the population of the county was 4,606.

In 1850 the population of the county was 10,420.

In 1860 the population of the county was 26,604.

In 1870 the population of the county was 36,661. I
In 1880 the population of the county was 46,197.

In 1850 Sanilac and Huron were detached. The same territory then
embraced in St. Clair county that had in 1830 1,114, and in 1850 10,420, had
in 1880, a population of 92,627.

LEGENDS OF INDIAN HISTORY IN ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
BY HON". WM. T. MITCHELL.

Head at the annual meeting of the State Society, June 13, 1883.

When the French explorers first came to the upper lakes, they found the
lake country from Mackinac to Lapointe and the northern part of the lower
peninsula, occupied by the Chippewas, or as the French named them, the
Ojibeway Indians; a part of the great Algonquin family, then one of the most
powerful Indian nations of North America.

The Hurons, who afterwards, and in about 1720, joined the confederacy of
the six nations, and so became a part of the Iroquois, occupied the southern
part of the lower peninsula of Michigan and of western Canada. The Wyan-
dottes, also called Hurons by the French and in league with the Iroquois,
occupied lands south and west of Detroit.

When the Americans became possessed of Michigan the early settlers found
none of the Iroquois, but in their place large numbers of Chippewas, and some
Ottawas, under various tribal names. It was from them the Indian titles to
most of our lands were obtained, and to them most of the reservations in
Michigan and western Canada were secured. I am not aware of any authentic

Legends of Indian History.

417

history of this change of possession, or how the Ohippewas became possessed
of the lands of the Iroquois. The Hurons, by themselves, were not powerful,
but associated with, and as part of, the Iroquois, they might well consider
themselves invincible, and entitled to much of the renown that attached to
that remarkable confederacy.

I have what follows, from one of the most venerable and worthy men of
Michigan, Hon. Zephaniah W. Bunco, now approaching his ninety-sixth birth-
day. As stated in the sketch of the history of St. Olair county, he came into
the town of Port Huron in May, 1817, and soon after entered into the fur
trade. Great numbers of Chippewa Indians were in his immediate neighbor-
hood with whom his business brought him in constant contact, and with
whom and their language, he became familiar. Among others that he knew,
was Niniekance, a principal chief of the Ohippewas, whose house was on the
reservation near Port Sarnia, opposite Port Huron.

Nimekance had been a great warrior, and with his nation, joined the Eng-
lish, and was with General Sinclair in most of his campaigfns against our
people. As a reward for his services and bravery, the English had conferred
upon him special marks of honor, and given him the dress and uniform of a
brigadier general. Within a year of his death, at the age of 106 years, he
walked several miles to visit Judge Bunce, wearing and displaying with great
pride, his English uniform. Nimekance also loved to dwell upon the prowess
and exploits of his father. Kiosk ance, the great chief of the Ohippewas, and
who, he said, had driven the Iroquois far to the east from Michigan. As he
related the story, his father, Kioskance, was the king or principal chief at
the head of the Ohippewas at Lapointe, on Lake Superior, and moved with
most of the nation to the country and islands near the Sault and Mackinac.
They found the country to the east of Lake Superior as well as to the west,
cold and bleak, and not abundant in game.

Iroquois, or more especially the Hurons and Wyandottes, their ancient
enemies, held the warmer and pleasanter lands at the east and to the south of
lake Huron. The Ohippewas claimed that they had once held and been
unjustly driven from these favored hunting grounds, and the Iroquois being
involved in the wars between the French and English, they resolved, under
the lead of Kioskance, to make a determined and well concerted effort to
drive them from their possessions. Kioskance gathered his warriors and
launched in 4©0 canoes to traverse the waters of Lake Huron.

A part came up the Saginaw bay, and landing on that river pursued their
course by land, so as to strike the Wyandottes near Detroit, while the larger
part followed the coast to the St. Olair river, landing near the mouth of the
smaller stream, since known as Black river, and passing a large camp of the
Iroquois at the foot of the lake, near what is now known as Fort Gratiot.

Nimekance, then a young man, came with his father and described the
canoes as holding eight warriors each, and enough to extend the whole
length of the big river.

Scarce had a landing been effected when the battle commenced ; a battle,
as described by him, unequaled in any strife where Indians alone were the
combatants. From side to side of the stream since known as Black river, the
contest surged, till after days of terrible carnage, the Iroquois yielding, were
driven across the great river and far into Oanada. The detachment sent
against the Wyandottes had been equally successful, and the two conquering
53

418

Pio^TEER Society oe Michig-ak.

forces joining, stopped not in the pursuit until they had driven their ancient
foes across the Niagara.

Numbers of great burial mounds, filled with skeletons, Indian weapons, and
ornaments, until a recent day attested the terrible slaughter. One large one
on the ground now covered by the United States custom house, was devoted
to the distinguished Chippewa braves. There were too many to be placed in
bark tombs above ground, after the usual manner of Indian burials, and
they were buried in a mound of earth.

Kioskance returning from his victorious pursuit, ever after made his home
near Fort Gratiot, and died about 1800, at the advanced age of over 107 years.
He was buried in an Indian tomb on the same great mound, his people gather-
ing from far and near to do him honor, and to add to the pomp of a great
warrior's burial. I have conversed with some of the native French, who
witnessed the imposing ceremonies.

Nimekance lived for some years after Judge Bunce and Hon. D. B. Har-
rington came to the county, and dying at the age of over 106 years, was
buried in his English uniform, on the same mound with his father, great
numbers of his people assembling to honor his memory.

How much reliance may be placed upon this story of Nimekance I will not
pretend to determine, but there are many evidences that indicate its general
truth, not perhaps of the number of canoes and warriors, but of the fact that
the Iroquois were driven away and the Chippewas remained in possession as
conquerors. Judge Bunce gives it implicit credit.

Kimekance left five children, two sons and three daughters; one of whom,
Mrs. Ogeetee, or Ogeetz, died on the Indian reservation, near Sarnia, in 1882,
at the age of 107 years.

When the Indian reserve, known as the Riley reserve, covering the western
portion of Port Huron and the ground on which the custom house stands, was
released and put in market, the friends of the Indian chieftains caused their
bones to be removed to a burial ground in the south part of the city. That
has since been vacated, and in the removal all trace of their remains have
been lost.

On the spot where they first joined their fathers in the happy hunting-
grounds of the Indian dead, the government that has ever been so unmindful
of Indian rights and Indian memories, has unconsciously erected a monument,
it is ti'iie not to their honor, but a memory that will for ages mark the place
of burial of the Indian hero dead. A fitting memento of the fast disappearing
red man, and of the fact that all that they were, and all their rights have
gone '^glimmering down the dreams of things that were."

LAKE ST. CLAIR.

From 0. Col ton's Tour of the Lakes in 1830,

On the morning of the 4th of August the city of Detroit was in no little
bustle, and the wharf, along side of which lay the "Sheldon Thomson" with
her signals snapping in the wind, exhibited a most busy swarm of human
beings running to and fro in the way of preparation. At eleven o'clock, A. M.,
the gun was fired, and the packet bore away for Lake St. Clair under all the
force of wind and steam, and with as fine a day as the sun ever made upon the
earth. Indeed, the scene and the occasion were quite inspiriting, and the

Lake St. Clair.

419

objects in view wore the aspect of many powerful and romantic attractions.
The beautiful city of Detroit began to recede, while the packet, borne along
between the Canadian shore and Hog Island (a name, it must be confessed,
ill deserved by a thing so beautiful), glided in fine style into the opening
expanse of lake St. Olair.

Lake St. Olair, as before recognized, is an expansion of the strait, nearly
in a circular form, with a diameter of thirty miles, and in consequence of
the depression of all its shores, and there being no hills in the immediate
interior, the position of a vessel in any part of its border opens from the deck
a shoreless sea in the distant prospect. The center of the lake presents a
beautiful and enchanting ''looming up" of the shores, as the sailors call it,
in all directions, and the marginal forests, broken every here and there by
the indentations of the coast, seem to hang suspended in the horizon between
the sea and the heavens, and play and dance before the eye in a sort of fairy
vision. The images of this kind, fore and aft, and on either side, were con-
tinually changing their forms, and showing the most fantastic shapes, as the
vessel wended her serpentine course by the channel through the lake, from
its southern to its northern border; for Lake St. Olair is an exception to all
the others in this particular, that its waters are generally shallow except in the
channel, and that channel is perpetually changing by the effects of storms,
and requires a frequent survey for the direction of the pilot. Indeed, this
body of water is hardly worthy to be dignified with the name of a lake in
comparison of the others, and might well be considered as a flooding of low
lands, which seems to be the exact truth. The main current of water through
it, however, always maintains a channel sufficient for all the purposes of
navigation, though it is somewhat devious.

The passage over Lake St. Olair, in a day of such unrivaled physical glories,
in such a company, on such an expedition, leaving the regions of civilization
behind us, and just about to plunge into the regions of barbarism ; or rather,
flying from a world, violated by the track and by the hand of man, into a
world of virgin waters and into a virgin wilderness, — all vast, and their proper
character inconceivable, except by actual inspection ; such a passage might
well make an apology for the indulgence of some trifling ingredients of poetry
and romance. Every heart seemed light and buoyant, as the clouds floated in
the sky, and its affections active as the elements by which the bark which
made their home, was wafted along; and all prospects bright and cheering as
the sun which shone upon the scene. The climate and aspects of the heavens
seemed changed. The clouds, such as a clear atmosphere and its brisk cur-
rents fold together in their fleecy robes, and toss along in sublime and majestic
sport; the shores and islets successively receding in one direction and coming
into view from another. A new and fine steamer dashing through the waves,
with all her sails set to the breeze, and crammed with a population like bees
upon a hive, on a summer's day, all life and bustle; the tout ensemble pre-
sented a scene as picturesque as could well be grouped under a traveler's eye.
And then again, the variety of character on board ; three detachments of raw
recruits, bidding adieu to the common world, and going to occupy the frontier
posts to keep peace between the traders and Indians, between the Indians
themselves, and if need be, between the querulous parties of Canadians and
Americans, strolling in those regions; a commission from the government,
on their way to settle disputes and negoti-ate treaties with the aboriginal tribes
of the northwest; traders, voyagers of pleasure and observation, and friends

420

Pioneer Society oe Michigan.

going to visit friends in those distant retreats; a vicar general from the pope
of Eome, with plenipotentiary powers of remission and retention in things
spiritual, and of supervising the interests of the Catholic church; together
with two Protestant clergymen, women, and children of all grades, and all
conditions — and withal the rare character of the excursion — all these things
together, as might be supposed, contributed to lend an interest and a charm
to the expedition, so auspiciously commenced, not easily conceived by any one
who did not make one of the party.

About four o'clock P. M., we found ourselves hard upon what may be
called, with the greatest propriety, the Delta of the river St. Clair, which
discharges itself by about fifty mouths into the lake of the same name. The
principal navigable channels sue five. The extended marshes, challenging the
utmost scope of the eye, lying only a few inches higher than the water, and
all waving with heavy burdens of high prairie grass; — the meandering
mouths of the river, shooting in every direction, and insulating the region in
the most fantastic forms; — the thick and impenetrable copses of wood, of
larger and smaller extent, springing up here and there, in all their various
shapes, until after a few miles they are merged in one unbroken forest, and
seeming to vie with the outlets of the river in creating a variety of their own
peculiar kind ; — these several and combined features, changing their forms
continually, as we ascended the channel selected, like the coming and flitting
visions of creative fancy, might almost dispossess a sober man of his senses,
and persuade him by a world of reality, that he was in a world of illusions.
And then to see the French huts; — for the French are to be found scattered
along the old line of trading posts from Quebec to Detroit, from Detroit to
Mackinaw at the head of Lake Huron, from Mackinaw across the North-
west Territory to Prairie du Chien on the Mississippi, and from the last
point along the banks of that mighty river to the Gulf of Mexico; — to look
upon the habitations of that indolent race, so mean and sordid as they are,
resting upon the river's brink, and demonstrating by this every feature a dull
and lazy existence, akin to that of the savage; — and now and then to see a
group of Indians, old and young, male and female, some entirely naked, and
others with the rag of a shirt, or blanket never washed, pendant and ready
to drop by its rottenness from their shoulders, — darting out of a thicket upon
the bank, and running and jumping with frantic, or joyous signs and excla-
mations of amazement, to see such a great canoe, so full of people, and rush-
ing against the tide, drawn, as they imagine, by great sturgeons, harnessed
underwater; — we a wonder to them and they a piece of romance to us; —
who, fresh from the centre of civilization, and unaccustomed to these scenes,
would gaze with interest, and imagine himself dreaming.

ST. JOSEPH COUNTY.

ST. JOSEPH COUNTY PIONEER SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING, 1883.

Wednesday tlie 13th day of June, 1883, was the appointed day for the 11th
annual meeting of the St. Josepli County Pioneer Society. Much preparation
had been made by the officers to make this one of the largest and most inter-
esting meetings ever held by the society, and it is not saying too much when
we remark that they succeeded most admirably. No doubt more people

St. Joseph County.

421

attended this meeting than on any former occasion. The morning opened
with beautiful weather, and early in the day, carriages and vehicles of all
kinds were seen coming into town loaded with men and women who "were
here first." Had it not been for the absence of the neatly blanketed horses
with jockey tails, and the paraphernalia of the trotting horse and the yet too
quiet and orderly crowd, one might have mistaken the day for a genuine fair
day, and the last day at that. But, alas ! the visitors had no thought of
horse, or implement, or side show, but, to judge from the countenance of
some of the men, they were thinking of what they could say to thank the old
women of the country for the part they took in clearing up the land and
spinning yarn for them, and strange enough, some of them never thought
before, that it was worth while to thank their wives for anything, and have
been living all these years without even thinking that the ^'old woman " ever
did anything more than her duty, and never thought she deserved any credit
for that; believing, honestly, no doubt, that if she stayed home and took care
of the children, while he, the brave, bold, frontiersman, "who could lick a
dozen Indians, any time," went to the raising and drank poor whisky, that she
was simply doing her duty to him, and ought to be satisfied. The old women
ought to be thankful for the existence of the Pioneer Society, for if it con-
tinues to exist for a few years yet, they may at last get thanked for some
little of the very great deal that they have done toward building up the
country.

Among the number of pioneers present we recognized the faces of Hon. H.
H. Riley, Hon. J. Eastman Johnson, John Hull, Wm. Hull, Geo. McGaffey, ^
H. K. Farrand, Wm. M. Watkius, David Knox, Geo. Thurston, Col. Engle,
John F. Van DeVanter, Dr. Howard, Ira F. Packard, David Page, Harvey
Cady, Daniel Frankish, Geo. Benedict, Hon. Wm. H. Cross, Samuel Bare,
Hon. James Johnson, Wm. B. Langley, Francis Gooden, Thos. Sturgis, Wm.
Allison, J. W. Fletcher, Geo. Sevison, Volney Patchen, Thomas Cuddy and a
host of others, whose names we cannot now mention, but whose faces were
familiar to us, and whose very appearance marked them as a pioneer of the
early day, together with an equal number of the good old ladies of the country
who came along, not because they had any particular right there, but simply
came to bring the lunch for the men, and were permitted to sit on the grand
stand, just the same as any one else, who wasn't a pioneer.

At 10 :30 a. m., the President, David Knox, called the meeting to order,
and the officers for the ensuing year were elected, as follows :

President, Samuel Fitch; Secretary, Calvin H. Starr; Treasurer, Wm.
McCormick. Vice Presidents, Geo. Benedict, Wm. H. Castle, Joseph Stowell,
Jas. Johnson, Wm. Conklin, Jas. T. Hay, Milo Powell, S. M. Nash, Horace
Jones, J. W. Fletcher, Stephen Cade, Jas. Phillips, J. Bannom, A. C.
Prutzman, A. Chalhoun, Geo. McGaffey. Executive committee, C. Y. Run-
yan, Lewis A. Leland, Wm. H. Cross, Wm. B. Langley and Wm. M.
Watkins.

After a brief adjournment for dinner, the meeting reorganized, called to
order by president Knox and the further order of business proceeded : The
first being the reading of names of pioneers who have died since last meeting,
and the names of about forty made up the death roll. The Parkville choir,
that had kindly given its services, then rendered some excellent music, after
which Rev. Mr. Kellogg, of Centreville, invoked divine blessing upon the
assembly.

422

PioNEEB Society oe MiCHiaAisr.

Several communications were then read from absent veterans, among
wliom were Col. Isaac Toll, Allen Goodrich and others; music again enliv-
ened the proceedings. The president then introduced Hon. Josiah Begole,
Governor of Michigan, the orator of the day. Gov. Begole made no pre-
tensions to oratory, but at once confessed to the crime of being an early pio-
neer of Michigan and to have eaten corn bread and worn "scratchy shirts,"
in early life, and in a very pleasing and interesting way, gave an accurate
account of the way in which the early settlers of Michigan built their houses
and beautified the country. The speech throughout proved to be interesting
and was well received, as manifested by the rousing vote of thanks given to
the Governor at the close of his address.

The choir again rendered an excellent piece of music when short speeches
were called for, and Hon. H. H. Eiley appeared before the audience. Mr.
Riley is truly a pioneer of St. Joseph county, having been here in the prac-
tice of the law since 1842. Mr. Kiley seems to have been somewhat wrought
up with the allusion the Governor made to tansy, catnip, etc., and when he
first opened his remarks, we imagined he was going to tell us how they used to
make "tansy bitters" and such things, and we expected we would find out
who discovered the art of making "mint julips" and sich, and how they
used to taste when '-'this was a howling wilderness;'' but alas! Mr. Kiley
was himself, he always is, and before we were aware of it, he had the good
old ladies of the county, in the corner of the old log house pouring decoctions
of such herbs down the throats of innocent children, declaring that they
could cure more sick babies than all the "pesky" doctors in the world, and
we guess they could. During the course of his speech, Mr. Riley touched a
serious strain and turned the drift of his remarks in a happy compliment and
earnest praise to the women of early St. Jo. county, to whom he awarded an
equal amount of praise with the men.

Then followed neat and appropriate remarks by Johnson, Hull, Rev. A. P.
Peeke, Rev. Waxman, Judge Cross, and others. Judge Cross and Geo.
Thurston were on the grand stand together, being the first two men who
came to Branch and St. Joseph counties doing business for themselves, and
now living; hence the day was quite gratifying to them, when they look
around the thickly settled counties of Branch and St. Jo., and can say with
pride, "gentlemen, we were here first."

The weather continued pleasant throughout the day. No accident marred
the pleasure, and all went home happy, with the solemn vow that should
their lives be spared for another year, they would again attend the meeting
of the society, and again and again so long as life and strength should be
spared to them.

From the St. Joseph County Republican, Centreville, June 16, 1883.

MAPLE SUGAR MAKING.

This is still the sugar camp, with the shivering woods around it,
Where the eager, early alders loosen first their kerchiefed curls,
By the distant, russet ranks of the dripping maple bounded;
Hither, in the April weather, come the country boys and girls.

Out across the olive down, still the lagging feet are guided
To the fire of shattered branches, lightning-riven long ao:o;
By the narrow, bubbling brook, field and forest stand divided,
With the scarlet maple blossoms whirling in the pool below.

Early Kecollectioks about Nottawa Sepe.

423

Here they feed the open blaze; here they build the shelter lightly;
Here they swing the gypsy kettle— merr5^-hearted Jack and Sue;
Here they follow one another through the dusky forest nightly,
While the silver April crescent drops to westward in the blue.

Still the buckets back and forth to the heavy kettles bringing,
Fain to hear the squirrel's warning, or the sparrow's note of war,
Treading to the broken pulses of a robin's careless singing —
Such a rhythm, such a measure, never dancer listened for.

Soft an ] sultry are the days that the watchers spend together,
With the stolen sweets of April— month of promise and delay;
And the searching winds of night touch with frost the ardent weather,
Ere the little play is ended, with the coming of the May.

RECOLLECTIOlSrS OF EARLY OCCURRENCES ABOUT ^OTTAWA SEPE.

BY WM. H. CKOSS.

In 1829, Judge Connor had builb his cabin, put in some crops, and was
about to go to the land office at Monroe, to enter his land, and had saved
a few dollars to pay necessary expenses there and back. One day in coming
in from his work, he found his cabin had been entered, and on examin-
ation found his money gone, and could only imagine who was the thief, nor
did he ever find out, but he consoled himself that it was only the expense
money and not the means to pay for his land that was taken away from him,
he not doubting that the robber knowing of his intention to buy his land, had
expected to find that there : but Judge had ordered the sum for the land pay-
ment, to be sent him to Ypsilanti where he could get it on his way to Monroe,
and the only inconvenience was short rations and close times on the trip to the
land office and back, which however he accomplished, and saved that much
desired home. This so far as is known, was the first crime known to be com-
mitted by a white man as against a settler in Nottawa.

When in 1831 George Matthews, from Zanesville, Ohio, came to Leonidas,
he settled on the east half of section 82, just south of the St. Joseph river,
and above the ford known as Appletree ford, where he built his cabin. The
village of the Nottawa Indians was on the river some distance below, generally
on the north side, but at some seasons on the south or prairie side ; on the
river some half mile above was the trading post of Thomas Hatch, the Indian
trader, and in passing from one to the other, Matthews' cabin was on the
route. One day when Matthews was sick with chills and fever, and his wife
.also sick with fever in her bed, a drunken Indian came riding on his pony,
whooping and yelling to the door, and calling him out — he tried to quiet him
and have him leave, but he would not, when Matthews' spirits rose above his
chills and he went out and told him to go ; but not starting, he was pulled off
his horse and his face slapped; a few days after he returned with a number
of Indians and squaws, and told Matthews he had insulted him when drunk
and must now fight him when sober; there was no dissent from the offer, only
asking how they should fight. Rifles were chosen by the Indian, and with his
rifle in his hand they went a short distance to where the Indians were seated
under some trees. Mrs. Matthews, fearing something wrong, took their
hunting knife under her apron and went along. When they got where the
others were, Matthews says come, where we stand ! The Indian looked at the
determined white man and quailed, saying me fight with knife; Matthews

424 Pioneer Society of Michigan.

says, well wife go bring me my hunting knife. She at once produced it from
under her apron and he told his foe to come, but he did not; then Matthews
stepped out and cut a hickory switch, and stepping up to the fighting Indian,
laid it with no light power over his shoulders. With which the Indians and
squaws yelled out squaw!" to the Indian, and applauded the brave white
man and his courageous wife ; and no kindness or favor was too much for the
Nottawa Indians to render to the fearless Chemokeman'^ and his noble
squaw so long as they were allowed to remain on their reservation.

Among the very early settlers on Nottawa prairie was James B. Dunkin,
and his brother Samuel, who with their aged father, bought and settled on
sections two and three. They were Virginians, and with more than usual
means for early settlers, and Dr. James B. soon made good improvements
and raised grain to spare when the settlers in Leonid as and on the Keserve
came in. It was oftentimes very hard for them to get enough to eat, and
oftentimes without money to buy with. At a time of great difficulty to
procure supplies, application was made to the Dr. for some of his grain, and
he asked the person applying '*have you got the money to buy with?" and
the man's reply was *'Yes sir, I have the means to pay for what I need."
Then said Neighbor Dunkin, "I cannot let you have any; for you can get it
elsewhere. I am going to keep what I have got for those that have no money
to buy with, and they will pay me in work when I want it, or when they can
earn it. Their families must have it."

In the first settlement of southwestern Michigan, it was deemed right and
proper that the first person who settled on a piece of land, should be entitled
to the right of purchase of the same when it came into market by sale at the
United States land office of the District ; and it was held unjust for any per-
son to in any way interfere with the squatter's right. In 1828 Dr. McMillan
settled with his family on the S. E. J Sec. 4, on the prairie, and in the early
summer of 1829 Benjamin Sherman, of Mt. Morris, N". Y., was looking in
the country for a location, and the beauty of this section attracted his atten-
tion and on his way homeward ho went to the Monroe land office and entered
the land. Soon after, he came on and took possession, and the fact of his
so doing was known from Niles to Tecumseh, among all settlers, and a
prejudicial feeling created that prevented Mr. Sherman, who was a man of
more than ordinary education and ability, from ever becoming a popular or
highly esteemed citizen among us ; and to-day, among the old settlers, when
that piece of land comes to mind, that act is brought to remembrance.

In 1830 Joseph Butler settled on the E. ^ of N. E. J of Sec. 10, in Nottawa,
which he bought of another man who was on it. The next spring he had
decided to purchase the E. i of the N. W. ^ of the same section, the lot join-
ing him having been taken by Mr. Dunkin. One morning he was told that a
man had decided to buy that lot, and had just left for the land office at
Monroe on horseback. Butler went to his house, provided himself with moc-
casins for the journey, and on foot started on the race for his land. He could
track the horseman and followed as best he could, and between Tecumseh
and Monroe, while the horse and man were eating he passed them and with-
out loss of time, entered Monroe, found the land register, made his applica-
tion for his land, stepped to the receiver's office, paid his money, got his
duplicate for his land, and just as he crossed the Raisin bridge on his return,
met his horseman friend going into town. He took it more leisurely home.

Early Eecollections about Nottawa Sepe. 425

Soon after, he built on that land, which was ever after his home until his
death.

Robert Cowan, says: arrived at White Pigeon, Nov. 14, 1831; having
travelled on foot, from Cleveland and from Detroit, on the line of the
Chicago trail; and at Nottawa creek in Leonidas, on the 15th, got ready to
raise a log cabin on the 16th; asked every man within ten miles; six came
and got it half up, then it set in cold, and, we being close by the Indians'
summer village, went into an Indian wigwam and did not get into our cabin
until April. In the spring of 1832, while at work, I heard an ax, went to see
who it was, and found Alfred Holcomb, of Dry Prairie, falling small trees
on which to cross the creek; he had his plow irons on his back, going to
Prairie Ronde, nearly thirty miles. After five days he got back. My brother
James, needing a small hook in our saw-mill, walked to White Pigeon, was
gone five days, and expenses four dollars, for fifty cents worth of work. In
1833, I was reduced very low with sickness. Good Mother Fletcher, of Not-
tawa (now 75 years of age), rode ten miles on a buck-board on a wagon
behind a yoke of oxen, on Tuesday, staid and nursed me with a mother's
care until Thursday, then rode home on a load of lumber, and all this on
very slight acquaintance."

Mrs. Jane Cowan, wife of Robert, relates the following: **In the fall of
1838, Mr. Cowan went to Pennsylvania on business and was taken sick and
detained. Every person in the neighborhood and country was taken sick and
there was no medicine in the country; our two children, the youngest some
two months old and myself were sick and no one well enough to take care of
us. It was now October, and the nights becoming chilly, I was not able to
bring in wood; I saw a number of Indians passing on a hunting excursion,
and crawling on my hands and knees to the door, beckoned them to come to
me. They came in, a dozen or more, great tall Indians with their guns and
knives; I did not fear them now. I made signs to them to bring in some
wood, telling them as well as I could, that chemokeman (white man) was not
at home, gone far away, back paw-maw (by-and-by), then come home and
mill make naponee (flour), and I would pay them. They brought in a nice
lot of wood, and when Mr. Cowan came home and started the mill, they came
and got their flour. I relate these incidents to show the kindness of the
Indians if they are properly and kindly treated."

Andrew Watkins, of Leonidas, gives us this: *^In the fall of 1833, I was
living at Dry Prairie, and Benjamin Ferris, of Sherwood, was taken very sick.
I was sent for, and found Ferris very sick with pleurisy, and in great pain,
and the nearest doctor, Wm. Mottram, of Nottawa. I at once took my Indian
pony and started for the Dr, at his home; I found he had gone to Pigeon. I
kept on, and at Pigeon learned that he had left for Sturgis. At Sturgis, he
had just started for Bishop's in Burr Oak, and there I found him, and he
inquired how we could get to Ferris'. I said I would lead him and we started,
and taking my course we forded the St. Joseph river above Sturgeon lake, some
two miles and got to Ferris' soon after sunrise the morning after I had
started ; riding about sixty miles in the day and night, and much of it guided
only by my knowledge of the country and of the course of the Indian trails
and their fording places of the streams. We found Ferris had suffered
severely, but had vigor and strength enough, with good care and the Doctor's
aid, to pull through and recover.
54

426

Pio^^^EER Society of MicmaAK.

SAGINAW COUNTY.

PIOKEER LIFE IN 1S30.

BY MRS. AZUHAH L. JEWETT.
Read at the annual meeting of the State Society, June 14, 1883.

I have been solicited by my brother, Judge Albert Miller, of Bay City, to
write something of my pioneer life in what was in 1830 called the far west,
and will give a sketch of my journey to Michigan, beginning from my start-
ing place in Vermont, arid stating the design of my undertaking. I was a
school teacher, had kept a large school at Hartland through the winter 1830
and 1831. At the finishing of my school, the last of March, found myself
in very poor health, a violent cough, and every indication of consumption
which was so prevalent in that climate. Each one of my friends recom-
mended the physician I should employ; but I had never known any one ta
recover from all the medical skill that could be obtained, and was bound to
take a different course from those that were almost daily falling victims ta
the fatal disease. I had only to mention that change of climate might bene-
fit my health. My mother, then a widow over fifty years of age, readily
complied with my wish, and Michigan was the place designated as we had
friends located there. My mother sold her property and got ready for the
long and tedious journey the first of May, 1831. We came over the Green
Mountain with horse teams; when we arrived at Whitehall where we had to
wait three days for the Northern canal to be ready for the boats — two days
took us to the Erie Canal, then one of the wonders of the world.

Three weeks from the time we started from Vermont we arrived in Buffalo,
waited one day for a steamboat; took passage on the Ohio; were three days
and three nights on Lake Erie; the wind was blowing fearfully all the while,
—made up my mind that I had better have staid in Vermont and taken my
chances there than to be cast away on Lake Erie. But few of the five hun-
dred passengers that were on the boat expected to see land. At last we
reached Detroit, where we staid one day, and were met there by my brother
who had previously gone to Michigan. Teams were hired to take us to our
place of destination. Grand Blanc was where our friends had settled at that
time. The roads were passable five miles out from Detroit; after going that
distance we put up at Young's Hotel and staid over Sunday on May 28,
1831. For amusement I went one mile through a dense forest with Mr.
Young's family to visit some English people that had made a clearing that
far from neighbors or a road. A few rods aside from the path that led to
the place a man had been found a few days previous in a sitting posture by
the side of a tree, dead. He was a stranger, the tree was marked, a stake
driven by the side of it, and a white flag attached to it. Several carriages
were driven out Irom Detroit that day loaded with people, to visit the spot
where the dead man had been found.

Monday morning we left Mr. Young's for Grand Blanc; we found the
roads almost impassable — the mud was so deep one span of horses could not
draw the wagon through ; would often take two and sometimes a yoke of
oxen besides. The worst part of the road was between Detroit and Pontiac.
A few miles from there we went by a trail where there had been no roads
made and got along passably well.

Sagiitaw County — Pioneer Life in 1830. 427

We arrived at Stony Run the third day of June. We were very cordially
received at the residence of Mr. Ewing and wife who had left Vermont two
years before. We remained with them till my brother could build a log
house two miles from any other residence. The inhabitants were few and far
between at that time. All that had previously located in that vicinity made
it a special business to visit every stranger that moved into the place.

Even the few people that lived in Saginaw were interested in every new
inhabitant that was located on the trail between that place and Pontiac.
They had often had to take lodging in the open air on the ground when going
to and from Detroit before the people began to move into the place. Seldom
one person would travel alone, but they would go in groups ; four or five was
all that could leave Saginaw at one time in those days. In the month of
August I was visiting a former acquaintance from Vermont that lived ten
miles from Flint river, — one day at eleven o'clock four men rode up; they
were Messrs. Gardner, Ephraim Williams, Ool. Stannard, and Mr. Jewett, from
Saginaw. They soon made their wishes known ; they had camped out two
nights, their provisions were exhausted and they had had no breakfast; they
were on their way to Detroit. On seeing me a stranger in the wilderness,
many questions were asked, and also some observations made. There was
one of the party that took a little more interest in my welfare than the rest;
and on their return from Detroit made it manifest by informing me of his
native place, and the circumstances that brought him to Saginaw. In the
conversation it was revealed that his native place was but a few miles from
my own, and he was acquainted with many of my friends; my brothers
were under the same tutor that he was while in preparation for school teach-
ing. It was Mr. Eleazer Jewett; his former home was in New Hampshire.
He had been in Saginaw five years, most of the time in the employ of the
American Fur Company; had a home at Green Point at the head of Saginaw
river, had built a block house and lived by himself. But suffice it to say we
were not long forming an acquaintance, and subsequently a wedding day was
appointed, which was Oct. 22, 1831, at which time the wedding took place.
Now I will give a brief description of my wedding trip and show the con-
trast between that time and the present.

There was a wagon road as far as Flint river, and I had the benefit of a
ride the first ten miles, and put up at the residence of Mr. John Todd to
wait for a boat to take us ^to Saginaw; but not for a steam-boat — we were
entirely off from that line. But we waited for the men that came from
Saginaw to row the boat, to cut down a big pine tree on the bank of the
river and make one, that was far superior to any that could be obtained at
the place. It took five days to get the boat finished in good style, every one
was well satisfied with their work, and all seemed to rejoice that I was going
to have so nice and safe a conveyance.

The night before I took passage in the new boat, there was an arrival from
Saginaw. It was Mr. Gardner Williams and his wife, on horseback, with a
Frenchman leading a pony loaded with a tent, blankets, and cooking utensils.
They were conveyed across the river long after dark; they were on their way
to Pontiac. That was the third day after they left home. The first day they
got as far as Oass river, and were paddled across in a small Indian canoe.
The horses had to swim. They made a fire by means of a flint and steel,
pitched their tent, had their supper, and took their lodging under the canopy

428

PioisTEER Society of Michigan.

of the heavens. The next day they went as far as Pine Run, and had the
same fare as the night previous.

When they arrived at Mr. Todd's they fared some better. Mrs. Williams
and I occupied the only spare bed, and the gentlemen had the privilege of
spreading their own blankets on the floor; but the Frenchman that escorted
Mr. Williams, and the men that were going to row the new boat down the
river, had to pitch their tent on the outside ; the house was so small there was
no room for them.

The next morning when we were about to separate, I was congratulated on
account of the superior facilities I was to have on my bridal trip, it being consid-
ered preferable to riding on horseback. There had been heavy rains and there
was standing water in some places ; it was not safe to ride through it, and the
guide would have to go a long way around and chop away the fallen limbs so
the horses could pass, and after much delay they got on the right trail again.
After the description given of the horseback ride, I was quite delighted with
my prospects. Every one spoke very cheerfully about it too. On account of
the high water the boat would glide smoothly down the river. In due time
the boat was ready ; I, of course, had the best seat ; it was made of blankets
nicely folded. Everything was just right, all seemed cheerful and happy.
There were three men besides my husband, and I began to think there was
considerable novelty in such a trip.

We had not gone far before I heard some talk of driftwood, and soon had
a full understanding of it. The boat would often shove on to trees that had
fallen into the river, and it would take hours to get it released, and get started
again; the men would frequently have to get out into the water up to their
waists and lift with their whole strength to remove the boat. This was a com-
mon occurrence for three days, and then we came to a place where the river
was filled up entirely. We had to unload the boat and get the Indians to draw
it a long distance on the land, past the obstruction, and launch it into the
stream again.

The Indians had anticipated the arrival, and prepared themselves for the
delightful task ; they had previously assisted in the same performance, but
this time it was the heaviest boat they had ever encountered, therefore the
more excitement. The night was very dark when we passed from Flint river
to the Shiawassee, and the novelty of my wedding trip began to wear off some,
after sleeping on the ground four nights, and only a tent for a shelter. But I
was frequently cheered, and told that it was only four miles to the mouth of
Cass river, then we would soon be in Saginaw river.

The Flint, Cass, Shiawassee, and the Titibawassee all unite in one stream,
that forms the Saginaw river; at this place was my future home, a fine
block house situated on the bank of the river at the head of navigation at
Green Point. Several of Mr. Jewett's friends came as far as the mouth of
Flint river to meet us, and all concluded it would be better to pass our own
home and go two miles farther and stay at a public house kept by Col. Stan-
narci ; we were kindly received by all; we received some bridal calls that
were novel in the extreme. There were a few half French people here that
were partially civilized, — and all anxious to see the bride. They would stand
and wait for a door to be opened, and if they could get one view, would go
away quite satisfied.

In three days I was conveyed to my home, in a canoe — that was the only
way of riding; no roads had yet been made in the place. My home looked

Pio^^-EER Life ik 1830.

429

very pleasant to me after the little excitement I had, riding in the new boat
down the river.

I soon became accustomed to the new life I had undertaken, and was
bound to cast aside every obstacle that might mar my happiness, and succeeded
in everything except the fear of the Indians. I had formerly read so much
of their wickedness and murder, in time of the war, that whenever I saw a
group of them with tomahawks in their belts, it would send a pang to my
heart that I could not overcome; notwithstanding I was so frequently told
of their innocence. In time I got accustomed to their habits, and learned to
speak their language — it lessened my fears some, but I never got to admire
the race. There were very few people in Saginaw at that time ; all lived in
block houses, the timber had been taken from the Fort for building dwellings,
but a part of it was standing yet. Every one was cheerful and happy, not a
murmur was expressed at the privations we were all subjected to, but we all
made the best of it.

Pontiac was the nearest Postoffice and no mail carrier ; it was only by par-
ticular favor that we got our mail brought to us. Sometimes it would be
many weeks without an opportunity of sending or receiving our letters*
There were no roads here — all the way we could ride, was on the river in a
canoe. Some weeks would often pass that I would not see a female friend.

I was necessarily brought in contact with many things that the young ladies
of the present day would hardly think they could endure, and it is not
expected of them.

Mr. Jewett was the only surveyor in the place, and business often called
him from home for days at a time ; I could seldom get any one to stay with me.
I was subject to many annoyances from the Indians, who had been praised to
me so frequently for their innocence. They would come and steal corn from
the crib, and rob the garden, and hen-roost; but they would do it only when
they knew I was alone.

At a late hour one night when I was alone, there was a call from the oppo-
site side of the river. Some man wanted to come across. I informed him
that there was no one to set him over. He said then he would lay down and
die ; he had been riding all day and could go no farther. I had never paddled
a canoe across the river yet; the night was very dark, but I concluded to
make the attempt to set him over. Put a candle at my window for a guide
to come back, took a canoe, and succeeded in reaching the opposite shore, by
often calling to know where to land. Found Mr. Phineas Braley there; he
was hardly able to get into the canoe. He had been taken with ague and
fever on the way ; he got in and led his horse by the side of the little boat,
and I paddled them across at the hour of midnisjht. A good many strangers
came from the east in 1831 to purchase land. I would often have the benefit
of entertaining them.

Among our guests were Doctor Little and Mr. Hermon Ladd, from Avon,
State of New York. They admired the country very much, bought a large
quantity of land, and designed settling all their children in Saginaw.

They praised me for my bravery and the sumptuous fare I had given them,,
and said many encouraging things about the future prospects of the country;
among the rest they said to me : You may live to see a steamboat come up
this river; it is not impossible." They never expected to themselves, but
were in hopes their children would. It did not prove a very extravagant idea
when they imagined that I would live to see a steamboat come up the river ►

430 Pioneer Society op MiOHiaAisr.

I have seen very many ; and I have seen all the improvements, from a wilder-
ness to the present. I was one of twenty-six inhabitants that lived in Sag-
inaw,— no other person here now that has been in the place as many years
as myself ; am now in my seventy-eighth year, living with my only daughter,
the first white child born in Saginaw. She is wife of Doctor N. D. Lee.
My husband has been dead seven years.

SHIAWASSEE COUNTY.
MEMORIAL REPORT.
BY B. 0. WILLIAMS.

Ebekezer F. Wade died at his home in this city on Nov. 13th, 1882, aged
72 years. He had been confined to his house several months, and from the
nature of his disease — Bright' s disease of the kidneys — his friends entertained
but little hope of his recovery. The funeral services took place from the
TJniversalist church at 2 :30 o'clock Wednesday afternoon, under the auspices
of the Masonic fraternity, of which order he had been for many years a
prominent member. Elder Knickerbocker, of Wayne, formerly of Corunna
and an intimate friend of the deceased, conducted the funeral services.

Mr. Wade was one of the pioneers of Shiawassee county. He came here
from Western New York in August, 1843, and settled on the north i of the
southeast fractional J of section 7 in ttie town of Burns. In 1848 he
removed to Corunna to live, having been elected county clerk. For the last
30 years he has carried on an extensive boot and shoe business here. He was
a man of strict integrity and benevolent to the needy. Last April he cele-
brated his golden wedding anniversary. His widow is the only surviving
member of his family.

Mr. Wade was born May 30, 1810, in Franklin, Mass., died Nov. 13, 1882,
aged 72 years, 5 months and 14 days. He was a member of the State Pio-
neer Society, and at the time of his death its Vice President for Shiawassee
County.

George W. Slocum, of the township of Middlebury, died at his home in
said township October 12, 1883, aged 72 years; had resided there forty-four
years, and was one of the first settlers of the town, and universally respected ;
was born in Manlius, Onondaga county. New York.

Charles Wilkinson, settled in the town of Venice, Shiawassee county,
1840; removed from Monroe County, New York; first settler in Oakland
county; died upon his farm January 10, 1883, aged about 76 years.

James Anderson, of Corunna, died January 21, 1883, aged

Esquire John B. Van Horen, of Owosso city, died February 9, 1883,
aged 80 years ; settled first in Oakland county, Mich. ; was born January 8,
1803, State of New Jersey.

Daniel Broons, of Owosso city, died January 10, 1883, aged 76 years;
born in Seneca county. New York; had resided in Michigan forty-nine years.

Friedrieck Frieskie, of Owosso city, died February 14, 1883, aged 90
years. He was a Prussian soldier under Blucher at the battle of Waterloo.

Alanson Crawford, of Owosso city, died January 17, 1883, aged 71
years.

Yan Bure^t County.

431

Stephei^" B. Kobinson, of Owosso city, died September 29, 1882, aged 72
years ; formerly resided at G-rass Lake, Jackson county.

Joseph Vanderkakr, of Caledonia, died October 25, 1882, from injuries
received by runaway horses in city of Owosso, aged 62 years.

Mrs. Mary McGillvra Beatie, of Owosso, died December 15, 1882,
aged 75 years.

Mrs. Oarolii^e Smith, of Owosso city, died December 31, 1883, aged
73 years.

Alvin B. Allei^, of Rush, died August 22, 1882, aged 70 years.

JoHK EooD, of Bennington, died May 5, 1882, aged 95 years.

William J. Wiswell, of Owosso city, died December 21, 1882, aged 64
years ; was an earnest soldier in the cavalry service during the rebellion, and
served bravely and modestly in the Michigan 5th cavalry.

John D. Almandinger, of Caledonia, died September 18, 1882, aged 50
years.

Aaroi^" Hutchiks, of Bennington, died April 5, 1883, aged 71 years; came
from Niagara county, New York, in 1835, with ox teams, through Canada,
and arrived in Bennington, Shiawassee county, July 4, 1835; was an honest
and upright man, of jocose and jovial habits.

Daniel H. Blood, of Sciota, died February 3, 1883, aged 73.

Martin Deidrich, of Victor, Clinton county, died in November last, 1882,
aged 68 years.

James Collins, Sciota, died in February, 1883, aged 75 years.

VAN BUREN COUNTY.
MEMORIAL REPORT.

BY EATON BRANCH,

Maria Warner Mills, died July 27, 1882, aged 78.
Charles G. Nash, died Aug. 6, 1882, aged 34.
Chandler Richards, died Nov. 17, 1882, aged 53.
Augustus W. Nash, died Feb. 1, 1883, aged 75 years.
Wm. H. Lee, died Feb. 3, 1883, aged 71.
Joshua Bangs, died Feb. 2, 1883, aged 80.
Alanson Ives, died February or March 12, 1883.

Mrs. Elijah Hazard, born 1792, died February or March 20, 1883, aged 91.
Lucius C. Woodman, died April 12, 1883, aged 55.
Mary Gillman, born 1792, died May 12, 1883, aged 91.
Daniel Hammell, aged 78.

Mrs. B. A. Olney, born Jan. 27, 1813, died May 29, 1883, aged 69.

Jacob Crager, born May 19, 1819, died — aged 64.

Mrs. Orson Olds, born October, 1806, died , aged 76.

Edwin Allen Thompson, born Feb. 2, 1811, died Jan. 9, 1883, aged 72.

Sarah A. (Barnes) Hillyard, born Jan. 2, 1833, died March 8, 1883, aged 50.

Hiram Southerell, born 1805, died July, 1882, aged 77.

Mrs. W. R. Hawkins, born 1805, died Aug. 23, 1882, aged 77.

Mrs. Jonathan Hinckley, born 1791, died Sept. 20, 1882, aged 91.

432 PiOKEEn Society of Michigak.

Mary Gillmai^" died in Antwerp, Mich., at the residence of her daughter,
Mrs. L. Bathrick, May 12th, 1883, after a brief illness, in the 92d year of
her age. She was born in Wheelock, Vt., in 1792, and was left a widow by
the death of her second husband, Eev. S. Gillman, Sept. 7th, 1864, having
buried her first husband, Nathaniel Bangs, Aug. 13, 1835, at Sweden, N. Y.,
to which place her remains were taken for burial. She was a sister of Eev.
Jonathan Woodman, of Vermont, and for more than seventy years had walked
the ways of a christian life, exemplifying in word and deed, the spirit of the
Master, of whose presence she seemed ever conscious. Truly of her it may be
said, "A mother in Israel had fallen, rich in Christian virtue, coming to the
fullness of years like a s'hock of corn, ripened and ready for the Master's gar-
ner in the skies." She leaves surviving her, three brothers, one sister, one
daughter, and four sons, who mourn, not as those having no hope, ^'For the
memory of the just is blessed." One son, J. E. Bangs, for six years an
invalid, sits mournfully waiting for the *' boatman," who with silent oar
shall row earth's pilgrims to the farther shore. Many loved ones have gone
before, and more are following year after year, to meet on the banks of the
" river of life." Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord."

Mrs. B. a. Olkey died May 29, 1883, in the 70th year of her age, at the
residence of her daughter, Mrs. D. W. Goodenough in Ludington, Mason
county, Michigan.

Thus, each and every hour of the day, and year after year, to continue on until
the end of time, does the reaper death gather from the realms of mortality the
lives of both the good and the bad, the old and the young. All that live must
die. The soul sequestered from its casket, the body wings itself to the home
of immortality beyond the grave, while its former tenement, followed by the
weeping cortege, is conveyed to the silent city of the dead, and there earth to
earth is laid away to rest until God sounds the resurrection.

Elvira, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Horace Ely, was born January 27, 1813,
in the township of Lorraine, Jefferson county, New York. When only eight
years of age her father died, and she took up her residence with an uncle,
supporting herself with her needle until her marriage, August 2, 1837, to Bur-
rell A. Olney. Previous to this, Mr. Olney had moved to Michigan and pur-
chased the farm still owned by him, upon which Louis Olds now resides, and
cleared a small tract of land and built a log house, with a bark roof. To this
primitive homestead, surrounded by nothing but dense forests, with no other
neighbors (excepting Thomas Oouklin) but the wild Indians, wolves, and
bears, he brought his young bride. Here amidst the trials and hardships of
a pioneer life, were born her five children, three of whom, two sons, Davis and
Horace M., and one daughter, Lodema J., wife of D. W. Goodenough, sur-
vive her. Mrs. Olney was a member of the M. E. church, an earnest Christian
woman, respected and loved by all who knew her. Fairly idolizing her chil-
dren, she could not do too much for their comfort and happiness. In fact,
her whole life was devoted to doing good to others. During her early resi-
dence on the farm, she would pass days and da^s at the bedside of the sick,
in the home of some neighbor, without thought of other recompense than
that derived from doing good ; generous in thought and action, honest distress
and need always found in her a willing help. In 1863, Mr. Olney engaged in
the milling business at Watervliet and the family removed to that place.
After her children grew up and married, Mrs. Olney spent most of her time
in visiting back and forth among them, and at the time of her death was vis-

Memorial Eeport.

433

iting her daughter, Mrs. Goodeiiough. Her death was very unexpected ; on
Monday, at about one o'clock in the afternoon, sTie received a stroke of par-
alysis of the left side, which in about fifteen minutes, was followed by a second
shock which seemed to stupefy her, and she remained in an unconscious con-
dition until eleven o'clock of the next day, when without any apparent suffer-
ing, she died. Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Olney were immediately telegraphed, after
the first stroke, but did not reach Ludington until after her death. The
remains were brought^ to Hartford and the funeral services held at the M. E.
church. Elder Earl officiating. By Mrs. Olney's request she was buried at
Keeler, beside her son Lumand and daughter Isidor. Nothing can be said to
assuage the grief of the deeply afflicted family. Only time and He who doeth
all things well, can wear away the pain occasioned by this sudden going out of
the lamp of life^ — this painless exit into eternity of a loving mother and kind
neighbor.

Maeia Warner Mills, wife of Samuel Mills, died of general debility, at
her daughter's residence in Muskegon, Mich., July 27, 1882, aged 78 years. 4
months and 15 days.

Mrs. Mills was the mother of a large, well known, and highly respected
family. The last year of her long and useful life was spent at the residence
of her daughter at Muskegon, Mich. Her remains were brought to her old
home in Almena, in this county, for burial by the side of her husband. The
deceased was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, in 1804, and the same year was
carried in her mother's arms to the western part of New York, which was
then a wilderness. There she endured all the privations incident to the life
of the early settlers of Livingston county, and her character was formed and
developed amid trying scenes and stern realities. At the age of 23 years
she married SamuQj Mills, and with him and six children, she emigrated to
Michigan, in 1843. The present well known homestead of the family was
then a wilderness, and the luxuries of life were very few indeed. But she
was equal to the emergency, and with untiring zeal, she continued to be a
cheerful helpmate of her husband, and a kind adviser of her children. Her
affectionate deportment not only won the love of her children, but gained
the esteem of all who knew her. Her generous self-sacrifices were remark-
able, and will ever remain a bright picture in the memories of her relatives
and friends. She was the mother of nine children, five sons and four
daughters, all of whom, except one daughter, who died in infancy, have lived
to bury both father and mother; and all, except the youngest son, were pres-
ent at the mother's funeral. She was borne to her last resting place by her
four eldest sons. Her funeral was largely attended by the pioneers of the
county, who will carry to their graves the memory of this kind. Christian
mother, and hospitable friend.

Charles G. Nash died in Paw Paw of heart disease, on Sunday, August
6,1882, in the 34th year of his age. In the death of Mr. Nash our com-
munity sustains a sad loss, and one that will be felt for a long time. He was
one of our most energetic, prominent, and rising young men ; a thorough
going, honorable and upright business man, and one who had been for years
identified with the business interests of our locality. He was beloved and
respected by our entire community, and all feel to mourn at his early decease.
Mr. Nash had usually been a healthy, strong man, and previous to his last
illness, had as fair a prospect for a long life, as any one. He was confined

434

Pioi^^EER Society op Michigan.

to his house siqce the 7fch of June last, and for much of the time has been
very low, although his friends did not entirely abandon hope until a very short
time before his death. His funeral was largely attended and conducted
by Peninsula Oomraandery of Knights Templar, of Kalamazoo, of which he
was a prominent member. He was also a member of the Odd Fellows and
Masonic lodges, and the Knights of Honor, of this village, and his brethren
from all these societies were present at his obsequies in large numbers. He
leaves a widow, who is inconsolable at his loss, and one .child, a bright little
boy whom all know and love. He was a son-in-law of our townsman, Mr. E.
0. Briggs. Mr. Nash was a dutiful son, a kind father, and an affectionate
husband, and his mourning friends have the heartfelt sympathy of all our
citizens.

Chandler Eichards died in Paw Paw November 17, 1882, aged 53 years,
7 months, and 5 days. Mr. Richards was born in Norwich, Windsor county -
Vermont, on the 12th day of March, 1829. He graduated at Dartmouth col,
lege, N. H., in 1855, and immediately commenced teaching at Haverhill-
N. H., at which place he began his legal studies. In 1856 he became a pro,
fessor in Kalamazoo college, Michigan, and was admitted to the bar in June,
1857. In 1858 he removed to Paw Paw, Michigan, where he has ever since
resided, except for a period of about four years, when failing health demanded
his withdrawal from the active practice of his profession, during which time
he resided on his farm, one mile east of the village of Lawrence, in this
county. Politically, Mr. Richards was identified with the republican party.
He held the office of prosecuting attorney of this county from 1858 to 1862,
was assistant assessor of internal revenue in 1863, and Judge of Probate from
1864 to 1868. He was at different times favorably mentioned as a proper
man for the office of Circuit Judge. He had long been one of the prominent
members of the legal profession in this county, and had a large and lucrative
practice. He had been a consistent member of the church for more than
thirty years, was attached to the Congregational denomination, but attended
and acted with the Presbyterian society, while a resident of this place. In
early life he had intended to enter the ministry, but finally chose the law for
his life-work. He was married on the 5th day of January, 1859, to Addie H.
Wilcox, of Clinton, Connecticut, a graduate of Mt. Holyoke Seminary,
Massachusetts. He leaves a family, consisting of his wife and three children,
one son and two daughters. He was the youngest of a family of nine chil-
dren. Two of his sisters survive him.

Judge Richards, as all his friends were wont to call him, was widely and
favorably known. He had, for many years, been a leading citizen in this
community and county, and was universally loved and respected. The cir-
cumstances of his death were peculiarly painful to his friends and relatives.
He had not been a rugged man for many years, and had been more out of
health than usual for several days, but able most of the time to come to his
office, and attend to his duties. On the day of his death, he appeared to his
family to be feeling a little better, went home and ate his dinner, after which
he started to return to his office. He had got as far as Nelson's market,
where he stopped, and said he was sick, and requested that a message be sent
to his son Harry, and within a very few minutes breathed his last. When his
son arrived he was wholly unconscious. The shock to his friends, especially
to his wife, who was overwhelmed with grief, was very great, and the entire
community was startled and grieved at the sad news. A large concourse of

Memobial Eeport.

435

sympathizing: friends and neighbors followed him to his last resting place, at
the beautiful Prospect Hill Cemetery, where he was laid to rest, on Sunday
last. His brethren of the bar held a meeting on Saturday, and appointed a
committee to draft appropriate resolutions. His legal brethren attended his
funeral in a body, wearing mourning badges. He was a man of large heart
and generous impulses, and it is a consolation to those who knew and loved
him, to know that he was well prepared to go. The universal verdict must
be, that a good man has fallen.

William H. Lee died at his residence in the township of Paw Paw, Feb-
ruary 3, 1883, aged 71 years. Mr. Lee was one of the old settlers, having
been a resident of this township for the past forty-eight years. He came
here when when the country was a wilderness, and lived to see that wilder-
ness subdued and cultivated, until it blossomed as a rose, and became one of
the finest and most fertile sections in the country, and he did his full share
as a pioneer, as a citizen, and as a man, to bring about that desirable result.
About four years ago Mr. Lee received a stroke of paralysis, from which he
never recovered, and from the effects of which, together with erysipelas he
died. He had been for many years a member of the Disciple church in this
place, and was regarded by all who knew him as an upright. Christian gen-
tleman. The funeral obsequies were held at his residence, conducted by
Eev. J. H. Eeese, of Bangor. One by one those rugged men who settled
this country are passing away, and soon none will remain on this side of the
river that divides time from eternity. May they have a joyous reunion ''On
the other Shore.''

Augustus White Nash, born at South Hadley, Mass., March 24, 1807,
departed this life at Paw Paw, Mich., Feb. 1st, 1883, aged 75 years, 10
months and 7 days. At the age of about 25 years, Mr. Nash removed to
Western New York where he was married to Miss Susan L. Deming, with
whom he traveled the journey of life for half a century and who survives her
husband. Of ten children, born to them, eight sons and two daughters, five
sons remain. One son died in the service of his country, another in early man-
hood, and one son and two daughters died in infancy. He came to Michigan
in 1854 and settled in the village of Cassopolis, where he resided a little more
than a year, removing to Decatur in 1855. At the general election in 1856,
he was elected to the responsible office of Judge of Probate, for Van Buren
County, which position he filled for two full terms, eight years, the large
majority by which he was re-elected showing the confidence which the people
had in his honor and integrity as a man. He also filled the offices of super-
visor and justice of the peace to the satisfaction of his constituents. Politi-
cally, Judge Nash, as he was usually called by all who knew him, was a strong
republican, and in years gone by he exerted a large influence in the councils
of his party, but he never hesitated, on account of party ties, or predilections,
to condemn that which he deemed to be inexpedient or wrong. In his family
relations he was kind and affectionate, a loving husband and a fond father.
He was a man of rugged honesty and of sterling integrity. His health had
been gradually failing for several years, and while his family and friends
mourn his death, their sorrow is modified by the knowledge tiiat he lived to a
ripe old age, loved and respected by all who knew him, and that the record
of his life is the record of a good man. The Judge had been for many years
a prominent member of the fraternity of Odd Fellows, and had filled nearly
all the different official positions in the lodge at this place of which he was

436 PioNEEK Society op Michiga^t.

an honored member. He was buried under the auspices of the order, in the
beautiful cemetery at Prospect Hill. Upon his monument might be truth-
fully inscribed : "Here lies that noblest work of God, an honest man.^'

Joshua Bangs, of Paw Paw, passed to the higher life, Feb. 2d, 1883, in
the 80th year of his age. While apparently ripe for the sickle, yet he was a
patient sufferer from diabetes for over two years, being tenderly cared for by
his eldest daughter, during twenty-one months' confinement to his bed. He
was born in the town of Wheelock, Caledonia Co., Yt., of Scotch parentage,
April 12, 1803, and was the 7th of a family of ten children, only one of
whom, a sister three years his senior (Mrs. Dr. Warner, formerly of this
place), still survives him- At the age of thirteen his parents moved to St.
Albans, Vt., and four years later to the town of Sweden, Monroe Co., Y.
Was married, February 14th, 1826, to Sophronia Thrall, and lived in Western
N. Y. until the spring of 1835, when he came to Michigan and purchased
several tracts of government land, among them the half section comprising
the B. 0. Sheldon and Bilsborrow farms and some pine lands at Breedsville,
together with the farm one mile east of the village, which he selected for a
home and remained during the summer, living alone in a shanty, and erect-
ing a log structure for the shelter of his family on their arrival, 'Noy. 27th of
the same year.

He was the father of seven children, four of whom, with their mother,
have passed on before. His early advantages were limited, having
attended a district school but three months. His strong tenacity of thought
as well as purpose, without ostentation were among his leading characteristics.
He was strongly attached to family and home, and would meet and resist
adverse winds, for their protection, with a great degree of adherence.

When the county was a wilderness, he would take his ax and bundle of
provisions on his shoulder and follow a trail to Breedsville, crossing the river
on a log at the Judge Monroe place, and shantying out while he felled the
trees for lumber to erect buildings on his farm. He worked on a tailor's
bench with his father until nearly the time of his marriage, since which time
he devoted his energies to the farm, with average success as viewed from a
physical standpoint.

Being one of the pioneers of the county, he was somewhat identified with
its early history, and occupied positions of trust and confidence, holding the
office of county treasurer two terms, besides being elected supervisor and
treasurer of Antwerp at other times. He was an acceptable member of an
evangelical church for several years, but when the news of the noted

Rochester llappiugs" spread over the land, he was attracted to them and
began to investigate, resulting in his avowal of a belief in the phenomena of
what was termed '^Modern Spiritualism," from which no amount of ridicule
or ostracism could deter him. He was ever ready to defend his opinions with
argument, and met his last transition with the firm belief that he was only
going to meet those who had gone before, and that his earth-work was fully
completed. His earth-life went out quietly as the ripe fruit falls from the
bough when nature's work is done.

Alakson Ives, one of the pioneers of Arlington and a prominent and
devoted member of the M. E. church in Lawrence, dropped dead in the woods
where he had been at work sawing wood, in February or March, 1883.

Mrs. Hazzard, a very old lady over 90 years of age, passed away, at the

Memobial Beport.

437

residence of her son Elijah Hazzard in Lawrence. Mrs. Elijah Hazzard was
the daughter of Alonson Ives. [Day Spring, Hartford.

Dk. L. 0. WooDMAK died at his residence in Paw Paw, April 12, 1883, aged
55 years. His death is supposed to have been occasioned by concussion of the
brain, caused by a severe fall which he received some two months previously. At
that time it was thought the principal injury which he sustained was a broken
arm, from which at the time of his death he had nearly recovered. About
two weeks before he died he was attacked by severe disease of the brain, which
resulted fatally, and his medical advisors were of opinion that it was induced
by such fall.

Dr. Woodman was born in the State of Vermont, and was the son of Kev.
Jonathan Woodman, who is the oldest living minister of the Free Will Baptist
denomination, and who still fulfills the duties of a pastor. The Dr. was the
second of a family of three children, only one of whom, Mrs. H. W. Hilton,
of Lowell, Mass., is now living. At a very early age he evinced a love for the
study of medicine, and his father sent him to Woodstock college, in the State
of Vermont, where he graduated with honor, standing high in his class, some
of the members of which subsequently became noted men in their profession.
His younger, and only brother, graduated a few years later, from the college of
physicians and surgeons, in the city of New York. During the last few weeks
of his attendance there he contracted a severe cold which resulted in quick
consumption and death. iSTot long after his graduation, and while yet a mere
youth, Dr. Woodman manifested a predisposition to pulmonary disease, and
was advised by medical counsel to seek a home in the west. He decided to
come to Michigan, and arrived at Paw Paw with just $13 in his pocket. He
went to Dr. Josiah Andrews and staid with him for a short time, after which
he located at Mattawan, but remained for only a brief period, when he
returned to Paw Paw and entered into copartnership with Dr. Andrews,
with whom this business relation was maintained until after the breaking out
of the war in 1861. During these years the firm of Andrews & Woodman
became widely and favorably known, and its members had a large and
extended practice, and built up an enviable reputation as skillful physicians
and surgeons, and as men of honor and integrity.

In September, 1861, Dr. Woodman entered the service of his country as
assistant surgeon of the 3d Michigan Cavalry, which position he filled with
success and honor, for a period of two years, winning the respect and confi-
dence of all with whom he came in contact. In the fall of 1863 he was pro-
moted to the rank of surgeon, and assigned to the llth Michigan Cavalry.
This position he filled with high honors until he was mustered out of the ser-
vice, by reason of the close of the war, on the tenth day of August, 1865, hav-
ing served his country continuously, for a period of almost four years. On
the second day of October, 1864, the Dr. was captured by the enemy, at Salt-
ville, Tenn., and spent a brief period of time as a prisoner of war wichni the
walls of the famous and infamous Libby prison.

At the expiration of his service Dr. Woodman returned to this county and
located in South Haven, where he remained several years. While there he
engaged in some business enterprises which proved disastrous, and by means
of which the little property he had accumulated was swept away. He then
returned to Paw Paw and renewed his copartnership with Dr. Andrews, which
was continued until his death.

Politically, the doctor was a strong republican and had done much to advance

438

Pioneer Society of Michigan.

the interests of that party. At the time of his death he held the office of post-
master at this place, to which position he had but recently been appointed.

Daring the past winter his family have been sorely afflicted. Only a short
time since, the wife of his youth and mature years, a noble woman, was borne
to her last resting-place, and at the present time his eldest son is suffering
from Bright's disease of the kidneys, from which he is not expected to recover.
His death would leave but one member of the household, a young lad, as sole
survivor of the family. The doctor was an honored comrade of the Grand
Army of the Republic, being at the time of his death, surgeon of Brodhead
Post, in this village. He was also a highly respected member of the Masonic
fraternity, and a member of Peninsular Oommandery of Knights Templar, of
Kalamazoo. The funeral services which were conducted by the Sir Knights
of tlie commandery, assisted by members of Battle Creek commandery, took
place at the Christian church, in this village, on Sunday last. It was the
largest society funeral ever held in Paw Paw. The Grand Army, the Knights,
and the Blue Lodge, were all largely represented by their members, at home
and from abroad. Dr. Foster Pratt of Kalamazoo, delivered an appropriate
address at the church, and the last sad rites were concluded at the beautiful
Prospect Hill cemetery, with the solemn and impressive burial ceremonies of the
Knights Templar. It can be truly said *'a good man has fallen." ^'None
knew him but to love him," and those who knew him best loved him most.
Pie was a peculiarly unselfish man, and always considered the interest and
welfare of his friends, as paramount to his own. JSTo man could have been
taken from our midst who would be missed to a greater degree than he. He
was too busy, too charitable, too great-hearted, to accumulate property, and
was never troubled with a great amount of this world's goods, and died in
moderate circumstances. He was a member of the order of Knights of Honor,
through which his children will receive an insurance of $2,000. He also car-
ried an additional insurance of $2,000. These sums he had prudently pro-
vided in the interest of his family, in case of his decease. By his death this
community has lost a valuable citizen, and the medical fraternity one of its
brightest ornaments. Peace to his ashes.

John Hai^imill died in Hartford, at the residence of his son, Daniel
Hamraill, aged 78 years. He had been failing in health for some time, but
was so as to be about until a few days before his death. For several days
before he died, he had fainting fits, but soon recovered from them, until last
Sunday morning, when he grew gradually worse, and died at eleven o'clock
that night. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, and at the age of twenty-one
was married and came to this country, living in New York a number of years,
but for the past thirty years he had been a resident of this and Watervliet
townships.

Jacob Crager was one justly entitled to the name of pioneer," one who
had performed the labors and endured the hardships incident to a life in a
new country. His life was a busy and somewhat eventful one. Like most of
the early settlers, he was a native of one of the Eastern States; born in
AVaync county, New York, May 19, 1819. In 1831 the family moved to
Auburn, Geauga county, Ohio, where he lived with his parents until 1841.
On the 4th of October of that year, he was married to Miss Abigail Cook, a
daughter of Levi and Amy Cook, of that place. He lived there until 1844,
his business being principally farming. In the fall of 1844 he came to Mich-
igan, bought a farm in Bainbridge, Berrien county, and in the following

Memorial Kepoet.

439

spring moved on to it. Having bat little means, and beginning on a new
farm., with a family to support, the first few years of his residence there was
a mere struggle for existence. But possessing a determined will and strong
muscle, he soon placed his family beyond the reach of want. In 1852 he
went to California, leaving his family on the farm. He remained there five
years, his business being dealing in horses. He returned in 1857, and
remained on the farm until 1864, when he moved to Watervleit and engaged
in carrying the mail from Paw Paw to St. Joseph, a business he followed
until his death; but the building of railroads had shortened the route until
he carried it only from this j)lace to Lawrence. The business he followed
brought him in contact with people throughout the country, making his
acquaintance an extensive one. He moved to this village in 1871, where he
followed the mail, stage, and livery business, and built up a^eautiful and
comfortable home. He will be missed by a large circle of acquaintances, and
sadly missed by the family as one who ever labored to make home pleasant.
The funeral was largely attended, people from long distances gathering in
until every seat and space in the church was filled.

Mes. Orson Olds, formerly Miss Renew Scoville, was born in Rutland
county, Vermont, Oct., 1806. About 1820, her father moved with his family
to Niagara county, New York. There in an almost unbroken wilderness, he
vnth others commenced the work of building up for themselves, homes. At
the age of 19, Renew was married to Orson Olds, taking upon herself at that
tender age the responsibilities and care incident to married life. The young
couple set out in life with no other promise than that given as a reward for
industry and economy. They labored faithfully for about 18 years, during
which time they succeeded in conquering poverty, but had not obtained enough
of this world's goods to secure for each of their children a home where the
price of land was so high, and began to look for better opportunities. As
some of his brothers had already settled in this town, they too, chose it as
their future home. Bidding good-bye to old friends, the fond associations of
youth and the comforts with which they were surrounded, they set out, reach-
ing this place in the spring of 1843. They made their first beginning about
four miles south-west of this village. Here in a log house surrounded by the
forest with but few neighbors and deprived of many of the comforts she had
enjoyed in her old home, she labored as only a mother could, to make their
humble home pleasant and comfortable and its inmates happy. After a few
years labor, thinking they might better their condition, they sold out and
bought again near the east part of the township where she spent the remain-
der of her days except the short time they lived in this village. This place
was comparatively new but was soon cleared and brought up to a high state
of cultivation arid is now one of the most pleasant homes in the country.
She lived to realize her hopes in securing and enjoying the comforts of life.
She also reared a family of nine children, all of whom she lived to see com-
fortably situated in life and who together with her aged husband and a num-
ber of grand and great-grandchildren mourn her loss. The funeral was
largely attended, all present feeling as though they had lost a friend.

Edwin Allen Thompson was born in Verona, Oneida county, New York,
February 2, 1811, and died January 9, 1883 ; being, at the time of his death,
71 years, 11 months, and 8 days old.

The following sketch of the life and death of Mr. E. A. Thompson, was
prepared for the Paw Paw True Northerner, by A. H. Herron :

440

PioNEEE Society of Michigait.

On .the 20fch of August, 1834, in Courtland county, New York, he was mar-
ried to Julia A Sutton, who still lingers on this side to mourn her loss.

Of eight children born to them, three sons and five daughters, only two
daughters survive hini.

Mr. Thompson, with his family, moved to Michigan in the fall of 1845,
making Paw Paw his home until January, 1857, with the exception of a year
• or so spent in Berrien county. From 18i9 to 1855, he was foreman of the
extensive boot and shoe manufacturing establishment of A. Sherman & Co.

Mr. Thompson was never a policy man. Having embraced a cause, he was
never half-hearted in its support, but gave to it the whole energy of his being.

In his early manhood' he was profoundly impressed with the enormity of the
crime of human slavery, and, therefore, very naturally espoused the anti-
slavery cau^ so ably championed by Garrison and his compeers, even when to
do so, in many cases, meant social as well as political ostracism. The ques-
tion with him was not, will this or that cause be popular, but is it right ?

Having stood bravely for the cause of the down-trodden and the oppressed
during the years of its unpopularity, he very naturally rejoiced at the culmin-
ation of events that brought about a political revolution in this county and
State in 1854, and later throughout the entire north, and contributed not a
little, with both tongue and pen, to bring about that glorious result.

As a natural sequence, as well as because of his eminent fitness, he was
chosen as one of the standard bearers at the organization of the republican
party in this county in the summer of 1854, and was that fall elected to the
office of Register of Deeds, which office he worthily filled for two years,
when he was appointed to the responsible position of Deputy Secretary of
State by John McKinney, which position he continued to hold for four years,
serving during the last term of Mr. McKmney and the first term of his suc-
cessor, the Hon. Nelson G. I=!bell.

Following his retirement from the Secretary of State's office, for nearly
four years, he held a prominent clerkship in the Auditor General's office, and
until, at the earnest solicitation of the Hon. E. J. House, then Assessor of
Internal Revenue of this district, he returned to Paw Paw and accepted the
office of Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue for this county, in which
position he continued for several years, during which time he also discharged
the duties of County Treasurer for several months of the last term of A. S.
Dyckman.

At the republican State convention of 1866, he was quite a prominent can-
didate for the office of Secretary of State, and was Enrolling Clerk of the
House of Representatives at Lansing during the session of 1869, following
which, and for about two years, he filled acceptably an important clerkship
in the Census Bureau at Washington.

This practically ended the public life of Mr. Thompson, but whether as a
private citizen, or as the incumbent of the various important official positions
held by him, he was never found wanting in ability, or in any of those ele-
ments that go to make up a popular and an efficient public officer. In all his
dealings, whether in the field of politics, or in the quieter walks of private life
he was honest, and faithful to his convictions of right — an example worthy
of emulation. '

Though not a member of any (Christian society, Mr. Thompson was a man of
deep religious convictions, and of high moral attainments, and sought to live
a life void of offense to God and man. He gave liberally of his means for

Memorial Beport.

441

the support of the Gospel, and for several years after returning from Lansing,
held the office of trustee in the Methodist church of Paw Paw, and cheerfully
gave of his time and means for its advancement. It was often the pleasure
of the writer of this humble tribute to his memory, during the years of inti-
mate business relations existing between them, to listen to able and interesting
articles written by him in his hours of leisure, upon the wonderful progress
and triumphs of Christianity in the world, and other kindred subjects. Amid
the trials and afflictions, and bereavements of this life, he manifested an unfal-
tering trust in God. When the soul was well nigh overwhelmed, he was wont
to repeat that matchless poem of Whittier's, entitled, Eternal Goodness.''
A few days before his death he repeated the last stanzas :

" I know not where His islands lift

Their fronded palms In air,
I only know I cannot drift

Beyond His love and care.

"And then O Lord! by whom are seen

Thy creatures as they be,
Forgive me if too close I lean

My human heart on Thee ! "

Intellectually, Mr. Thompson was far above the average, and could he have
enjoyed, in early life, that thorough education which it was the pride of his
life that he might give to his children, he might have held high rank in the
field of letters.

He was a great reader, and being endowed with a wonderful memory, was
enabled to acquire a stock of knowledge and of general information far
beyond the average of those whose earlier advantages had been the same as
his. He loved the companionship of our standard poets, and had a large por-
tion of the writings of Scott, Whittier, and others at his tongue's end.

When Horace Greeley, who was only one day younger than our deceased
friend, and greatly admired by him, was writing his '^Recollections of a busy
life," he regretted seriously his inability to reproduce a certain poem which
had wonderfully impressed him in his earlier days. Though Mr. Thompson
had not seen or thought of the poem for more than 30 years he was able to
recall it all, save a portion of a single verse. When the writer of this memo-
rial announced to him, a few months after his terrible affliction came upon
him, the death, in comparative poverty near Muskegon, of Jonathan Walker,
whom Whittier had immortalized in 1846, as the 'man with the ^^Iranded
hand,^^ he was enabled to recall and repeat nearly or quite the whole of that
stirring poem, though he had not read it for more than twenty years.

]S"aturally of a modest and retiring nature, only those who knew him long
and intimately could thoroughly appreciate his real worth, and the terrible
mental anguish that must have been his through these years of his great
affliction, but which has been borne by him uncomplainingly. Few men have
been more devoted to the interests of their families, and to them no words of
ours can portray the grief they must feel at their loss.

In these years of physical prostration he seemed to be living very near the
Throne. He talked of the loved ones gone before ; of the happy meeting on
the other shore; of the sustaining power of divine grace, and the consolations
of the gospel. His end was peaceful. Without a struggle he passed to the
better land.

442

PiojiTEEB Society oe Michigan.

Detroit Post and Tribune, Jan. 11, 1883.

Edwin A. Thompson, of Paw Paw, died at his residence, January 9, 1883,
after an illness of several years. Mr. Thompson was the first register of
deeds elected by the republicans of Van Buren county, in 1854, and, in
January, 1856, was appointed deputy secretary of State under John McKin-
ney, holding the position from 1856 to 1858 under McKinney, and from
1858 to 1860 under his successor. Following this he filled other responsible
positions under the republican administration at Lansing. Later he returned
to this county again, and for several years was deputy assessor of internal
revenue. In 1866 and 1868 he was a prominent candidate before the republi-
can State convention 'for the nomination of Secretary of State. He was
later enrolling clerk of the house of representatives at Lansing, and for a
year or more filled an important clerkship in the census bureau at Washing-
ton. Some five years ago he had two strokes of paralysis, since which time
he has been almost a helpless invalid. He leaves a widow and two daughters,
one a teacher in the city of Indianapolis and the other in the union school of
this village. He was exceedingly prominent in the earlier anti-slavery agita-
tion by Garrison and his compeers.

Mrs. Sarah A. Hillyard, wife of Harris W. Hillyard of Lawrence,
died March 8, 1883. Mrs. Hillyard was the daughter of Uriel T. and Hul-
dah A. Barnes. She was born in Whitesboro, Oneida county, N. Y., Jan.
2d, 1833. In 1838 her parents came to Lawrence to live, where Mrs. Hill-
yard has spent all her life since. When about 15 years of age, under the
preaching of Rev. Marcus Harrison, she was led to trust in Christ as her
Saviour, and in 1851 she was baptized into the fellowship of the Baptist
church in Lawrence, by Rev. Edwin S. Dunham, where she remained a mem-
ber until death, a period of about 32 years. Feb. 1, 1859, she was married
to Mr. Hillyard by Rev. Edwin S. Dunham. They were the parents of two
bright little boys, both of whom died early, leaving them childless. Mrs.
Hillyard has been a great sufferer for years, although most of the time she
has done the work for herself and husband. Her death, though sudden, was
not unexpected, and we trust that to her, death was gain. Her pastor. Rev.
Mr. Bailey, being ill, her funeral services were conducted by Rev. Mr. Mun-
roe, pastor of the Baptist church at Hartford. The hymns selected by the
choir were beautiful and appropriate. The minister, after reading selections
from the 90th Psalm and 12Lh of EccL, preached a comforting discourse
from Heb. 10:34, Knowing in yourselves that ye have in heaven a better
and enduring substance." After the sermon the Grrange of which our sister
was a member, took charge of the services at the grave. Farewell, dear-
sister.

"We would not call thee back
To tread again life's thorny track,
With us to toil and weep."

WASHTEiTAw County.

443

WASHTENAW COUNTY.

EAKLY SETTLEMENT OF ANN ARBOR — ACCOUNT GIVEN TO MRS. E. Mi
S. STEWART IN 1852 BY MR. BETHUEL PARRAND, WHO DIED
IN ANN ARBOR, JULY 23, 1852.

Read at the Annual Meeting of the State Society, June 14, 1883.

In May, 1825, I emigrated from the town of Aurelius, Cayuga Co., N. Y.,
to Detroit, Mich. Pecuniary losses, and the prospect of the successful prose-
cution of an entensive business enterprise were the motives which induced me
to emigrate. We arrived in safety and spent the summer in the City of the
Straits. A change in my business prospects induced me to remove to Ann
Arbor. Accordingly in the autumn of 1825 I hired a small row boat into
"which I loaded my ^^goods and chattels" and getting my family aboard we
started. I knev^r the journey would be long and tedious, but at that time I
thought it preferable to journeying by land with no other road than an
Indian trail. The first day of our journey we glided down the Detroit river
as far as the mouth of the river Ecorse, where we went ashore and spent the
night. The next day we reached the mouth of Huron river about thirty
miles from Detroit. Hero a family by the name of Truax permitted us to
remain with them over night. On the morning of the third day, we left the
Detroit river and entered the Huron. Thus far our journey had been per-
formed with ease, but now we must row against the current when the stream
would admit of rowing, and when it would not, the boat was propelled by
means of poles. The third night we reached Smooth Rock and stayed at
the house of a Mr. Vreeland. The next morning I heard the boatmen talk-
ing about a bend in the river which we must pass that day. On making
inquiries I learned that the land route to the house of the brother of our
host, Mr. Vreeland, was but two miles, while the route by water would con-
sume most of the day. I then proposed to my wife that I would carry the
babe if she would walk across and wait there for the boat. Our journey was
soon accomplished, but we waited till the stars shone that night before the
boat arrived.

The Huron from Smooth Rock to Ypsilanti is very crooked, and this day's
experience induced me to procure some other mode of conveyance for my
family. I purchased a yoke of oxen and obtained the services of a man
named Johnson with another yoke of oxen and a wagon, and taking from
the boat such articles as we should need, on the morning of the fifth day we
again set forward, leaving the boat to make the best of its devious course.
The country through which we passed was rolling; there was no road, so we
dodged here and there through the openings, over hills so steep that it
required all the strength of both yokes of oxen to make the ascent, and to
descend safely we would take one yoke of oxen and fiisten them with a chain
to the back end of the wagon and they would pull back while the other yoke
went forward.

We reached Ann Arbor on the seventh day after leaving Detroit, but the
boat containing our goods did not arrive at Snow's landing, four miles below
Ypsilanti, which was as far as it could come, till the fifteenth day. It cost
me forty dollars to come from Detroit to Ann Arbor.

We found twenty-six families in what is now called the upper town, and

444 Pioneer Society of Michigan^.

eight log dwelling houses, and one small frame building occupied by Cyrus
Beckwith as a store, and containing about two hundred dollars' worth of
goods.

We moved into a log house which already contained two families, and was
a hotel and boarding house besides.

My own family consisted of nine persons, which was quite an addition to
the former occupants, and we found that the three families numbered twenty-
six. Each family occupied a separate room, but we found ourselves packed in
very close quarters.

lir. David E. Lord was the first physician in Ann Arbor, and he and his
family formed a part of our household community. The other family was
that of George Roberts.

We found the people all very kind, warm hearted, and social, but all poor,
mutually dependent on each other, and mutually inclined to assist each other.

I had provided myself with three barrels of flour and such groceries as I
thought necessary for my family's present use, but had not purchased my
meat, supposing I could procure it here.

One morning, about a week after our arrival, one of my little daughters
cried for some meat. I thought I would go to a neighbor's and borrow some
pork, till I could obtain a supply. To my surprise, I learned that there had
never been any pork killed in the settlement, and every one was as destitute
as myself. I could not bear to hear my children cry for any kind of food
which it was in my power to procure, so I started the next morning for
Detroit. When I reached Plymouth I was joined by Henry Ward and Esquire
Root, who were going on the same errand. We had fifty dollars each, making
one hundred and fifty, a part of which we expended in the purchase of eighty
bushels of wheat, which we obtained low by purchasing such a quantity.

Just before leaving Detroit, we noticed a vessel coming up the river loaded
with hogs. As soon as the vessel hove to, I went on board, and found that
the owner was a man hy the name of Leonard, with whom I was acquainted.
Of him I purchased eight hogs for myself, and eight for my two friends, and
advised Mr. Leonard to come with the remainder of the drove to Ann Arbor.
When we reached Springwells we met a man with a drove of fat cattle, and
I bought a cow.

I reached home near night of the second day, and the next morning before
breakfast, I killed my cow and divided the meat among my neighbors, only
being able to reserve enough for one meal for my own family. After break-
fast I commenced butchering the hogs, and they were also divided, till only
two of the eight remained for myself. Fortunately for the inhabitants, Mr.
Leonard had taken my advice, and arrived the next day, and all were well
supplied. Mr. James Dunn of Tonquish Plains, got my wheat floured at the
Buckland Mills and brought it to Ann Arbor. Two of rny barrels of flour
and the flour from all my share of the eighty bushels of wheat was gone in
fifteen days.

The first saw-mill in Ann Arbor was built by George W. Noyes, and was
complete when I arrived there, except the saw, which he had not the means
to purchase. Having a little money on hand, I lent him the required sum,
and he started off immediately to make the purchase. Having obtained his
saw, he carried it on his shoulder from Detroit to the mouth of the river
Ecorse from whence it was brought in a boat. Tluit saw-mill was a great

Early Settlement of Ann Arbor.

445

blessing to the young town. Poor George Noyes ! he was suddenly killed a
few years after at the raising of a house.

After my return from Detroit I began to make arrangements to build a
house on the lot now owned by Norton R. Ramsdell, Esq. I concluded to
merely erect a lean-to for the winter and in the spring build an upright part
in a proper manner. I raised a light frame and enclosed it by setting planks
upright and close together. The floor was laid of loose boards, the fire-place
and hearth were of cobble stone, and the chimney was of sticks plastered
over with mortar. One part of the house was partitioned off into two bed
rooms; we had also a snug little pantry and a recess for another bed. In
about four weeks we took possession ; and when my wife had neatly arranged
the furniture and we were once more settled in a home of our own we con-
sidered ourselves the happiest family in the village.

Soon after I came to Detroit I made a contract to carry the mail from
Detroit to Ann Arbor for four years, and all that time I forded all the
streams, never once crossing a bridge, for there were none to cross. During
the winter of 1825 and 1826 my son Lucius and I carried the mail on horse-
back, and often in fording the rivers in high water we were obliged to secure
the mail bags on the top of the saddle, grasp the horse's main and swim
him over.

On the first day of March, 1826, I began to cut a road from Ann Arbor
to Detroit, on the Indian trail running by my present residence. I got all
the help I could, and in sixty days completed a wagon road through from Ann
Arbor to Plymouth. On the first day of May, 1826, I took a light two-horse
wagon and three Indian ponies, and went to Detroit one day and back the
next. This was a great wonder in those days, and my friends expostulated
with me, asserting that such an enterprise was the most enthusiastic entrava-
gance, and if I persisted in it, I would certainly fail in less than a year. But
I did not fail, and instead, I found my mail contract of some value, as the
tide of emigration was setting westward, and my pioneer stage was loaded with
passengers.

Sometime in the summer. Major Edward, who was then speaker in the
Legislature, passed over the road on his way farther west. On his return, he
made inquiries of Esquire Root concerning the opening of the road, and on
learning the facts, he advised me to apply to the Legislature for a remunera-
tive appropriation. I took his advice, and two years afterward received $200.

When necessary to feed my horses in those staging days, I would choose
some dry, shady spot, drive out by the side of the road, unhitch my horses,
and turn them out to browse, and leave the passengers to enjoy themselves as
they chose. In pleasant weather, and at low water, the trips to and from
Detroit were not unpleasant, but in the winter and in high water it was not
only unpleasant but sometimes dangerous. Twice during the four years my
conveyance was upset in the river, and I had various other hair-breadth escapes.

Once, when the time came for me to start for Detroit, the Huron was frozen
over except in the middle, and my friends gathered around me and tried to
dissuade me from attempting to cross, but I resolved to try. I had a good
span of horses; when I got out on the ice a short distance the ice broke, and
down went horses and wagon together. Nothing daunted, the horses pushed
on till they reached the edge of the ice on the opposite side, the water was so
deep that the ice was up to their chins: they settled back on their haunches,

446 Pioneer Society of MicmaAisr.

raised their fore feet, and brought them down with great force on the ice, and
thus continued to break a path for themselves to the shore.

In 1826 the population increased very rapidly, but most of the emigrants,
though highly respectable, and many of them well educated, were poor. As
yet the soil did not produce enough to support its cultivators, and there must
have been a great amount of suffering in Washtenaw county, but for the
benevolent kindness of E. P. Hastings and 0. 0. Trowbridge, directors of
the old bank of Michigan. They proposed that a number of the inhab-
itants of Ann Arbor give their joint notes to the bank, which these two direct-
ors would discount. By this benevolent arrangement the people were enabled
to live comfortably, and in time the debt was cancelled.

In 1827, Messrs Hastings and Trowbridge wished me to ascertain how much
money there was in Washtenaw county. On minute inquiry, the sum total,
so far as I could ascertain, was seventy-two or seventy-three dollars.

In March, 1829, I was appointed by the Governor as one of the commis-
sioners to go with Jonathan F. Stratton and Oliver Whittemore to determine
the central point of Jackson county. We were accompanied by Dr. Benja-
min Packard and Elijah P. Morgan. We found a saw-mill commenced a
little above where the village of Jackson now stands. A Mr. Gillett was at
work on the mill, and Mrs. Gillett was the only woman in the place. We
surveyed the county during the day, returning to Mr. Gillett' s at night.

After some days spent in this manner, we at length stuck the stake for the
center of the county, on the hill opposite John N. Dwight's residence. We
found lime, sandstone, and Spanish brown during our explorations. Mr.
Morgan made out an interesting report, but from some dissatisfaction,
another set of commissioners were sent out, who removed the stake about
thirty rods towards the river.

After the expiration of my mail contract I exchanged my property for a
farm of eighty acres, where I now live. During the summer I built a double
log house, forty feet long and twenty feet wide. I moved my family in the
fall of 1829. In 1835 I bought a few acres where this house stands, and here
I have lived ever since.

MEMORIAL REPORT.
BY E. D. LAY.

The following are obituary notices of the deaths of pioneers in Washtenaw
county, between June 7, 1882, and June 6, 1883 :

Miss Phebb Lamson" died June 14, 1883, in her 86th year, and had resided
in Ypsilanti over 40 years.

Mks. Catherine Hill died June 21, 1882, aged 72 years, and had been a
resident of Ann Arbor 52 years.

John" AYesley Brooks, a colored Methodist preacher, died in Ann Arbor,
Juno 22, 1882, aged 84 years, and had resided in Washtenaw county over 50
years.

Mrs. Mary Ann Naylor died July 20, 1882, aged 81 years, a resident of
Northfield for half a century.^

John Prior died July 11, 1882, aged 83 years; settled in Salem, in this
€ounty, in 1832.

Memoeial Eeport.

447

Mes. Lucretia Williams Felch, wife of ex-Governor Felch, died July
30, 1882, aged 64 years, 6 months, and 29 days; had been a resident of Ann
Arbor 39 years.

Mes. Maegaeet Kobles died July 29, 1882, aged 81 years, and had
resided in Dexter, in this county, 57 years.

Mrs. Sophia CubHiKG died in Webster, in this county, (date not known) ;
an old resident, and had lived on the farm where she died for forty years.

Oolli]S"S B. Cook died at Sault de Ste. Marie, July 29, 1882, aged 74 years*
and had made this county his home for 40 years.

Mrs. Elizabeth Cook died August 31, 1882, aged 76 years, and had
resided in J^orthfield, in this county, for 50 years.

John N. Gott died September 6, 1882, in his 69th year, and had been a
resident of Ann Arbor 42 years.

Mes. M. Seabott died October 1, 1882, aged 82 years, and had resided in
Ann Arbor 45 years.

Mes. Haeeiet Staek died September 29, 1882, aged 72 years, and had
been a resident of Augusta and Ypsilanti, in this county, nearly 50 years.

Almon Peekiks died in Ypsilanti, October, 1882, by falling from a
building, aged 72 years and six months, and had resided in Michigan fifty-
six years. Three years of the time he lived near Green's lake; twenty-six
years in Van Bureu, Wayne county, near Denton, and twenty-seven years in
Ypsilanti city and town.

Geoegb McDougall died JSTovember 12, 1882, aged 81 years; and had
resided in Washtenaw county 54 years.

Bejtjamik Thompso^t died November 17, 1882, aged 77 years; and had
lived in Ypsilanti village and city 52 years.

Mes. Maetha Shaw died JSTovember 14, 1882, aged 82 years and 6 months,
and had resided in Ypsilanti township and city over 40 years.

HoK". J. Webstee Ohilds died at his home in Augusta, in this county,
November 11, 1882, aged 56 years; a resident of said township for 34 years.
Mr. Ohilds was a person well known throughout the State, and esteemed for
his many noble qualities, and was called to fill many responsible and honor-
able offices, both in his own town and in the State Legislature.

Teumak B. Goodspeed died November 28, 1882, in the court-house at
Ann Arbor, of apoplexy, aged 57 years, and had resided in Superior township,
in this county, 56 years.

IsEAEL KoGEES died November 29, 1882, aged 88 years and 6 months ; a
long resident of Washtenaw county.

Mes. Maet N. Ieish died December 9, 1882, aged 70 yea>vs, and had
resided in Ann Arbor 47 years.

Job Gaeton died December 19, 1882, aged 79 years, and had been a resi-
dent of Ypsilanti township and Augusta, in this county, over 50 years.

Russell Beiggs died December 18, 1882 (his age not known), and had
lived in Washtenaw county 56 years. Mr. Briggs was a delegate to the first
constitutional convention of Michigan.

Daniel O'Haea died in Ann xlrbor township December 22, 1882, aged
80 years, and had lived in that township near 40 years.

448 Pioneer Society of MioHiaAN-.

Lewis Cosy died in Ypsilanti city, December 23, 1882^ aged 74 years, and
had been a resident of this county 38 years.

Gekmokd Sheewood died in Ypsilanti township, December 27, 1882, aged
80 years, and had lived in said township 28 years.

James B. Gott died December 17, 1882, aged 64 years, and had resided in
Ann Arbor 46 years.

Professor Johk F. Nichols died January 7, 1883, aged 63 years ; a long
resident of Washtenaw county.

Mrs. Johk Doane died January 5, 1883, aged 73 years, and had resided in
Washentaw county 49 years.

Mrs. Julia A. Knapp died January 12, 1883, aged 79 years. First resi-
dence at Dixborough, then Ann Arbor, then Ypsilanti, and lastly in Superior,
where she died ; a resident of the county 53 years.

Paul Mi^txis died January 11, 1883, aged 84 years, and had lived in Ann
Arbor 51 years.

OwEK Gallager died January, 1883, aged 62 years ; a resident of this
county 53 years.

Hoi^. Newton Sheldon died in Ann Arbor, January 12, 1883, aged 73
years; an old resident of Washentaw county.

Mrs. Eobert K. Ailes died January 11, 1883, aged 58 years, and had
resided in Michigan 48 years, and in Ann Arbor 34 years.

Mrs. Khoda Puller died January 19, 1883, aged 93 years; and had been
a resident of Ann Arbor 53 years.

Thomas Fitzimmoks died January 26, 1883, aged 82 years, and had resided
in the county 34 years.

Hon. Charles Shier died January 29, 1883, aged 78 years; and had
been a resident of Ypsilanti township and city 38 years.

John Starkweather died February 2, 1883, aged 75 years, and had been
a resident of Ypsilanti township and city over 40 years.

Mrs. Sarah Rorison died February 15, 1883, in her 78th year, and had
resided in Ypsilanti township and city 47 years.

Mrs. Maria Aber died September 19th, 1882, in her 80th year, and had
been a resident of Washtenaw county 46 years.

Henry Davidson died February 20, 1883, aged 83 years ; an old resident
of Saline and Ypsilanti city.

Henry Stumpenhusen died February 22, 1883, aged 69 years and 6
months; a resident of Ypsilanti 46 years.

Philo Galpin died Marcli 4, 1883, aged 80 years, and had lived upon the
farm where he died, in Superior township, 51 years.

Mrs. Norman A. Phelps died February 25, 1883, aged 71 years; a resident
of Washtenaw county 51 years.

E. G. Cooper died February 22, 1883, aged 73 years ; a resident of Wash-
tenaw county 52 years.

Mrs. Catharine Fogarty died March 7, 1883 (age not known); a resi-
ident of Ann Arbor over 40 years.

John S. Reed died March 16, 1883, aged 71 years, and had lived in the
county 48 years.

Memorial Eepokt.

449

Mrs. Martha Lamb died March 21, 1883, aged 64 years, and was a resi-
dent of Saline township 52 years.

Oliver M. Martik died March 28, 1883, aged 67 years and 6 months, and
had resided in Ann Arbor 43 years.

Mrs. Jane Galpin, wife of the late Philo Galpin, died March 27, 1883 ,
aged 77 years, and had lived on the farm where she died 51 years.

Cornelius D. Goodrich died April 5, 1883, aged 66 years, and had been
a resident of Ann Arbor 52 years, and a resident of Michigan 56 years.

Hathcott M. Mowrt died April 1], 1883, aged 76 years; and had
been a resident of Ann Arbor city and town 50 years.

Wm. Kanause died April 13, 1883, aged 65 years. He had been a resi-
dent of Washtenaw county 51 years.

Timothy Showerman died April 8, 1883, aged 87 years; and had liyed
in Ypsilanti city 49 years.

Mrs. Foster, widow of the late Lemuel Foster of Ann Arbor town, died
April 17, 1883, aged 82 years; and had lived in Washtenaw county 54
years.

David Botsford died April 10, 1883, aged 80 years; and had lived upon
the farm where he died in Salem township 52 years.

Mrs. Packard, wife of Orson Packard, died in the last week in April,
1883, aged 77 3^ears; and had been a resident of Salem township 57 years.

John B. Smith died April 6, 1883, aged 80 years; a resident of Ypsi-
lanti 47 years.

Henry Yanson died in Salem, May 13, 1883, aged 77 years; and had
lived in Washtenaw county 53 years.

Charles Williams died May 20, 1883, aged 70 years; and had been a
resident of Washtenaw county 54 years.

Mrs. Olive A. Johnson died April 8, 1883, aged 85 years; an old
resident of Dexter in this county.

Mrs. Ellen Martin died in Ann Arbor March 19, 1883 (age not
known) ; and had lived in Washtenaw county 53 years.

Benjamin Ackley died February 25, 1883, aged 81 years; and had
lived in Washtenaw county over 40 years.

Mrs. Sarah A. Larue died April 30, 1883, aged 77 years ; and had
been a resident of Washtenaw county 48 years.

Mrs. Mary E. Hicks died May 24, 1883, aged 51 years. Mrs. Hicks
was born in Washtenaw county, and had always been a resident of said
county.

Ages of the Pioneers that have died in Washtenaw county between June
7, 1882, and June 13, 1883.

Between 90 and 95 _ 1

Between 85 and 90 4

Between 80 and 85 - -.18

Between 75 and 80 _ _ 14

Between 70 and 75 14 •

Between 65 and 70 5

450 Pioneer Society of MicHiaAisr.

Between 60 and 65 - 5

Between 55 and 60 „ 3

Between 50 and 55 _-. 1

THE FUNERAL SERVICES OF HON. JAMES WEBSTER CHILDS.

From the Ypsilanti Commercial, Nov. IS, 1882.

Last Saturday all that was mortal of our honored friend was deposited in
the silent grave — in the modest cemetery near the little church in which he
and his companion for so many years had worshiped God. As was fitting,
here were held the funeral services, and here were spoken by honored repre-
sentatives at home and from abroad, words of esteem worthy testimonials of
his life record. Mr. Ohilds busy life made this humble town of Augusta and
the Ohilds neighborhood honorably known throughout the State. Remarks
made by others at his funeral, given mainly in the language of the speakers,
show the estimate of his life and character. We were acquainted with him
mainly as a public man, it being our pleasure the last eighteen years to sup-
port him, and always with zeal, for important public trusts. Our last in this
line was in 1880, a sincere and earnest advocacy of his nomination as a can-
didate for Congress in this district. Though defeated by treachery it came
not from a single professed friend in this section. Never was a man supported
with more zeal by home friends.

During his sickness of several months the companion of his youth watched
over him with intense solicitude, accompanied him to the far west in search
of health, and smoothed his dying pillow, as did a son and daughter, and other
near and dear relatives. From this city, aside from his nephew, L- E. Ohilds
and family, Mr. and Mrs. 0. A. Ainsworth, the latter a niece. Dr. Hall, Mr.
and Mrs. P. S. Finley, and ourself attended the obsequies. Also Hon. Edward
King and many others from the town being present. President Abbot was
accompanied by his daughter and Mr. Cassady who has charge of the green
house at the Agricultural College. The latter contributed beautiful floral
testimonials of their high regard for the deceased. Services were held at the
house, when an immense procession of carriages moved to the church where
was already assembled a large concourse of people. Happily it was a beauti-
ful day. The pall bearers, long time esteemed neighbors, were A. R. Darling,
J. B. Lord, S. P. Ballard, P. H. Harris, Thomas Moore, George Moore. The J
choir, composed of the Gardner family, assisted by the Misses Barr, sang sweetly \
the appropriate selections. Rev. W. H. Blair delivered a discourse founded
on the texts :

''For now we desire a better country, that is an heavenly.^' — Heb. xi, 16.

**ln my Father's house are many mansions." — John xiv, 2.

It was a brief presentation of heaven as home contrasted with our home
here. A happy and beautiful, an abiding, a spacious home. Others were
designated to give an account of his life and character; he briefly gave expres-
sion to his last desires, closing with the following: "Had you heard all the
entreaties which within these walls have fallen from the lips now silent in
death, you would have known more of the true piety of our departed friend.
For twenty-eight successive years he was the honored superintendent of the
little Sabbath-school that regularly mec in this house. And it always seemed

Funeral Sekvices or James Webster Childs. 451

to me that a more earnest and faithful man never stood before a Sabbath
school. Just before he took his bed for the last time, he showed his zeal for
the cause that for so many years lay heaviest on his heart. He was helped,
into his carriage, driven to Fraternity Grange hall, carried in by his brethren,
and such a sermon seldom falls from the lips of a dying man. If the mem-
bers of Fraternity Grange do not find their way to heaven through the love of
a crucified Redeemer, it will not be because J. Webster Childs failed to urge
them to do it."

EEMARKS BY AKDREW CAMPBELL.

Our friend lies before us in the solemn stillness of death ; loving hands
have adorned him for his burial. After life's fitful fever, he seems to sleep
well." But there is a cold, stern realism about death that cannot be hidden.
As we lay the pale form away, we shudder at the breathless darkness of the
narrow house — at the dust returning to the dust again. In this hour of gloom
we may open our hearts to the soothing, healing power of God, through
nature, as under the open sky, we lend a listening ear to his teaching. But
we are not left to that alone. A deeper revelation of God has been made
through Christ than through nature. We have received a positive and affirm-
ative answer to the question, *'If a man die, shall he live again?*' ^'Because
I live ye shall live also." Down through the ages have come these words of
the blessed Jesus. And upon him alone our friend placed his trust. In the
slow, wearing agony and the weary wasting pain of disease, like the captain
of our salvation, he was perfected through suffering. He esteemed it a great
privilege to live in this age of the world, and would gladly have remained
with us if it had been God's will. But at the last he was ready and even
anxious to go. With a modesty characteristic of the man, he had nothing to
say in regard to what he had done, but rested solely on the merit of Christ
for his final salvation. His faith was not a mere speculative, intellectual
affair, but a living, vital principle permeating his whole life and character,
and embodying itself in works. He possessed all the elements of true great-
ness, a high moral purpose, a strong will, and a clear incisive intellect, a com-
bination that gave him a wonderful intensity of personality and force of
character. He was pure in life, and true to himself, consequently he was not
false to any other man. He was the faithful man that is so hard to find.
Faithful as a friend, faithful as a husband — speaking fondly of his wife as
the best woman God ever made, — faithful as a citizen, uncompromisingly
true to the fundamental principles of his party, with that generous trust in
his fellow man that is the underlying principle of all true democracy. And
though this generous trust was often abused, yet he had so much of that
charity that suffers long, he still kept on hoping, believing, enduring. And
though looking at it from a certain standpoint, the wrongs he suffered were
outrageous, yet with malice toward none and charity for all, this gentle, lov-
ing soul passed quietly from earth to heaven. Whilst there was this under-
lying tenderness of character, best known to his intimate friends, he was
most emphatically a man amongst men. But there are those here better
qualified than I to speak of his public career. I had the privilege of meet-
ing Brother Childs a day or two before he died, and I felt it was true that
*^the chamber where a good man meets his fate is privileged beyond the com-
mon walks of life." He had so maiiy things he wanted to say to me, but was
not able; but there was a gleam of the old light in his eye, and the same

452

Pio^^^EER Society or MiCHiaA^^.

fond, lingering pressure in the eagerly extended hand. After listening to an
account of their western trip, told mainly by Mrs. Ohilds, and giving a brief
rehearsal of the incidents at the death-bed of my daughter, in which he
seemed much interested, I quietly left the room, fearing I might weary him.
He sent for me again, with the request that I would pray with him. I did so,
he interposing several hearty *^Amens" where I expressed the real sentiments
of his own heart. He took my hand at the close and said : " You have been
a true friend to me, one of my truest, and I shall expect to spend eternity
with you hereafter.'' With dropping tears I kissed him, and with a hearty
"God bless you" I left him, meaning to come again. I came, but the pale
messenger was here before me, and Brother Childs was with the blessed dead,
resting from his labors, and his works will surely follow him.

EEMAEKS OF WILLIAM CAMPBELL.

I would add briefly a few items of testimony in regard to the private life of
him who has been called to a higher, nobler sphere than earth affords.

I will not call your attention to his gifts as a statesman, except to say that
he was far better fitted for President of the United States than the one who
now occupies the chair.

Of his speeches, his public career, and the many positions he filled so ably
and well I will only say that the desire to do good was the frame-work and
moving principle throughout, of all his efforts public or private.

Allow me to speak of his influence upon me as representing his power over
very many others.

In pioneer days the township libraries were the best sources of information
within reach of the reading public.

Each school district could draw a given proportion of books from the
town library, which was kept by the township clerk, and exchange them at
set intervals.

About this time of the year, thirty-four years ago, dressed in the rough
homespun of the period with a grain bag full of those books to be exchanged,
I reached the residence of Mr. Aaron Ohilds, he being township clerk, to
find that he was absent, and in his place a tall, robust, tine looking stranger,
who courteously told me that he was acting clerk that day, and at once com-
menced to assist me in selecting books for our winter's reading.

This was J. Webster Ohilds. He was fresh from the schools of the East,
and had enjoyed school privileges far beyond what the farmers' sons of this
neighborhood could then obtain. He had a knowledge of the current litera-
ture of the day which was then to be found in books, quite remarkable for a
man as young as he was then, and with great freedom he expressed his
opinion of the authors. Even then he was fluent of speech.

I was deeply impressed with his kind, genial manner, his intelligence and
manly bearing and looked upon him as many others did, as a model type of
true manhood. He won my confidence at once and has always retained it.

When a few months later he taught school for the winter in the little old
school-house that then stood just across the way, he gathered in the young
men in the vicinity, and trusted them for their tuition. And then others
with myself enjoyed privileges not before afforded by the district school.

Permit me here to state that in all my experience, with the exception of
Prof. Estabrook, I have never been acquainted with a man who could secure

FuNEKAL Services of James Webster Childs. 453

and hold the confidence of young people as the one who has finished his
labor and left such a harvest of good works behind him.

I have been under a number of noted teachers, but for influence actually
valuable I am more indebted to him than to any of them. He taught well
not only what was in the books, he taught temperance, uprightness, and
virtue.

His temperance lectures given in the school-houses at that time vfere well
received and largely attended. Many signed the pledge, some of whom I
know have never drank a glass of spirituous liquor since. Throughout all
these years in whatever place or position, he was a true temperance man in
principle and practice.

A very prominent point in the life of him whose precious dust now lies
before us, is that when weary and worn with the arduous struggle of public
life, instead of having recourse to strong drink and carousing as many
public men do, he always sought the retirement of his own home to rest and
recruit. None but those familiar with his every day life, know how much
his home was to him, not only for the rest it brought, but for the counsel
and encouragement he sought and obtained there, of her who with such zeal
and ability fulfilled the duties of her position, — helpmate, counselor, and wife.

The farm that he bought soon after closing his school is the spot where
under his eye all these buildings have been erected, these orchards raised,
the many improvements made and many others planned, which if his life
had been spared would have been carried out in detail.

His house where so many gatherings have been held and enjoyed is the
acknowledged center of a large neighborhood. In that home might be met
many who had come to seek his advice and assistance in their trials or their
afflictions, and he was ever ready to lend an ear to the rich or poor. The
amount of time he thus gave up to those who sought his help was Surprising,
and in fact often greatly hindered him in carrying out his plans. But in
those opportunities he spoke many a word that strengthened the faith and
encouraged the hearts of those who sought him because they knew he had
a clear head, an honest heart and a large supply of common sense.

The public know well of his friendship and work for the higher educa-
tional institutions in the State. But his main work for education has been
done right here in his own township, where the condition of the public
schools and his Sabbath school and the material they have sent out to the
world, compare favorably with other localities apparently better situated.
Many of you can remember how through storm and sunshine, in spite of
physical ailments and every possible hindrance, he has attended the Sabbath
school, and week by week for these many years with great earnestness and
ability set before it the truths taught in the Bible.

Already a large number of those whom he helped to find the heavenly
road, are safely across the river of death, and have doubtless already welcomed
his ransomed spirit to the mansions of the blest.

This church is a standing evidence of his zeal for the cause of religion.
How was it built and how was it sustained? He raised what he could outside^
then paid the rest himself. In fact so tired was he sometimes in trying to
raise subscriptions for the church, that he was wont to remark that in look-
ing forward to the joys of Heaven, a precious thought to him was that ^'there
would be no subscription papers there."

Still he worked on, till now the church and Sabbath school have many

454

Pioneer Society oe MiOHiaAx.

earnest workers, here and elsewhere, who will carry forward the work he
began.

He has had an active part in all the laudable enterprises of the neighbor-
hood. His name has been a power in the stave factory, the cheese factory,
the grange, and other institutions. From all of them he has come out with
clean hands and unsullied reputation; none of them can say that he took a
cent from them wrongfully. In brief, his surroundings were such, his meth-
ods of life were such that he was well fitted to live, he was well fitted to die.

REMARKS OF C. H. RICHMOND.

Friends : — The testimony of the silent presence of so large a number of
the friends and neighbors of Mr. Ohilds, gives stronger evidence of the respect
and esteem in which his memory is held, than any words I may speak on this
occasion. Permit me, however, to assure you that there are very many beyond
the limits of this immediate neighborhood who have had the pleasure of along
and favorable acquaintance, enjoyed the friendship and felt the manly influ-
ence of Mr. Childs, and who now share and sympathize with you in his loss.
His reputation as a man of honor, in public as well as private life, is known
throughout the State.

I have known him long and well, and out of that acquaintance had grown
a strong and lasting friendship, not from any special favors received, but out
of respect for the man, exhibiting in his daily life those traits of character
which distinguish the true and Christian gentleman. I make no venture in
asserting that in public as in private life, he has made a reputation that
is unimpeachable. There are some characters over which the shadow of the
dark cloud of wickedness, corruption, and sin, which overhangs, especially
the citizens in public life, may pass without leaving a stain or taint, but they
are few. Such a character was his.

No project or enterprise which was calculated or intended for the welfare of
this people or society was ever thrust aside, but it received from him efficient
aid and support. Such is the testimony of all. In the death of J. Webster
Childs the State has lost a valuable man, this neighborhood a good citizen,
and all a true friend.

I can not so far forget the proprieties of the time and occasion as to impose
upon your sorrowful meditations any further remarks. Our neighbor and
friend is gone, but he has left for all, the heritage of a good example, the con-
templation of which, I hope, will exert a wise and guiding influence over the
remaining years of our earthly pilgrimage, so that when each in his time shall
be called to pass through ''the dark valley" it shall be with the testimony of
a good conscience, ''in the confidence of a certain faith, in the comfort of a
reasonable hope, in favor with God, and in charity with the world."

REMARKS BY CHIEF J*USTICE T. M. COOLEY.

The Romans, wlien a man passed away, who during life had received the
civic crown for distinguished public service, were accustomed to lay the crown
upon the body and bear it to the public forum, where a discourse commemo-
rative of liis services was delivered to perpetuate his memory. James Webster
Childs received many times from his fellow citizens of Michigan the crown of
tlieir approval, and it seems eminently fitting that one who has known some-
thing of their reasons for this should give testimony to its worthy bestowal.
It would hardly become us to say much of Mr. Childs in his social and family

Funeral Services oe James Webster Childs. 455

relations, for though I knew him for a quarter of a century, to-day for the
first time have I crossed the threshold of his home. Others much better than
I can depict his character and describe his labors as a religious man, for I
think never in my life but once was I with him in a house of worship. My
acquaintance with him concerned his public life almost exclusively, and when
I had occasion to meet him, he was usually in the performance of some public
duty.

And yet it would be impossible fitly to speak of Webster Childs as a public
man without giving some prominence to his social virtues and to his religious
character. It is one of the great evils of the present day that with a great
many persons, and especially those in public life a line of distinction is drawn
between public and private morality, and many things are tolerated and even
excused in public affairs which in private life would be looked upon as censur-
able if not absolutely dishonest. Many persons who even profess to be relig-
ious seem to leave their professions behind in whatever they may have to do
which pertains to government, and men excuse it for a supposed impossibility
of making a free morality the standard for public life. But Mr. Childs never
drew any such distinction, or tolerated any such idea. When he entered pub-
lic life he took with him the morality of his home ; and the moral restraints
which governed his actions at home were just as much about him elsewhere
as they were when with his own household. Surrounded, as he must often
have been, with the temptations to which others yielded, I think it may be
said with the utmost confidence that he went into no place where he would
have considered it unsafe to take his son, and that he indulged in nothing
which a self-respecting man would be unwilling to let his wife or daughter
know. His religious character was just as much a part of his public as of his
private life, and therefore to some extent it becomes necessary to mention the
one when I speak of the other.

It is twenty-four years now since Webster Childs became a man of mark in
the State, and from that time we only will speak of him as a public man.
He had taken part in the organization of a party on a great moral idea, and
he felt intensely on the questions involved in the political issues, as most of
his associates did also. The tendency of the times, and of the issues were
such as to make men look at the great question to the neglect or forgetfulness
of others, and the party to which he belonged was regarded by many as nar-
row, and a party of one idea. But Webster Childs was never narrow, and
never a man of one idea. He was a partisan, and in a certain sense an intense
partisan, but for public affairs in general he had a cool head and a well
informed judgment, and from the day he took his seat in the Legislature to
the day he left it, no man's voice commanded more attention, and no man's
judgment was more sought after in the great variety of State affairs with
which that body had to deal. And his associates always felt that if he erred,
he erred honestly, for his conscience was always awake and always ready with
its monitions.

And this leads me to say that Mr. Childs was always a politician of the
better sort. I almost hesitate to make use of this appellation above his dead
body, for the word has come to have an equivocal meaning in the public mind,
and seems to imply as generally used, one who subordinates public duty to
private interest, and who treats the public service as a mere convenience in
personal aggrandizement and accumulation. But Webster Childs was never
such a politician as this. He had his ambitions, as any man may honorably

456 Pioneer Society op Michigan".

have; but in public life public duty was his sole guide, and the man does not
live who can truthfully say that Mr. Ohilds as a legislator ever cast a vote
contrary to his convictions to further his own interests, or that he ever sub-
ordinated the rights of the public to his own selfish ends. Nor, though he
was a strong politician in a party sense, was it ever his purpose or desire to
treat his opponent unfairly. We have all listened with pleasure to the just
and very hearty tribute which has been paid to him by the one just elected to
the place he formerly held in the Senate, a gentleman always opposed to him
politically, but who recognized and cheerfully testifies to his public and pri-
vate virtues. Mr. Childs never stooped to low tricks to advance party ends.
He labored hard for his party, but he always sought to convince the reason of
his opponents, and while he used the utmost plainness of speech, when he
thought the occasion called for it, he always accorded the same freedom of
speech to those who opposed him. I mig^ht say many things of him in this
connection which it would be pleasant to recall, but time will not permit.

We are accustomed, when we place above the coffin the flowers and the
emblematic sheaf and sickle, to say: *'This is the end of earth." But my
friends, this is not the end of earth with Webster Childs. A large part of
our business in this life is educational; it consists in imparting to the rising
generation our own acquirements and accumulated experience, and the bene-
fits of the accumulations of those who have gone before us ; and it is by such
means that we may hope that each generation will be wiser and better than
the last. I was not aware until to-day that Mr. Ohilds had ever taught school;
but I knew that he was a teacher always. He taught public morality by his
public conduct ; he taught private morality in the meetings which convened
to hear him in the school-houses and churches. He was a man who loved to
gather and impart facts, and I doubt if ever a man met him, in the Orange
or any other society of which he was a member, and was within the sound of
his voice, without taking with him as he went away some new fact or new
thought, or some valuable suggestion which had not occurred to him before.
For myself, I count the institution by Mr. Ohilds of the Sunday-school in this
house as a part of his public life. And it is a touching evidence of his devotion
to duty that he retained this position of teacher of children, which to many will
appear so very humble, even when he was most prominent in the public coun-
sels. His labors in instruction on a large field are a part of the public history
of the State. He stood by the side, and was the ready and wise assistant of
the president of the State Agricultural College while that institution was
achieving a reputation, and acquiring a standin£- of which the State is justly
proud, and his heart was in the educational work of the State in every branch
of it from highest to lowest, and his careful attention frequently given to the
details of its legislation and administration.

No, my friends, this is not all of earth of J. Webster Childs. He lives in
the instruction he has given within this church; the children of this whole
community are the better and the wiser for his teaching. He lives in the
example which he has been to his neighbors and friends. He lives in the
legislation of the State which he assisted to shape and improve, and in the
noble college of whose governing board he was so long a faithful and a useful
member, and he lives, I trust, to some extent in our own lives and conduct;
for we severally ought to be, and I trust we are, the better that he has lived,
and that he has set for us so noble an example of strict fidelity to every pub-
lic and private duty.

FuNEEAL Seryioes OF James Webster Childs. 457

KEMARKS BY PRESIDENT ABBOT OF THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

He said other speakers had gone over the private character and public life
of Mr. Ohilds. It only remained for hitn to endorse what others had said
and to speak of Mr. Ohilds as his own personal friend. He could assure
these, his many friends who were manifesting such respect and love for the
deceased, that such as Mr. Ohilds appeared to them he was when away from
them. President Abbot had known Mr. Ohilds' family in their home, and
when busiest with public cares and duties Mr. Ohilds had always found time
to talk about them, and his brother, and the family gathering at Niagara
Falls, and the home group as a means of education — a social force in society,
and of his temperance work and of his Sunday-school. The same interests
followed him everywhere, and one rarely finds a person away from home and
duty whose thoughts and affections so constantly revert to home and neigh-
bors. It was the custom of Mr. Ohilds, when traveling with intimate friends
at least, to begin the day with prayer. He was never beguiled away from
his Ohristian principles and duties, nor away from their enjoyment and support.

Early in his legislative career he was known as the friend of education.
The Normal school looked upon him as its champion. To 'the day of his
death he spoke of **our noble University." Hearing Mr. Ohilds make a
speech in the state senate upon agricultural topics led President Abbot to
suggest to a friend that Mr. Ohilds -was just the man needed on the Agricult-
ural Oollege Board. Put upon the State Board of Agriculture by Gov. Bald-
win, reappointed by Governors Bagley and Jerome each time for a term of
^ix years, the Agricultural Oollege has found in him a firm friend and wise
manager of its affairs, and the speaker, its President, a sympathizing coun-
sellor and friend.

HIS LAST MESSAGE TO HIS SABBATH SCHOOL.

"To the Sabbath School. Tell them to be faithful scholars. Never be
ashamed to study the Bible. Study it as your guide. Where my teachings
have been scriptural follow them, when I have erred forgive me. I love the
scholars and shall love them still."

HISTORICAL. "

J. Webster Ohilds was the youngest son of Deacon Josiah and Abigail
Childs. He was born at Henniker, N. H., the birth place of his parents,
June 16, 1826, and hence was 56 years, 4 months and 23 days old when he
died. His father died at the age of 7? while his mother reached the ripe age
of 88 years. At an early age he entertained a strong desire to obtain a good
education, and by dint of his own efforts obtained his desire. In 1848 he
came to Michigan and located in the town of Augusta. The next year he was
elected school inspector and served in that capacity for more than twenty-five
years. In 1850 he was elected a member of the Board of Supervisors in
which oflQce he served seven years. In 1858 he was elected to the State Legis-
lature and re-elected in 1860. And since that he has been elected three times to
the state senate and during the last term was president pro tem., of that
body. In 1868 he was made a member of the Board of Agriculture, which
he held to the day of his death. In 1848, Aug. 30, he was married to Lucy
A. Hubbard, who survives him and mourns the loss of a faithful and beloved
Jiusband.

458 Pioneer Societt of Michigan.

DEATH OF GEORGE W. LEE.
From the Evening News, Detroit, June 8, 1882.

Col. George W. Lee, Indian agent for the State of Michigan, died June 8,
1882, at 7 o'clock, at his home in Ypsilanti. He had been an invalid for
some months, and his death will hardly be a surprise to his numerous friends.

Ool. Lee was born Oct. 24, 1812, in Chenango county, New York, his father
having removed thither from Vermont. His grandfather was Col. Noah Lee,
an officer both in the French and revolutionary wars, and a participant in the
finishing stroke at Yorktown. This subject of this sketch was brought up on
his father's farm and received but a meagre country school education. In
1836 the family removed to Livingston county, Michigan, where Mr. Lee con-
tinued the pursuit of farming till 1845, when, in connection with a younger
brother, he opened a store at Howell. He continued in business at Howell
till 1861, when he was appointed quartermaster in the army and assigned ta
duty in Detroit, a position he held throughout the war, having entire charge
of the equipment and transportation of troops for the entire State of Mich-
igan. He was honorably discharged from the service in 1866, and a few years
later was appointed Indian agent for this State, a position he has since held.

Mr. Lee was, in early life, an enthusiastic whig, and prominent in the party
councils in this State. In 1854 he cast in his lot with the movement to organ-
ize the republican party, and was a member of the famous mass convention
which assembled at Jackson in July of that year. In 1855 he founded the
Livingston Republican. In 1858 he was appointed warden of the board of
control for the State reform school, an office which he held down to quite a
recent period. In 1860 Mr. Lee was chosen presidential elector on the ticket
that elected Mr. Lincoln, and served as messenger to carry the vote of Mich-
igan to Washington. Col. Lee was a member of the Methodist Episcopal
church, a man of the highest integrity, and was withal possessed of a warm
social nature and popular manners that attached to him all with whom he wa&
brought in contract.

WAYNE COUNTY.
INDIAN AFFAIRS AROUND DETROIT IN 1706.

SPEECH OP MISKOUAKI, BROTHER OF JEAN LE BLANC, AN OTTAWA OF DETROIT^
WHO CAME FKOM MACKINAW TO THE MANOIR MENARD TO MONSIEUR THE
MARQUIS DE VAUDREIUL, SEPTEMBER 26, 1706.

[Taken from the Historical and Archasological Tracts, number eight of the Western Reserve
Historical Society, and translated by Col, Charles Whittlesy, from a manuscript brought with
other historical papers from Paris by Gen. Lewis Cass.]

My father, you will be surprised by the bad affairs that I am about to inform
you of on the part of Pesant, and of Jean Le Blanc, touching what has passed
at Detroit. I desire you, my father, to open to me your door, as to one of
your children, and listen what 1 have to say.

When I left Mackinaw, my father, our old men did not expect me to come
so far as this place, hoping you would be still at Montreal. The time is short
for me to return. I desire you to be willing to listen to me.

Listen ! — The Ottawa nations who were at Detroit, the Kikakous, the Sina-
goes and the nation Du Sables have been killed, and such as have returned to

IndiAjST Affairs around Detroit in 1706. 459

Mackinaw, came in the greatest distress. It is the Miainis, my father, who
have killed us.

The reason we were obliged to fight the Miamis is, that having gone to war
against the Sioux, as we have said to Sieur Bourmont, we had been informed
by a Pottawattomie encamped near the fort of the Hurons, that the Miamis
who were at Detroit had resolved to allow us to depart and march three ^ays,
after which they would attack our village and eat our women and children.
My father, we were unable to comprehend, and yoa yourself will be surprised,
as well as we, when you know that Quarante Sous, who was employed by Sieur
La Mothe to bring all the nations to Detroit, made use of this pretext, to
give them wampum privately, to engage them to destroy us. I have not
come, my father, to lie to you, I have come to speak the truth. You will
do after this what shall please you.

We have learned by a Pottawattomie named , who married a

Miami, that the Miamis would eat our villagers. Upon this news, my father,
the war chiefs of three nations of Ottawas, with whom we had set out, held a
council, and concluded that we should not deliberate upon an affair of this
consequence without the consent of Pesant and of Jean Le Blanc, who are
their principal chiefs, and who were sent for at once. Le Pesant and Jean

Le Blanc, after having heard the news told us by the , concluded by

stamping his foot, that since the Miamis had resolved to kill and boil us, it
was necessary to forestall them. When Pesant had said it was necessary to
strike, we soon saw, and Jean Le Blanc first of us all, that he was going to
do a wicked thing ; but no person dared contradict him, on account of his
influence, and because we should then have made ourselves contemptible in
the eyes of the young men. My father, my brother and myself inquired
what Pesant thought of striking while our people were divided. Some were
at war with the Hurons, some at Montreal, and what would the commandant
at Detroit say if we struck at his gate? We said thus to Pesant, but he
would not listen. It is he, my father, who has caused all the misfortunes
that have happened. Jean Le Blanc, my father, would have come with me,
but being stripped of everything, and not daring to come as a malefactor, he
told me to come, and know your mind. He would have come, my father,
but according to our custom during all the time we were at war, being at
Detroit, he had given the Sieur Bourmont all that we had, thinking it more
safe there than in our fort, and in consequence of the misfortunes that
have happened since our departure to war with the Sioux, it remains there,
and all I can do is to offer you this wampum on the part of my nation, which
is all I have, and have taken this from my pouch.

According to our resolution, we resumed our way to our fort, and as we
approached the fort of the Hurons, we found eight Miami chiefs, who were
going there to a feast. As we met them Pesant said : " Behold our enemies !
These are the men which wish to kill us. Since these are the leaders, it is
necessary to rid ourselves of them and thereupon made a cry as a signal,
encouraging as to let none of them escape. At the first cry no person moved ;
but Pesant having made a second as we marched along on each side of the
way, and as we were in the midst, we fired, and none of them saved themselves
but Pomakona, who escaped to the French fort. I dare tell you one thing
that I have never said before, and it is, that he is a strong friend of mine ; I
made a signal to him before the discharge, to withdraw, and it is thus he
was saved.

460 PioisTEER Society of MicmaAN^.

After those were killed, our young men rose to take such as might remain
in the lodges, and as Le Pesant and Jean Le Blanc could not go as fast as the
others, I was one of the first to reach there, but to prevent this some one
forced me between the French and our people. The Miamis being camped
near their fort when I arrived, I found the Miamis had withdrawn into the
fort of the French, and one of our young men, a chief, had been killed, and
that our youth in despair, on account of his death, resolved to burn the fort.
I threw myself in the midst of them, and many times snatched the burning
arrows, repeatedly imploring them with vehemence not to do the French any
injury, for they were not connected with the quarrel we had with the Miamis.
I heard during this tirne a voice that cried: "There is a black robe" (a
priest) ; and I saw my brother sending the Pere Recolet into the fort, having
not harmed him, and having desired him to say to Sieur Bourmont that he
should not fire upon us, nor give any ammunition to the Miamis, but put them
out of the fort, and leave us alone.

We had not known, my father, that a Pere Recolet and the French soldiers
had been killed, but the next day those who had fired upon them, not being
(illegible) then I blamed my brother very much, that he had not detained the
Recolet father and the soldiers, who replied that he thought they would be
more safe there than in our fort, on account of the irritation among our
young men, for the death of two chiefs that we had lost.

The next day, my father, my brother took a flag that you had given him,
and insisted on speaking to Monsieur Bourmont, desiring him, our arms
reversed all around, to give us missionaries an opportunity to explain. He
said he had no reply for us, but that the Sieur De La Foret, whom he had
expected early in the spring, would soon arrive with five canoes, when .we
could give our reasons. Seeing he did not wish to listen to us, we were
obliged to return ; and that night our young men determined to burn the fort.
Our old men were embarrassed, and to prevent them, passed three entire days
in council. After having been three days in council, Jean Blanc rose and
said to Pesant: "Since it is you who has caused all this difficulty, what do
you say? What do you think? As for me, I say we are dead, and that we
have killed ourselves by striking the Miamis at the French stockade. In turn
the Miskowakies and the Sinagoes will say the same thing."

As soon as the Sieur De Tonty was gone, we were well agreed that affairs
were becoming embroiled, of which there were sure signs in this last matter;
since the Sieur De Bourmont, being able to arrange everything, did not wish
to listen to us, referring us always to the arrival of the Sieur De La Foret.
However, we had certain signs that he wished to fight (illegible) for he put
swords at the end of his pike staves. We continued some time to have parleys
with him, and went without fear to the fort of the Hurons, believing that
they were our allies, but for fear of the Miamis, we always went in canoes.

My father, the Hurons called the Ottawa Sinago, and said to him: '*My
brothers, it is a long time that we have been brothers, and that together we
have fought the Iroquois. When we speak to you we speak to all the nations,
**Outawase" (Ottawas), Sacs, Sauteurs, Poutawatamers, Saukies, Chippe-
ways, and Mississaugies.

*'Look at this string of beads, my brother. I take it out for you to look at.
It is a long time our old men have preserved it. Upon this string there is seen
the figures of men. This string (or belt) signifies much. It is never shown
unless we give life or death to those to whom we speak. I return it, and say

Il^DIAN ArrATRS AKOUl!TD DETROIT m 1706. 461

to you on the part of the French, that he wishes you to meet him at the feasi.
It will not be in the lodges, for you might thus have apprehensions, but it will
be near this spot, on the prairie, where the French flag will be planted, and
there you will come to the feast."

On the morrow, the day of the feast we were to have, Jean Le Blanc having
his garden near the place where the French flag was planted, was walking
there, and saw a number of the French bring wheat and throw it upon a sail-
cloth spread out upon the prairie. The Huron women did the same, and
brought the wheat and poured it upon the cloth. Then my brother thought
the Hurons had spoken truly, and that we should have a good time ; never-
theless, being with Pesant they reflected that the French had never been
willing to speak to them.

It might be that, under the name of this feast, the Hurons would betray
them, and give the Miamis the opportunity of attacking them, while their
women and children were gone to fetch the wheat. They resolved to send out
scouts for discovery in the woods, and four young men departed, who returned
and said they saw many ways which led into the depths of the forest, and
seemed to encircle those which led to the wheat. As some of our people had
already departed, we caused them to be recalled, seeing clearly it was a bait
which they had spread for us. We then knew it was a design of the French,
of the Miamis, as also of the Hurons, as soon as we should leave our fort to
go to the wheat which was intended for us, and when they thought, as we were
very hungry, we should enjoy ourselves very much, the greater part of the
Miamis and the Hurons who were in the thick woods, were to come to take
the fort, and the other portion, composed of French, Hurons, and Miamis,
were concealed in the glades opposite the flag, and from thence would fall on
us. As we had recalled all of our people, and no one went for the wheat,
they were much deceived on their part, and the Miamis who were in the thick
wood, thinking that we had gone out of our fort, or at least a great part of us,
rushed forward with great shouts to take it, our young men who were in the
bastion, having discovered them afar off. We fought them all day with guns,
and lost one of our men, who was killed by a woman. In the evening the
Miamis returned without our being able to determine how many of their peo-
ple were killed. In returning they met Katalibon and his brother, whom
they killed and scalped.

The Miamis in attacking our fort took the precaution to form two com-
panies, and one of them came along the water, where they threw away such
of our canoes as they found, for the purpose of depriving us of the means of
escape. The next day, my father, we were convinced that the Hurons had
joined the Miamis. They came together to attack us at our fort, and this
day more of the Miamis were killed than the day before. We attacked the
Hurons, who undertook to overwhelm us with injuries. We had so little
powder we dare not fire, though wo had some. They took new life since
Onontio had abandoned (MSS. not legible here).

Cletart, the brother of Quarante Sous, said then that our young men,
indignant at the injuries that the Hurons had done us, should make a sortie,
and we fought against them and the Miamis a long time out of the fort.
The Hurons held their ground, but the Miamis fled, although there were 400
of them.

On this day one of our people who had been at war with the Hurons at
the (not legible), arrived at our fort and said that all the others who had

462 Piois^EER Society of Michigan.

started with him and had returned, were bound in the French fort, that the
Hurons had bound them, and that they had sent him to let us know of it;
that two of our war allies of the Hurons were prisoners in their fort, and that
the rest had been taken to the French fort, for what reason we did not know.

The next day the Hurons and Miamis came again and attacked our fort.
They had apparently lost some person of consideration among them. They
shot before they left, one of their prisoners, who was one of our allies.

Sometime after the Hurons (Wyandots) sent for the relatives of those who
were confined in the French fort, saying that they well remembered what we
had done to them, and that it was by way of reprisal that they had bound
our people, but that th6y did not wish to kill them. We had but to come
and cover them according to custom. We caused some to carry blankets
thither and they told us to come and cover them to-morrow (MSS. defective)
we observing a place at the gate of the French fort where the cannon was,
and where they placed poles. They ordered us to bring presents then, accord-
ing to the favors they were granting us. Our people, believing them to act
in good faith, returned, and each one exhausted their goods and carried them,
even to the beads of our children. Scarcely had we put on the poles (or
pickets) ten pieces of porcelain beads, twenty kettles, two packs of beaver,
and all that we had brought, when Quarante Sous gave his hand to Jean
Blanc. At this moment Jeau Blanc received a shot, and at the same time
a discharge was made from the fort upon us, who being there in good faith,
were without arms, relying upon the sincerity of the French, and were obliged
to fly. The Hurons and the Miamis having made a sortie, those of our peo-
ple who remained in the fort came to the assistance of those who fled, and
the remainder of the day was passed in fighting on both sides. We lost in
this treachery, two men, killed at the discharge from the French fort, and
five wounded. The last stroke which the Miamis have given us, my father,
was done at our homes by their young men ; there they killed a woman and
took another prisoner, and as we sent after them to know what they would do
with her, our people heard cries in the French Fort where they were burning
her.

The exhaustion of war and hunger obliged our people to send (not legible)
one of our chiefs to speak to the Onyatanons. Heretofore the Onyatanons (a
tribe on the waters of the Wabash — a Miami tribe) had danced with him the
calumet of peace. Our people employed this man to speak to the Miamis.
He said, my father, the Onyatanons had treated us as sons in dancing this
calumet, and also ^'I am astonished that you remain so long to kill us at our
palisades. Art thou not wrong in killing us, and dost not thou kill thyself
also; hast thou no pity on thy young men?"

An Onyatanon replied ^'that it was not his tribe who bad done that, but it
was the Hurons and the French, who wished to oblige them to remain until
the Ottawas should perish in their fort by hunger," and the Onyatanons
ceased to speak. Having determined to return the slaves, we separated. Two
of our people were given to the Onyatanons, two were given to the nation of
the (jrane, Miamis, who are of the river St. Joseph ; one was burnt in the
French fort, another shot, and the son of Aiontache, a Mississauga, saved
from death by the commandant of a French fort. There was one of our men
married to a woman of whom we have no news. The two others, Sieur De
La Mothe has restored to the Mississaugas. Behold, my father, all which I
know, and the old men have requested me to say to you that, on account of

Ikdiak Affairs abound Detroit ik 1706. 463

all the treachery that the Hurons have done thern, it is with difficulty they
can restrain their young men from going against him, so long as he remains
at Detroit, from whence we have withdrawn only to be less exposed.

The two Ottawas, my father, who were given to the Onyatanons, saved
themselves on the way, and came to rejoin us. They say they were not mis-
used by the Onyatanons. They report that the Miamis have, in killed and
wounded, fifty persons; and we have lost twenty-six, including those who
were returned from the war, and those the Hurons bound through treachery.

My father, I speak in the name of all nations, Ottawas, Pottawattomies,
Suakis, Ontagamies, Kickapous, Quinepigs, Matamini, Sauters, and Missis-
saugas, all the people of the country bordering on the lakes ; in short, of all
our allies, and of tiieir indignation against the Hurons for the treachery they
have done us. They desire you, through me, to allow us to fight him. I
desire you, my father, to tell me your thoughts, so that I may report the
same to our people, and that we may fully know each other's wishes.

REPLY OF MONSIEUR DE VAUDREUIL TO MISKOUAKI, BROTHER OP JEAN LE BLANC,
AN OTTAWA CHIEF OF THOSE WHO WERE AT DETROIT, SEPTEMBER 28, 1706.

I have listened quietly, Miskouaki, to all you have said, and although I am
already informed of what has passed at Detroit, could not fail to be greatly
surprised by your recital. I do not reply, because it does not appear to me
that you are sent by all the nations, as you say; but only by your brother,
Jean Le Blanc, to pre-occupy my mind, and for this purpose you left Mack-
inaw, intending to remain here. It is only the arrival'of your brother that
has given you a desire to return.

However that may be, I am not sorry to have seen you, and am glad to
hear what you have said, touching the conduct of your brother.

You wish to know my thoughts, Miskouaki; you desire me to give them to
you. Listen to me well. I am a good father, and so long as my children
listen to my voice, no evil will happen to them. You have proofs of this in
what happened at Detroit, and if Le Pesant and Jean Le Blanc had not
undertaken anything without knowing my wishes, you would not have attacked
the Miamis. You would not have killed of mine, and you would not have
been in the distress and misery where you are now.

We have been killed, Miskouaki ; and until I see all the nations whom I
have always regarded as my children, come here, recognize their fault and
ask pardon, I cannot forget that I have lost at Detroit a missionary and a sol-
dier, who are of value among us.

This is what you can say to your brother and to all the nations, when you
arrive there. I have seen and examined the speech you have delivered. As
you have yourself said that the belt you drew from your pouch, was not
given you by your people when you departed, I return it to you, and do not
receive it; not because I despise it as coming from you, but because I cannot
reply to it, since it does not come directly from them, and I am pleased to
return it to you as a thing that belongs to you, that you may use it to accom-
modate the bad affairs which might happen.

In regard to what has passed at Detroit, I say to all your people that I
stop the tomahawk, and prohibit them from going to war, either with the
Hurons or Miamis, or any one else, and order them to remain strictly on the
defensive until I am better informed. As to other matters, I expect news
daily from M. De La Mothe, and during the winter I shall examine all you

464

Pio]srEER Society oi^ MiCHiaAir.

have said, and that which he shall advise in order to be able to regulate
alfairs.

If the recital you have made us is true, as a consequence of the present state
of things, you cannot move aside very far in hunting this winter. Your peo-
ple will be able to come here early in the spring, with the Frenchmen I leave
above, to know my thoughts. This is what they should have done this year,
and not to have sent you alone, and without belts on the part of all the
nations. It is not beads, Miskouaki, that I demand, neither presents where
my children have disobeyed and done such wrongs as you have. The blood
of Frenchmen is not pain by beaver skins. It is constant reliance in my
goodness that I demand a real repentance of faults they have committed,
and entire resignation to my will. When your people shall be in this state of
mind, I will accommodate everything as before, bat for this it is necessary to
come early in the coming spring, or at least a part of the chiefs. It is neces-
sary that they lead here all the French, and that your 5^oung men assist them
to bring down their furs.

It is necessary also, that they remain quietly upon their mats, without
going to war, either with the Hurons or the Miamis or others, that they
remain entirely on the defensive, and even if they are attacked at home, to
be content until the coming year to defend themselves, and to come here to
make their complaints to me.

These, Miskouaki, are my thoughts ; and it is thus you can speak to all the
nations on my part. I do not make you presents for your brothers nor the
the other chiefs, it not being natural to recompense children when in a state
of disobedience like you. I take pity, however, on you, on account of the
trouble you have been at, and the conjSdence you have shown in me. I give
you a blanket, a shirt, some trinkets, powder, lead, and tobacco, to excite you
to diligence on your return, and in the expectation you will behave yourself
in the upper country, and also that the father Marest will report to me in
such a manner that I shall have consideration for you, and it will be for you
to conduct yourself so as to receive evidences of my goodness, when you shall
return here with the others.

THE BATTLE OF BROWNSTOWN", 1812.

BY LEYI BISHOP.

At a public celebration at Trenton, August 9, 1876, Mr. Bishop was called
upon for a speech ; in response to which he afterward prepared the following
paper :

For several years at the opening of the present century, the war chief,
Tecumseh, had made strenuous efforts to form a grand confederacy of Indian
tribes with a view to make war on the United States. His grounds were, as
he alleged, that the Indians had been unjustly treated in transactions for the
surrender of Indian lands. It may be true that wrongs had been done to his
race, and yet it is believed that in imitation of the great Pontiac, he wished
to arrest the advance of white settlers into the Indian country, and even drive
them back to their original settlements east of the Alleghanies.

Tecumseh had made much progress in forming his hostile confederacy,
and ten or twelve tribes, some of which were very powerful had united with
it. The headquarters of the confederacy had been fixed at what was called

The Battle op Brownstown, 1812. 465

**The Prophet's Town," which was also called Tippecanoe, on a branch of
the Wabash river in Indiana, about seven miles north of what is now the city
of Lafayette. .

In the spring of 1811, Tecumseh took a journey to the lower Mississippi and
other parts of the south, in order to induce the southern Indians to join him,
but on taking his departure, he strictly enjoined his brother, Lau-be-was-i-kaw,
called the Prophet, to avoid all difficulty, and to keep the peace with the
United States, till he should return.

In the fore part of the fall of 1811, Governor Harrison, who was aware of
the hostile schenies of Tecumseh, advanced with about 800 regular troops and
volunteers to Tippecanoe, where there were about one thousand Indian war-
riors assembled. The Indians ought not to have risked an engagement with-
out the presence of their great leader, but contrary to the orders of Tecumseh,
his brother the Prophet, before daylight on the morning of the 7th of Novem-
ber, 1811, directed an attack on General Harrison's army, and in the course
of two hours the Indians suffered a total defeat with heavy loss.

Had Tecumseh been at the head of his warriors at Tippecanoe, the battle of
that name would not in all probability have taken place, or if it had been
brought on and fought under his immediate command, the result might have
been very different.

The great chief soon returned from the south, to learn that all his long-laid
plans and his dearest hopes had been blasted by the victory of Harrison. He
at once saw that his future hopes, if he could still indulge any, lay not in
attempting to form an independent confederacy of Indian tribes, but in join-
ing the British authorities in Canada; and he accordingly in June, 1812, went
to Maiden, now called Amherstburg, at the mouth of the Detroit river, and
allied himself with the British forces and authorities there.

On the 18th of June, 1812, Congress declared war against England, and
Tecumseh entered at once upon the conflict. He was at Maiden with thirty
or forty of his warriors when General Hull crossed over from Detroit to
Canada in July, 1812. At this time there was an assemblage of Indians at a
place called Brownstown, in the territory of Michigan.

These Indians were under the lead of a chief by the name of Walk-in-the-
water, from whom the first steamboat was probably named that ever plowed
Lake Erie and the Detroit River in the year 1818. These Indians were
inclined to remain neutral in the approaching war, and they sent to Tecumseh
at Maiden to come over and attend a council which they were about to hold.
Tecumseh indignantly refused the invitation and declared his alliance with
the king of England.

A few days later, in the fore part of August, General Hull received mtelli-
gence that a company of volunteers, under the command of Captain Henry
Brush, was at or near the River Raisin, about forty miles southwesterly from
Detroit, on their way from Ohio to Detroit with cattle and provisions for the
army. Captain Brush informed the General that he needed an escort as he
had learned that a party of Indians under Tecumseh, had crossed from Mai-
den and were ready at Brownstown to intercept him on his way.

This place, then called Brownstown, was a small hamlet or village, situated
on Brownstown Creek, so-called, where the creek was crossed by the main
road leading from Detroit to Ohio. It was about one mile southwest from the
present village of Gibralter, between one and two miles up the creek, about
69

466

PioKEEK Society of MiCHiaAisr.

six miles from and nearly opposite Maiden, in Canada, and nearly five miles
from Monguagon, and about twelve miles southwest from Detroit. I am thus
particular in describing this place for the reason that historical writers are
very apt to confound the battle of Brownstown with the battle of Monguagon,
when they were entirely distinct engagements.

Gen. Hull, after some hesitation, consented that Major Van Home, who
was to escort the mail to Ohio, should take about three hundred men with
him, join the command of Capt. Brush and escort the same from the River
Raisin up to Detroit. Major Van Home accordingly started on the fourth of
August and reached the River Ecorce about eight or nine miles below Detroit
the same evening. The next day Capt. McCullough who belonged to a scouting
party, was waylaid and killed by the Indians. Major Van Horne then marched
forward and the next day, August 6th, when at or near the before mentioned
hamlet of Brownstown, he was assailed by a party of British troops, and a
large body of Indians commanded by Tecumseh in person. ISTeither Major
Van Horne, or the British officer, or Tecumseh was a man to tolerate any sort of
boy's play, and for a short time there was hot and bloody work on both sides.
As the Major was outnumbered, and in danger of being surrounded, he beat
a retreat and retired back to the River Ecorce. Thus ended the short but
sharp affair called the battle of Brownstown. The American loss was seven-
teen killed, among whom were five officers, and several wounded. The loss
of the enemy is supposed to have been about the same.

Tecumseh was a conspicuous leader in the engagement, and while the con-
test was highly creditable to all concerned, it was no doubt due in a great
measure to his skill and valor, that Major Van Horne lost the battle. In
this affair also, Tecumseh manifested a spirit which evinced a determination
to retrieve, if possible, the loss and disappointment he had sustained for his
great confederacy in the ill advised and disastrous battle of Tippecanoe. He
was terribly in earnest in his hostile feeling against the United States, as is
fully shown in his subsequent conduct at Monguagon, at Detroit, at Fort
Meigs, at Sandusky, and at the Thames.

Such is an account of the battle of Bi'ownstown and of the two principal
actors in it.

THE BATTLE OF MONGUAGON.
BY LEVI BISHIOP.
Read before the Wayne County Pioneer Society in August, 1876.

In the month of July, 1812, while Gen. Hull was in Canada, a company of
volunteers under Capt. Henry Brush was sent from Ohio with provisions for
the army at Detroit. Major Van Horne was sent down the river from Detroit
to join and escort Capt. Brush and his convoy to Detroit. At the village of
Brownstown, Major Van Horne was met by a detachment of British troops and
Indians, and defeated on the 0th of August, 1812. I will now give an account
of the battle of Monguagon, so called.

On learning of the defeat of Gen. Van Horne at Brownstown, Gen. Hull
recrossed to Detroit from Canada, and in order to bring Capt. Brush with his
party and the provisions under his charge to Detroit, Col. Miller, under
whom were Majors Van Horne and Morrison, was ordered down the river

The Battle oe MoNGUAGOisr.

467

with six hundred regulars. This detachment was directed to join Capt.
Brushy then at the Eiver Raisin, and escort him to Detroit.

Col. Miller left Detroit and marched down the river with his command on
the 8th of August, at that time, and on the site of the present village
of Trenton, about fifteen miles below Detroit, and about five miles from
Brownstown, was a place that was then called Monguagon. This place must
then have been surrounded by an almost unbroken forest. At this place
Major Muir of the British army had taken his position with the determina-
tion to dispute the advance of Col. Miller. He had under his command about
four hundred regulars and Canadian volunteers, and between two and three
hundred Indians under the immediate leadership of Tecumseh. Major Muir
had thrown up a breastwork of logs behind which his troops were partly
protected, and the Indians were ranged on his left in the woods.

On the 9th of August as Col. Miller was moving steadily forward, his
advance guard under Captain Snelling sustained an attack from the British
line. This opened the battle. The main body under Col. Miller soon came
up to the support of the advance guard, and the action became general.
There was no faltering on either side, and there was what military men would
call highly respectable fighting on the part of all concerned. The credit of
the American and British soldiery was well sustained by Col. Miller and
Major Muir and the bravery of their troops respectively, while the scene was
animated by the fiery and fearless spirit of Tecumseh.

After the battle had raged for a spell, Col. Miller ordered his whole line to
advance, which order was gallantly obeyed, and when within a short distance
of the enemy, the Americans delivered a well directed fire and then charged
with' the bayonet; the charge was successful. The enemy was dislodged from
his line of works and driven from the field. Major Muir and his command
hastened to their boats and recrossed to Maiden ; while the Indians under the
lowering disappointment of their great leader, found safety in the forests of
the neighborhood.

The loss of the Americans was about twenty killed and about sixty wounded.
The loss of the enemy was not known, but it must have been severe, and both
Major Muir and Tecumseh were among the wounded.

The valor of the Indian chief was so conspicuous in this action that he
shortly after received a commission of Brigadier General in the British army;
he also received a red sash from the British commander, but history informs
us that he was wholly indifferent to the tinsel and glitter of military uniform
and parade.

Major Antoine Dequindre, of Detroit, whom I well remember, and who is
well remembered by many others now living, is said to have commanded a
squadron of cavalry in this engagement; and his bravery and gallantry were
conspicuous in charging the enemy and in driving him from the battle
ground. Through the politeness of Senator Chandler I have obtained from
the War Department at Washington, the muster roll of Major Dequindre's
company of fifty volunteers in the war of 1812.* This appears from the roll
to have been a rifle company, so that if he commanded a squadron of cavalry
at Monguagon, it must have been a special command for the occasion. The
roll shows that three of his company were killed in that battle. The number
of wounded is not given; and most of the company was surrendered by Gen.

*For the correapondence and roU, see Vol. 5, pp. 553-557, Pioneer Collections.

468 PioNEEK Society of MiCHiaAj^-.

Hull at Detroit one week later, on the 16th of August. lu order to render
full honor to whom honor is due, 1 will also state that in the year 1841, the
Legislature of Michigan passed a resolution highly commendatory of the
gallantry of Major Dequindre and the Michigan volunteers in the battle of
MonguagoD.

I may also here state that among the officers and men on both sides in this
battle were those who, while residing on the opposite sides of the river, had
become acquainted and friendly with each other, but who were now engaged
in deadly conflict simply because their two nationalities were at war; and we
may therefore almgst say —

" Not hate but glory made these chiefs contend,
And each hrave foe was in his soul a friend."

And as it was before the war so it was after, when the neighbors on this side
could again shake hands with their neighbors on the other side of the river in
honest friendship.

Detroit was surrendered by Gen. Hull to Gen. Brock on the 16th of August,
1812, just one week after our victory at Monguagon. This surrender has
been severely and no doubt justly censured, and still it is not much to be
wondered at. Gen. Hull was then in advanced age, the Indians in large
numbers under Tecumseh were hovering about this devoted frontier town,
ready to pounce upon it as a long coveted prey. It is not therefore very
strange that the 'superannuated Hull should quail before veteran troops of
England under a brave and skillful commander, and before the fearless and
revengeful spirit of the renowned chief who was then in the full vigor of man-
hood. The real mistake may, perhaps, after all, be found to have been in
placing such a man in such an exposed and difficult position and in the
presence of such enemies.

Tecumseh was a remarkable man in many respects. His knowledge of the
country around Detroit was perfect, and when Gen. Brock, before crossing
the river from Sandwich, asked him in regard to it, he at once took a large
piece of bark and placing stones on the four corners drew a map of the vicin-
ity of Detroit, with its rivers, roads, hills, and swamps, as perfect as any that
has since been produced.

It is said that his hatred towards the whites was such that he would never
allow his portrait to be taken. I understand that as a consequence, there is
no likeness of him extant; this is to be regretted, and yet a good portrait of
him might perhaps now be produced if the proper sketch could be obtained
from which to work. It is a subject that is worthy the attention of the best
artists; and in order to afford theni the best materials extant I will give a
description of his personal appearance from a history now in my possession.

Tecumseh was nearly six feet in stature, with strong muscular frame,
capable of great physical endurance. His head was of moderate size with a
forehead full and high; his nose was slightly aquiline, teeth large and regu-
lar; his eyes black, penetrating, and overhung with heavy brows, which
increased the grave and severe expression of his countenance. He is repre-
sented by those who knew him to have been a remarkably fine business man,
always plain but neat in his dress and of commanding personal appearance.
When he spoke to his brethren of the great theme that animated all his
actions, his fine countenance lighted up, his firm and erect frame trembled
with deep emotion which his own stern dignity could with difficulty repress ;

The Battle oe Mokguagoi^.

469

every feature and gesture had its meaning, and liis language flowed freely and
tumultuously from the fountain of his soul. 8ach we believe to be a full
and fair description of this celebrated son of the forest. We think a good
likeness ought to be easily produced from it; we have thought at least the
attempt might be made, and that a good likeness of Tecmuseh will ere long
adorn our galleries of art.

Tecumseh and Gen. Harrison were able military commanders, more espec-
ially for irregular and frontier warfare. Had the former not been accidently
absent when the battle of Tippecanoe was fought, be might, if he had
allowed it to take place, have terminated his career there instead of at the
Thames in 1813. On the other hand, had the great chief commanded on the
Wabash in 1811, Gen. Harrison might have closed a short but brilliant
career at Tippecanoe instead of closing a long and remarkable life in the
Presidential mansion at Washington. 'Such in brief was the affair known as
the battle of Monguagon. It is often spoken of by historians as the battle
at or near Brownstown, and the two are often confounded together, but they
took place three days apart, and they were entirely distinct from each other.
At Brownstown we were worsted by the enemy, but at Monguagon good for-
tune enabled us to write a short but brilliant chapter in American military
annals.

Since writing the above I have been furnished by the politeness of David E.
Harbaugh, Esq., with the following copy of a letter written by the late
Major Thomas Rowland of Detroit, who was himself in the battle of the
Thames, giving an account of the death and appearance of the celebrated
Indian chief Tecumseh.

Arnold^ s Mill, River Thames, Octoler 9, 1813,
Tecumseh is certainly killed. I saw him with my own eyes. It was the
first time I ever saw this celebrated chief. There was something so majestic,
so dignified, and yet so mild in his countenance as he lay stretched on his
back on the ground, where a few minutes before, he rallied his men to the
fight, that while gazing on him with admiration and pity, I forgot he was a
savage. He had such a countenance as I shall never forget. He had received
a wound in the arm and had it bound up before he received the mortal wound.
He did not appear to me, to be as large a man as represented. I did not
suppose his bight exceeded five feet ten or twelve inches, but extremely well
proportioned. The British say he compelled them to fight.

Note.— There seems to be some little doubt as to where the battle of Monguagon was really-
fought, though I can entertain no doubt that it was at Trenton.

Since the foregoing sketch was written, and on the 28th day of August, 1876, I held a conversa-
tion with the Hon. A. D. Fraser on the subject. Mr. Fraser was employed as attorney by the men
belonging to Major Dequindre's company to obtain for them what was due to them from the gov-
ernment. He understood from them, and Major Dequindre himself told Mr. Fraser that the bat-
tle took plaee a little below and near Trenton, and nearly opposite Slocum's Island. It was said
in former years that that Major Dequindre drove some of the enemy from the battle field over
onto Slocum's Island.

Many years ago Mr. Fraser was returning from Monroe to Detroit on the old Territorial road,
with the late Judge Solomon Sibley who lived in Detroit in the year 1812, and knew all about the
battle at the time it took place. When they arrived at the place near Trencon, and near Slocum's
Island, Judge Sibley pointed out to Mr, t raser the site of the battle in that locality, and pointed
out to him the place and positions of the opposing forces, and where Col. Miller stood and also
the place occupied by Major Muir and the chief Tecumseh and his braves; also where some of
the men and oflicers fell. I give the above in addition to the historical accounts showing that the
battle look place at the present village of Trenton. I think there can be no reasonable doubt
that Trenton was the place.

470 Pioneer Society or Miohiga^st.

ANECDOTES OF THE BAR.

BY LEVI BISHOP, 1873.
IK DETROIT.

About fifteen years ago Messrs. H., B. & H. were law partners in Detroit;
before the formation of their partnership the members thereof had each done
quite a business, and each had many clients in Wayne county; and when
their several businesses came to be united, it at once became extensive in all
departments of the practice; the firm at every term of the court had a large
number of cases on the docket for trial by jury, and there was scarcely a jury
drawn for any term, while this partnership continued, which had not a large
number of the clients of the firm upon it.

In view of this state of facts the minds of other members of the Bar were
sometimes considerably exercised, and the great point of the opposing counsel
when a case of this firm was coming on for trial, was to weed out from the
Jury, if possible, all the clients of H., B. & H.

It happened once upon a time that a case was called on for trial of which

Mr. H k, of the above mentioned firm had the personal charge as attorney

for the plaintifl". The jury were called, and the usual formal questions hav-
ing been propounded to the jurymen and the usual challenge having been
perpetrated, the jury were sworn and the trial proceeded. Mr. H. had
apparently a good case at the outset, but from the sudden appearance of an
unexpected piece of damaging testimony, his case became thereby hopeless ;
so much so that several gentlemen of the Bar who chanced to be present as
spectators, were quite surprised that he did not at once submit to a nonsuit,
and thus at least save the time of the court. Some of them even ventured to
express themselves to this effect to the learned counsel for the plaintiff; but
to the amazement and even merriment of all, he did not seem, to be aware that
he was engaged even in a doubtful case, and still went on with a degree of
self possession which was quite annoying to his learned competitor. The
testimony being closed, Mr. H. even got up and with much apparent earnest-
ness, urged his case at some length to the jury. The attorney for the defend-
ant on the other hand was very properly content to submit his case without
argument.

The court charged the jury, who then retired to consult of their verdict.
While they were out, and all in the court room were waiting for a speedy
result, Mr. H. all at once spoke up as if a new thought had suddenly struck
him, and exclaimed to the by-standers, I shall lose this case after all.''

Why of course you will," was the response from half a dozen voices; you
have no case at all. The idea of your ever thinking of success is ridiculous.
"But I find," continued Mr. H. with much apparent concern, that I have
(jot onlij five clients on the jury when I thought 1 had seven.^^ This remark
produced a smile of course, but as it indicated a state of things well under-
stood among the members of the Bar, the smile was anything but a hearty
one. A rap was soon heard on the door of the jury room. The jury came
in, and sure enough the apprehensions of the attorney for the plaintiff were
at once realized by a verdict for the defendant.

IN PONTIAC.

At an early day in Pontiac a suit was commenced before a justice of the
peace to collect a debt of one who, it was supposed, was about to leave the

IisrciDENTS m THE Life of Eber "Wahd. 471

county. It was late Saturday night before the plaintiff heard of the inten-
tions of his debtor to remove, and before he could get to the justice's office
and have the warrant made out it was past 12 o'clock, and Sunday morninof
had come. On Monday the process was served and the defendant brought
into court. The plaintiff was notified of the arrest and he appeared promptly
with his counsel, a portly, grave young lawyer who had recently come to the
place. The defendant had also employed counsel, and the case being called,
a motion was made on the part of the defendant to dismiss the proceedings
because the warrant was issued contrary to the statute and was therefore void'.

The counsel for the defendant, in support of his motion, opened the statute
and read the clause prohibiting the issuing of process in civil cases on Sunday,
then closed the book and threw it upon the table.

The counsel for the plaintiff took up the book, but not being familiar with
the statute, and that having a very imperfect index, he was unable to find the
law referred to by defendant's counsel, and quite promptly told the court that
there was no such law. This plain contradiction surprised the justice, and he
requested the counsel for the defendant to read the law again, as he wished
to understand it correctly.

The counsel readily complied, being familiar with the statute, and again
read in a yery distinct manner the law prohibiting the issuing of process in
civil cases on Sunday, closed the book and threw it with an air of triumph
and defiance upon the table. The justice turned to the counsel for plaintiff
and said that the law appeared to be plain. The counsel for the plain-
tiff hastily took up the book and asked the counsel for defendant from what
page he read. The counsel for defendant replied that if he was fit to conduct
the suit he ought to be able to find the law without being told where to look
for it. The counsel for plaintiff became irritable and declared there was no
such law. The counsel for defendant replied tartly there was, and that he
had read it correctly. The plaintiff's counsel replied that it was a lie. Upon
that defendant's counsel took up the statute and threw it into the face of his
opponent, and with great rapidity hurled two more books at his head, at which
the justice arose from his seat and commanded order. Upon which the coun-
sel for defendant replied to the justice very coolly and deliberately that there
was nothing out of order, that the young man was there attending law lec-
tures, and that they were being delivered to him a volume at a time.

INCIDENTS IN THE LIFE OF MR. EBER WARD, FATHER OF CAPT. E.
B. WARD OF STEAMBOAT FAME AS RELATED TO MRS.
E. M. S. STEWART IN THE SUMMER OF 1852.

Read at the annual meeting of the State Society, Jane, 1883.

In the autumn of 1818 I started with my family from Vermont to go to
Kentucky. When we reached Waterford, Pa., my wife was taken sick and
in twenty-four hours was a corpse, leaving me grief-stricken among strangers
with four little children to care for, Emily the eldest only nine years old. I
had relatives at Oonneaut, Ohio, and concluded to go there; so I took my
motherless children and went as far as Erie in wagons, then hired a small
boat and went on to Conneaut. I went to housekeeping and got along very
well through the winter. The following spring my brother Samuel was going
to Michigan, so I made the best arrangement in my power for my children
to remain at Conneaut, and came to Newport on St. Clair river with my

472

Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAN.

brother and his family, early in May, 1819. We came in a small flat-bot-
tomed schooner called a Salem packet. Our ship was wind-bound at Pt. Au
Chein and Sam took his family and went ashore. He found some young
apple trees that the Indians had planted, pulled them up and brought them
to Newport and phmted them; they lived and bore fruit.

In the autumn of 1818, Sam had bought some land there, in company
with Father Richard the Catholic priest at Detroit, and built a house on the
bank of the river, so when he moved his family he had a home ready for
them.

James B. Wolverton, Messrs. Fraser and Knapp, and their families, moved
in about the same time, Mr. Wolverton began his log cabin on Thursday
and moved into it on Saturday.

My brother Samuel was worth about $3,000 when he moved to Newport,
quite a large fortune for those days.

A year and a half after I came to Newport, I made a contract to deliver at
Detroit 100 cords of hemlock bark for tanning. J. B. Wilson was building a
saw-mill twelve miles below Fort Gratiot, and I went up there in a small open
boat with food, bedding, a jug of whisky, and a mat made of bulrushes for a
roof to my shanty. My boy, Eber B., went with me. We had plenty of food
and would have been very comfortable, but for the gnats; they were intoler-
able.

I cut down the hemlock trees, peeled off the bark, and sent it to Detroit in
small vessels or scows.

Mr. Wilson could not get help to build his mill-dam, so when my contract
was filled I went to work with him, and we two found it a task which was not
completed till the summer was almost over.

When the hot weather came on, Eber B. was taken sick with fever; I hired
some Indians to take him to Newport in a canoe, but I could not persuade
them to travel at night, so thu poor boy lay all night on the ground in a burn-
ing fever.

Usually, when we went up and down the St. Clair, we would draw the boat
out of the water, take out everything, turn the boat over, and sleep under it.

In the autumn of 1822 I moved my household goods from Conneaut to
Newport, bringing with me two of my motherless children, Emily, and Eber
B., leaving my other two daughters with their friends in Ohio. We were
three days making the trip from Conneaut to Detroit in the steamer Walk-in-
the-water. We went from Detroit to Newport in an open boat, and I told the
children they would probably live to see a line of steamers on the river.

My brother's family invited us to move in with them. I accepted the invi-
tation for a short time, and then moved into a little log cabin. I soon built
an addition to it, which gave us two rooms to our house, and we were very
comfortable. At that time there were at Newport, William Gallagher, James
B. Wolverton, Bela Knapp, Samuel Ward, and myself and our families. Five
families at Newport and on Belle River there were five or six French families,
all enterprising people, and all owners of farms.

The first year we all got our grinding done at Mt. Clemens, and went to
Detroit for our dry goods and groceries. We had plenty of wild meat, and
used hulled corn instead of bread till we got very tired of it. Emily was my
little housekeeper, she was then about twelve years old, and Eber B. was two
years younger. In 1823 my brother Sam, and William Gallagher built a saw-
mill and grist-mill, the first mills in that section of country. Tiie same year

Incidents in the Life of Eber Ward. 473

my brother also built a schooner of three tons burthen, and named ic the St.
Clair.

There were a great many Indians passing and repassing on the river during
the season of navigation, and quite a large band of Ojibwas had their camp
near us, but they were all friendly except Kishkauko and his band ; they were
very abusive- Kishkauko generally passed through here twice a year from
Saginaw to Detroit. He would go into any man's house and take whatever
he wanted, and no one dared refuse him ; he always had a body guard of
desperate looking Indians.

After I had been here four years, my daughter Sally came on from Ohio,
and soon after, one day when I was not at home, Kishkauko stalked in and
asked for some whisky; we had none, and he went to the barrel of vinegar,
turned the faucet, and left the vinegar running, took some bread, and as he
and his guard were leaving the house, Kishkauko took his rifle rod and
whipped Sally very severely. He was a chief of the Ohippewas.

In 1829 I was appointed lighthouse-keeper at Bois Blanc Island, Lake
Huron, and soon after my appointment I took my family back to Oouneaut,
and spent the winter there. In the spring of 1830 I left my daughters at Oon-
neaut intending to take Eber B. with me, but by accident he was left, and I
went on to Bois Blanc, and remained on that desolate island alone for two
weeks.

There were four or five families on an island about eight miles off, but they
could only be reached by water. Eber B., then in his seventeenth year, came
to me in his uncle Sam's vessel, Marshal Ney, on her first trip to Mackinaw,
and remained with me on Bois Blanc Island till he was of age. We did all
our own work except washing, that we sent to Mackinaw. We had quite a
large library of historical and scientific works, and plenty of newspapers, and
here with what instruction I could give him, Eber B, received most of his
early education. Our mails were regular once a month, summer and winter.
We always drew our wood in winter on sledges with dogs ; the first winter we
drew all our wood with one dog. Indians often came on the island to fish,
but were never troublesome, nor were we afraid of bands of forty or fifty
drunken Indians that came sometimes.

We raised our own potatoes and some for market, and caught about 100
barrels of fish a year.

In the spring of 1833, Eber B. being of age, left the Island, came to New-
port and hired out to his uncle Sam. I was alone on the Island a part of
the summer and a part of the time a Frenchman and his squaw wife were
living not far away. In the autumn of 1833 Duncan Stewart, the Revenue
officer, a kind and worthy man, gave me permission to spend the winter with
my daughters at Conneaut. This was the first time I had been off the Island
to stay over night for eight years. My two daughters Sally and Abby were
married, and when I returned to Bois Blanc in the spring of 1834 Emily
went with me and remained till 1842, only leaving the Island three times in
all those years. Once she was carried to Mackinaw sick and twice she visited
her sisters at Conneaut.

In 1842 I exchanged light-houses with Mr. Church at Ft. Gratiot, and
moved there. After we moved to Ft. Gratiot Emily had a young giii with
her part of the time, I also adopted an orphan boy. I kept the Ft. Gratiot
light-house three years, Emily remaining with me all the time, then we moved
back to Newport where we have lived ever since."

474

PioiTEER Society of MicHiaAN.

BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCH OF ONESIMUS C. PIEKCE.
BY LEVI BISHOP.
Bead before the Wayne County Pioneer Society, in May, 1872.

This gentleman was born in the town of Potsdam, St. Lawrence county,
N. Y., on the 16th day of August, 1809. His immediate ancestors were from
the State of Massachusetts, those on his father's side were originally from
England.

While Mr. Pierce was a boy the county of St. Lawrence was still to a great
extent a wilderness, an'd while schools were not numerous, yet he received a
good common school education. When he arrived at sufficient age, h&
engaged in teaching, which had a tendency to complete the education thus-
begun in the public schools.

His father was a farmer and Mr. Pierce has himself followed that honorable
occupation to the present time. He frequently engaged in fishing on the St.
Lawrence and its tributaries, and sometimes went down the river to Montreal
on the large lumber-rafts, which were extensively used in that part of the
country during the fore part of the present century.

In the fall of 1833, Mr. Pierce, with a span of horses, wagon, and harness,,
that being all the property he had except a little money to bear his expenses,
came to Michigan. He drove his horses and wagon by way of Buffalo, round
on the southern shore to Lake Erie, through the then small towns of Cleve-
land, Sandusky, and Toledo. The region about Sandusky and Toledo was
then a vast wilderness with the timber barely cut for a road, and with no work-
roads, while residences of settlers were few and far between.

Mr. Pierce had a brother-in-law by the name of Luther Wait, who had
moved into the town of Bedford, Wayne county, Michigan, three years before,
and he concluded to follow him and settle there. Bedford was then a part of
the town of Dearborn, but in the autumn of 1833 it was organized as a sepa-
rate township.

He came by way of Detroit, which was then a muddy frontier village of
two or three thousand inhabitants. He went out from Detroit on the old Ann
Arbor road as far as Conrad Ten Eyck's old tavern and from there through
the wilderness to Kedford. He bought a farm containing fifty-five acres, of a
Mr. Peaslee, in section 18, about a mile and a half west of the present Eed-
ford Centre, where he settled himself for a permanent home. Though about,
twenty families had then moved into the town, had got up their log houses
and commenced their clearings, yet there was much unsold government land
in the vicinit}^, and the whole town was almost one unbroken forest. There
is now (May, 1872) one man living — Mr. George Norris, — who moved into the
town in the year 1S29.

The following persons, now dead, were among the early settlers of that
township: Joseph Green, Benjamin Green, Charles Bell, Isaac Bell, George
W. Ferrington, Thomas Gildard, Ebenezer Pate, George Boise, John Piersall,
Jacob C. Dubois, Z. Dubois, Mr. — Hartsouph, Luther Wait, Mrs. Amasa
Nelson, John Morris.

The following persons now living (1872) were among the early settlers of
lledford : George l!^orris, Samuel Danes, Mrs. Samuel Danes, Ephraim
Danes, R. 11. Kimier, Mrs. Charlotte Logan, Amasa Nelson, Laura L. Wait,
Alva Pate, -Mrs. Lucinda Morris, Charles Smith.

Biographical Sketch of Onesimus C. Pierce. 475

In those early times there were scarcely any public roads in Red ford, while
it now has more public highways than any other township in Wayne county.
Wild animals, such as deer, wolves, foxes, woodchucks, beaver, muskrats,
and minks were plenty in the neighborhood, and once in a while a black
bear would honor the early settlers with his presence. Wild turkeys, partridge
and quail, and most other birds such as belong to this latitude were also
plentiful. The streams abounded with fish, such as the mullet, sucker, pike,
and pickerel. Among serpents the stiiped and milk snakes, but principally
the massasauga, were numerous. The massasauga resembles the rattlesnake,
it was generally about two feet in length and while its movement was slow
and logy, it could jump nearly or quite its length, striking its fangs into an
opposing object at the same time, the effects of which were about as poison-
ous and dangerous as those of the rattlesnake. The Indians often passed
through Red ford in going to and from different parts of the territory, but
none of them were permanently settled in the township.

The early population which contained a number of French, Irish, German
and Scotch, was of a steady, industrious, and frugal character. G-enerally
each man owned his farm, and all went to work to clear up the new country
of their adoption, and they and their descendants have succeeded in making
it one of the best and most productive townships in the State. As a general
thing the town is nearly level; jt has scarcely any waste or poor land in it,
and it is now thickly settled with a thrifty and intelligent population. It is
nearly all cleared^ there being now no more timber reserved than is actually
necessary for future use.

Primary schools were started in the town at an early day, and it now has ten
in all. The schools are generally kept from eight to ten months in the year ;
they are well sustained, well attended, and are in a flourishing condition.
There is probably no better educated town in the State.

Mr. Pierce has held nearly every township office provided by law, and he
has been in office nearly forty years. He had a taste for the military; was
captain in the "Toledo war," and has held every military rank in the militia
from captain up to colonel. He now has his commissions of Lieut. Colonel
and of Colonel, which he received from the still well-remembered Stevens T.
Mason.

Mr. Pierce now resides at the village called Redford Centre. This village
has about one hundred and fifty people, and is situated aboat one mile and a
half from the Detroit and Lansing Railroad. The whole town has about two
thousand inhabitants. There are four churches in the town, belonging to the
Baptist, the Methodist, the Catholic, and the Presbyterian denominations.

Mr. Pierce is now (1872) a member of the Legislature, and is an advocate
of woman's suffrage. As a member of the Legislature he is always at his
post, and is attentive and careful in the public business. He has acquired a
handsome property, and is now in easy circumstances.

His wife, whom he married after he came to Michigan, is now living. He
has had nine children — three sons and six daughters, of whom five now survive.

He has always sustained a good character. He had a good constitution and
has generally enjoyed good health, and though the frosts of three score years
are now creeping upon him, we hope he may still long remain among us as one
of the early pioneers of the State.

476

PioisTEER Society or MicHiaAN.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF GEN. LAWSON ALEXANDER VAN AKIN.

BY LEVI BISHOP.
Keacl before the Wayne County Pioneer Society, May 9, 1872.

Gen. Van Akin was born in 1809 in the town of Phelps, Ontario county,
N. Y. His ancestors were from Holland. His father's name was John Van
Akin, who served in the revolutionary war, and in the last war with England,
in which he sustained the rank of Captain under Gen. Van Ransselaer and
others. Lawson's mother's maiden name was Margaret Westfall. Her father
lived on the Delaware in Pennsylvania, and she was in the habit of relating
many adventures of the Indians in the neighborhood of her father's resi-
dence, before and during the revolutionary war. Lawson received the bene-
fit of a common school education and also of attendance one or two years at
high schools. His father was a farmer and was the second settler in Phelps;
and his family consisted of one daughter and nine sons who were also brought
up as farmers. Lawson left Phelps and came up the Lake in 1831 bound
for Michigan, some parts of which he had explored the year before. He
took passage on the old steamer Superior, and the only notable incident which
occurred in coming up the lake was, that in consequence of a terrible blow
the boat was compelled to lie under Point Albino on the Canada shore between
three and four days; many on board were troubled with unpleasantness in the
stomach. The trip from Buffalo to Detroit took about six days, being more
than half the time now required to cross the Atlantic.

A noticeable feature about the little town of Detroit then was the old
market which stood in Woodward avenue next south of Jefferson avenue.
There were three taverns in Detroit, one of which was called the Yankee
Boarding House, where Mr. Van Akin put up, and which was situated where
the Franklin House now is on the corner of Bates and Larned streets. The
old French church with its five steeples or tourelles as the French call them,
stood where it now does, and Lawson attended service there one morning as a
matter of curiosity, he never having witnessed that form of religious worship
before, and he was much amused and interested therein. The preaching and
in fact, the whole service was in an '^unknown tongue," and consequently was
all Greek to the spectator in question.

Mr. Van Aken brought a heavy wagon up the lake and having hired a
yoke of oxen at Detroit for his wagon, and having loaded up his goods and
chattels, with his wife and one child, he started out on the old Ann Arbor
road, then running down the river to the sand hill, and from thence he went
on to a country tavern kept by a certain man called Conrad. Ten Eyck, some-
times called "Old Coon," about nine miles from Detroit. While at this
tavern four or five gentlemen rode up and wanted a meal of victuals includ-
ing fresh meat. The landlord not having any fresh meat and wishing to
evade the call for it, stepped to the kitchen door, and, speaking so loud as to
be lieard by his guests, inquired of his wife if any of that old she wolf was
left, ;is some gentlemen wanted a little fresh meat, thereupon a private con-
sultation ensued among the guests and they concluded to leave without their
meal of victuals.

Mr. Van Akin proceeded on liis way on what was called a road, but which
was but little more tlian an Indian trail. The timber was heavy and the
country was as yet generally uncleared. It was in the month of October, and

Sketch of Gek. Lawson Alexander Yan Akin. 477

while the frost had stripped many of the trees of their verdure, there were
many of them in the beauty of the golden autumn. On the way in the woods
he met an old friend — William Eeed, who said he was going to Detroit to see
a man hung. This was Simmons, who was to be hung for killing his wife at
or near the present village of Wayne. This Mr. Reed lived for several years
in and about the town of Nankin, Wayne county, and he was afterwards
killed in the Mexican war, where he served as a soldier.

Mr. Van Akin proceeded to Nankin and pulled up near the present village
of Perrinville, and went onto a lot of 160 acres which he had bought about
a mile southwesterly of the present village. The forest there was then
unbroken, and he erected a shanty of poles and boards which was called a
house. It was at least a shelter. It was the first erected in that vicinity, and
Mr. Van Akin occupied it with his family for about a year and until he got
fourteen acres cleared and a comfortable house erected. Wild game and
especially deer were so plenty in that section at the time, that they would fre-
quently come around where the men were at work; and the deer would some-
times come near the house in the evening and gaze in the windows at the
light. There were also a plenty of wolves in the neighborhood, which made
night hideous with their bowlings. Such was pioneer life not twenty miles
from Detroit, "just forty years ago."

One intensely cold winter evening an Indian came into the house with his
knife and tomahawk and wanted something to eat. Mrs. Van Akin was so
much alarmed that she could not speak. Her husband told her it was best
to get something for the unwelcome stranger to eat, which was done with
remarkable alacrity. When he had taken his food the Indian took his leave
and went into a swamp to the southward, very much to the amazement of the
family, that any one should voluntarily go out in the night into the storm
and forest without shelter and in such an inclement season.

In April of the second year after his arrival here, the stock of Mr. Van
Akin consisted of a yoke of oxen, a cow and young calf. One morning before
daylight he heard the calf making a most terrific noise, he sprang out of bed,
ran out, and there were two wolves which had the calf down and were biting
him most ferociously. Mr. Van Akin *'went for them," and drove them off
before the calf was killed though he was bleeding freely at the throat. The
calf was taken in, cared for and saved. About a year after this a bear
approached the house and made an attack on a large hog in the adjacent
forest. Lawson and his brother went out with an old gun and a pitchfork
and *'set the battle in array." The dog was sent in to begin the attack, but -
he no sooner came in sight of the enemy than he ran for life with his hair on
end like the quills of the fretful porcupine. Bruin himself thought prudence
was the better part of valor, for he took to his heels also and disappeared.
The hog was the only one in the field that was hurt, but he was found badly
mangled.

About 1834:, Mr. Van Akin's brother lost a sow, and they went out to
ascertain what had become of her. She could not be found, but near the
place where she was last seen, a young bear was discovered up a tree. The
brothers proposed to shoot and bring the cub down ; but on consultation, it
was concluded that where there was a cub there must be a dam not far off,
which it might be dangerous to arouse. The parties, therefor, as they had
but one gun and one cliarge, concluded to retreat and leave the cub on the
tree alone in his glory.

478 Pioneer Society oe MiomaAK.

For four or five years after his first arrival here, Mr. Van Akin was much
engaged in raising log cabins for settlers who had recently arrived, and for
others who needed thern. In those early times the neighbors used to put bells
on their stock and turn them loose in the morning to browse in the forest,
taking note which way they went, so as to know what direction to pursue in
order to find and bring them home in the evening. Sometimes they would
wander away from one to three or four miles, and when they chanced to be near
together, browsing, the sound of their bells in the clear air, gave out a medley
of music that was peculiarly pleasant to the pioneer. If the cattle chanced
to be out after dark there was danger from the wolves, which were sure to be
prowling about in the neighborhood.

From the pioneer start which Mr. Van Akin and two or three others gave,
that section of Wayne county has been steadily settled and improved till it
has become well populated, is filled with good houses and barns, and good
husbandry; is well accommodated with roads and cross-roads, including plank
roads, and even railroads, with schoolhouses and churches, and till it in fact
ranks among the best cultivated, and most thrifty sections of the State.
There are few of the yeomanry of that neighborhood who are not well-to-do
in the world, and who are not in independent circumstances.

The following persons were early and contemporaneous settlers with Mr. V^an
Akin in Nankin and its vicinity, all of whom are now dead : Marcus Swift, Wm.
Osborn, James Kipp, Isaac Perrin, Abraham Perrin, Wm. Minchley, Wm.
Brazington, Joseph Kingsley, Norton Noble, John Norris, Walter Norris,
Matthew Quirck, Samuel Dimick, Thomas Dickinson, Josiah Mason, John

Palmer, James Palmer, William Strait, Zachariah Strait, Rev. Gordon,

Andrew L. Stevens, James Ferguson, Harcourt Ferguson, and others.

The following early settlers of the same neighborhood are now (at the
writing of this paper, May 1872) in the laud of the living: James Abbot,
Glode D. Chubb, John B. Wallace, Abel Patchen, Ammon Brown, Jacob
Reed, Robert Reed, Adam Reed, Josiah Smith, Reuben Brown, Wm. Smith,
Barnabas C. Bunnell, John Ingraham, Benjamin Marshal, Daniel Strait,
Mathias Strait, Charles Strait, Andrew Montgomery, James Stewart, Robert
Stewart, John Luthers, Robert Luthers, Thomas Luthers, John Stringer,
James Stringer, Franklin Stringer, William Bills, Friend Perrin, Calvin
Cheney, Winchester, and others.

Mr. Van Akin, since his settlement in Nankin, has held several town offices
and several military commissions of different ranks, from Corporal up to Briga-
dier general. He has been a man of industry and frugality, and now, in his
decline of life, he finds himself in comfortable circumstances.

Note.— I notice on Belden & Co.'s map of Nankin, the name is L. A. Van Aiken.— J. C. H.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF CHARLES C. TROWBRIDGE.
BY HON". JAMES V. CAMPBELL.
Read June 1:5, 1883, at the Annual Meeting State Pioneer Society.

1 have been desired to prepare for the Pioneer society a sketch of the life
and career of Charles C.Trowbridge, who died on the 3d of April, 1^83. He was,
so far us I know, the oldest business resident of the State, not a native of Michi-
gan, except the Hon. John Owen, whose coming into the Territory was at about

Sketch of Charles C. Trowbridge. 479

the same time or a little earlier. As a pioneer among pioneers, therefore, it
would be very proper to commemorate him, had he not possessed those
stronger and surer claims to honored remembrance which attend on a pure
and wise character of remarkable usefulness, and held in honor throughout
the whole community.

Charles Christopher Trowbridge was born in Albany, New York, on the
29th day of December, 1800. He was the youngest of six children, and his
father, Jjuther Trowbridge, died in February, 1802. This gentleman, who
was a native of Franiingham, Mass., was, in 1775, when the revolution broke
out, a law student in the office of his kinsman, Edmund Trowbridge, a judge
of the court of King's Bench, and a loyalist, who was nevertheless held in
such personal esteem, as not to be molested for his principles. The young
man, however, was an earnest rebel," and fought as a volunteer in the
battle of Lexington. At the early age of seventeen, he received an ensign's
commission in the Massachusetts line, and continued in the service until the
peace, when he retired with the rank of Brevet Captain and Quartermaster.
Young as he was, he was a veteran in service. He was in Arnold's expedition
up the Kennebec, in the fall of 1775, and was at Saratoga when Burgoyne
was defeated. He was in Sullivan's expedition that was set on foot after the
massacre of Wyoming. He was stationed at West Point when Washington
had his quarters there, and his wife, then a very youthful matron, recalled in
after years the good humored way in which the stately general did the honors
with his battered camp equipage, polished till he claimed it might pass for
silver.

After the war was over. Captain Trowbridge settled at Albany, where his
wife (who was Miss Elizabeth Tillman), had relatives. Here he was engaged
in various enterprises, and was interested in some land purchases. He held
various offices by appointment of the governor and council, and was on pleasant
terms with the public men of the time. Among his personal friends were
Mr. Van Rensselaer, the patroon, Elkanah Watson, Abraham Van Vechten,
and Chancellor Kent. The latter, in after years, meeting the subject of this
sketch, referred with interest to his old friendship, and told anecdotes of
shooting expeditions on Patroon Creek, where Captain Trowbridge won credit
as a marksman with a little gun with a dog's head carved on the stock, which
had been given him by a French officer during his campaigns. This gun is
still in the possession of the family.

Upon the father's death the children were scattered. General Selah
Matthews, long known as a distinguished leader of the Rochester bar, was
at that time living at Elmira, and he took into his family Stephen V. R.
Trowbridge, and in due time set about preparing him for the bar. A very
early marriage made him seek other means of support. In 1813 a visit with
his mother to see this brother led to an important result in shaping the career
of our friend. Major Horatio Ross, then living at Owego, but having con-
siderable branch stores at Athens, in Pennsylvania, and Elmira, offered to
take Charles and bring him up as a merchant. Indentures were executed
accordingly, whereby, in the old fashioned phrases that had come down from
the English cities, the lad of twelve agreed not to violate the duties of his
station, and the master agreed to support and train him in business, and pay
him what was a liberal compensation, increasing yearly. This excellent man
was faithful to his promises, and Mr. Trowbridge owed much of his thorough
business habits to the teaching of his friendly employer. The first year was

480 Pioneer Society of MicmaAir.

spent at Elmira. The next year he was taken into the family of Major Ross,
at Owego, where he was cherished with parental tenderness. The business
troubles that succeeded soon after the peace of 1815, ultimately ruined Major
Ross' business, and he turned out all his assets to his creditors, who, admir-
ing his uprightness, made over to him a considerable amount of accounts, and
left him his homestead. The veteran, in his declining years, when Mr.
Trowbridge, though young, was in the fair way to prosperity in Detroit, wrote
cheerfully that his revolutionary pension and his moderate salary in the clerk's
office at Owego supplied all his wants.

The creditors put the property into the hands of Mr. Trowbridge, who was
then not quite eighteen years old, and he closed up the business. He went
down the Susqeuhanna with salt, gypsum, and lumber, and disposed of them
in Pennsylvania, and came back with the proceeds. In 1819, Wm. A. Ely,
of Owego, sent him as supercargo to Havre de Grace and Baltimore, and he
returned through the country unarmed, carrying all the proceeds of his voy-
age in bank notes upon his person.

In after life he referred to two peculiarities in which that period differed
very much from the present. One was the great responsibilities laid upon
boys and young men. The other was the absence of any sense of danger in
carrying money about the country. On one occasion, when only fourteen
years old, he was sent by Major Ross to Newburgh, a distance of one hundred
and forty miles, on horseback, to procure the discount of a note for $4,000.
He went alone, and not only brought the money, but when the note matured,
traveled over the same road again with funds to meet it.

After the return from Baltimore, he was put in temporary charge of the
stock in trade of Gen. Goodrich, a merchant lately deceased. But at this
time he was turning his eyes to the future, and reflecting on the place where
he should fix his home. He was offered by Mr. Ely a share in his business
as partner. But he preferred going westward. His first purpose was to go to
New Orleans, but his friends opposed it. He was finally induced to prefer
Michigan, by the favorable report of a young friend who preceded him.

Having indicated this preference, some of his friends, through the inter-
vention of Rev. John Monteith, then a missionary and teacher in Detroit,
secured for him an appointment under Major Thomas Rowland, who having
served meritoriously in the army during the war, had settled in Detroit, and
was then United States marshal, clerk of the courts, justice of the peace,
trustee of the city, and exercising many functions. Major Rowland was a
gentleman of culture, of sterling character, and during his whole life much
esteemed. He took Mr. Trowbridge at once into his own family, made him
deputy in both his offices, and paid him as liberally as business would war-
rant.

In August, 1819, Mr. Trowbridge started for his destination and went to
Buffalo, having as fellow travelers for a portion of the distance, three well
known Detroit merchants, Tunis S. Wendell, John Palmer, and James
Byrne. Just as he left, he received by the hands of one of his former asso-
ciates under Maj. Ross, — Felix Hinchman (father of our fellow-citizens, Guy
and Joseph Hinchman), — a very earnest letter of recommendation to all good
people, signed by four of the principal citizens of Owego. This unsolicited
testimonial was very cheering, and it remained among his most valued
papers at liis death.

As Buffalo then had no harbor, the steamer Walk-in-the-Water, which was

Sketch of Charles C. TROWBPJDaE.

481

then the only steam vessel on Lake Erie, made her port at Black Rock. He
secured passage in her, and at the appointed time the vessel slowly went up
the river to Lake Erie, aided by what was familiarly called the horned
breeze,'^ — being towed up by twenty pairs of stout oxen. Once in the lake
she made her own way, and in due time landed at Detroit.

The little frontier post, with a very small English speaking population, had
a society which was somewhat remarkable for its refinement, and for its
entire freedom from stiffness and ostentation. Economy was not despised,
and every door was open to any young man who was personally worthy. The
military element, which was then very large, included a good many officers,
who then, or afterwards were distinguished. Among them were General
Alexander Macomb, Major John Biddlo, Major Henry Stanton, Major Daniel
Baker, Major Stockton, Captain Henry Whiting, Captain John G-arland, Dr.
Zina Pitcher, and Lieutenant James Watson Webb. The last is the only sur-
vivor. The only person now known to be living who was associated with Mr.
Trowbridge in any of his office work, is the Kev. Voltaire Spalding, now a
venerable Episcopal clergyman of the Western Diocese of Michigan, who was
then city clerk of Detroit.

During the first year there was not much work to be done in Major Row-
land's office, but Mr. Trowbridge made himself a master of all the legal for-
malities, and a few years ago he expressed his gratification at finding that
the methods he introduced in Wayne county have been adhered to substan-
tially ever since. Major Rowland was much attached to him, and procured
from New York a full supply of legal treatises, and urged him to turn his
attention to legal studies. But he had relatives whom he desired to aid in
their struggles to equip themselves, and he preferred to do all that came
within his reach in the shape of remunerative employment, to interrupting
his work.

During the winter of 1819-20 preparations were going on somewhat confi-
dentially for an expedition among the Indians, to remove some difficulties. Dur-
ing the war of 1812 the British had obtained great influence over the Indians,
and had kept it up since the peace by generous presents and flattering treat-
ment. The result was coldness and in some cases a feeling of hostility to the
Americans, anong the Upper Lake and Mississippi Indians. The purpose of
this expedition was partly scientific, to explore the sources of the Mississippi,
but chiefly to impress upon the tribes the power of the United States, and to
induce them to become friendly. Major Rowland, knowing of the project,
asked Mr. Trowbridge it* he would like to join the expedition. He answered
very emphatically that he would rather black boots than miss it. The major
thereupon interceded with Gen. Cass, who very kindly sent for Mr. Trow-
bridge and was so pleased with him that he made him a clerk and assistant
topographer, and when the expedition started took him into his own canoe,
and made him his personal companion during the four months which were
consumed in the long voyage of four thousand four hundred miles. This
was Mr. Trowbridge's first intimate knowledge of Gen. Cass, who became
and continued during all his life his affectionate and devoted friend, and
on his death entrusted him with an important duty concerning his estate.

The expedition started May 24, 1820. Mr. Schoolcraft published a full
account of it, which is well known. Attached to the corps, among other
men of note, was James Duane Doty, then a young man, but afterv^ards con-
61

482 Pioneer Society oe MiCHiaAisr.

spicaous in the history of Michigan and of the west, between Avhom and Mr.
Trowbridge there was always a close intimacy. Before reaching the Sault do
Ste. Marie, a small detachment of soldiers was added to the company. At the
Sault, the signs of hostility were apparent, and while most of the chiefs had
been mollified and quieted by the influence of Mrs. Johnston, an Indian lady,
who was wife of the principal trader, there was one chief of high rank who
was savage and vindictive, and disposed to stir up trouble. He had his camp
with numerous well armed warriors, but a few score rods from that of Gen.
Cass, and he made no secret of his determination to oppose the American
movement, although the wiser leaders of the tribes counseled discretion.
He finally raised the -British flag over his camp. Gen. Cass accompanied only
by an interpreter, walked over to the place where the flag was flying, and tore
it down, and trampled on it, announcing that it eould not be raised on Amer-
ican soil. The small body of Americans, numbering only sixty-six, including
the whole company, stood firmly to their arm?, expecting an attack. But
the enemy was for a time stupefied by the cool daring of the general, and
before mischief could be done, the other chiefs interfered and prevented it.
In the end the tribes gave up lands for military purposes at the Sault, and the
general had no further trouble in that region. During the long journey inter-
views and arrangements were had with all of the tribes on the upper lakes
and in their vicinity, and satisfactory relations established.

This journey was made throughout in bark canoes, which Gen. Cass always
preferred to such other vessels as were to be found about the lakes at that
time. The arrangements were all made with a view to economy of space,
and to the nature of the country through which they were to pass. The
experience of the traders had made them well acquainted with the best
method of provisioning their crews, and while at this time it was customary
to furnish some salted meat and biscuit, a chief item was still dried corn,
once the voyageurs' only rations, supplemented by a little fat meat, and such
fish and chance game as could be found on the way.

It micjit be imagined by those who are ignorant of the early Western ways
that these canoe voyages led to the temporary abandonment of civilized
habits. But no mistake could be greater. The canoe had been found the
best and most commodious vehicle for all the vicissitudes of this remote
voyaging, and the flotillas were often commanded or accompanied in the Colo-
nial days by gentlemen of the old noblesse, who were always elegant and
punctilious, or by the Scotch fur traders who always enforced discipline and
respect.

The expedition of 1820 was partly in the interests of science, and the gen-
tlemen who composed it were all sooner or later men of mark and eminence in
civil or military life. Mr. Trowbridge has left a description of Gen. Cass'
traveling habits which is not only interesting in itself, but valuable as throw-
ing light on the character of that distinguished leader.

**Gen. Cass at one time made a four months' trip of four thousand five
hundred miles, at another one of three months and fifteen hundred miles,
and at another one of two months and a thousand miles, in these frail vessels,
coasting all the upper lakes and descending the Mississippi from its extreme
source to the mouth of the River Ohio, and all without any serious accideat.
The General always carried a well selected though necessarily a small library,
and in his own canoe, when the weather permitted, some young member of
the party was called upon to read aloud during a part of the forenoon.

Sketch or Charles C, TROWBRiDaE. 483

"Some might think this a monotonous way of traveling, and no doubt it
would be so now, when anything less than five hundred miles in twenty-four
hours is called a waste of time ; but it was not so. The chauson de voyage in
setting out in the morning and approaching the camp ground in the evening,
under the graceful folds of our national flag, the bustle of pitching tents,
cooking supper, fighting mosquitoes, gumming the canoes, and the long
stories of adventure told around the camp fire by one of the old voyageurs
selected as conteur des coutes made the time pass cheerily. Besides, it was the
custom of the country. * * * As to the evening camp-fire proper of
General Oass, it was always enlivened by some literary or scientific discussion,
generally started by the general, and carried on by some of the savans in
his suite."

On his return Mr. Trowbridge was sent with Gol. Boufait, a well known
citizen of Detroit who was then an Indian Interpreter, to make a payment to
the Saginaw Indians. The silver for this purpose was carried on pack horses,
without an escort, and the journey took five days, during which the little
party camped out every night without fear of robbery or molestation.

After this time while continuing Deputy Clerk, he began to act as private
Secretary and amanuensis to Gen, Oass, and in that capacity wrote down
from his dictation, not only his public documents and communications, but
some of his literary contributions to the North American Review and other
publications. He was also employed in some positions of great responsibility.

In 1831 the Ogdens of New York having obtained the State's reversionary
interest in considerable tracts occupied by the six nations, they desired if
possible to induce the Indians to remove westward and vacate their territory.
The Secretary of war, Mr. Calhoun^ favored the project, if feasible, and Mr.
Trowbridge was appointed Agent to accompany the chiefs and representatives
of the tribes to Green Bay, and negotiate with the Winnebagoes and Menom-
inees for the purchase of suitable lands. That place was chosen with the
expectation, as Mr. Calhoun said in his instructions, that "they would no more
be disturbed by the advancing wave of civilization." On this occasion the
New York Indians were represented, among others, by the Rev. Eleazar
"Williams, a gentleman, as then understood, of French and Indian parentage,
of portly presence, but not impressing the world then as having any claims
on the throne of France. The ^'Dauphin" theory was later, and is not
much regarded by his old acquaintances in the West, although possibly a
Bourbon out of business may not necessarily be very majestic.

A treaty was made which was not entirely satisfactory to either side, but a
portion of the Oneidas and Stockbridge tribes, and a few others removed to
the lands purchased near Green Bay, and Mr. Williams himself settled there.

During his residence in Michigan, Mr. Trowbridge, who was already an
accurate French scholar, and familiar also with the Canadian — which was the
older form of the French language, — had become pretty well acquainted with
the Chippewa dialect, and had spent the considerable leisure which is always
enforced during Indian negotiations, in studying the variations in tribal
dialects, and the customs and traditions of the Indians. On his return from
Green Bay, he was given a post in the local Indian department as assistant
secretary (Major Forsyth being secretary) and accountant, and soon after was
also made interpreter. These employments added to his salary as deputy of
Major Rowland, gave him what was then considered a very good income, and
enabled him to make some savings. About this time he was also made secretary

484

Pioneer Society of Michigan.

of the Board of Regents of the University, with a salary of sixty dollars. This
office was chiefly valuable to him by bringing him into familiar relations with
the most prominent and cultivated gentlemen in the town, who were after-
wards his personal and intimate friends. Among these were Father Richard,
the Vicar General of the Catholic Diocese, Gen. Charles Lamed, Judge Leib,
Col. Henry J. Hunt, Major Abraham Edwards, afterwards of Kalamazoo,
Austin E. Wing, Major Biddle, and others.

In 1822, in consequence of a treaty of the previous year with the Ottawas,
Chippewas, and Pottawattomies, whereby they ceded large tracts in southern
and western Michigan-, it became necessary to fix upon the places where the
government should locate teachers, blacksmiths, and other persons in the
service of the tribes, and Mr. Trowbridge was appointed to make these selec-
tions, and sent to get advice from General Tipton at Fort Wayne, and Dr.
Wolcott at Chicago (who represented the tribes at the agencies), after which
he was to meet Col. Gabriel Godfrey at Bertrand's (near Niles), and proceed
to make the designations.

He left Detroit with Mr. Lindsay (who was going to Chicago on govern-
ment business) and they were escorted on horseback to Maumee by a well
known character known as Baron le horgue (or one-eyed), who then acted as
mail carrier between Detroit and JSandusky, carrying all the mail in his
saddlebags. There were no bridges over most of the streams, but the horses
were used to such travel. Leaving Baron at Maumee, they followed J;he
streams to Fort Wayne and then to Chicago, which Mr. Trowbridge had not
before visited. That place then consisted of a small stockaded fort, and four
houses, one (and perhaps all) of logs, two occupied by John Kinzie, and Col.
Beaubien, and the other two belonging to the Indian department. One vessel
a year visited the place, and took supplies, and brought away furs and peltries.
Most of the travel, therefore, was on horseback, and the usual time between
Chicago and Detroit was ten days. This excursion occupied six weeks, during
which on one occasion, by reason of an unexpected delay, they got entirely
out of provisions, and on reaching a hospitable wigwam, during the green
corn season, the mistress of the mansion set before them a cake made of
pounded green corn and whortleberries, of which they ate abundantly to their
subsequent discomfort.

The present generation can have little comprehension of the condition of
the country and the difficulties of travel in those days. When Mr. Trow-
bridge, as deputy marshal, aided in taking the census of 1820, the white
population of the whole country, which now includes Michigan, Wisconsin,
Iowa, Minnesota, and the entire region westward to the Missouri river, was
less than ten thousand. The only road with any resemblance to even the
worst of our new roads, ran along the river above and below Detroit to the
Maumee. None of the streams away from this road were bridged at all. The
country was much wetter than since it was cleared up, and most of it was
heavily wooded. Indian trails were tolerably well defined on the ehief lines of
Indian travel from post to post, and these were generally followed as far as
possible. The journeys across the country were performed on horseback; the
horses most commonly used being French and Indian ponies, that were sure-
footed and tough, and easily fed by the grass and browsing they found along-
the way. There were no inns anywhere, and the only habitations met with
were an occasional trading-house, and the wigwams of the natives which
sometimes furnished food, but seldom lodging. Experienced travelers took

Sketch of Charles C. Trowbridg-e.

485

no teats, carried no extra baggage, and few provisions. Each man carried a
hatchet, a tin cup, and a stout knife. A full supply of tea was indispensable
to comfort, but wine and spirits were mostly eschewed. When the company
was large enough to have common cooking utensils, the tea was made strong
and boiled in a camp kettle in large quantities. If the traveler was solitary,
or had but one or two companions, his capacious tin cup served for a teapot.
His staple food, when his first stock of provisions ran out, was the never
failing dried corn. A favorite method of preparing this for use on the
journey was to pound it up fine and mix it with maple sugar — the mixture
being called praline, a name now usually confined to almonds coated with
sugar. This was made into a gruel or porridge which was quite nutritious.
By such temperate ways and laborious training was built up that hale consti-
tution which made our friend's eye as clear, and his hand as steady at over
four score years as in his youth. He thus describes his home journey from
Chicago :

"On my return from Chicago, I met at St. Joseph, Col. G-abriel G-odfreyj
an aged but vigorous French gentleman, a sub Indian agent and interpreter,
who acted as guide for the remainder of our journey. We carried in our
saddle bags a little provision, among which was a small bag of praline. This
was not the sugared almond, but parched corn, pounded and mixed with
maple sugar, and in the absence of other food it formed our piece de resist-
ance. We had no tent. Each had one blanket. Before sundown we
span celled our horses — that is, we fastened their legs together with a small
leather strap, pulled the grass stuffing out of the bells suspended at their
necks, and allowed them to graze at will. A horse tethered in this manner
has little disposition to roam far, because he must lift both fore legs at once,
which is an awkward and fatiguing motion, and therefore so long as the
traveler can hear the bell, he is certain of catching the animal without
trouble. But it is a well known fact, that after a little while horses thus
treated become fond of the camp, and seldom stray far away. * * * Our
fire being made, we had our cup of tea, prepared in our tin drinking cups,
and disposed ourselves to rest, choosing a dry spot of earth, and taking our
saddles for pillows. We were several weeks out in this tour, and enjoyed it
greatly."

In 1823 he was sent to G-reen Bay to take temporary charge of the Indian
Agency during the sickness of Commodore Brevoort, who was then agent.
He improved this opportunity to make further studies in the languages of
the Menominees and Winnebagoes, the former being in affinity with the
Chippewas, and the latter though peculiar, being harsh and gutteral like the
Iroquois.

His first visit to New York City was with Major Forsyth, in 1823, to obtain
and bring back $20,000 in silver, to make payments to the Indians. They
crossed Lake Erie in the "Superior," — successor to the Walk-in-the- Water —
and went through to Albany in the Pioneer" line of stages, going down
the Hudson River by steamer. While they were in New York the celebrated
race between Eclipse and Sir Henry came off, attended by prominent citizens
from all parts of the country. They obtained an extra stage very strongly
built to carry their 1200 weight of silver, being only fearful of break downs.
On the return steamer to Albany Mr. Trowbridge met Chancellor Kent, and
the Patroon, who were very courteous to him and told him many anecdotes
of their old acquaintance with his father.

486 Pioneer Society oe Michigan.

In December, 1823, he was employed in a very congenial occupation. Gen.
Cass, who had always himself, been a close student of Indian affairs, had become
particularly interested in some discussions concerning their original relations
to each other, and the character and resemblances of their customs and lan-
guages. A correspondence between Mr. Duponaeau and the Moravian mis-
sionary, Heckewelder, on these subjects, had drawn the attention of scholars
to them, and had caused some controversy. This region being regarded as
well calculated to furnish reliable data, Gen. Oass applied to the Secretary of
War, Mr. Calhoun, for leave to employ a suitable person to pursue these
inquiries, agreeing to meet the expense out of the ordinary agency appropri-
ations. Having obtained the Secretary's consent, Mr. Trowbridge was
selected for the work, and in December he set out for White river to spend
the winter with William Conner, a Delaware interpreter and agent, who lived
about eighteen miles from the new town of Indianapolis. Conner had been
brought up in intimacy with the Delawares, his father having been captured
by them in early life, and having afterwards settled near Mount Clemens,
with the Moravians, who brought the Christian Delawares there towards the
close of the Eevolution, and built the village of New Graderhutten, on the
the Clinton (then Huron) river.

Although the Conners lived detached from the Indians, they were alwaj^s
held in high esteem by them, as men of probity, and the three brothers,
William, Henry (known as Wabishkindibe, or White Head), and James, were
all valued and reliable interpreters among the Michigan and other northwest-
ern tribes. Mr, Conner not only possessed much knowledge himself, but he
aided Mr. Trowbridge in getting information from the Indian chiefs in that
vicinity. Among these was an old chief known as Captain Pipe, who had not
been very friendly to the Moravians, and had been stirred up against them,
but who gave valuable testimony in their favor to the Commandant at Detroit,
Col. Depeyster, when Zeisberger and others were brought there as prisoners.
Captain Pipe and some of his head men remained three months with Mr.
Trowbridge, at Mr. Conner's, and gave him much valuable information. The
Miami chiefs, Le Gros and Kichardville, also enabled him to secure a great
many interesting particulars of history and tradition, as well as of language,
although Le Gros was very suspicious, and for a long time took refuge in the
Indian equivalent for no7i mi ricords, to Mr. Trowbridge's amusement as well
as annoyance. The pleasant manner of the inquirer seems to have been more
ejaicacious than the cross-examination of counsel in the Queen's case, and the
result was a large mass of very important data communicated through Gen.
Cass to the Government, and probably appropriated without credit by some
of those amiable gentlemen who have built up a linguistic reputation on
other men's labors. It is to be hoped that Mr. Trowbridge's share in this
work may be rescued and credited to him.

Among other facts illustrating the times, he reported that wheat could be
bought at Conner's for twenty-five cents per bushel, and corn at ten, and
that the Indians brought in turkeys all through the winter at six cents apiece.

On returning from this profitable winter's work, he employed himself at
Gen. Cass' request, in visiting the old French people, and taking down their
recitals of events during Pontiac's war on the settlements. Quite a number
still survived who were old enough to have distinct recollections of those
events. Among those whose narratives he preserved, were Mr. Peltier, grand-
father of Chief Justice Charles VV. Whipple, Charles Gonin, ancestor of the

Sketch of Charles C. Trowbridge. 487

sailor of that name, killed on the Kearsarge in her fight with the Alabama;
Madam Meloche, who had just settled as a bride in the house on Bloody Run
by which the battle was fought; Jacques Parent, from whose family the run
(Parent's Creek) was named, and Gabriel St. Aubin, a very respectable
Frehch gentleman, who lived not far off. The narrative of Major Thomp-
son Mc-ixvvell, originally of Starke's companyof rangers, was also taken down,
but was found to contain more hearsay than knowledge of the siege, as the
old soldier's memory was somewhat confused. These narratives were subse-
quently communicated to Mr. Parkman, and aided that distinguished author
materially in the preparation of his admirable and fascinating history.

During this same year, 1834:, he was sent to Fort Wayne to make further
investigations among^ the Miamis. He had already done something among the
Wyandottes, who disputed with the Miamis precedence of settlement in this
region. He relates concerning the Wyandottes that Their interprepter,
Sam Saunders, in order to convey his idea of antiquity, used to designate
their ancestors as their fore old great grandfathers before 'em."

In 1825 he went on horseback with Gen. Cass to Wapaghkonetta, through
a wet and difficult country, to treat with the Senecas for their removal beyond
the Mississippi. On their return they took a long canoe voyage by Mackinaw
and Green Bay to Prairie du Ohien, where Gen. Cass and Gen. William
Clarke (the celebrated explorer), held a treaty with the Sacs, Winnebagoes,
Chippewas, and Sioux, who, as he expressed it ^'had been scalping each other
for years." The treaty council was held under the guns of the fort, with
two thousand warriors gathered near by to insure the keeping of the peace.
Here he first met Captain Martin Scott, the infallible marksman. After the
treaty, General Cass and Mr. Trowbridge accompanied General Clarke in their
canoe to St. Louis, and returned by the Ohio river, visiting Cincinnati to
enjoy a meeting with Judge Burnet and General Harrison.

About this time Mr. Trowbridge was made sub-agent, retaining his former
position as interpreter and accountant. But he was about to enter upon a
new employment, in which he was perhaps better known to the community
for a long period than in any of his other occupations. And he gave up his
place under Major Rowland, and all of his Indian employments, except that
of accountant, in which Gen. Cass found him indispensable. In 1825 the
immigration from the east began to increase more rapidly than before, as the
Erie Canal, just completed, furnished better means of travel and transporta-
tion across New York. Banking facilities were entirely lacking in the Terri-
tory, the Bank of Detroit incorporated during the early days of Hull's admin-
istration, having been disapproved by Congress, and having had no successor.
The Bank of Michigan was now established, and in this year its capital was
largely increased, and Mr. Trowbridge was made its cashier. He continued
connected with it as cashier or president, except for an interval from 1836 to
1839, until the bank was finally closed in the troubled times of 1843. This
bank was opened in a small brick building, said to have been originally built
for the Bank of Detroit. It stood immediately opposite the Indian council
house, on Jefferson avenue, at the northwest corner of Randolph street.

Having thus become settled down in a permanent position, he prepared to
assume the responsibilities of a householder, and in 1826 was married to Miss
Catherine Whipple Sibley, the eldest daughter of Judge Solomon Sibley, then
a Justice of the Supreme Court, and previously Attorney General and Dele-
gate to Congress. Judge Sibley was one of the early settlers at Marietta,

488 Pioneer Society of MiomaAN".

Ohio, where a number of distinguished citizens of New England and other
Eastern States had formed the nucleus of the ISTorthwest Territory, and took
a decisive part in shaping its fortunes. Judge Sibley was the earliest Ameri-
can settler in Detroit after it was given up by the British in 1796, and he
represented this region in the Legislature of that Territory, and was after-
wards a member of the Upper Council of that body. He was a man of
learning and wisdom, as well as of great intellectual ability, and his influence
in public matters and socially was very valuable. His wife was a daughter
of Colonel Ebenezer Sproac of the revolutionary army, who held office by
appointment of Gen. Washington in the Northwest Territory, and was a
man of sterling worth. Mrs. Sproat was a daughter of Commodore Abra-
ham Whipple, who did the first sea service during the revolution under com-
mission from Rhode Island, and who accompanied his daughter to her new
home in Ohio, which she only left to spend her last years with Mrs. Sibley in
Detroit. This is not the place to dwell upon the family history of Mr. Trow-
bridge. His marriage was in all respects a fortunate one, and after living
with his wife in love and happiness for more than half a century they left
behind them the memory of a home that was singularly attractive, and of a
married life that was a pattern of domestic virtue and harmony.

It is not often, in this changing region, that a family live out their whole
family life in one home. Mr. Trowbridge built his house at what was then
regarded as a considerable distance from the town, and off of any opened
street, although on the line where it was expected Jefferson avenue would
some day be laid out. In order to reach it, he was compelled to pass down
Randolph street to the river, and follow up the river road till he reached the
Farm Alley, which was then the only means of approach to what is now com-
paratively central property. In this house, added to from time to time, but
not otherwise changed, he s!)8nt more than fifty-six years of his life.

In 1831, General Cass was appointed secretary of war, and was very anxious
to have Mr. Trowbridge as his chief clerk, and even told him that his accept-
ance of that position would determine his own doubts about taking that office.
The temptation of the great increase of income he would secure by this
appointment, and his personal attachment and obligations to the general
were very strong inducements, but he finally concluded that an independent
private station was preferable to any uncertain public employment, and he
determined to remain in Detroit. When the general went to Washington, he
left in Mr. Trowbridge's custody an open letter !io whomsoever might be his
successor, recommending all of the gentlemen employed in his service to the
favorable consideration and good offices of the future governor, in terms of
affection and kindness. What changes were made the writer is not informed.
But Mr. Trowbridge, although no longer in such employment, was an inti-
mate friend and adviser of Governor Porter, was with him in his last sickness,
and supported him in his arms when he died.

In 1833, Mr. Trowbridge, with Samuel Hubbard, Pliny Cutler, and
Edmund Munroe of Boston, engaged in extensive land purchases, and among
their other possessions was the site of the village of Allegan, which they laid
out, and in which he long retained an interest. He was interested during
the next few years in many other enterprises, and was one of the original
purchasers of the Cass Front in Detroit, from which he and most of the
other purchasers were finally released, on terms which he declares very

Sketch of Charles C. Trowbridge.

489

emphatically -were not only just, but liberal. He left this testimony as a
matter of no more than justice to the memory of General Cass.

His earliest religious connection was with the First Protestant Society,
which was originally composed of protestants of various denominations, the
numbers not being such at first as to warrant separate congregations. After
his marriage he cast in his lot with St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church,
where he became at once an active and useful member and officer. He con-
tinued to act as vestryman or warden until 1845, when the increasing num-
bers made it necessary to organize a new parish which was named Christ
Church, in which he was senior warden until his death. His interest in
religious matters was great and devoted, and while his modesty was remark-
able he was during life a conspicuous and influential leader in the church, and
as wise in his counsels as munificent in his gifts and sacrifices. In 1832 a
diocese was organized in which he became a member of the standing com-
mittee, (which is the principal permanent agency in each diocese) and he
continued by annual re-election to be such a member until he died. He was
also elected a member of every general convention of the Protestant Epis-
copal Church in the United States from 1835, and actually attended most of
the sessions.

He was not afiiicted by any extreme desire for public office. The only
political offices he ever held were those of alderman of Detroit in 1833, and
mayor in 1834. During this period he rendered essential service to the city
by tracing out and securing the remnants of a fund derived from the grant
of the Detroit Military Reserve to the city. The fund thus saved was put
into the old city hall building, and secured its completion. The early
months of his mayoralty were burdened by the cares occasioned by the visita-
tion of the cholera. When this had passed away, he resigned his mayoralty
and deposited in the city treasury the penalty then imposed for declining
such duties. It is not unworthy of remark that this is the solitary instance
to be found in our municipal history of the payment of such a penalty. In
1837 he was nominated by the whigs as governor of the State, and was
defeated by only 237 majority for Stevens T, Mason, who, as acting gover-
nor of the Territory and governor of the young State, had excited consider-
able enthusiasm by his spirited course in vindicating boundary rights, and
whose party was in power. Mr. Trowbridge never allowed any further use of
his name as a candidate for political station, though always holding and
expressing decided views. He was a whig until the republican party was
organized, and was thereafter a republican.

In 1842, the pressure of business labors and anxieties wore out his strength,
and for several months he was obliged to give up all occupation. His health,
after a long interval, was gradually restored, and he was during most of his
subsequent life, hale and vigorous. He took charge in 1844 of the Michigan
State Bank, of which he was president until its final winding up in 1853. He
then became secretary and treasurer, and afterwards president of the Oakland
and Ottawa Railroad Company, and its successor, the Detroit and Milwaukee
Railway Company, and continued in charge until its further reorganization.
He has also been manager or director of various minor undertakings. He
was one of the directors of the Detroit and St. Joseph Railroad Company, —
the corporation that began the Central Railroad and ran it until the State
purchased it.

490

Pioneer Society of MiCHiaAi^".

His constant business engagements did not prevent his cooperation in
those enterprises and undertakings in which there is no pecuniary profit, Mnd
where the work that is done is of general importance. He took a lively
interest in everything wliich was calculated to promote intellectual, moral,
and religious culture. He was one of the founders of the Historical and
Algic Societies. He was a member and officer of various Bible and Mis-
sionary societies. He was a Regent of the University, and took part also in
the promotion of local schools and seminaries. He was president of the
Board of Public Charities. His close business habits, his sound judgment,
and his wonderful memory combined to make him a coveted agent in those
places which should be filled with the best men, and which fortunately for
the community, few but good men are willing to take.

He did not retire from active pursuits until he had reached an age when few
are capable of following them, and then he did not retire into idleness. Hia
services in procuring the erection and completion of the soldiers' monument,
deserves special mention. As usual in such matters, there is always a sum to
be made up at the close of the subscription list, which is more difficult to
raise than all the rest. He devoted himself with singular zeal and persever-
ance, not only to the building of the monument in its imperfect shape, but
to securing its final completion by the addition of all the statues first con-
templated. He found more work than most men could perform, in looking
after the interests of persons who had been fortunate enough to secure his
kind offices, and in administering charitable and religious trusts. He was.
always attentive to the poor. He always found time to receive kindly and
entertain cheerfully the numerous visitors who sought information or help
from him. His long experience, and his systematic researches had given him
a minute familiarity with the history of this region, and he was very liberal
in imparting his knowledge, and in aiding the researches of others. He was
a ready writer, and was fond of noting down such matters as interested him.
He had the uncommon gift of a very accurate verbal memory, which enabled
him to preserve the language, as well as the substance of conversations and
interviews. His disposition was gentle and affectionate, with great candor
and frankness. People in trouble or perplexity, were continually applying to
him for advice and sympathy, and he never turned away his face from any
one who sought a hearing.

And so it was, by universal approval, that in the evening of his days he
received such a testimonial of the love and admiration of his fellow citizens,
as few living men receive who have spent their lives in quiet. On his birth-
day, at the end of his 82d year, the 29th of December, 1882, as many
guests as the Rassell house could readily provide for, met at a banquet in his
honor. They were from all parts of Michigan, and from other States^ and
they were, with scarcely an exception, personal friends of many years. The
company included many of the French inhabitants of the ancient stock, and
adopted citizens of other nationalities, as well as natives. It included dis-
tinguished soldiers and citizens, honored in public and in private life. And
letters of congratulation came in from other parts of the Union, from men
famous in civic and military station, who had, at some time in their lives,
enjoyed his friendship, and appreciated it. The words written, and the words
spoken on that occasion were the honest expression of gratitude and admira-
tion for a man who was recognized as a living blessing to the community in

Life of Mrs. Eliza Sheldok Bagtg.

491

wbich he had spent more than three-score years of an upright, pure, and
noble manhood.

From that deserved ovation he retired modestly \nd quietly into the ordi-
nary course of his daily pursuits. His cheerful energy never abated, and his
industry never slackened, until the final summons came. A few days of
illness, from which his great age gave him no sufficient vigor to rally, and he
gently yielded, and passed with clear vision into the better world.

Such a life is its own best eulogy. His living presence was a delight to all
who knew him, and his infl.uence will continue in the many good works and
institutions that owe their strength and success to his generosity and wisdom.
The community that cherishes his memory will always be the better for his
part in it. A commonwealth that had its foundations laid by such citizens
should be enduring.

THE LIFE OF MRS. ELIZA SHELDON BAGG.

BY LEVI BISHOP.
Paper read before the Detroit Pioneer Society, April 21, 1876.

This lady was born at New Hartford, Oneida County, New York, on the
twenty-second day of February, in the year seventeen hundred and ninety-
six. The twenty-second of February is a patriotic day, and her family and
friends have often, in pleasantry, accepted the popular celebrations of that
day as intended for her instead of Washington.

Her father's name was James Sheldon. He was from Providence, Rhode
Island. He was a large, tall man, and he commanded a company of volunteer
grenadiers in the continental line of the patriot army of the revolutionary
war. Her mother's name was Mary Cheesbrough Lord. Her native place
was Norwich, Connecticut. The ancestors of the family on both sides were
from England.

Mrs. Bagg was first cousin to the late Thomas 0. Sheldon, Dr. Randall S.
Rice, the first Mrs. Dr. Pitcher and Mrs Sheldon McKnight, all of whom
were formerly well known in Detroit. Mr. John P. Sheldon, who conducted
a paper at an early day in Detroit, was also her first cousin. Mr. Chas. A.
Sheldon, who is now prominently connected with the mercantile marine of
Detroit, is a nephew of Mrs. Bagg, from whom also, standing in loco parentis,
he received a large part of his culture in his years of childhood.

Mrs. Bagg had five brothers and four sisters. One of her brothers, James
Sheldon, went to Buffalo soon after that hamlet was burned by the enemy in
the war of 1812. Buffalo was but a small village when he went there to
reside. Mr. Sheldon followed the profession of the law, and afterwards
became a judge of good repute and standing. He continued to reside in
Buffalo, and saw that place grow up to a great city. He died in 1832. Mr.
Alexander J. Sheldon was a brother of the above named and of Mrs. Bagg.
This gentleman will be remembered as the one who contributed a valuable
paper to this society on the Indian mounds of Kalamazoo. He died highly
respected, at Buffalo, in March or April of the present year, 1876.

Mrs. Bagg had three brothers who served in the war of 1812, and one of
them held the rank of captain. These all received an honorable discharge
from the service of the United States.

492

Pioi^EER Society of MicHiaAisr.

Of the four sisters only one uovv survives, Mrs. Lydia Meriam, widow of
the late Gen. Meriam, who now resides at Leyden, Lewis County, New York,
where she is surrounded with a large circle of children and grand-children.

The following anecdote of the olden times tends to show that official dis-
honesty is not a weed of entirely recent growth. After the war was over, a
Mr. Whittlesey, of Watertown, went to New York and received 130,000 with
which to pay off the troops on the northern frontier. In order to do this he
had to travel on horseback with his money seventy -five miles from Watertown
to Trenton, in Oneida county. On his way, he stopped at the house of Mrs.
Bagg's father, six miles from Trenton, and there he pretended to make the
astounding discovery- that on his way he had been robbed and had lost his
money. It was at once suspected that he had embezzled it, and his sureties
determined to find out the real truth of the matter. They lived in Water-
town, and they with the sheriff took Whittlesey to a pond in Watertown and
solemnly told him they would drown him in the pond unless he disclosed
where the money was. They had the precaution, however, to have a doctor
secreted near by, in order to prevent a fatal result if the bath in the pond
should happen to be applied too long at a time. Mr. W. was very stubborn,
and he held out till after the second ducking, but had suffered considerably
from incipient strangulation. His friends told him that he had better say
his prayers, for the next would be the last unless he then confessed. Sup-
posing that his end was actually near, he then admitted the whole ; that he
had embezzled the money, and the same, or most of it, was in his room at his
house; and that a large amount of it was quilted or sewed into the personal
clothing of his wife. Thereupon a recess was taken of the ducking business,
and the friends of Mr. W. went to his house to verify his confessions. Mrs.
Whittlesey saw them coming, and went into her bedroom and fastened her-
self in. Her friends demanded admission, and she most resolutely refused
them, saying, very appropriately, *Hhat gentleme^i would not ixy to force
their way into a lady's bedroom." They, however, were not to be put off by
any such subterfuge, and burst in the door. On making an examination they
found the money secreted as Mr. W. had described, and a large part of it was
also found carefully sewed into the personal clothing of Mrs. W. The money
was thus all recovered, except $500, which it was said Mrs. W. had expended
for dresses, jewelry, and finery. Mr. Whittlesey was thus relieved from any
further proceedings in the bathing process, but Mrs. W. was so chagrined at
the discovery, exposure, and loss of the money, that she ran to a projecting
rock on the side of Black River, which passed through Watertown, and
plunged headlong into the river, where she was actually drowned. The ledge
from which she jumped is known and remembered to this day as Whittlesey's
Point. Rather an unenviable monument of notoriety.

When the Sheldon family were young, the school accommodations of that
section of the country were not very good, and the brothers and sisters had
to be sent away to school. Mrs. Bagg attended the female seminary at
Clinton, Oneida county, kept then by the Misses Royce. She had good
advantages there, and she has now memorials of her school-girl efforts in
painting, drawing, and light needlework, performed when she was sixteen and
seventeen years of age.

There was then at Clinton a preparatory school for boys in connection with
Hamilton College, which was also in that village. The girls and boys of the
two institutions often took their meals together at the same boarding house,

■ t

Life of Mrs. Eliza Sheldon Bagg. 493

and Mrs. Bagg well remembers taking her meals there at the same table with
three sprightly young gentlemen who hailed from Detroit. These were Sproat
Sibley, Edmund A. Brush, and Peter Desnoyers, all well known Detroit
names. While she was at the seminary at Clinton, Dr. Azel Backus, the
president of Hamilton College, died, and was buried with much ceremony.

On the first day of January, A. D. 1824, the subject of this memoir was
married to Dr. Joseph H. Bagg, who was then settled in practice at a place
called the Ox Bow, in Jefferson county, New York. He and his family con-
tinued to reside there for three years, where he carried on a drug store in con-
nection with his business, and where he acquired considerable property. He
then, in 1827, removed with his family to Watertown, where he remained and
continued in his practice till A. D. 1836. He then removed to Oswego, where
he resided till 1838, when he left, and started with his family for the west.
On leaving Oswego, all the old friends of the family bid them a most affec-
ionate farewell, expecting never to see them again, as they were going to that
far distant country called Michigan, which could be found on late maps away
towards the setting sun.

They came by canal from Oswego to Buffalo, and there took a steamer for
Detroit. Mrs. Bagg does not remember the name of the steamer, but it was
commanded by a Capt. Powers. It was in the month of November. Navi-
gation had become unpleasant, and even dangerous, and this boat was the
last, or one of the last to go up Lake Erie that season. They embarked with
a large number of passengers, and put out from Buffalo in the evening.
Soon a most terrific storm arose. After being about two days out, they came
across a wreck which had been on the south shore for nearly three days. The
passengers and crew were all taken off from the wreck, where they had
expected to perish, and received on the steamer where Dr. Bagg and family
were passengers.

Then the boat started on again. The storm continued with unabated fury.
Many of the passengers were sea-sick, and in great distress, and many of
them were in great alarm. A large number were in tears, and many more at
constant prayers. In the course of one of the frightful nights on board, a
woman came to the state-room door of Mrs. Bagg, and rapping on the same,
called to her and asked her if she knew ''that we are all going to the bot-
tom?" Mrs. Bagg replied: ''I suppose we are." The woman then asked
her why she did not '' get up and join in the general prayer meeting." Mrs.
Bagg answered with still more provoking calmness ''that she had been lying
there and thinking about it, and she did not know but she would as soon stay
there as to go out into the crowd ; and furthermore, that she did not know
but she would as soon go to the bottom of Lake Erie, as to go to Detroit."
From this we may infer that she, at least, was not strongly affected with the
celebrated " western fever" at that time.

And still the boat kept on her way, while the waves of the deep were
"tossing themselves against the sky," and while the storm and foam were
dashed against the ship with one continual roar. It took a full week to make
the voyage from Buffalo to Detroit, and the storm continued through the
entire time. It was one of the greatest storms that could be remembered by
the "oldest inhabitant," not excepting the celebrated one which occurred on
Saginaw Bay, in A. D. 1611, as related in the seventh canto of Teusha
Grondie, or even that which the good old St. Paul passed through in his great
voyage of fourteen days from the Island of Crete to the Island of Malta,

494 PioKEER Society of MicHiaAN.

But now it '^so came to pass" with Dr. Bagg and his family as it did with St.
Paul. After a long voyage, accompanied with many excessively unpleasant
incidents, that the crew and passengers *^all escaped safe to land,*' at the
long-wished for wharf in Detroit.

Dr. Bagg was for many years well known in Detroit, as were also several of
his brothers and sisters. The Doctor was the oldest brother. Silas A. Bagg,
who was clerk of the county for one term, stood next. The next was Hon.
John S. Bagg, who was for many years a leading politician, and well known
as the editor of The Free Press for a long time. Hon. A. Smith Bagg, who
still blesses us with his cheerful countenance, was the next. All of these
gentlemen have been well known and are now well and favorably remembered
in our city. There were three other brothers who never resided in Detroit,
one of whom is now living at Trenton, Oneida County, New York. There
were two sisters who never resided in our city, one of whom, the widow of
Col. Aaron White, is now living at an advanced age at Trenton, New York.
There are also several children and grandchildren of the above named
brothers, who are now living and are well known in our city.

The family of the Doctor had much diiBQculty in obtaining a house when
they first arrived in Detroit. They first took rooms at the American Hotel,
which stood on the southeast corner of Jefferson avenue and Randolph street,
where the Biddle House now is. An anecdote is related of them when they
first arrived there as follows : Quite a distinguished gentleman, well known
in the United States, who had married a half-breed, was then boarding at
the American with his wife and children. The children of Dr. Bagg hap-
pened to be one day playing about the hall, and they were associating pretty
freely with the other children named, when some one called out in a loud
voice to Dr. Bagg's children "to look out and come away, for there were
Indians in the house." History has not recorded whether this incident
deranged the social relations in the American. Among the boarders at that
hotel at the time, Mrs. Bagg calls to mind the late venerable Dr. Cobb,
father of our present Dr. L. H. Cobb.

After a short time it was ascertained that the late Mrs. Willcox, mother of
Eben and Gen. 0. B. Willcox, wished to rent her furnished house, which
then stood and now stands on the south side of Jefferson avenue, between
Brush and Beaubien streets, next east of the house now owned and for many
years owned and occupied by Elisha Taylor, Esq. Dr. Bagg took this house
and resided there with his family for one year. That part of the city was
then quite suburban in its character and appearance.

That year the celebrated war, called the Patriot war," took place on the
Northern frontier. 1 think it was on the 23d day of December, 1838, when
the " patriots went over" from Detroit to Windsor. The firing in Canada
was heard in Detroit about 3 o'clock in the morning of the 24th. This
awoke Dr. Bagj^ from his slumbers, and he at once sprang out of bed, declar-
ing to his wife that he *'was going over with the patriots; that the open war
had commenced which was to end in the freedom of Canada." Mrs. Bagg
at once sprang out of bed after him, and throwing her arms around him
declared that he '^should not go unless she went with him." This brought
the Doctor to reflection and had the effect, no doubt, to arrest a large auxil-
iary force of the "Patriot army."

Mrs. Bagg remembers very distinctly that the winter of 1838-9 was an open
one, with but little snow or frost, and presenting in our city an insufferable

Life of Mrs. Eliza Sheldon Bagg.

495

depth and quantity of mud. Our city had then no pavement, and very few
sidewalks, and, as will be remembered, heavy boots over the pantaloons were
an article of prime necessity, while one-horse carts for ladies' use were much
in vogue.

As an evidence that 1838-9 was an open winter, it will be remembered that
General Scott, who was then in command of the northern frontier, with his
headquarters at Buffalo, came up from that city to Detroit in the month of
January, 1839, upon a steamboat with a large detachment of troops and war
material on board. This could not have been done in an ordinary winter.
In fact the boats run between Buffalo and Detroit every month except Feb-
ruary of that winter.

In the next year after Dr. Bagg came to Detroit a tribe, or a portion of a
tribe, of Chippewa Indians were removed from the vicinity of Detroit to
a country not now remembered, far beyond the Mississippi. Dr. Bagg was
appointed surgeon of the expedition, which position he accepted, and he then
had an opportunity of seeing, and to some extent, exploring a large part of
the then almost unknown and distant west.

He also in those early years made several voyages of exploration into the Lake
Superior country. It is said that he once wenc the entire circuit of this great
body of water in a canoe. His companions in those expeditions were the fol-
lowing familiar names: Lucius Lyon, Dr. Howghton, Jonas H. Titus, Omar
D. Conger, and Anthony Ten Eyck. The Doctor acquired a considerable
property in that section of the country.

In the fall of 1839, Dr. Bagg moved with his family into a frame house
which stood on the west side of Woodward avenue, at what is now called the
Godfrey block. They resided there about four years. Mrs. Bagg remembers
that E. 0. Seaman, Esq., now of Ann Arbor, lived at the next door to them,
and that the late Francis Eldred, Esq., resided for several years on the other
side of Woodward avenue, directly opposite. It will be remembered that this
part of Woodward avenue presented also in those days quite a suburban appear-
ance, especially in comparison with what it is now.

Dr. Bagg went into the practice of his profession in Detroit, which he
continued for many years. He and Mrs. Bagg were also, in those days, much
occupied in rearing a young and interesting family. Their names were as
follows: The first, Abbie Sheldon Bagg, who, after being first left a widow by
Hon. Wm. Austin, and then again by Dr. Axtel, both of Kalamazoo, is now
the wife of Mr. Charles Goodhue, a merchant of Owosso. The second was
Cornelia Piatt Bagg, a most estimable lady, who was married to Mr. Cordial
Storrs, of Lewis county, New York. She died a few months after her mar-
riage, and her surviving husband now resides in the city of Washington. The
third was the late Hon. B. Rush Bagg, who was a young and promising mem-
ber of the Detroit bar, and who was for years favorably known as the efficient
and fearless police justice of Detroit. It will be remembered by many that
when he ran for that office the last time, while it was as a party candidate,
yet it having been ascertained at about noon on election day, that the

roughs" were making a strong effort to defeat him, the respectable por-
tion of the electors rallied to his support, without distinction of party, and
elected him by a strong majority. He died young. The fourth was Frances
Eliza Bagg, now Mrs. Charles J. Halliday, of Syracuse, New York. The
fifth was Anna R. Bagg, now Mrs. George A. Halliday, of Mew York city.
This lady has fine literary taste and culture, and some of her poetical com-

496 Pioneer Society op MiomaAN.

positions have already taken a respectable rank in the large circle of Ameri-
can literature. The sixth was Josephine Stuart Bagg, now Mrs. Dr. Cox, a
physician in practice in Detroit. Dr. and Mrs. Bagg also lost two children
in infancy.

Such was this family. We knew them well, and we still well know those
of them that survive; and we think it no exaggeration to say that, as a fam-
ily of children, they were among the most intellectual, intelligent, accom-
plished, refined, interesting, and even brilliant, to be found in and among the
many accomplished families which have been, and now are, the pride and
boast of our city.

Mrs. Bagg has lived to see many of her grandchildren, also, and even great-
grandchildren, springing up around her, of the like of which it has been
said by high and sacred authority that they are arrows, and blest is he
whose quiver is full of them.'' What we have said above, speaks in most
eloquent volumes for the character of the venerable mother, who is the sub-
ject of this memoir.

In the year 1843 Dr. Bagg purchased a nearly-finished house on the north-
east corner of Brush and Macomb streets, into which he soon after moved
with his family, where he and they continued to reside for eighteen years.
That house presented many of the most pleasant characteristics and it was
for many years the center of attraction for a large circle of friends and
acquaintances.

In making excavations about these premises a skull, which was supposed to
be that of an Indian, and several arrow heads and other archaeological curi-
osities were found.

Dr. Bagg and his family were very fond of horticulture, and the grounds
and garden about their house and home for many years abounded with a
great variety of the choicest of fruits and with the most rare, beautiful, and
charming of roses and flowers.

While the doctor continued to practice medicine he also studied law from
taste and inclination, and he was admitted to the bar. He also, while he
resided in Detroit, filled several important offices. He was for a term what
was then known as **Side Judge" of the Circuit Court. He was a member
of the common council of Detroit for two or more terms. He was Kecorder
of Detroit for one or more terms. He was a member of the State Constitu-
tional Convention of 1850, where among other important measures which he
introduced and advocated, he is understood to have been the author of what
is known as the anti-license prohibition clause, being section 47 of article 4
of the present constitution of Michigan. He was deputy county clerk for
two years, and he was judge of probate of Wayne County for one term of
four years, from 1853 to 1857.

In the common council the doctor once excited strong hostility from
property holders by his advocacy of plank sidewalks, by which people could
hope to keep themselves out of the mud. He also originated and carried
through the Council the celebrated resolution or order to tear down the house
of the notorious ^'Peg Welch" as a public nuisance. This house of bad
repute stood on the northwest corner of Randolph street and Michigan Grand
avenue, near the present site of the market. The house was torn down and
destroyed in pursuance of the order of the council, "in the face of day," by
the late Alexander H. Stowell, then marshal of Detroit. Of this affair Mr.
Stowell, in his biography read before the society, says: ''It was rather a

Marie Anjte Marantette-Gtodfroy. 497

high-banded measure thus to invade and destroy private property, but being
directed to do so, Alexander did it."

In the year 1857 Mrs. Bagg united with the First Presbyterian, Dr. Duf-
field's, church, in Detroit, and she has remained ever since a consistent and an
exemplary member of that communion. About two years after, the Doctor
also became a member of Dr. Duffield's church, in which connection he
remained till his death.

Dr. Bagg belonged to the democratic persuasion of political faith, from
which he rarely, if ever, deviated even in the most active and exciting of
political contests.

In 1861 the Dr. and Mrs. Bagg moved from Detroit to Owosso, Michigan,
where he engaged in business and remained for something over a year. From
the time he left Detroit his health gradually failed. In the meantime his
daughter Josephine had married, and her husband. Dr. Cox, went into
practice at Ypsilanti. Mrs. Cox invited her father and mother to come
there and reside with her, which they did accordingly in the year 1862. Dr.
Bagg died at Ypsilanti on November 2, 1864.

Mrs. Bagg remained with her daughter Josephine till 1871, when Dr. Cox
moved to Detroit, and went into practice here. Since then Mrs. Bagg has
made it her home with Dr. and Mrs. Cox, spending a large part of her time,
however, most pleasantly with her other daughters, and also with her grand-
children at Owosso and Syracuse.

Such is the outline of a life, the sketch of which we have attempted.
Mrs. Bagg is now over eighty years of age, yet she is in remarkably good
health, and she retains, in an extraordinary degree, her memory, and her
mental clearness and strength. She is a lady of what is called the old
school,'^ and we, in fact, contemplate her as belonging to a generation long
gone by. She was born in Washington's administration, and her childhood
and girlhood were passed in the latter part of the last century, and in the
fore part of the present one. She was a cotemporary of the elder and the
younger Adams, and of Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe. The war of 1812
found her a blooming young lady, and she has possessed many of the higher
accomplishments and refinements of her sex. For the last sixty and seventy
years she has been an intelligent and deeply interested observer of the vast
national panorama that was moving before her eyes. She has lived to fill the
full measure of life, and of womanhood, and we feel assured that those who
know her best will be ready to say that she has done it nobly and worthily.

MARIE ANNE MARANTETTE-GODFROY.
BY LEVI BISHOP.
Read before the Detroit Pioneer Society.

This lady was born in the early part of the present century, in her father's
mansion house, on the banks of the Detroit river, about a quarter of a mile
above the old French church, near Sandwich, in Upper Canada. Her grand-
father on the father's side, was a respectable merchant of Montreal. Her
father was Dominique Marantette, who owned a vakiable farm near Sandwich,
on which the house above referred to was situated. Her grandfather on the
mother's side was Col. Eobert Navarre, of the French army in Europe. Her
63

498

Pioneer Society of Michigan.

mother's maiden name was Archange Marie Louise Navarre. The subject of
this memoir was one of a family of five brothers and three sisters. Her
ancestors all came from Normandy^ on the lower Seine. Those on the
father's side came first to Lower Canada, probably in the latter part of the
seventeenth century, and from thence to the Detroit River. Those on the
mother's side came here directly from France, probably in the fore part of
the eighteenth century. They were all devout and consistent Christians, of
the Catholic pursuasion, and they were among the distinguished pioneer set-
tlers of this section of the country.

The subject of this memoir, with her brothers and sisters, received the ben-
efit of such education as was afforded here by good private schools, at the
time of their childhood and youth, and she continued to reside under the
paternal roof, near Sandwich, till she arrived at the age of eighteen years.

Mrs. Godfrey remembers the arrival of Gen. Brock, with the British army
and Indians below Detroit, in the year 1813. She clearly remembers the fact
that her mother, in the time of general alarm, not knowing what might
happen, took her, with the other children, and a quantity of clothing, with a
few choice articles of furniture, and for greater safety, went with them back
into the forest, on the back concession, being the rear part of the farm.

For a few days before the surrender of Gen. Hull, some nine or ten Indians,
who were probably expecting the surrender, were seen prowling about her
father's house, evidently waiting for the friends and relatives of the family,
who might come over as fugitives from the American side, and take refuge
in the house, where they could the more easily be waylaid and massacred.

About the time of the surrender of Hull, she saw several prisoners under .
guard, pass the house, among whom was the tall Mr, Charles Baby, of Sand-
wich, and on one occasion, a party of soldiers called at the house, and
demanded a meal of victuals, which, as a matter of necessity, as well as a
matter of policy, was at once prepared for them.

Mrs. Godfroy heard of the surrender of Hull on the day it took place. -
There was great excitement at and before the time, on both sides of the river.
The inhabitants had expected that he would be able to hold his position in the
fort, and when he surrendered they were exceedingly indignant, so much so
that they threatened to mob him, and to take his life. About this time
several Lidians surrounded the house of Col. Navarre, on the American side,
and threatened to kill two aunts of Mrs. Godfroy, one Mrs. Col. Macomb, and
the other Mrs, Commodore Brevoort, because they had married American
husbands. They showed several scalps, and said that those of the two ladies
named would soon be added to the number. Miss Navarre, who spoke the
Indian, with several other languages, saved the lives of the two ladies, who
were her sisters, by telling the Indians that they belonged to the black gowns,
meaning the priests, and if they were murdered the vengeance of heaven
would follow the act. Tlie Indiatis then drew their blankets over their heads,
and all but one withdrew. That one was very sick, and he desired to know
what he must do to go with the black gowns, and be saved after death. Miss
Navarre told him that baptism was the only way, and no priest being present,
she, herself, administered the right, which he gladly received, and soon after
breatlied his last.

The Indians, who were all around the neighborhood at the time, were
painted in tiio most brilliant colors, and vrhen walking about in their

Marie Ani^^e Makantette-Godfroy. 499

feathers and war-paint, they presented a terrible appearance, move especially
to children.

Mrs. Godfrey remembers the battle of the River Raisin, in which one of
her brothers was engaged, and the massacre by the Indians there, which
spread terror among all the inhabitants of the frontier. She remembers dis-
tinctly the battle on Lake Erie in 1813, in which her uncle Commodore
Brevoort, was engaged as an oflScer; and she saw soon after, several trophies
gained by the victory of Perry. She remembers the march of General Proctor
up the river past her father's house, in the fall of 1813, with the Indian
allies, under their chiefs, Tecumseh and 0-ga-mantz; and she remembers
seeing the American army under General Harrison, pass up soon after in
pursuit, a few days before the battle of the Thames. 0-ga-mantz told Mrs.
Godfroy a few years later, that he had killed nine men, but that he had
never killed a woman or a child.

Within a few years after the war, several duels took place on the Canada
side between gentlemen from Detroit. In one of these, a Mr. Fisher was
killed by his antagonist, near Sandwich. Mrs. Godfrey saw the boat which
contained the body rowed up the river. This affair is said to have seriously
deranged a supposed love-match ; and on the same day a lady was seen to
walk up from Sandwich, bathed in tears, and covered with a black veil.
Another duel arising from a diffi3ulty in regard to whiskers and goatees was
also said to have taken place about the same time, between two other gentle-
men of Detroit; and singularly enough, it took place in a brick building,
which then stood a short distance below Windsor. Shots were reported to
have been exchanged, but most fortunately neither party was hurt. A few
days after, an unconscionable and inquisitive intruder had the audacity to
go into the aforesaid brick house to see if he could find the bullets; and mar-
velous to relate, he not only could not find them, but no marks could be
found where the bullets had struck.

At the age of eighteen, the subject of this memoir was married to Mr.
Peter Godfroy, in the French church near Sandwich, by Father Marchand,
Vicar General of Canada. Mr. Godfroy and his wife at once moved into the
house of his father, Mr. Gabriel Godfroy, which stood on the margin of the
river, on the front of the Gabriel Godfroy farm, then situated in Springwells,
and now a few rods above the lower gas works in Detroit. It was one of the
071 dits of the olden times, indicating the prepossessing appearance of Mrs. God-
froy in her younger days, both as a young lady and as a bride, that General
Cass and other friends of her husband used to congratulate him on his having
made a conquest of one of the two belles of the territory ; Mrs. Hunt, one of her
sisters, being complimented as the other. It would not be a difficult task to
find persuasive reasons for similar observations, even at the present day, in
respect to these two estimable ladies. May they live long, and may they long
enjoy the health which is indicated by the compliment.

After marriage, Mrs. Godfroy continued to lead a quiet and retired life
among her family and friends, in her pleasant home on the banks of the
Detroit, paying little heed to the bustle that was going on in the busy world
around her. She was, and she still is, a fine type of the French people of the
early days, who settled in this section of the country. She knew most of the
prominent men of former days of the territory and State, and among others.
Gen. Cass, Gov. Porter, Gov. Mason, Gov. Woodbridge, Mr. Fraser, Col.
Larned, Father Richard, Judge Woodward, Judge Sibley, and other judges

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Pioneer Society oe MicmaAN-.

and officers, and other prominent citizens. She has raised a family of five
children, two sons and three daughters, who sustain respectable positions in
society. She is a Catholic, with a clear and well-defined religious faith, and
with unwavering hopes of the future. She has always been faithful to her
religious vows and obligations, and has always sustained a consistent and
exemplary Christian character. And now as her years are advancing and the
evening of life is gathering over her, she lives in the enjoyment, and in all
the charms of domestic life, in the midst of a larg:e and endeared circle
of relatives and acquaintances, by all of whom she is respected and beloved.

NARRATIVE CONCERNING THE KNAGGS FARM, AND THE KNAGGS
WINDMILL, LOCATED IN SPRINGWKLLS, NEAR DETROIT.

BY JOHN C. HOLMES.
Rea(J at the Annual Meeting, June 4, 1884.

On the 14th day of February, 1884, Mr. James W. Koaggs, now residing
in Cincinnati, Ohio, gave me the following items:

He was born in Springwells, on the Knaggs farm, in the year 1803, in the
old French house that still stands on the river front of said farm, a short
distance west of the westerly line of the city of Detroit.

In the year 1803 Mr. Whitmore Knaggs, the father of James W. Knaggs,
bought of Joseph Gaubeille, the farm in Springwells now known as the Bela
Hubbard farm, for which he paid £873, New York currency. At that time
the farm was three and a half arpents wide on the Detroit river front, and
contained but 40 acres; subsequently a concession from the government
added to it, making it 3J arpents wide and 60 deep.

About the year 1814 Mr. Whitmore Knaggs built a windmill on the river
side of the front of his farm on a little point of land that extended a short
distance into the Detroit river. The miller was a Frenchman whose name
was Joseph Soica; he was kept very busy grinding wheat, corn, buckwheat,
etc., for all who brought their grist to this mill.

A sketch of this mill, together with a view of Detroit, Detroit river, Belle
Isle, and Sandwich, made by Mr. William Raymond of Detroit in the year
1838, accompanies this narrative; the mill was destroyed in 1858.

Mr. Whitmore Knaggs died on the 3d day of May, 1827; and in his will
he gave this farm to his wife. Soon after the death of Mr. Whitmore
Knaggs, his widow, being in feeble health and unable to attend to the settle-
ment of the estate, her son, James W. Knaggs, who had moved to Chicago,
returned to the farm and was appointed executor with the will annexed. In
settling the estate he found that Mr. Peter J. Desnoyers had a claim on the
farm amounting to fifteen hundred dollars. Being unable to obtain the
money to pay this and other debts, the farm was sold to Mr. John W. Strong
for 83,600.00.

Mr. James W. Knaggs has a very ancient paper without date of which the
following is a copy :

Sill. — On the 28th day of December, 1807, the Commissioners of the Land
Office at this place confirmed to me Lot No. 77, situate, lying and being on
the border of river Detroit, containing by the return of the surveyor 180
acres and 59-100. In pursuance therefore to an act of Congress passed the

The Knaggs Fatim and Windmill.

— 7

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Pioneer Society of MicniaAN.

3d of March, 1817, entitled an act allowing further time for entering Dona-
tion Rights to Lands in the District of Detroit, I now enter the rear of said
farm so as to extend it to 80 arpents in depth.

Peter Audrain, Esq,
Register of the Land Office, Detroit.

ABSTRACT OF TITLE.

Private claim, No. 77. Knaggs's farm.

Pierre Drouillard to Joseph Gaubielle. W. D. £400, April 11, 1783. Laud,
3|- arpents front on River Detroit by 60 arpents deep.

Joseph Gaubielle toAVhitmore Kuaggs. W. D. £566 13s. 4d., August 9,
1803. Farm, 3| by 60 arpents.

Josette Knaggs, widow and devisee of Whitmore Knaggs to James W.
Knaggs. Q. D. $1.00, June 13, 1827, and June 30, l83ij. ' Farm containing
200 acres.

James W. Knaggs to John W. Strong. W. D. 13,600, June 30, 1832.
Farm containing 180 59-100 acres and the back concession.

John W. Strong to Thomas H. Hubbard. W. D. $7,000, Dee. 4, 1834.
Farm and back concession.

Thomas H. Hubbard to Bela Hubbard. Q. I). $1,000, June oth, 1835.
Farm and back concession.

GENERAL CASS AND THE BRITISH FLAG.
From the Democratic Free Press, Detroit, August 17, 1843.

In the year 1818, at the south, Gen. Lewis Oass had been ordered by the
government to endeavor to procure a cession of land for the establishment of
a military post. The power of the United States had not been established in
that quarter, and the islands were exclusively under British influence. The
Indians, however, were invited to attend a council, when the subject was to be
opened to them. Their disposition was manifestly unfriendly, and the Amer-
ican party was upon its guard. The whole force, however, including a small
military detachment which accompanied it, the engages and boatmen, did
not probably exceed thirty or forty men, while that of the Indians trebled
this number. During the progress of affairs, a bold, turbulent Chippewa
chief, svell known for his hatred to the Americans, and his attachment to the
British interests, hoisted the British flag in the Indian camp, situated within
our boundary. This daring act, intended to push matters to extremity, could
be met but in one way, and that was to haul it down, let whatever might be
the consequences. Were not this done, the honor and safety of the party
were gone. General Cass happily took one of those bold and decisive steps
which in moments of peril are the safest. Ho ordered the American party
under arms, and while this order was executing, he walked across to the
Indian camp, and going up to the lodge of the hostile chief, he tore down the
flag, and put his foot upon it. He was attended only by his interpreter, who
cxphiined to them, by his directions, the audacity of the step they had taken,
and his determination under any circumstances, to prevent and punish such
conduct. The reproof was received in silence, and the party jumped into
their canoes and puddled over to the Canadian shore. After awhile, however,
they returned, and business was resumed, and ultimately the desired arrange-
ment was made.

The Executive Mansion, Detroit, 1826.

503

SKETCH OF THE EXECUTIVE MANSION, DETROIT, 1826.
(From T. L. McHenry's Tour of the Lakes.)

It is not exactly in, nor entirely out of the city — I mean its settled parts;
but stands by itself on the bank of the river, with the roadway from the
city towards Springwells, between it and the precipice, or edge of the bank,
down which a diagonal and rough way has been cut to the river. The house
is of cedar logs, and weather boarded, one story, with a high, sharp roof,
out of which, and near the centre, comes a short stone chimney of enormous
thickness, and on which the roof leans, being a little sunk round it. Before
the front door, which is nearly in ihe center of the building, the building
being some fifty feet front, is a porch that, being a little out of its perpen-
dicular position, inclines north. Its figure is as nearly that of a square as of
any other figure, with a sharp Chinese looking top that shoots up some three
feet above the eaves of the house, and seems to have in no one place the least
connection with the building. I told the governor that my puzzle was to
decide which was built first, the porch or the house. He acknowledged his
inability to decide the question, but added, *'the house itself is anterior to
the time of Pontiac's war; there being on it now the marks of bullets which
were shot into it then." I learned afterward that the porch had once orna-
mented the garden as a summer house, but had been advanced from its
retirement to grace the front of the residence of the executive of the Michi-
gan territory. A post and board fence runs between the house and the road,
the house standing back from the line of it some ten or twelve feet; two
gateways open into the enclosure, one having been intended to admit, and
the other to let you out, over a circular gravel walk that gives figure to a
green plat in front of the door, and between it and the fence. One of these
has been shut up, but how long I don't know — so we go in and come out at
the same gate. The position occupied by this relic of antiquity is very beau-
tiful ; not on account of the views to it and from it, only, although these
are both fine; but it is sustained on either side and in the background, by
fertile upland meadows and flourishing orchards and gardens, which give it
a most inviting appearance, and serves to impress one with the idea of old
age surrounded by health and cheerfulness. In front are the shores of
Canada, with the beautiful river between, and to the right the Huron church etc.,
the sound of the bell from which strikes gratefully upon the ear. Now for
the inside of the building.

You enter first into a room, or saloon, of some ten feet square, in which
the governor receives his business visitors; and where lie scattered about in
some tolerable confusion, newspapers, and the remains of pamphlets of all
sorts, whilst its sides are ornamented with Indian likenesses, and pipes, and
snowshoes, and medals, and bows and arrows, etc. On your left is the door
which leads into the dining apartment, back of which is another room (in
which is a fire place) of about the same size, divided from it by folding doors.
This dining room is warmed in winter by one-half of a stove, whilst the other
half, passing through the partition into the saloon, keeps that comfortable.

From the right of the audience room, or saloon, you enter the drawing
room ; and in place of the back room in the left division, two rooms are
arranged, one of which serves for the library, and the other for a lodging
room. These rooms being all well carpeted and curtained, and furnished in
excellent, but plain style, present a view of comfort, which forms a striking

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contrast to the exterior; and you are made to forget, in the midst of these
interior accommodations, the odd-shapen and ancient appearance from without.
There is much of the simplicity of republicanism in all this. Extrinsic appear-
ances are to a reasonable extent disregarded, and the higher value is attached
to the interior; and this is not an unfit emblem of the Governor (Uass) himself.
You are not to imagine, however, that this is intended to apply to his person ;
in that he is portly, and altogether governor-like, and in regard to which he
is neat in his dress, and though plain, polished in his manners.

THE INDIAN CHIEF PONTIAC, AND THE SIEGE OF DETROIT.
From T. L. McKenney's Tour of the Lakes.

I have just returned from a ride of nine miles up the river to Grosse point,
where I have been for the twofold purpose of seeing the country, and the
vessel (as I hoped I should), charged with our canoe; the delay of which
alone detains us. From Grosse point the prospect is open to a fine view of
Lake St. Glair. The road to this point is along the margin of the strait, and
affords a pretty view of the land upon the one side, and the water on the other.
The grounds for the whole way are certainly excellent, and are for the most
part cut up into small farms, on which are as fine apple orchards as I have
ever seen; many of them, however, are suffered to run up into shoots and
suckers; and others, for the want of attention in pruning off dead limbs, to
go to decay. The inhabitants on this route are principally French. They
appear reconciled to let the earth rest, and the houses to go to decay around
them; and the orchards to decline and die. This portion of the population,
however, is declining fast; another generation or two will know them only
from history, and perhaps from lands which, on comparison, will be even then
found in arrears. When timo shall put these fine, but neglected lands into
other and more skillful hands, this beautiful country will have imparted to it
that fruitfulness, and those charms which nature has done her part in con-
ferring, but not before.

In tne middle of the strait, and about two miles above the city, is a superb
island. I could have wished they had called it by another name than Hog
Island. It is said to contain a thousand acres of prime land, but only a small
portion of it is cultivated; the rest is in wood. This beautiful island has
been the theatre of savage barbarity. The spot, however, that attracted
most my attention, was "the bloody bridge," to which I have already
referred ; the remains of it are yet visible, as I have before stated. It was
here that Pontiac by his skill and courage, secured for himself the title of
the brave, and for this bridge that of *' bloody.'' I believe I promised you a
sketch of the seige of Detroit, during which this famous battle was fought.
I would like much to disclose to you the history of those times, but this alone
would require a volume. I will just review the origin and progress, and
termination of this siege, but I will be as brief as possible.

The French had held possession of Canada, and exercised an influence over
the Indians of the lake country for more than a century. The wars between
them, it is true, were frequent and bloody; but these being succeeded by sea-
sons of peace, the Indians were, meanwhile, operated upon by presents, and
by the priests, and not a little by the growing power of the French, until at
last the animosity of the aborigines gradually subsided, and was succeeded by
attachment. Or, if not by this, by a state of dependence in matters of trade

PONTIAC AND THE SlEGE OE DETROIT.

505

which led them to wish success to the French, at least over the English.
They had surveyed the French power, and had contended with it; they knew
how far it was intended to operate upon them, and the limits that had been
assigned to it. It was grown familiar to them, as had also the French traders.
When, therefore, this connection was dissolved by the ascendency of the
British power, in 17(50, and Montreal and its dependencies in the lake country
fell under British rule, the Indians, ignorant of the relations in which they
were to stand towards this new power, and cherishing a sympathy for the
French, became restless, and following their warlike propensities, were pre-
pared to rally nnder the banners of a leader, and measure strength with the
new power. It was under these circumstances and at this period, that
Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, a man of wonderful resource, of deep and daring
device and stratagem, and gifted withal, with a most commanding eloquence,
resolved on prostrating the British power, and securing to himself and people
freedom alike from both French and English rule. His efforts were unre-
mitted; and throughout the vast regions of the northwest, his active spirit
was felt by the numerous bands inhabiting there. His was the power that
operated upon masses. But there was no sounding of the tocsin ; no alarm
of war was given ; no motion of the wave was felt, bat a breeze was heard,
and a deep and silent stream was made to flow; and although it was seen by
the eyes of observing Englishmen, it was taken for a stream of fertility
which was passing on, enriching and beautifying the region as it went. It
was a deceitful scream, for Pontiac was busy in all directions multiplying
currents, which, at the concerted moment, were to be precipitated into it,
and like a mountain torrent, he intended that in its course it should sweep
everything away before it.

It was in the month of ISTovember of the year 1760, that Major Gladwin
was detached by General Amherst, the commander in chief, and then at
Montreal with a thousand men, to take possession of Detroit. Owing to the
advanced state of the season they penetrated no further than Niagara; but
wintered there, and employed the early part of the following spring and sum-
mer in preparing boats and fitting out the expedition. In September follow-
ing they arrived at Detroit, when the post was formally surrendered by the
French and taken possession of by the English. In the following month
Major Rogers, with his ranajers, who had accompanied Major Gladwin to
Detroit, took possession in like manner of Michillimackinac.

The first object that engaged Major Gladwin's attention was to secure the
friendship of the Indians; to do wtiich he held treaties with them at Saginac,
the river Raisin, and at Brownstown. He thought he had realized this
object. In the spring of 176^, everything appearing quiet, the British Fur
Company commenced the prosecution of the Indian trade, and in the month
of June a party set out to open this traSic, protected by a company of rangers.
They left Michillimackinac in bark canoes, destined for the Grand Portage.
Here a post was established, which being defended by a stockade work, the
rangers separated from the trading party and came on to Detroit, where they
arrived in October. Every circumstance justifidd the English in concluding
that the Indians were satisfied with this new state of things, nor were any
signs of dissatisfaction manifested until the spring of 1763. It was at that
period the commissioners were appointed to explore the southern shores of
Lakes Michigan and Huron ; and to confirm the apparently friendly disposi-
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506 Pioneer Society of MicmaAN.

tions of the Indians, and where it was necessary, to treat with them for such
portions of lands as might be considered important for military posts. On
arriving at the Southwest point of Lake Michigan the party was met by
numerous bands of Indians, who discovered signs of unfriendliness; so much
so that the commissioners concluded it best to abandon the enterprise. They
did so and returned to Detroit, when Mnjor Gladwin deemed it expedient to
send confidential persons among the Indians of the river Huron, to ascertain
if possible, their disposition towards the Enorlish, and whether those indica-
tions of hostility, as manifested on Lake Michigan, were general. Such was
the report of those agents. So adroitly did the Indians cover their deep
laid plans, that Major Gladwin concluded all was safe, and that no feelings
other than those of the most friendly sort, animated them. But he was a
vigilant officer, and as such lost no time in putting his command in the best
possible situation for defense in any emergency. At the same time acting
under the influence of the rei)ort of the commissioners as to the aspect of
things in regard to the Indians of Lake Michigan, he kept scouts constantly
in motion, that in the event of a movement being made, he might have the
earliest information.

Everything was calm. Peace, and the prospect of a long continuance of it,
except the excitement at Lake Michigan (and that was not sustained by the
Indians in other quarters), seemed certain ; when at this moment of stillness,
and when not a note of the war drum was heard, a scout returned, bringing
the information that a large body of Indians were in Lake St. Clair, in
canoes, coming in the direction of Detroit, whilst numerous traces of them
were discovered coming in from almost all directions, towards the strait. In
the month of August, Pontiac appeared in the neighborhood, followed by
about three thousand Indians, who, in a few days after, and in the most
friendly manner, put up their lodges (poles covered with rush mats) around
the village and about the fort, and began, as was their custom, to play at
their several games of ball, etc. In the midst of these amusements, Pontiac
proposed to treat with Major Gladwin. This wily chief had already captured
Michillimackinac, but no tidings of this had yet reached Major Gladwin.
That capture was made by stratagem ; and stratagem was resorted to for the
capture of Detroit. He obtained the interview, and told Major Gladwin that
he and his people desired to take their new father, the king of England, by
the hand, and requested a council. It was granted, and the third day after
the interview was set apart for the meeting. Major Gladwin, although
impressed with the sincerity of Pontiac, was nevertheless guarded in his
intercourse with him ; and to prevent surprise, it was made a standing order
that not more than six Indians should enter the fort at any one time, except
the squaws, and these were permitted to come and go as they pleased, and
especially as they made moccasins and other things for the soldiers.
It was also the snderstanding that the council should be held in
the fort, and that not more than thirty-six chiefs siiould be present.

The day before the council was to have been held, a squaw, who had
received of Major Gladwin an elk skin, out of which to make him moccasins,
returned with the moccasins and the remainder of the skin. The Major was
80 much pleased with her skill as to request her to take the skin and make
another pair line those she had njade for him, for a friend. She received the
skin, but instead of leaving the fort, loitered about within it until the hour
arrived when an officer whose duty it was, went around the fort to clear it of

PONTIAC AKD THE SlEGE OF DeTROTT.

507

strangers. On coming to this squaw, she manifested a reluctance to go out.
At last, she handed the skin to Major Gladwin, to whom the officer had con-
ducted her, and then said she was willing to go. There was something so
peculiar in her manner as to induce Major Gladwin to insist on knowing why
she would not take the skin with her, when she answered, ''because I can never
bring it back again/' This answer increased the anxiety of the Major, and
he urged her to tell him why she could never bring it back. At last, and.
after exacting a promise that what she was willing to disclose should remain
a secret, she said : Pontiac has formed a plot. He is to meet you in council
to-morrow with thirty-six chiefs. Each of these chiefs will come with his
gun, but it will be cut short and hid under his blanket. He is to give a sig-
nal. It will be this. In the course of his speech, and at the moment he
draws out the belt of wampum, these short guns will be fired, you and your
officers are to be shot, then they are to rush to the gate and let in the warriors.
The skin was taken by the Major, who thanked her for the information, when
the squaw left the fort.

The gates of the fort were now barred, and the usual watch set. In the night a
yell was heard. It was new in its character — it was answered down the lines of
Pontiac's encampment. A feeling of apprehension ran through the garrison.
The fires were ordered to be extinguished, and the garrison to repair to its
posts. Everything was silent. But the yell was not repeated, nor was the
garrison attacked. Similar precautions were observed after day-break. Only
one-half the garrison were permitted, at once, to set down to breakfast. The
hour, about ten o'clock, arrived when Pontiac and his chiefs were to meet in
council. Meanwhile Major Gladwin drew out his men and faced them
inwards round the council house. Pontiac, with his thirty-six chiefs arrived,
and close after them came a large body of his warriors; but when the number
stipulated had entered, the gates were shut. Pontiac eyed this array of the
garrison, and on arriving at the council house demanded of Major Gladwin
what it meant, and asked if it was not a new way to hold a council with men
under arms. He went so far as to require that they should be sent to their
quarters. This, of course, was not regarded. The council opened, and the
moment arrived when the belt was to be drawn from the pouch that contained
it, and which was to be the signal for the attack, but on reaching that part of
the address, this ceremony was omitted. Pontiac's chiefs looked at each
other confounded, not knowing why their chief had faltered ; and Major
Gladwin, at that moment stepping up, tore away the blanket from one of them
and disclosing the short gun, charged Pontiac with treachery, and a base
design to murder him and his garrison, and ordered him out of the fort.

Other accounts state that Pontiac, on seeing the soldiery thus drawn up
and the guns pointed, and lighted matches lying beside them, did not enter
the fort. It was, however, certain that the fort was immediately attacked,
and that the assailants were desperate in their efforts to carry it. It was now
that Pontiac's genius discovered its fraitfulness, and his bravery was made
manifest. At one time (and this mode of attack was often renewed)
attempts were made to cut away the pickets and force an opening into the
fort; at another, a cart was filled with combustible materials, fired, and run
up against the pickets; at another, he conceived the design of setting fire to
the church, the church being near the fort, by means of an arrow and lighted
spunk, but on being warned by the priest that God would frown upon this act,
abandoned it. A constant firing meanwhile was kept up by the assailants

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PiOKEER Society of Michiga^^.

upon the fort, and which the fort returned from ten brass four-pounders, and
with small arms, but from the fire of the pieces the Indians were in a great
measure secured by the nature of the ground, their range embracing but few
of those who were attacking the pickets, and only those who were at the far-
thest remove from them, and upon the outskirts.

This mode of assault was weakened at last by a resolute movement of
Major Gladwin, who ordered that when the Indians should attack the pickets
again, the soldiers within should aid in cutting down that part of them
which might be assailed. This was accordingly done. The Indians seeing
the opening made, rushed to it, but were met at the moment by a discharge
of artillery that had- been placed opposite the opening, and driven back with
great slaughter. Night coming on, the Indians drew off; but for eight days
the attack was renewed, and with considerable slaughter on both sides. The
garrison now felt itself in extreme peril. It had been for some time sustained
on half rations; but now, in addition to the growing scarcity of provisions,
it was reduced to three rounds of ammunition a man. Great anxiety was felt
for the arrival of a vessel that was known to be in the river with supplies.
Pontiac penetrated the perilous condition of the garrison, and to cut off its
expected supplies, headed a detachment of his warriors, and went down
the river to intercept them. The detachment descended the river on the
Canada side, and met the vessel at Fighting Island, and after a bloody fight,
boarded her. Captain Goulding, who commanded her, resolved to sell the
prize and his own life at the dearest possible rate, gave orders to fire the mag-
azine. Some Frenchmen on board, hearing the orders, immediately inter-
preted them to the Indians, who precipitately left her, when a breeze sprung
up and run the vessel to the fort, before which she anchored.

The Indians now retired from the fort. A short time after Pontiac sent in
a flag, and requested that two officers might be sent to him, with whom he
might hold council. The commanding officer refused to comply. On this
refusal being made known to Pontiac, he said : **Go again ; you know me to
be faithful to my word. Tell the commandant that no injury shall happen
to his officers. Pledge yourself for me, body for body, for their safe return.''
Major Gladwin still declined, when Major Campbell, who was not then in
command, and Mr., or Captain McDougall, volunteered to go out and meet
Pontiac. They found him encamped at the house of Meloche. The cere-
mony of a council having been gone through with, Pontiac declared them to
be prisoners, hoping by this act, it is supposed, to procure the surrender of
the fort. The prisoners were treated well, in all respects. Soon after this
Pontiac intercepted and captured several barges, and subjected the buatmen
to the ordeal of running the gauntlet. Many of them were killed in this
severe punishment by the squaws.

Meanwhile nothing transpired at the fort. The Indians and the garrison,
however, kept mutual watch upon each other; and now and then a solitary
shot, was fired, as if to remind the parties that peace was not concluded.
Capt. McDougall made his escape and got safe to the fort, but Major Camp-
bell, owing to his age and imperfect sight declined to make a similar effort.
Major Gladwin finding his barges were intercepted and captured sent the
Beaver, a small schooner that had arrived since the capture of Michillimackinac,
to Niagara for a re-inforcement. Her passage was prosperous. She returned
in three days, bringing three hundred men. At twelve o'clock of the night
succeeding their arrival, these troops, headed by an officer whose name is no

PONTIAC AJTD THE SlEGE OF DETROIT. 509

known,* marched out of the fort to attack Pontiac in his camp, which was
near Parent's Creek. He took with him two guides, Messrs. Ohapeton and
St. Martin. But though the movement was made in the night, Pontiac's
vigilance was awake. He knew of it, and arranging his warriors behind a
picket fence on the upper banks of Parent's Greek, he waited the arrival of
the troops, who came by the way of the old river road, and at the
moment the column was fairly on the bridge his orders were given
and a thousand Indians poured their destructive fires into it. The detach-
ment was crippled, and fell back, but being hotly pressed, was nearly annihi-
lated ; few escaping — some say only seventeen — to the fort, to tell the story
of the bloody rencountre, or the fate of their unfortunate companions. This
was just as day broke on the morning of the 9th of August, 1763. The com-
manding oflScer was among the slain, and his. head was chopped off and
stuck on a post of a fence. A Mr. St. Aubin, on visiting the battle ground
on that morning, saw upon that bridge alone, from eighty to one hundred
dead bodies. The passage over it was stopped up by them. Pontiac, on the
day after the battle, sent for some Canadians who lived near and pointing to
the dead bodies on the bridge, and to the batteaux in the creek, said : *' Take
the dead dogs — put them in those boats of mine, and convey them to the fort."
The order was obeyed so far as a removal of the bodies were embraced in it,
but they were buried in the cellar of a Mr. Sterling's house. Pontiac, aware
that a reinforcement had been brought by means of the Beaver, harangued
his followers, and told them they could not expect to reduce the fort whilst
that vessel was permitted to float. Means for her destruction were imme-
diately sought. Barns were pulled down, and faggots prepared and large
rafts; these were set afloat and fired. The vessel was often in the most
imminent hazard. Seeing this. Major Gladwin ordered her down the strait
to Niagara. The Indians followed in their canoes, and by close arid desper-
ate fighting, often so near as to be scorched by the fire from the guns of the
schooner, killed all her crew except three, and these were saved by the timely
arrival of two or three barges which Major Gladwin had. sent to support the
schooner.

The fort yet resisted the attacks of the Indians, when they became rest-
less, and expressed their desire to take the fort at once, or to abandon the
effort. Another attack was made, when an Ottawa chief who was fighting in
company with his brother by the side of Pontiac, was shot. His brother
immediately retired, sought Major Campbell, whom he met walking out near
his place of confinement, having had enlargement given to him by Pontiac,
and striking his tomahawk into his head, laid him dead at his feet. The
murderer knowing of Pontiac's pledge, and that his vengeance would follow
the act, fled to Saginaw and from thence to Michiilimackinac. Pontiac, on
learning the fate of his captive, sent warriors in all directions after the mur-
derer, but he could not be found. The death of Major Campbell gave Pontiac
great concern, who was often heard to express his sorrow on account of it.

Soon after this, the Indians departed and went to their several hunting
grounds. In the following spring peace was concluded; Pontiac having
meanwhile sent a peace belt to all the bands, and one to Major Gladwin.

This spirited and bloody investment led to extensive preparations on the
part of the English, which resulted in a movement by General Bradstreet, in

*Captain DalzeU.

510 Pio]o:er Society or Michigan.

the summer of 1764, at the head of three thousand men, to raise the siege of
Detroit. Meanwhile, a corresponding movement was making at Pittsburg;
from whence the forces of that quarter were to penetrate the western wilder-
ness and form a junction at Detroit, with General Bradstreet.

Pontiac it may be presumed, was apprised of these movements, and hence,
no doubt, his proffer of peace, which was concluded before the arrival of
General Bradstreet. This celebrated chief and warrior survived this peace
not more than two years. He went to Illinois; Carver relates that he was
followed by an Indian who attended him as a spy, and who, on hearing hiai
express himself in council, in terms of hostility to the English, plunged his
knife into his heart, and killed him on the spot. By 'others, is is stated that
he was killed by an Indian who fell in love with his wife.

I am indebted to a friend for the following spirit-stirring lines, supposed to
have been addressed by Pontiac to his warriors when he first heard the news
of the preparations under General Bradstreet, and under the effects of which
it is supposed they were acting at the battle of the bloody bridge, and in
those desperate assaults on the fort :

Now the war cloud gathers fast,

See it rising on the blast.
Soon our peace-fire shall be quenched,

Boon our blades in gore be drench'd.
See the red foes' legion pour

From Wyaunoc's* gulfy shore,
Threat'ning war to nie and mine,
Means and pow'r, name and line.
None may 'scape whose souls are free —
None who love sweet liberty —
Who is true or who is brave,
Or who loathes to be a slave.
Warriors, up! — prepare — attack! —
'Tis the voice of Pontiac!
Hang the peace-pipe on the wall —
Kouse the nations, one and all!
Tell them quickly to prepare
For the bloody rites of war.
Now begin the fatal dance,
Raise the club and shake the lance,
Now prepare the bow and dart —
'Tis our father's ancient art;
Let each heart be strong and bold
As our fathers' were of old.
Warriors, up!— prepare — attack —
'Tis the voice of Pontiac!

Take the wampum, warriors, flj'!
Say a foreign foe is nigh ;
On he comes witli furious breath;
Speaking peace, but dealing death;
Spreading o'er our native plains,
Forts, and banners, tire and chains.
Death comes marching in his train,
With the family of pain, —
Not the pain that warriors fear,
Not the faggot, ball, or spear —
Not fierce danger— that is sweet —
Not the red-pine's burning heat,
But the bane from which we shrink,
Fiery, /e/?-destroyi ng drink!

•Chippewa name for Niagara.

POISTTIAO AND THE SlEGE OF DETROIT.

511

Warriors, hear!— Be wise, be brave;
Kise, to conquer, and to save.
Bise to save our bleedlii,^ land
From the rampart, and the brand,
From the arts, and from the crimes
Of other, and tar distant climes.

From the thirst of sordid gains,
That ere long shall blast our plains;
And that cold, unpi tying rush,
Name, and rule, that aims to crush.
Firnniess now is all that saves,
To submit is to be slaves;
Now, or never, to the field,
Teach the lordly foe to yield.
Spurn his council, spurn his laws;
Strike— and strike for freedom's cause.
Kally!— rally, for th' attack-
Drive th' invading legions back
To their homes beyond the seas!
Thus great Manito decrees.
Up— to arms, begin th' attack;
'Tis the voice of Fontiac!

Let your suff'rings— let your wrongs-
Swell your rising battle songs;
Let your drums a death note peal.
Boding deeds of strife and steel;
Let your piercing battle yell
Echo — echo — far and nigh,
While our scouts prolong the cry,
Till it reaches ev'ry ear.
That's open Indian wrongs to hear.
Let it fly o'er plains and deeps,
Gath'ring force as on it sweeps;
Louder — louiier!— ev'ry hour,
' rill it wakes our utmost pow'r,
Rousing all our warlike bands,
Waking all our pillag'd lands
'Till one deep appalling cry
Rings throughout the western sky,
Echoing vengeance! — Liberty!
Up— prepare the lance— the rack, —

'Tis the voice of Pontiac! /

Former woes provoke your ire.
Think, but hate, and feel, but fire!
Ev'ry peaceful hue be fled,
Ev'ry hue but warlike red.
Strangers occupy our soil —
Sons of dull mechanic toil.
They pollute our ancient seats,
Altars, groves — and fond retreats.
Ever claiming deeper grants —
Nothing can allay their wants.
Or evade their arts, or will ;
Bbt they've driv'n, and drive us still, —
Pouring onward as the.v go.
Livid streams of liquid woe.
That subdues the soul when quaff''d,
Bitter —hitter— fiery drauqht^
Conq'ring not by sword or might,
But this soul destroying blight,
Of all ills the last, and worst.
Spirit breM''d and spirit curs'd.
Warriors, pause — and hurl it back —
'Tis the voice of Pontiac!

512

PioisrEEB Society of MiCHiaAN.

Now my fav'ring dreams portend.
Their ill-gotten pow'r shall end.
ISIow the goal is reach'd 'and won,
Fate decrees! — it must he done!
Crush the serpent ere his length
Tells superior skill or strength;
Strike the panther ere he springs,
And the mortal fang he flings.
Take the monster grizzle-bear,
Young and leeble in his lair,
Mar his talons, blear his siglit,
Ere he waxes strong in might,
Else the day shall hasten by,
'Else we quickly droop and die;
Or shall linger on our lands,
Frail, dependent, feeble bands;
Weak in numbers, low in fame,
Sad, impov''rish''d, sunk and tame;
Asking alms from door to door,
Where our chieftains ruled before,
While the stranger lords it high,
'Neath our once joj'-kindled sky,
And his children as they turn
From the furj'ow, blade, or urn,
Ax, or pestle, pipe, or bone,
Once oiir fathers', or our own.
Shall with pride indignant spurn
Home and nation, bone and urn.
And exclaim — contemptuous grave
Indian dog, or Indian slave!

Heav'ns! and can ye live and burn.
And not on the insulter turn?
Have ye hearts, and have ye ears.
And not shake your vengeful spears?
Are ye men by God's decrees.
And can suffer taunts like these?
Rend! Oh! rend th' empurpled sky,
With your thrilling battle cry:
Vengeance! Valor! Liberty!
One and all to the attack!
'Tis the voice of PontiacI

It has just occurred to me as not unworthy of remark, that when the
English succeeded the Freach in the occupancy of those regions, a warrior
arose to oppose them in the person of Pontiac ; and (although not so imme-
diately after the change) when the Americans succeeded the English, another,
equally distinguished, and following out the same plan (a combination
of all the tribes east of the Alleghany mountains), arose to oppose the Ameri-
cans, in the person of Tecumthe, or Tecumseh, as he is usually called. It is
possible that some chief, equally politic and daring, and gifted with like
powers of eloquence, and capacity for command, may have headed the tribes
against the French. Their wars, we know, were desperate, and often bloody.
There seem then, to have been three periods (assuming the first, which it is
not unreasonable to do) in each of which a great chief arose among the
Indians, to lead his people against the encroachments of the three successive
powers that at that far distant period invaded their country.

Biographical Sketch of Key. Charles Fox. 513^

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF REVEREND CHARLES FOX.
BY WM. H. FOX.

Read at the Annual Meeting, June 4. 1884.

Charles Fox, the fourth son of George Townsend and Anne Stote (Crofton)
Fox, was born November '-22, 1815, at Westoe, in the county of Durham,
England. His youth was passed in Westoe with his brothers and sisters, and
his early training and education were like those, at that time, of the children
of English parents in affluent circumstances, and of strongly religious char-
acters. About the year 18:^8 his father moved with his family to the city of
Durham, which thereafter remained the place of the family residence.

When he had arrived at a suitable age, Charles Fox was sent to Rugby
school, where he remained until about 1832, and enjoyed the benefit of the
instruction and example of Dr. Arnold. His departure from Rugby, ac the
age of about sixteen years, was the end of his school life ; for his father,
having intended him to be a merchant, then procured for him a position in a
mercantile house in Leeds, where he began to learn book-keeping, business
routine, and especially the manufacture of cloth and other woole-n goods.
His health having become impaired in May, 1833, his father sent him to
Germany to recuperate, and to give him an opportunity to travel and to study
the German language. While there he visited the principal cities of Ger-
many, and seems to have been a frequent visitor at the art galleries, besides
learning as much of the mercantile interests of the country as his limted
experience in such matters would allow. During the autumn of this year,
his father having learned of a favorable position for him in the mercantile
house of Sands, Turner & Co., of New York, where an older brother had
been for some time previous to this, called Charles back from Germany, and
ser)t him to New York to learn business in that city, where he arrived during
the month of November, 1833. From this time until the autumn of 1835,
he devoted himself to business in New York, occasionally having an oppor-
tunity to travel into other parts of the United States and Canada. Being of
pleasing disposition and manners, and entertaining in conversation, having
acquired much general information by private study, he made many friends
and acquaintances among those who were, or afterwards became prominent
members of New York society ; and during this time he developed a strong
taste for the study of natural history; and made many small collections of
animal and bird skins, of fish and specimens of mineralogy, which he sent
to his father in England, who took much interest in the Newcastle museum,
and was making collections for a museum of natural history in Durham.
Mr. Fox's taste for natural history was more fully developed in later life.

During the latter part of 1835 he returned to England at his faher's
request to take a course of study in the University at Durham. In his more
youthful days, while at home and at school, he had been well instructed in
his religious duties, and his associations had been among those of pious
characters. His more intimate companions in New York had also been to a
great extent persons of strong religious convictions. His older brother, who
was with him there, exercised a very wholesome influence over him in mould-
ing his religious character. But during this visit to England he was more
deeply impressed with the duty of serving his Creator; and after his return,
to New York many of his leisure hours were spent at the house of Rev. Dr.
65

514 Pioneer Society of MiOHiaAN*

Eastburu, rector of the church of the Ascension, afterwards Bishop of
Massachusetts, to whose influence, also, much is due for the course after-
wards pursued by him. On his twenty-first birthday, November 32, 1836,
he decided to study for the ministry and wrote his father, asking his per-
mission to do so. It then became his all absorbing desire to properly prepare
himself to preach the precious word of God, and to bring unrepentant sin-
ners to a realizing sense of their guilt; and from this time on, he devoted
himself with great energy to the study of theology, which however, was
frequently interrupted by sickness and ill health, a great source of grief to
himself, and on account of which be was obliged to leave the Theological
Seminary in New York City soon after entering it. He spent some time at
Yonkers, N. Y., and at Westport, Conn., where he prosecuted his studies
until he was ordained a deacon in Hartford by Bishop Brownell, June 11,
1839, having in the meantime made another short visit to England. During
his studies he made free use of his pen, and wrote religious tracts, articles for
Silliman's Journal of Arts and Sciences, The Journal of Commerce, The
Chuchman, and other journals and papers, and published a small book
entitled •* Three Words to Novel Headers." It may well be remarked here,
that though this work was directed against novel reading, Mr. Fox was far
from being opposed to works of fiction in late life, and during illness and
hours of relaxation read many novels himself, and highly appreciated and
enjoyed the better class of that kind of literature. Mr. Fox received a call
to St. Paul's Episcopal Church at Jackson, Michigan, and was presented with
a paper of which the following is a copy:

The undersigned, the wardens and vestrymen of St. Paul's Church in
Jackson, Michigan, convened at Jackson, August the 16th, 1839, have
called the Kev. Charles Fox as the Rector of said church and have fixed
the annual salary to be paid by the society at four hundred dolhirs, to com-
mence on the 10th instant. Signed, Ira C. Backus, Saml. Higby, Wardens;
Saml. H. Kimball, L. S. House, L. Graves, J. C. Bailey, Vestrymen. To
the Rev. Charles Fox."

This call he accepted, and we will let him describe his first journey to
Jackson, and the village as he found it, in his own words: *'By the railroad
I found niy way to Y'psilanti, and the railroad stopped — stages carrying the
passengers to Ann Arbor. Early in the morning I took my seat in a crowded
stage — one stage a day was then quite sufficient for the travel — and late at
night — in the darkness and rain of a heavy thunder storm, thought myself
fortunate to get to bed in a little room with three other persons at Mr.
Bascom's tavern. In the morning I was up early to get a view of my new
home, and I must say as I looked around, my heart sank within me. It was
the first new village I had ever seen. The scattered houses and shanties of
every size and shape, looked as if they had fallen from heaven, or sprouted
like mushrooms, wherever chance might direct. The stumps in the so-called
streets were only outnumbered by the pools left by last night's rain, and a
heavy white, oppressive fog hung over and pointed out the limits both of
the river and the marsh, which formed no mean portion of the village site.
The most conspicuous objects were the groceries and billiard rooms, the court
house and the foundation of the penitentiary, and an unfinished church
stood out of the village near the river."

St. Paul's church was the first church organization in Jackson, save that of
the Free Will Baptists, organized in February of that year, and Mr. Fox was

Biographical Sketch of Kev. Charles Fox. 515

its rector, the Episcopalians of Jackson having been dependent upon occa-
sional visits from clergymen for their religious services up to that time. His
first sermon was preached in the court-house, August 1st. It was his dispo-
sition through life to work with his whole energy upon whatever he under-
took, and so he did in this, his first parish ; and besides attending to his duties
in Jackson, he preached frequently in Albion, and visited and preached in
many other towns in that part of the State. He was ordained a priest on the
first day of December, in that year, in St. Paul's church, ^.Detroit. During
his first year in Jackson divine services were held in the cou^t-house, until on
October 20, 1840, his congregation had erected a church budding, which was
then consecrated by the bishop of the State. Under his pr aching the con-
gregation grew rapidly, and when he was obliged to resign the rectorship, in
the spring of 1841, on account of ill health, caused to some extent by the
unheal thiness of the location (for few families in town were free from fre-
quent visits of fever and ague), he had the satisfaction of leaving the church
in a vigorous and healthy condition, and promising well for its future
growth and prosperity. Its prosperity from that time on is evidenced by the
fact that that parish has had less aid from the missionary fund of the diocese
than any other parish organized at that time, or for many years afterwards.

On leaving Jackson, Mr. Fox accepted a call to Trinity church, Columbus,
Ohio, but resigned and accepted an invitation from the Bishop of Michigan,
the next summer, to become his assistant in St. Paul's church, Detroit; for
besides his episcopal duties, the Bishop was rector of this church, also.
From this time on, Mr. Fox made Michigan his home, and in the spring of
1843, resigned from his position in St. Paul's church, and bought a farm on
Grosse Isle, directly opposite the village of Truago, afterwards known as
Trenton, and on the 20th day of June, married Anna Maria Rucker, daughter
of John Anthony Rucker, of Grosse Isle, and resided on his farm.

While Mr. Fox was the Bishop's assistant in St. Paul's church, he had made
frequent visits to Truago, to preach there, in what was then, or afterwards
became, St. Thomas parish, and, after making his residence on Grosse Isle,
he officiated in that parish until he went with his family to England, in July,
1846. After his return from England, in September, 1847, he again preached
in that parish. He also gave much of his atitention and time to missionary
work, in which his labors extended beyond the limits of the diocese. During
the latter part of 1850, and the spring of 1851, he succeded in having built a
small wooden church, after the plan of the Little Bow church, of the city of
Durham, England, on the river bank, on the west side of Grosse Isle, and on
Easter Monday, April 21, 1851, St. John's church was organized, and a new
parish formed, being composed of Grosse Isle. Mr. Fox became rector, David
Keith was elected warden, and John Ballard, J. A. Rucker, Edward L.
Keith, W. R. Wood, Thomas Lewis, Louis D. Rucker, and Angus Keith, ves-
trymen.

The articles of association were filed in the county clerk's office on the 1st
day of May, 1851, and on the 6th of June the Bishop gave his official con-
sent in writing to the organization of the church.

After settling on his farm Mr. Fox applied himself to farming, of which
he knew little or nothing at that time, either practically or theoretiically, but
as he was thorough in all he undertook, he went at it with a firm determina-
tion to learn all that could be learned of American farming in the northern
States, and to become a master of the subject in both a theoretical and

516

Pioneer Society of Michigan.

practical sense. He read every book on agriculture which he could find, and
acquired all the practical knowledge of the subject which he could learn in
the working of his farm. His fondness for the study of natural history was
strong, and he became a close observer of animals, birds, fish and reptiles,
and for some years kept a naturalist's calendar, noting down all his observa-
tions of the animal creation ; and kept up a constant correspondence with
many of the natural history and scientific associations of the country. In
the year 1853, he prepared a list of the birds of Michigan, comprising all
those known to this State at that time. In 1852, he organized the '^Farmer's
Companion and Horticultural Gazette,'^ with himself and Charles Betts as
editors, Linus Cone as corresponding editor, and John C. Holmes as Horti-
cultural editor; opening an office in Fireman's Hall on Jefferson avenue,
Detroit. A specimen copy was issued December 1st, 1852, which stated ta
the public that '"'with all concerned in it, this paper is a labor of love.'^
"And now their chief desire is that Michigan no longer should be inferior to
any other State, but while we cultivate the ground in the best manner, with
the best stock and the greatest success, we may also have the very best
agricultural paper of which the United States can boast, and our people
may be the most intellectual and consequently the most powerful."

No, 1, volume 1, of this paper, which was a monthly publication, appeared
January 1st, 1853, and its character proved to be highly creditable to its
editors, and it was on the high road to a useful and successful career when its
publication was brought to a sudden close by the untimely death of Mr,
Fox, only two numbers appearing thereafter, the last of which appeared in
September, 1854, and announced that by the death of Mr. Fox the work is
left without a publisher, as the remaining editors, on account of the want of
health, or other business engagements, were unable to carry it on, and that

arrangements have been made by which the 'Companion' and Michigan
Farmer will be united — consolidated."

In the year 1853, Dr. Tappan, president of the University of Michigan,
being desirous of having an agricultural school established in connection
with the University, had so far perfected his plans, with the approval of the
Board of Regents, that early in that year it had been decided that a course of
- agricultural lectures should be given at the University as soon as practicable,
and Doctors Sager and Douglass, and Mr. Fox were chosen as a corps of pro-
fessors to lecture on various branches of the subject. On the afternoon of
the 2?th day of April, the first lecture of the course was delivered by Mr.
Fox, the lecture room being filled with citizans of Ann Arbor, and farmers
from the neighborhood. Lectures were then delivered every day, except
Saturday, Mr. Fox taking as the subject for his lecture, Practical Agri-
culture." A second course of lectures was delivered durins: the fall of that
year, and the winter of 1853-4 when Mr. Fox moved his family to Ann
Arbor, for the time being, that he might attend to his duties in the University
to better advantage. The success of the lectures having proved suffici-
ciently satisfactory to the Board of Regents, it was decided to continue
them the next year, and on the 29th of June, 1854 Mr. Fox was elected
professor of agriculture in the University, with a salary of five hundred dol-
lars. In connection with this salary of five hundred dollars per annum, it
may be mentioned thut Mr. Fox^s services had been given without remunera-
tion during the two preceding courses of lectures. To render these lectures
more advantageous to the students, there was experienced much need of a

"Wayne County Memorial Eeport.

517

text-book. The professors hein^ unable to find a suitable work of that char-
acter, and to supply this want, Mr. Fox decided upon the writing of one for
that purpose, and after some months of unmitigated labor, he published
** The American Text-book of Practical and Scientific Agriculture," which
proved to be a work of extensive research and much pains-taking labor, and
admirably adapted to the purpose for which it was written. He also had
under contemplation a work on stock. Besides these literary efforts on agri-
cultural subjects, Mr. Fox had in progress a work on the history of the Prot-
estant Episcopal church of the United States, and one or more other works
of a religious character.

Soon after Mr. Fox first came to the United States, he became an admirer
of the American form of government, and of its institutions, and finally
grew into an enthusiastic American, becoming a naturalized citizen in 1846.
Havng returned to his farm on Grosse Isle, after finishing his second course
of lectures at the University, he was suddenly left without a home there, by
the burning of his farm residence, on the ^3d of May, and soon after moved
with his family to Detroit.

On the 24th day of July, 1854, he died of Asiatic cholera in that city,
being not yet thirty-nine years of age. Though he had never enjoyed good
health for any length of time, and was frequently unable to carry on his
labors in consequence, when his health would permit he was incessantly at
work, and always a thorough and pains-taking student.

His controlling principle and desire throughout life were to improve the
condition of his fellow-man, and to raise him to a higher moral and religious
standard, as well as to assist him in his temporal interests by improving his
intellectual developments. To accomplish this purpose he gave up much
valuable time, to his own pecuniary disadvantage, besides yearly giving a con-
siderable portion of his private income for charitable purposes.

His untimely death out short a useful career which promised much to the
religious and temporal welfare of the people of this State.

WAYNE COUNTY MEMOKIAL REPORT.
BY HON. PHILO PARSONS.

On Thursday, September 14th, 1882, Detroit was called upon to deplore the
loss of one of its most prominent and highly respected citizens and eminent
business men, in the death of the Hon. Merrill J. Mills. The family and
friends of Mr. Mills had been for more than two years seriously anxious about
his health, and had made earnest efforts to induce a protracted absence in
Europe, hoping that an entire change of life and thought, with freedom from
the exacting demands of business would arrest incipient disease, fully restore
impaired health, and add many years to a life most valuable to his family,
his business associates, the city and State in which he lived ; but so confirmed
were his habits of business that it seemed impossible for him to live outside
his counting-room. Indeed, he came to feel that no one could take his place
in the transaction of his complicated and manifold business affairs, by no
means an uncommon mistake among men who have been the artificers of
their own fortunes.

Mr. Mills was born in Canton, Conn., November 4th, 1818. He had
received a good education, having made preparation to enter Yale College,

518

Pioneer Society of MicHiaAN.

his father desiring for him a thorough education and a professional life, as
he was an only son ; but the bent of the boy's mind was not in that direction j
preferring rather business pursuits, for which he early showed great aptitude.
At fifteen years of age, while assisting his father in the manufacture of gun-
powder, and on the farm, one of the traveling salesmen, from some cause,
declined to make his usual trip. Confident of his ability, young Mills mounted
the wagon box and made the round with entire success. At twenty-seven
years of age, becoming somewhat restive under the restraints of New Eng-
land home life, he decided to settle in Port Wayne, Ind., for the purchase
of peltries and furs ; but the early closing of navigation left his goods at
Detroit, thus compelling him to visit that city which presented such attrac-
tions as finally induced him to make it his permanent home. Some little
difference of opinion with his father led the young man to depend mainly on
himself. But he was not wanting in resources of mind and energy, and his
frank and honorable character enabled him to control ample credit, entering
immediately upon a career of signal prosperit}'-, opening a correspondence
with the best fur Commission Houses of New York and London, and so
great was the confidence reposed in his enterprise, integrity, and discretion
that his interests were protected under all circumstances. I knew him well
in this formative period of his business life, and admired his coolness of
judgment and wisdom. When the market for peltries was active at high
prices, and there were numerous buyers, his purchases were light, but when
the market was dull with moderate demand and low prices, he canvassed the
country, rapidly gathering in great quantities of furs on which he made
large profits. His means increasing beyond the need of his fur business he
made a successful venture in manufacturing tobacco; and finally, as Detroit
came into prominence by its numerous railroad connections as a distributing
point, he gave his attention to other manufacturing enterprises, becoming
associated with W. H. Teft and J. Dwyer during the year 1867 in the Detroit
stove works, and in 1873 with the late Charles Ducharme and Jeremiah
Dwyer, in organizing the Michigan stove works, both of which have been
eminently successful ; ranking among the first establishments of the kind
in the whole country; employing nearly 2,000 men, and turning out a pro-
duct unequaled for beauty and perfection of finish. President Hayes said
of the display made of their work on exhibition at the State Fair in 1880:
"These are our true Jewels." Mr. Mills was also interested in various other
manufacturing enterprises, all of which were managed with consummate
skill, good judgment and tact, never risking final success for a present
speculative profit. As vice president of the Detroit Fire and Marine Insur-
ance Co., as director and manager of various other institutions, his judg-
ment was always valued as sound and reliable by his associates — never intrud-
ing his opinions, yet with positive convictions, never concealing his views
when asked for their expression.

Few fortunes have been more legitimately earned than Mr. Mills'. His
uninterrupted success in all his varied enterprises were the reward of shrewd
forecast, industry, and energy; and his example of wise prudence, thrift and
economy are worthy of imitation by our young men. Commencing his
business life at about the age of twenty-seven years he had accumulated at
the time of his death a fortune of a half million of dollars, leaving in
addition thereto, what is of far more worth to his family, an irreproachable
character for integrity and fair dealing. Mr. Mills was in politics a con-

Wayne County Memorial Report.

519

servative war democrat, was Mayor of Defcroit from 1866 to 1868, serving his
city with great acceptance for two years. He was also democratic nominee
for Congress in 1868, but failed of an election, though greatly reducing the
majority of his opponent. He was chairman of the democratic State cen-
tral committee in 1867 and ^68, and was a delegate to the national conven-
tions which respectively nominated Horatio Seymour and Samuel J. Tilden.
Mr. Mills was in many other ways honored by his party and the people, and
urged to accept nominations to responsible positions but steadily refused on
account of its interference with his business. He was married to Miss 0.
Barbour in 1850, leaving a son and daughter; the son giving promise of
much of his father's ability in ^he management of business affairs. The
funeral was one of the largest ever held in Detroit; showing the high respect
entertained for his integrity of character and kindness of heart. More than
2,000 working men followed his remains to their final resting place; indicat-
ing the warm sympathy which existed between that class of our people and
the deceased. The bowed heads of largo numbers of our best citizens present
also showed the sad feeling pervading the community and the general sense
of loss sustained in the death of this honored citizen.

There have been numerous deaths of other persons of advanced age during
the past year, notably that of Frederick Wetmore, who had reached nearly
the allotted age of man. Mr. Wetmore was born in Yorkville, Oneida
county, New York, in the year 1813. In the year 1829 he went to Pittsburg,
Pennsylvania, where he engaged as clerk in mercantile pursuits until 1841,
when he came to Detroit, engaging in a wholesale and retail crockery busi-
ness, and was for many years the only merchant in Detroit in that branch of
trade. Mr. Wetmore was twice married, and was the father of thirteen chil-
dren, five only, with the second wife, surviving him. He enjoyed fine health
up to the date of his last illness. His friends of an early day speak in most
affectionate terms of him. He was an enterprising merchant of most honor-
able character, an intelligent, conscientious Christian gentleman, endeared
to a large circle of friends by his many amiable traits of character and genial
social disposition. In his last illness he expressed some desire to live that he
might see the wonderful development in the arts and discoveries of an
intensely active, thinking age, but in view of the certainty that his disease
would have a fatal result, he arranged his affairs with perfect calmness, con-
sulting with and advising his family in relation to their future, with affection-
ate tenderness, up to the moment when he ceased to breathe. He had no
fear of the future, saying as he neared his end: **My relations with my
Creator were settled years ago."

Mr. Wetmore was director in the Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Com-
pany, was an active member and elder of the Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian
church, and leaves a handsome fortune and an honest name to his family.

The death of Doctor D. 0. Farrand, eminently the beloved physician of
Detroit, was a marked event in the necrological history of the year. In the
prime of a most active life, and in the zenith of a remarkably successful pro-
fessional career, he was called to lay down his life-work unexpectedly to all.
A feeling of painful regret and pervading sorrow hung over the city like a
shadow when it became generally known that he had passed away. Few
realized during the life of this most estimable Christian scholar and gentle-
man, the strong hold he had secured on the affections of the people. All
classes mourned a friend departed. It was not wealth, or position, or distin-

520 Pioneer Society op MicmaAi^.

guished family that attracted to him public regard. Kindness, gentleness,
and a desire to lessen, as far as lay in his power, the sum of evil that afflicted
humanity, controlled and governed his daily life and action. His practice
was so large among the families of wealth and independence, that his time
was hardly sufficient for their calls, but more than the half of his wonderfully
active professional life was given to demands of the poor, from whom he
neither received or expected any compensation of a pecuniary character, and to
whom his sympathetic heart often extended, most bountifully, material as
well as medical aid. The poor relate many acts of generosity in this respect,
that have brightened the sick room and given to friends the life that seemed
passing away. He never failed to respond to the calls of the poor. No
wonder then that hundreds unable to enter the church at his funeral, stood
on the side-walk near by, where they might see at least the casket that con-
tained the sacred remains of one so dear to them. No such funeral was ever
held in Detroit. If flowers give evidence of love, a wealth of affection was
tendered the memory of the departed, and so has passed from the walks of
men to a brighter and more serene atmosphere, one who humanly speaking,
could not be spared. Dr. Farrand was most happy in his social relations.
He was married in the fall of 1867 to Elizabeth L. Trombly of Niles, who
with three children, — one son and two daughters, — survive him, and keenly
mourn his loss. He was honored with political confidence so far as he would
receive it, but so pressing were the calls of his profession that he would not
accept political positions. At the age of 46 years he had accomplished what
with most men would consume twice that period. He has gone to his reward.

The death of Albert Burrill, well known in the da3^s antecedent to railroads,
occurred during the past year. He came to Detroit in 1835, engaging in the
stage business, transporting passengers and emigrants in various directions
through the state in the flush days of speculation, and continuing in that and
livery business up to the time when a paralytic attack forced him to retire.
He was a most honorable, just man, and always received, as he merited, the
respect of the public.

Kev. Dr. Sprole, an aged and prominent Presbyterian Clergyman died
suddenly at his residence in Detroit where he had resided for some years.
He had reached seventy-four years of age, yet his firm step and active interest
in church and all that promoted the welfare of man seemed to promise many
years of life; but suddenly he was stricken by the hand of death, and the
memory of his earnest work and Christian example, with sincere reverence to
his memory are left us.

Mr. J. B. H. Bratshaw died at his residence on Woodward avenue, July 26,
1882, 68 years of age, of Bright's disease. He had been in delicate health
for nearly a year previous to his death, but his freedom from nervous anxiety
and his generally hopeful temperament led to the belief that he would overcome
the disease, and live many years to enjoy a fortune legitimately earned in the
midst of surroundings peculiarly attractive and agreeable. He was born in
England in 1814, but coming to this country when less than three years of
age, he knew no other home, but came into heartiest sympathy with every
thing good in American life. The death of his father threw the care of the
family upon him at an early age, and led to the formation of those frugal,
industrious, and thrifty habits which gave them a comfortable support, and
secured to himself independence and wealth at a late period in life. He
came to Detroit in 18G3, and established himself as a wholesale grocer, and

Wayne County Memorial Eeport. 521

at once entered on a career of prosperity, attributable in large measure to bis
earnest outspoken efforts in favor of the war for the union. His plain com-
mon sense and popular manner of expression illustrated by homely but pleas-
ing anecdotes rendered him an attractive and effective speaker on all occa-
sions. He became especially necessary at popular meetings when efforts were
made to procure enlistments for increasing the army. He wrote a long series
of articles entitled Hints to the young business men" which were replete
with good sense and practical wisdom, their main object being to show that
success could not be secured except by untiring industry and economy, with
constant avoidance of speculative habits. The universal sentiment in reference
to his death was that a just, honorable, unselfish man had fallen in the midst
of usefulness and honor.
66

INDEX.

GENERAL INDEX.

Page.

Abolition of Death Penalty in Michigan 9&

Addrkss of President Wall^er, 1883 5

of Welcome to Mexican War Veterans, by Col. Norvell ]9

Response to, by Col. McReynolds 20

on death of Prof. Williams— J. V. Campbell 27

on death of Erastus O. Haven— Prof. Winchell 36

to " Society of Michigan," Lawrence, Kansas— W. C. Ransom 106

of Welcome at Picnic, Galesburg— Mr. Van Buren 308

of President Williams at opening of Agricultural College 126

of E. H. Lothrop, before Agricultural Society 117

Agricultural College... 115

Society 117

American Fur Company 343

Anecdotes of two Englishmen 113

of Kalamazoo Bar 312

Ann Arbor, early settlement of. 443

Association, Old Settlers, in Ottawa county 386

Allegan County 167

Alpena County, Early History of 170

Officers in 173,211

Farming in 204

Alpena City, Name of, changed from Fremont 177

Village in 1864 178

Became a city in 1871 183

Fires in, 1872 185

Present appearance of 189

Magnetic Spring 192

Churches 195

Societies 196

Fire and Military Companies— Steamboats 197

Fishing interests 198

Schools 200

Lumbering 201

Officers 211

Battle of Brownstown 464

ofMonguHgon 466

Battle Creek, how it received its name 248

Bay County 211

526 General Index.

Page.

Berrien County, society, 9th annual meeting of 213

Officers of, Pioneer Society!. 215

Branch County, early history of 216

Settlement in Bronson 217

First officers in Bronson 219

Soldiers for the Black Hawk war 220

Early legal proceedings 221

Celebration in Quincy 225

Address of Dr. Rynd at celebration 232

Semi-centennial history 237

Treaty period 237

Chicago road 238

Quincy as a township _ 242

First officers — military — schools 245

Religious items 246

Biography of Miss Abigail Rogers 287

Wm. M.Ferry 391

Onesimus C. Pierce 474

Gen. Lawson A. Van Akin_ 476

C.C.Trowbridge 478

Mrs. Eliza S. Bagg 491

Maria A. Marantette Godfroy 497

Rev. Charles Fox 513

Edwin A. Thompson 439

J. Webster Childs 450

Board of Regents of University 39-46

of Agriculture created 134

Names of first 135

of Trustees of Michigan Central (Hillsdale) College 145

Hillsdale College 146, 148

of first Supervisors in St. Clair County 410

Calhoun County 248

Clinton County 265

College, Agricultural, early history of 115

Graduates of, officers in other colleges.. 115

Address of E. H. Lothrop advocating . 117

Memorial in behalf of. 119

Constitutional provisions for 120

Committee on, visit University 121

Action of Senate and House toward 122

Message of Gov. Kinsley 123

Loc:ition of 123

Press comments upon. . 124

Organic law to establish 1"^5

Inauguration of 126

Officers of 128

Course of study in 130

President Williams resigns 132

Management of, given to a Board of Agriculture 134

First Board of Agriculture 135

General Index. 527

Page

College, Hillsdale, History of 137

Free-Will Baptist. 137

Pioneer workers in 138

Action of its founders 141

Instructors in 147,160

Central building, destroyed by fire 159

Trustees. 154,162

Professorships and Societies 164

' Publications— Property 164

Legal proceedings against 152

Faculty at opening of school at Hillsdale 157

Principals of Female Department..- 161

Michigan Female, History of 284

Sketch of Miss Rogers, in connection with 287

Death of Josiah Goddard 255

of Mrs. J. D. Labar 256

of Maj. Bartholomew Banks ^ 250

of Prof. Henry A. Pierce 258

of Mrs. Eh'jah Clapp 259

of Dr. Edward Cox 259

Penalty, and solitary confinement 99

Detroit to Chicago in 1843 _ 114

Speech of an Indian Chief of, in 1706... 458

Executive Mansion at, in 1826 502

Pontiacand Seige of, in 1760 503

Donations to Pioneer Society... 17

Eaton County.. 270

Execution of S. G. Simmons in 1830 103

Eulogy, by Andrew Campbell, of J. Webster Childs 451

by Wm. Campbell, of J. Webster Childs - 452

by C. H. Richmond, of J. Webster Child 454

by Thomas M. Cooley, of J. Webster Childs 454

by President T. C. Abbot, of J. Webster Childs 457

Funeral of Dr. Edward Cox 263

of Hon. Lovell Moore 330

of Alonzo Piatt 334

of Charlotte Cuming 337

of Rev. Wra. M. Ferry 395

of Hon. J. Webster Childs 450

Fire of Hillsdale College 159

of the old Capitol 290

at Alpena „ 185

Genesee County 272

Gen. Cass and the British (Indian) flag 502

Grand Rapids, Banks in 319

Growth of 325

528 General Index.

Page.

Gratiot County 287

Illustrations :

Portrait of D. H. Kelton, Author of" County of Mackinac" 344

Astor House, Mackinaw 345

Mission House, Mackinaw 346

The Knaggs Wind-mill - 501

Ingham County, Annual Meeting of County Society... 282

Ionia County, Christmas fifty years ago 300

Jackson County 306

Kalamazoo County, Picnic at Galesburg 308

Address of Mr. Van Buren 1 308

Response hy Mr. Miller 309

Pioneer Pettifoggers _ 310

Lenawee County 338

Livingston County 342

Mackinaw County 343

County and Village Officers 348

Point St. Ignace 354

Old Mackinaw _ 355

Macomb County, John Stockton^s account of settlement at Mt. Clemens 357

Marquette, Monument Association 351

Memoir of 352

Meeting, Annual, of Pioneer Society, 1883 5

Officers present at 6

of Mexican War Veterans 18

of Berrien County Pioneer Society 213

of Ingham County Pioneer Society 282

of Old Settlers in Ottawa County 386

of St. Joseph County Pioneer Society 420

Members added to State Society during the year 10

Deceased, list of, during the year , 11

of Mexican War Veterans' Society 166

of First Board of Agriculture 119

Memorial Reports, Allegan County 168

Bay " 211

Berrien " 215

Calhoun " 251

Clinton " 265

Eaton " 270

Genesee " 272

Gratiot " 281

Ingham " 295

]onia " 3ul

Jackson " 306

General Index. 521>

Page

Memorial Report, Kalamazoo County ..1. 319

Kent " 328

Lenawee " 339

Livingston " 342

Monroe " _ 383

Oakland " 386

Ottawa " 399

Shiawassee " 430

Van Buren " 431

Washtenaw " 446

Wayne 517

Michigan, first visit to _ 15

How it got into the TTnion „ 59

History of the Press in 62

Abolition of Death Penalty in 99

Wild Rice — Loaning Money in 113

MiSKOUAKi, Speech of, in 1706 458

Reply to, by De Vaudreuil 463

Mt. Clemens, Early Settlement of 357

Account by Edward Tucker 359

Monroe County, Early History of, and city 361

T. E. Wing's history continued of 374

First Presbyterian Church in _ 376

First Methodist Church in 378

First Episcopal Church in.. 379

N.,

Name, Ancient, of rivers, lakes, etc 349

Native Copper on coast of Lake Huron 114

NOTTAWA Sepe, Recollections about 423

Oakland County 384

Officers of Pioneer Society elected June 14, 1883 3

of Association of Veterans of Mexican war 18

in Alpena County and city _. 173,211

of Berrien County Pioneer Society 215

First, in Bronson 219

in Mackinaw 348

of St. Joseph County Pioneer Society- 421

of Ottawa County Pioneer's Association 388

Ottawa County, Early history of 390

Old Settlers' Association in 1858_ 386

Organization of Association 387

Speech of Col. Norton to Association 391

Paper of Henry Bishop to Pioneer Society 317

Penalty, Abolition of death, results of_ 99

Pioneers, Act making appropriation for 1

Annual meeting of State 5

Welcome to 13

530

General Index.

Page.

Meeting of, at Berrien Springs 213

Meeting of, at Galesburg 308

Life in Saginaw in 1830 426

Poems, Tlie Mexican War — E. N. Wilcox 21

Toledo War Song — Crawford 60

My Jewels— Mrs. Mary E. Waldron 167

Song to our Pioneers— Mrs. E. M. Tuttle 224

Semi-centennial— D. M. Campbell _ 228

Michigan, My Michigan— D. M. Campbell 235

Maple Sugar Making 422

Pontiac's Appeal to his Braves 510

PONTIAC, First settlement of 384

and siege of Detroit... 504

Proceedings on the death of Geo. P. Williams 26

on the death of E. O. Haven 35

Reverie of Rev. L. M. d. Smith 397

Reminiscence of Lansing 292

Report of Annual Meeting, June 7th, 1882, by Recording Secretary 6

of Corresponding Secretary 10

of Treasurer 11

of Committee of Historians _ 11

Saginaw County, Pioneer life in, 1830 426

Schools in Alpena 200

in Qulncy 245

in Lansing 294

in Grand Rapids , 325

Souvenirs of Dr. Tappan 25

St. Clair County, History of 403

Oath of Judge Bunce 408

First Supervisors in— Later officials 410

Indian Legendsof 416

Lake St. Clair in 1830 418

St. Joseph County, Meeting of Pioneer Society, 1883 420

Van Buren County „ 431

Washtenavt County, Bethuel Farrand's story 443

Ago of deceased pioneers in 449

Funeral of J. Webster Childs 450

Death of George M. Lee 458

Wayne County, Speech of Miskoukai 458

Reply of De Vaudreiul 1 463

Battle of Brownstown 464

Battle of Monguagon 466

Mjij. Rowland and Tecumseh 469

Murder of Maj. Campbell 509

INDEX OF NAMES.

Abfeey, Mrs. Frank, 307.
Abbe, Cleveland, 133.

Abbot, Theophilus C, 7, 115, 129, 133,135,

450, 457.
Abbott, Robert, 17, 256.
Abbott, Edgar J., 131.
Abbott, Samuel, 348.
Abbott, Epbrainn P., 364.
Abbott, Judge, 406.
Abbott, James, 414, 478.
Aber, Maria, 448.
Able, Prof., 263.
Acker, Li da, 340.
Acker, Mrs. Elias, 342.
Ackerman, Maria, 335.
Ackley, Benjamin, 449.
Adams, Chas. K., 36.

Adams, J. Q., 59, 63, 110, 365, 369, 378, 382,
497.

Adams, John, 122, 309.
Adams, P. R. & P.W.,86.
Adams, P. W., 146.
Adams, Wales, 219, 220.
Adams, Mr., 221.
Adams, Giles, 236.
Adams, James, 242.
Adams, Sarah, 262.
Adam, John J., 111.
Agassiz, Prof, 247.
Agnew, Samuel, 374.
Ahman, Bernard, 341.
Ailes, Mrs. Robert K., 448.
Ainsworth, O. A., 450.
Ainsworth, Mrs. O. A., 450.
Aiontache, 462.
Akeley, H. C, 322, 396.
Albee, C. B., 387-389, 390, 396.
Aldrlch, A. J. & Co., 71.

Aldrich, A. L., 75.
Aldrich, Abram, 219.
Aldrich, A. J., 235.
Aldrich, Russell, 252.

Aldrich, , 309.

Aldrich, Moses V., 321, 324.
Aldrich, Zachariah, 324.
Alexander, Hugh, 220.
Alford, George, 376.
Alford, Priscilla, 376.
Alison, A., 96.
Allen, Levi J., 19.
Allen, Robert, 77.
Allen, J. W., 79.
Allen, E. D., 86.
Allen, John, 109, 220.
Allen, S. F., 146.
Allen, A. B., 195.
Allen, John J., 340.
Allen, Mr., 238, 244.
Allen, Abram, 294.
Allen, Geo. W., 324.
Allen, George, 341.
Allen, Joseph, 342.
Allen, Edward P., 348.
Allen, Dr., 361.
Allen, Seneca, 374,375, 379.
Allen, Orrison, 384, 385.
Allen, Alvin B., 431.
Allison, C. C, 73.
Allison, Wm., 421.
AUouez, Claude, 349, 350.
Ally, L. D., 96.
Almandinger, John D., 431.
Almy, John, 320.

Alton, ,293.

Alvord, Dr., 265.
Ambler, Wm. E., 163.
Ambrose, R., 185.
Ament, Edward L., 94.

582

Index of ISTames.

Amherst, Gen., 505.
Anderson, Mrs. Arthur, 341.
Anderson, Capt., 360.

Anderson, , 3G2.

Anderson, John, 375-377.

Anderson, Eliza, 376.

Anderson, James, 430.

Andrews, Eben S. 79.

Andrews, Dr. E., 97.

Andrews, Joseph, 146, 147.

Andrews, Josiah, 437.

Andrews & Woodman, 437.

Angell, Mayor, 335.

Angel], James B., 124.

Angell, Horace, 293.

Angevlne, Eli, 269.

Anson, Pierson, 242, 243.

Anson, Mrs., 243.

Applegate, Tom S., 62, 85.

Arclier, Mrs. Charles, 383.

Archer, Rev. J., 401.

Archebald, Alexander, 175.

Archebald & Murray, 176. ,

Amies, S., 90.

Armitage, James, 369.

Armstrong, C. S., 146.

Arnold, Orrin, 95.

Arnold, Wm. P., 240, 241, 244, 245.

Arnold, Rice, 245.

Arnold, Anthy, 302.

Arnold, Oliver, 302.

Arnold. Phebe, 303.

Arnold. Job, 303.

Arnold, Hannah, 303.

Arnold, Mrs. Brazilla, 340.

Arnold, J. N., 352.

Arnold, S. R., 369.

Arnold, Gen., 473.

Arnold, Dr., 513.

Ashley, Thomas, 358, 361.

Astor, John Jacob, 343, 344, 347.

Atkins, H. A., 60.

Atkins, Lewis, 173, 174.

A ton, Mary, 340.

At water, T.. R., 331

Au(h ian, Peter, 502.

Auger, F. P., 162, 163.

Austin, Mrs. Courtland, 307.

Austin. Wni., 495.

Avcrill. J. K., 75.

Avery, N.. L, 66,322.

Avery, Charles E., 348.
Avery, Joseph, 411.
Axford. Samuel, 386.
Axtell, G. W.,87.
Axtel, Dr., 495.
Ayrault, , 415.

Baars,J. Frederick, 323.
Babcock, Titus, 89.

Babcock, , 309.

Babcock, T. J., 317.
Babcock, Rachel, 317.
Babcock, Otis H., 323.
Babcock, Eugene, 338.
Babcock, Charles P., 348.
Baby, Charles, 498.
Bachman, G, O., 195.
Backus, (Jharles K., 64.
Backus, H. F., 411.
Backus, Asel, 494.
Backus, Ira C, 514.
Bacon, Daniel S., 374, 380.

Bacon, , 247.

Bacheller, Samuel, 342, 343.
Badgley, J. J., 225.
Badin, Vincent, 376.
Baggs, 108.

Bagg, Johns., 114, 494.
Bagg, Eliza S., 491-497.
Bagg, Joseph H., 493-497.
Bagg, Silas A.. 494.
Bagg, A. Smith, 494.
Bagg, Abbie S., 495.
Bagg, Cornelia, 495.
Bagg, B. Rush, 495,
Bagg, Frances E., 495.
Bagg, Anna R., 495.
Bagg, Josephine S., 496, 497.
Bagley, John J., 7, 62, 268,457.
Bagley, Judge, 386.
Bagley, Daniel, 241-243.
Bailie, Emma, 258.
Bailey, Joseph W., 79.
Bailey, C. W. & Bro., 82.
Bailey, Joseph C, 141, 144, 145, 294,514,
Bailey, Franklin H., 162.
Bailey, S. S.,324.
Bailey, Jonathan N., 348.
Bailey, John R., 348.
I Bailey, Rev., 442.
1 Bailey, Lewis E.,366.

Index of ISTames.

533

Baly, Mr., 359.

Banks, Horatio W., 253.

Baier, Peter, 383.

Bannon, J., 421.

Bayley, James, 125, 133, 134, 143.

Barber, Frank, 240.

Baker, L. A., 7.

Barber, Mrs. A. M., 306.

Baker, Jessie, 9. •

Barber, A. W., 227.

Baker, Seymour A., 64.

Barber, M. H., 73.

Baker, Heury E., G4,

Barbour, Miss C, 519.

Baker, 0. E., 162.

Bare, Samuel, 421.

Baker, Henry B., 264.

Barker, J. W., 162.

Baker, John, 277, 310.

Barlow, F. N., 195.

Baker, Wm., 277.

Barlow, Fred. H.,197.

Baker, David W., 242.

Barnes, 0. M.,3, 294.

Baker, H. P., 323.

Barnes, A. C, 19.

Baker, Fred K., 323.

Barnes, Uriel T., 442.

Baker, Ruth, 340.

Barnes, Henry, 63, 64, 70, 78.

Baker, Mrs. Allen, 340.

Barnes, Huldah A., 442.

Baker, Elijah,«841.

Barnes, John, 240.

Baker, Rensalear, 341.

Barnes, Mrs. M. W.,283.

Baker, Samuel, 378.

Barnes, Mrs. H. B., 302.

Baker, Daniel, 481.

Barnes, Tillotson, 313.

Baker, Horace, 410.

Barns, Jacob, 82.

Baldwin, A. C, 6, 457.

Barns & Angel, 92.

Baldwin, Henry P., Ill, 124.

Barns, J. W. & J., 92.

Baldwin, J., 162.

Barnard, Miss, 9.

Baldwin, Kev. D., 282.

Barnard, L. E. & Co., 70.

Baldwin, Edward, 248-251.

Barnett, J. M., 322.

Baldwin, Edwin, 248-251.

Barnhart, Martin, 219, 220.

Baldwin Ilias J., 342.

Barnhart, Wi Hard, 322.

Baldwin, Mr,, 349.

Barjerow, Augustus, 245.

Baldy, James B., 154, 162.

Baron, C. Borgue, 484.

Ballard, John, 515.

Barr, Misses, 450.

Ballard, Mrs. S. H., 333.

Barrett, Maj., 154.

Ballard, S. P., 450.

Barrett, M., 162.

Ball, George E., 151,154.

Barrett, Wright, 317.

Ball, George H., 161-163.

Barridge, Addie, 6, 7, 9.

Ball, Wm., 386.

Barrows, M. W., 88.

Ball, Dan. H., 166.

Barry, John S.,111, 121,338.

Ball, John, 304, 320.

Barstow, Haley F., 83.

Ball, Daniel, 304, 320, 321.

Bartlett, Wallace R., 95.

Ball, Byron D., 320.

Bartlett, Seth, 307.

Ball, Fred, 323.

Bartlett, Mrs. Wm.,341.

Bancroft, Wra. L., 416.

Bartlett, S. M,, 122, 125.

Bancroft, George, 353, 354.

Barton, Joseph, 261.

Bancroft, Edward C, 410,

Bascom, Mr., 514.

Banen, Mr., 374.

Bassett, 19.

Bangs, Joshua. 421, 436.

Bata, , 309.

Bangs, Nathaniel, 432.

Batison, , 250.

Bangs, J. R., 432.

Battie, John, 377.

Banker, Enoch, 128.

Bates, Morgan, 63, 72, 76, 98.

Banks, Bartholomew, 257.

Bates & Bennett, 69.

Banks, Mary, 258.

Bates, Samuel D., 151, 162.

Banks, John, 258,

Bates, M. W., 324.

534

Index of Names.

Bathrick, Mrs. L., 432.

Benedict, Col., 143.

Baughraan, John A., 378, 379.

Benedict, Moses, 144, 146, 148, 156.

Baxter, W. J., 7, 8, 9, 124, 128, 159, 166.

Benedict, Livonia E., 144, 146, 147.

Baxter, Albert, 82, 83.

Benedict, Hiram, 26o, 268.

Beach, Clark R., 19.

Berbe, Dr., 411.

Beach, Maria, 342.

Berles, Franz, 336.

Beach, Samuel E., 19.

Berry, Mrs. Ambrose S., 8.

Beach, J. R., 179, 186.

Berry, Joseph, 241, 243, 244, 246.

Beach, Samuel, 242.

Berry, Samuel, 241-243.

Beal, Rice A., 96.

Berry, Ezra, 241, 243.

Beans & Evans, 194.

Berry, Enos G., 241, 242, 244, 246.

Bean, Henry F., 146.

Berry, Dr., 243, 244.

Beane, Allen, 166.

Berry, Thomas, 246.

Beaubien, Col., 484.

Berry, Richard, 379.

Beam an, Joshua, 338.

Berry, Langford Cr., 135.

Beaman, Hannah, 338.

Bertrand, , 485.

Beaman, Fernando C, 338-340.

Best, Edward, 322. •

Beardslee, Edward, 410.

Betterly, Charlotte F., 225.

Beatie, Mar}- M., 431.

Betts, George I., 348.

Beaufait, Louis, 250, 251.

Beufait, Col., 482.

Beaver, Thos. G., 215.

Bewick, Comstock & Co., 178,185, 187, 202,

Becker, John, 348, 349.

203.

Beck with, Cyrus, 444.

Bickford, Mrs. J. K., 235.

Bedford, M. N., 196, 211.

Biddle, John, 348, 481,484.

Bedford, W. N., 196.

Biddle, Edward, 348, 351.

Beebe, James E., 147, 148, 152.

Bidwell, Mary, 254.

Beebe, Daniel, 149, 152-154, 159, 162.

Bigelow, Lucy A., 162.

Beebe, H., 186, 197.

Bigelow, W. E., 379.

Beecher, Luther, 2S.

Bills, Perley, 133.

Beecher, Robert, 338.

Bills, Wm., 478.

Beech, Jolin, 151.

Bilton, Mrs. John. 341.

Begole, Josiah W., 3, 6, 9, 272, 422.

Billsborrow, , 436.

Belcour, Mr., 3(»0.

Bingham, S. D.. 78, 123, 124, 294.

Belden, Eugene, 146.

Bingham, Kinsley, 111, 122, 124, 127,

Belden & Co., 478.

Bingham, Moses, 179.

Bell, Digby v.. 111.

Bingham, Johnston & Co., 202.

Bell, Alexander F., 303-305.

Bingham, Seymour L., 219, 220.

Bell, Charles, 474.

Bingham, Samuel, 219, 238.

iJell, Isaac, 4<4.

Bingham, Ira P., 342.

Bellows, C. F. R. & Co., 96.

Bingham, H. H., 102.

Bellows, Mr., 63.

Birch, Philetus P., 19.

Bement, Benton, 80.

Birch, Jonathan, 170.

Benedict George, 421.

Birney, James, 68, 69, 128, 131.

Benjaminse, Wm., 92.

Birney, Arthur M., 69.

Bennett, Elizabeth, 340.

Bisbee, C. G., 195.

Bennett, E. T., 68, 69.

Bisbee, Luther, 383.

Bennett, C. W., 72, 225-227.

Bishop, Levi, 7, 464, 460, 470, 474, 476, 491

x>ennei/{/, o . o., %70.

497.

Bennett, Hiram, 225.

Bishop, Henry C, 3, 317, 319.

Bennett, Mrs. H. H., 226.

Bishop, Wm. S., 338.

Bennett, C. H., 324.

Bissell, P. D., 94.

Bentley & Brown, 74.

Bissell, Benjamin B., 94.

Index of Names.

535

Bisscl, Dr., 411.

Bivins, , 101.

Bixby, Lelia P., 293.

Blaisdell, Joseph S., 141, 142, 165.

Blair, Milo, 74, 90, 93.

Blair, James, 323.

Blair, Austin, 111, 124, 135, 262.

Blair, \V. H., 450.

Blackman, E. A., 95.

Blackman & Bellows, 95.

Blackmar, Ebson, 151, 154, 163.

Blackmar, Horace, 162.

Blackburn, G. N., 186, 196.

Black-Hawk, 212, 239.

Black, Cliristopher, 383.

Blackmore, Charles, 277.

Blackmore, Wm., 277.

Blackmore, Mrs. Wm., 277.

Blake, Jeduthan B., 283.

Blass, Maria, 254.

Blickle, G.,336.

Bliss, Dr., 337.

Bliss, Henry, 376.

Bliss, Nancy, 376.

Blodgett, Dr. A., 92.

Blodgett, D. A., 323.

Blood, A. G., 87.

Blood, Daniel H., 431.

Bloomburg, Micliael, 386.

Blosser, Matt. D., 96.

Blucher, Marshal, 430.

Boardman, Wm. E., 381.

Boggs, Samuel, 175, 177, 179, 184, 185.

Boggs, , 186.

Bogart, Emily M,, 341.

Bogardus, Edgar, 19.

Boice, Eugene, 334, 385.

Boise, Gen., 474.

Boise, James R., 38.

Bolton, Abram F., 220, 238, 239.

Bolls, Mrs. John, 383.

Bolton & McRea, 180, 184, 186, 196.

Bolton, Henry, 197.

Bonner, Phineas, 217, 220.

Borgess, Dr., 352.

Bostwick, J. T., 186.

Bostwick, E. B., 82.

Bostwick & Potter, 175.

Bostick, Charles S., 18, 25.

Botsford, David, 449.

Boulton, Wm., 67.

Bouton Bros., 81.

Bourne, J. K., 87.

Bousengault, , 118.

Boughton, Alphonzo, 319.

Bourmont, Sieur., 459, 460.

Bowen, Lincoln, 323.

Bowen & Easton, 72.

Bowen, Jerome, 245.

Bowman, Robert, 173.

Bowman, Wm.R., 173.

Bowne, A. J., 322, 323.

Bowne & Combs, 323.

Bowlsby, W. B., 86.

Boyd, George, 348.

Boynton, A. G., 65.

Boynton, L. S., 70.

Boynton, L. R., 184.

Brackenreed, Noble M., 184, 211.

Brad3% John, 334, 335.

Brady, Gen., 20, 367.

Bradley, George S., 146, 158, 161, 163.

Bradley, N. B., 193.

Bradley, Milton, 308, 314,

Bradstreet. Gen., 509, 510.

Branch, Eaton, 4, 10.

Branch, Daniel. 151.

Branch, John, 216,238.

Branch, Mrs. Daniel, 151.

Brandynoire, Peter, 412, 414.

Brainard, R. H., 69.

Brainard, Alanson, 384.

Brainard, Elmina, 299.

Braley, Phineas, 429.

Bratshaw, J. B. H., 520.

Bray, N. L., 246.

Brazington, Wm., 478.

Breckenridge, E. A., 171.

Breed, Stillman F., 146.

Brehm, Johaana, 383.

Brent, Jane W., 299.

Bremer, Henry, 328, 335, 336.

Brewer, Mark S., 23.

Brewer, Allen, 69.

Brewer, J. A., 69.

Brewster, Mr., 77.

Brevoort, Commodore, 485, 499. "

Brevoort, Mrs.. 498. ^

Brigham, E. G., 309.

Brightman, H., 85.

Briggs, W. H. & Co., 89.

Briggs, Russel, 447.

Briggs, Samuel, 242, 244.

Index of Names.

Briggs, Lincoln, 243

Bristol, George W., 283.

Bristol, Hiram, 283.

Brisbin, Nathan M., 324.

Britton, A. W., 341.

Broa(lwell,H.,181.

Brockwaj% Wm. H., 348.

Brockvvay, Sylvester, 220.

Brock, Gen., 468, 498.

Bromley, Joseph W., 265, 256.

Bromley, Thomas, 266. .

Bronson. Jabez, 217, 218, 221, 238.

Brooks, J., 323,311.

Brooks, John W., 446.

Broons, Daniel, 430.

Broughton, John, 242 -245.

Broughton, Mrs., 246.

Browns, 405.

Brown, Thomas, 31.

Brown, Joseph, 61.

Brown, Beriah.86.

Brown, J. v., 87.

Brown, O. S., 162.

Brown, H. H., 195.

Brown, A., 197, 245.

Brown, Joseph W., 220, 239,381,382.

Brown, M. M., 225, 246.

Brown, Sophia, 243.

Brown, Jeremiah, 254.

Brown, Nancy, 319.

Brown, Stephen F., 319.

Brown, Francis, 341.

Brown, George A., 341.

Brown, Rilla, 383.

Brown, Billy, 414.

Brown, Amnion, 478.

Brown, Reuben, 478.

Brown, , 22, 309, 365.

Brush, Col., 357.

Brush, Henry, 4G5-467.

Brush, Edmond A., 494.

Bryant, Isaac, 387.

Bryce, Wm. A., 69.

liuck, Cornelia, 254.

Buck, D. W.,294.

Buffiington, H. C„ 73.

Buker, D. P., 197,

Bulklcy, Gershom T,, 368.

Bnllen, K. J., 282.

Bullen, Keuben,2S3.

Bunce, Henry C, 72,

Bunce,Zephaniah W., 405, 408-412, 414, 417,
418.

Bunn, Orren S., 154.
Bunn, Lee E., 162.
Bunnell, Barnabas C, 478.
Burbank, Wra., 410.
Burch, John, 369.
Burford, Spruille, 331, 337, 338.
Burgess, Jennie E., 258.
Burgoyne, Gen., 479.
Burger, Miss S. E„ 48.
Burgher, Theresa D., 254.
Burk, Wm. H., 97.
Burke, Edmond, 233, 311.
Burlingame, C. M., 86.
Burlingame, Anson, 77.
Burdick, James M., 239, 240, 242.
Burdick, Ichabod, 240.
Burdick, Mrs. Ichabod, 240.
Burdick, Mrs. James, 240.

Burdick, ,309.

Burd, John, 402.
Burd, Charles, 402.
Burd, James, 402.
Burd, Mrs. Wm. R., 399, 402.
Burd, Ralph, 402.
Burd, Gertrude M., 402.
Burnham, S. E., 197.
Burnham, J. H., 379.
Burnham, V. C, 197.
Burnham, Joseph, 242.
Burnham, Griswold, 242.

Burnham, Hiram O., 254, 319.

Burns, David, 379.

Burnett, Judge, 487.

Burrell & Lee, 186,

Burrill, Albert, 520.

Burr, E. D., 75, 79, 82.

Burr, Wm., 163.

Burr & Grove, 294.

Burt, C. C, 411.

Burt, Wra. A., 7.

Burt, John, 87,

Burton, Frank S., 88.

Bush, Orra, 312.

Butler, ,394.

Butler, Benjamin F.,381.

Butler, Joseph, 424.

Butler, Alva, 386.

Butler, Richard, 411, 415.

Butler, J. B., 95.

Butler, John PI., 161.

Index or Names.

537

Butler, John D., 161.

Butler, Mrs. Walter C, 265, 268,

Butler, Mrs. F. K., 266, 269.

Butler, Houghton, 306.

Butterfield, Ira H., 135.

Button, Edward, 252.

Butts, Daniel, 341.

Butz, A. Caspar, 97.

Byrne, James, 480.

Byron, Lord, 25.

€ade, Stephen, 421.

Cady, Harvey, 421.

Cady, Daniel B., 411.

€alder, Wm., 163.

€alder, James, 160, 163.

Calhoun, John C, 82, 483, 485.

€alkins, Cornelius, 283.

Calvin, John, 315.

Cameron, W. G., 92

Oameron, John, 174.

Campbell, James V., 6, 8, 26, 27, 478.

Campbell, V. v., 67.

Campbell, VVm., 73, 452.

Campbell, , 176, 198.

Campbell, B. H. & Co., 181.
Campbell & Potter, 181.
Campbell, Potter & Co., 190, 203, 209.
Campbell, Alexander, 196, 197.
Campbell, Jennie, 196.
Campbell, R., 197, 207.
Campbell M. D., 225, 228, 235, 236.
Campbell, Hugh, 238.
Campbell, Dr. C, 260.
Campbell, Wm. M., 260, 261.
Campbell, Abner E.*, 261.
Campbell, Archibald, 317.
Campbell, Mrs. John A., 399.
Campbell, Harriet, 399.
Campbell, Andrew, 451.
Campbell, Maj., 508, 509.

Cam pan, ,332, 374.

Campau, Lewis, 320.
Camp. Elizabeth D., 145.
Camp, Eliza D., 147.
Cane, Alanson, 19.
Cannon, Scott, 7.
Cannon, George H.,10.
Capron, Chiriet, 102.
Capp, John S., 161.
Capp, Ellen C, 162.
Carabin, Father, 376.

Carlton, M. G., 70.
Carlton, B. L.,80, 81.
Carlton, A. Van Antwerp^ 81
Carlton, D., 379.
Carleton, Judge, 410.
Carleton, Albert, 410.
Carleton, Moses F., 410
Carpenter, David, 135.
Carpenter, S. L., 183.
Oarr, Susan E., 259.
Carr, Nathan T,, 88.
Carr, Francis W , 306.
Carr, Eliza A., 162.
Carroll, VVm. T., 368.
Carroll, Charles H., 368.
Carter, O. S., 75.
Carter, Daniel, 171-176.
Carter, Miss S., 176.
Carter, Mr., 242.
Carver, Riley, 252.

Carver, 510,

Gary, A. X., 324.
Case, Orrin S., 297, 298.
Case, Wm., 17.
Case, Seymour, 19.
Case, James A., 204, 211.
Case, D. L., 285, 293.
Case, Belle, 298.
Case, Frank E., 298.
Case, Ida M., 298.
Case, Oscar S., 298.
Case, Walter, 298.
Case, Rodman, 242, 243.
Casey, Mr., 177.
Case well , George, 244.
Cassady, Prof., 450.

Cass, Lewis, 111, 237. 238, 249, 250, 294,360,
362, 364, 365, 369, 370, 374, 379, 406, 408,
410, 458, 481-483, 486-490, 502.

Gas tens, H., 336,

Castle, Wm. H., 421.

Chalhoun, A., 421.

Chapman, Charles, 340, 362,

Chapman, Bela, 348.

Chapman, Judge, 294.

Chapman, Edward C.,374.

Chapman, Alcott, 374.

Chase, A. W., 45, 46.

Chase, Irvin, 92.

Chase, Kli T., 141, 147-149, 152.

Chase, Melville W., 161.

Chase, Olive C, 162.

538

Index of Namks.

Lnase, liiiioci),

v^iiiircii, V/. 13., ou.

Vyliase, i iiUiinaei , Zui.

vyiiurcn, JL nomas x>., oa^ ool.

Chase, Harvey, 235.

i^nurcn, i> ., ok. ,

unase, Milton, zo4-.

L/nurcu, Deiiiuei, ooo.

Chase, Alrnon, 374.

vynurcmii, vyiiaries jj.., i^ii— lov/, lu^, ju**, lo/,

Chambers, Thomas, 348.

1 K» 1 an 1 ft9

lOO, IDU, IDZ.

Chamberlain, Henry, 330.

Phnrr»hill W T- 1 1 Q7

v^iiurcniiij VY . ij., lyo, j.«7i.

Chamberlain, Dr., 358.

PVinvohill TT D 1Q7
v^nuicniii) xi. 1^., it/i.

i^iiani oei itiiu, iioiiinoii, tii.

Oinnft Mrs .Tr»hn

Chambci'lain, John D., 411.

oicero, ZLt .

Champlin, Sj'^ vaster, 307.-

uianin, xsenneuc i.,

Vyiiampion, o, ii., oo, y4.

Olaiiin, VYm., J>oo.

Champion, Oliver, 255,

^''loiioTr Tz-kVit-i <199

oiancy, jonn, ozji.

i^nampiain, , o4y.

uiariv, i^avis vv., o<.

onancuer, Ziacnariaii. oo, zy-i, 4<o.

^^^nr^^J■ T o 7r!
uiarK, J-/, vy., /o.

v-'iiancnei, vvm., 14.

moT-L- <"l T^ 77

vyiarK, o. u,, </.

^iidutuei, \jreorgc, Juoii,

Olorlr WiYi TT 77
vyiarK, vv 111. 1: ,, i 1.

vyuanujei, o., 104,

T'lovL- TIT T-l ^ 8^1 Q/1
*^iaiK, JVl. Xl, Ou VyO., oO

niiftiifllpr Alhpft ^^l 2.^4.

\^icirK, ivieiiiiis oOa

VyJBIK, l^liai lea vy., fO.

Vylldpjlll, VV.u,, oJl,

viaiK, i^aivin, 104, loz.

VvllcipiII, \^llcll left 1-., 0»J,

vyl<iiK, Xv., lu'*.

v/napin, xi. vx., jo.

oiarK, ijinus, loo.

Ploi'L' T? V 914 91 K

uiai K, xv>. V ., ^14, ^10.

v^iiapin, ivirb., ^"lo.

/"IT „ „1. Tl air 5/1 99n

v/iark, jjaviu, ^^u.

vv'Lid.peiou, i-Tir., ouy.

r^^n■r'^r 9/1 ft

PViai'Ipvni Y '^nO ^^1
Vyllttl Hi VUlJi., 0«JWj OOl,

„ ,.1' Til Vi 1-1 ORfs 9flft /IIJ.

^--larK, jonn, xoo, zoo, 4x4.

{'^\\ €k 1 1 i^r*f f\i'i Til*

v^iicii/tci tun, iJi ^u'i.

v^iarK, jiirasLiia, zj^».

Pli o f torf nil W T> 989

v^u<iLiei lon, ill, 1-^., ^oz.

Oloi.lj- T at ^94 •

C!hppvpr Tnlin RQ

\>llCt;VCl , UUMil, OJ7.

OlnyV TIT T '-^94.

oiarK, iu. ti., OiS4.

Chenpv Renhen S 80 81

vyiariv, jouii 0., ii^x*

vyiaiK, jvirs. Lf. 0., o-ix.

i^iarK, Mrs., 000.

Chi Ids; J V\rphc;rpr 11 194. 1H5 447 450

PlavL' Wolf PI' V* ^fiQ

lyiarw, vv aiiei it., oot7.

558.

i^iarK, josepii, 040.

Ohilfl*! Mfirk A 74 78

Plnrlf Ttnhprt- ^74 377
vyiarK, Xvo uci t, o I'i^ oil.

Pinrkp Wm 487

vyiapp, ) ou«/.

^""1111 lie T TC A\C\

Oiapp oc joiies, iy<.

VvllllClS, ^Ulgilll, 'iof.

Clapp, George S., 215.

^'Hi1/1g AoT*n»i 4^9

i^riapp, Mrs. jCiiijaii, zo».

Phinniin F)r

Vy 111 <lll , OO'il.

Clapp, Elijah, 259.

OhiRhnlm .T i^ 174 IS'i

Vy 11 i OIIU 1 111 , «J • Vy., X 4 rx, i Oi/.

01.inr« Wm P 9^0

vyiapp, >v m. jiOtf.

VyllWUt, Otllll UCi , i> 1 o.

L Japp, JuJia \ .^zoj.

vyno<ii/, JiiiizaDetii, o« o.

Clapp, 1< lorence zov.

'yiioiii, oetii, iiio.

Clapp, Mrs. >Vm.,oU/.

Clapp, Wm., 306,307.

Choat, Abigail, 378.

Christiancy, Isaac P., 122, 361.

Clayton, George VV., 88.

Clmbb, Glode D., 478.

Clay, Clement C, 267.

Church, Albert IS., 19.

Clemens, Judge, 357, 359, 361..
Clemens, Christian, 359.

Church & Taylor, 76.

Index of I^ames. 539^

Clemens, Elizabeth, 359.

Conlisk, Peter, 383.

Clewby& Woods, 186.

Conner, James, 359, 360, 485.

Clizbe, Lyman, 243, 244.

Conner, Judge, 357, 360, 423.

Clizbe, James, 239, 243, 244.

Conner, E[enr5% 485.

Clubb, Henry S., 92, 93, 387, 388, 391.

Conner, Wm., 485.

Clute, Wilbur H., 95.

Connor, Leartus, 264.

Coates, John, 254.

Conorton, James, 340.

Cobb, Dr., 494.

Conover, J. F., 64, 124.

Cobb,L. H.,498.

Conover, C. A., 236.

Cobley, Charles S., 340.

Conover, J. S., 72.

Cochrane, W. W., 132.

Consino, Francis, 374.

Cochrane, W. D., 134.

Conwaj', S. T., 95.

Cody, E. J., 88.

Converse, Huldah, 340.

Coe, George A., 223.

Convis, Samuel, 254.

Coe, , 309.

Conklin, R. H., 377.

Coffin, Clara, 307.

Conklin, Wm.,421.

Cogshall, W. I., 214.

Conklin, Thomas, 432.

Coggeshall, George, 320.

Coolbaugh, Rev., 337.

Colburn, Israel B., 342, 343.

Cooley, Thomas M., 338, 454.

Colclazer, H., 378, 379.

Coon, Andrew, 399, 403.

Cole, Lawrence W., 73.

Coon, Able, 244.

Cole, Ralph W., 83.

Cook, D. B., 71.

Cole, Justus H., 145.

Cook, Wm. W.,76.

Cole, John, 176.

Cook, Wm. C.,89.

Cole, Martin S., 254.

Cook, Elijah, 139-142,145, 146,148,152,154

Cole, Lucinda G., 256.

162, 165.

Cole, Calvin, 256.

Cook, Elijah, Jr., 138-140.

Cole, Sally, 256.

Cook, Henry R., 144, 146.

Cole, Volney C, 256.

Cook, E. H., 147.

Coles, Mary F., 37.

Cook, John P., 159, 162.

Coles, George, 37.

Cook, Hugh, 163.

Coleman, J. M., 19.

Cook, Wm., 283.

Coleman, Wm, A., 261.

Cook, H. J., 246.

Collar, Sarah, 340.

Cook, James H., 348.

Collier, Hiram, 100.

Cook, John, 377.

Collier, V. P., 66.

Cook, Abigail, 438.

Collins, Marie, 341.

Cook, Levi, 438.

Collins, James, 431.

Cook, Amy, 438.

Colton, C, 103, 418.

Cook, Collins B., 447.

Coltrin, Silas, 142.

Cook, Elizabeth, 447.

Colwell, Mary, 270.

Cooper & Tucker, 98.

Comings, ,308.

Cooper, Charles E., 98.

Comstock, O. C, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 263, 264.

Cooper, D. M., 396.

Comstock, Elias,166.

Cooper, E. G., 448.

Comstock, Horace H., 311.

Copeland, Joseph T., 410, 411.

Comstock, C. C, 332, 333.

Copley, A. B., 6, 7, 9.

Comstock, Warner M., 340.

Corbit & Estes, 74.

Conant, Henry, 377.

Cordon, J. R., 91.

Conant, Harry, 374,377.

Corey, John, 162.

Conant, Horatio, 374, 375.

Corey, , 309.

Condig, Father, 376.

Cornelius, Mary A., 340

Conger, O. D., 415, 495.

Cornell, W.F., 69,79.

540

Index or I^^'ames.

Cornell, Thomas, 301, 302.

Cornell, Caroline, 301.

Cornell, Ezra, 110.

Cornell, Dr., 143.

Cornell, George L., 144, 140.

Cornell, Mary G., 144, 140.

Cornell, J. G.,147.

Cornell, Charles C, 211.

Cornell, F., Jr., 97.

Corbctt, Sidney, 203.

Corbus, Richard W., 210,-238, 239.

Corbus, John, 219.

Corbus, Joseph C, 220, 239.

Corbus, James G., 239, 241-243.

Cornish, John, 220, 239, 240, 242.

Cornish, Mrs. John, 240.

Cornish, Allen, 240, 241,243.

Corselius, George, 03.

Cortez, 21, 50.

Corwin, Tom, 110.

Cory, Lewis, 448.

Cottrell, A., 294.

Cottrell, C. B., 77.

Cottrell, Henry, 411.

Cottrell, , 414.

Cottrell, George, 400, 407.

Couchois, John B., 348.

Covert, Jacob B., 278-280.

Covert, Tunis, 278.

Cowan, Robert, 425.

Cowan, Jane, 425.

Cowdin, C. H.,84.

Cowles, Herman, 141, 142, 105.

Cowles, Mrs. A. E., 293.

Cowles, F.M., 294.

Cox, Dr., 497.

Cox, Abigail, 200.

Cox, Cyrus, 260.

Cox, Ben. C, 411.

Cox, Edward, 255, 259-201, 264.

Coxe, , 350, 351.

Crager, Jacob, 431, 438.
Craig, James, 220.
Craig, Mrs. James, 399.
Crane, Harriet M., 341.
Crane, Elijah, 379.
Crary, Isaac E.,110, 140.
Crary, B. P., 52.
Cravath, Isaac M., 78.
Crawford, Mrs. R. C, 166.
Crawford, Rev., 411.

Crawford, Alanson, 430.

Crapo, H. H., 06, 124.

Creighton, J. W.,185.

Cressey, Fanny, 102.

Cressey, Alonzo, 148, 153, 154.

Cristy, H. P., 278.

Crofts, Andrew, 306.

Cromwell, 222.

Cronin, Father, 352.

Cronvitt, Margaret, 383.

Crooks, Ramsey, 344, 347.

Cross, Robert J., 219, 220, 238.

Cross, Eloise P., 162.

Cross, Wm. H., 219, 220, 238, 421-423.

Cross, James, 425.

Cross, Japheth, 85.

Croswell, Charles M., 269, 291, 338.

Grossman, Daniel L., 146.

Crosby, M. S., 324.

Crose, John, 319.

Crose, Jessie, 319.

Crouch, Ambrose S., 301.

Crowel & Godfrey, 186.

Crowley, Timothy, 179.

Cuddy, Thomas, 421.

Culbert, John, 69.

Culley, Frank C, 75.

Cullings, W. F., 170, 174

Culver, A. C, 71,245.

Cummings, Joseph, 37.

Cummings, Father, 376.

Cummings, ,415.

Cuming, Charlotte H., 328, 336, 337.
Cuming, Francis H., 336-338.
Cuming, Mary, 337.
Cuming, Charlotte, 337.
Cuming, Frances, 337.
Cuming, Emily, 337.
Cuming, Anna, 337.
Cunningham, Mrs. John, 383.
Curl, Berthany, 275.
Curry, D. R., 69.

Curtenius, F. W., 18, 297,309,310.
Curtis, Abigail, 151.
Curtis, H. M., 274, 277, 278.
Cushman, John P., 369.
Gushing, Sophia, 447.
Cutler, F. Byron, 266, 269, 270.
Cutler tS: Carrier, 270.
Cutler & Walker, 270.
Cutler, Dvvight,396.
I Cutler, Pliny, 488.

I^TDEX OF Names.

541

Dablou, , 349, 350.

Dalley, Mr., 244.
Dalzell, Cnpt., 509.
Dana, E. C, 70.
Dane, E. J., 185.
Dane, Paul, 211.
Danes, Samuel, 474.
Danes, Mrs. Samuel, 474.
Danes, Ephine, 474.
Danforth, Mr., 79.

Daniels, , 309.

Dansard, Mrs. Joseph, 383.
D'Anville, 350.
Darling, A. R, 450.
Darling, C. C, 293.
Darling, Sarah, 294.
Dart, Eollin, 294.
Darragh, J. C, 321, 322.
Dascomb, James, 158.
Davis, A. W., 19.
Davis, S. W., 89.
Davis, Rosevelt, 141-143,146.
Davis, Elihu, 162.
Davis, Jefferson, 267.
Davis, George, 312,
Davis, F. M,, 324.
Davis, Mrs. G., 340.
Davis, Nancy, 386.
Davidson, J. W., 378.
Davidson, A., 411.
Davidson, Henry, 448.
Davy, Humphrey, 118.
Dawson, George, 63.
Day, John E.,3.

Day, Gecrge T., 151, 154, 160-162.
Dayton, Mrs. J. C;., 274.

Dayton, , 338.

Dean, Artemus J., 10.
Dean, George, 227.

Dean, , 309.

Dean, Orren, 341.

DeBarr, Dr., 278,

Decker, R. D., 226.

Decrow, Mr., 220.

DeDenonville, M., 404.

Deidrich, ^lartin, 431.

De La Montague, Jennie, 162.

DeLamatyr, Mrs., 283.

DeLamatyr, Mrs. Edward, 307.

DeLand, C. V., 80, 297.

DeLand,Mrs. C. V., 146.
De L'Isle, 349-351.
De La Foret, Sieur, 460.
Demosthenes, 217.
Dempster, James, 206.
Derning, Susan L., 435,
Denison, J. N., 52.
Denison, Z. H., 72.
Dennis & Holmes, 68.
Dennis, Aiken & Co., 68.
Dennis, James L, 76.
Dennis & Eggleston, 77.
Dennis, Hamelton J., 146,
Dennis, H. H., 321, 322.
Densmore, Thaddeus, 282.
Denson, Algen S., 342.
DePuy, James, 147, 152.
DePuyster, Col., 350.
Depeyster, Col., 486.
Dequindre, Antoine, 467-469.
Descarte, 247.
Desnoyer, Peter J., 500.
DeTonty, Sieur, 460.
DeViney, Mrs. R. B., 7.
Devereau, J. R., 77.
DeVandrieul, Marquis, 458, 463.
Dewey, Francis A., 3, 4, 6, 338.
Dewey, E. B.,68, 273.
Dewey, George M., 68, 273.
Dewey, F. S., 201.
Dewey, Gilbert D., 273.
Dewey, Charles E., 273.
Dewey, James S., 410.
Dewing, Mr., 310.
DeWitt, Eunice, 265, 268.
Dexter, S. W., 96, 300, 301.
Dexter, Charlotte, 294.
Dibble, L. D., 254,
Dibble, Phebe A., 254.
Dibble, Charles P., 258.
Dickey, J. A. & F. 0„ 74.
Dickey, Gilbert A., 131, 132.
Dickey, Mrs. Charles, 146.
Dickenson, Christopher J., 149.
Dickenson, Thomas, 478.
Di Her, Jacob, 265, 266.
Dimick, Samuel, 478.
Ding, Adam, 340.
Dinsmore, Wm., 302.
Disbrow, Henry, 374, 376, 377.
Dixon, E. T., 215.
Doane, John, 448.

Index of Names.

Doalv, James, 2oo, zo/.

Dwnnam, oeth, 219, 2i0, 200.

Doer, , 17o.

Dunham, ILdwin 0., 442.

X>oclge, Alexander W,, 14*5.

Dunkin, James B.,424.

DocJge, Josnuay, ooo.

Dunkin, Samuel, 424.

jjorrance, a, /x.., ou, oi.

rk.i.-.ni^i«i T»rnTi«i T A(\ ^\A^ ^AK tar iaq iko
DunaKin, Daniei, i4u, i4i, 140, 140, i4y, lov

Dorr, Wm., o4U.

152-154, 162, Ibo.

Uoty, Mr., oDo.

Dunn, Kansora, 14/— l4y, loi, loz, io4, lo7,

Uoty, James JJ., 4oi.

159-162.

Don ay, , o4y.

Dunn, J. Waylancl, ibu.

Douglass, Prof., 516.

Dunn, tielen A., ibi.

Douglass, Leinuel W., 145, 146.

Dunn, Davicl, 2Uo.

Douglass, Francis, 146.

Dunn, James, 444.

iyousc, Jtev. vv ., zoo, zvi.

Dunning, , ouy.

Dousraan, John, 351,

Dunton, Alireci A., 14d.

Dousman, Michael, 348.

Dunton, Mrs. Anson, 254.

i^ougnuy, o, li., ou.

"Plnnfz-in T^h/lmnci 1/11 1/19 ICS

uougnei cy oc vvooinougn, ta.

Duponeau, , 486.

UOrC, XllUa, liv.

jjuianu, t»onn 1 ,, ouo, ou/.

uow, ueniy o., oj.

jjuigin, u. vv . u., lou, loo.

TkrwTTr "Wool 99^

uurKee, tieueuian, oou.

Downey, Joiin fe., iDi.

Durocher, Laurent, 380.

jjoyie, xienry, i<i.

Duval, Josephine, 383.

T^/axtIq T IRA

juoyie, Ju., loD,

jjuveinay, sr. oo/, 004.

jL»oyje, itiia. L iiuiiilio, ooo.

jL/vvigiiL, 1 imotny, 014.

UldKC, uOlIU !>., O^IU.

Uvvignc, A, xl., 040.

Drake, Warren C, 161.

Dvvignt, John JN ., 44b,

uraKC, jjir. oc inib., zoz.

Dwyer, Jeremiah, 518.

Drake, Benjamin, 310.

Dyer, Dr., oU.

jjraper, a. jii., <u.

jUrecKei, r ., ooo.

Eager, Ann, 305,

Dresser, Amos, Jr., 91.

Earl, , 308.

ijrebfeei 00 jl 01 lei, ui.

Ja>arl, Ji<laer, 4oo.

rir-dw T "R 1

urew, 0, x>.^ iDo,

Easton, E. 0., zob.

lii«icV^r\ii liV /111
J-TlSuOU, X-T., ^111.

xLaston, D. J., 71, /<s.

uroiHiuii u, xierre, ouz.

Easton, Mrs. V. 0., 0O2.

Druuietis, ijraoriej, ooz.

Eastman, Timothy, 386-388,

Drury, Samuel F., 11.

Eastman, Galen, 387-390.

Duane, Wm,, 59.

Eastman, Mason, 387.

UUDOIS, V^. xl., vl.

Eastman, George, oo7.

JUUuOlS, uaCOO V/., ^l"*.

TT'n^-^^rv T TT 1 QS

Jiiacon, '1. xl., loo.

DUDOIS, Zi., 444.

Eberstein, (Jonrad, 312.

Ducharme, Charles, 518.

Ebertins, Mrs. Michael, 384.

uuineio, lietnune, 101.

Eddy <» Gray, 71.

jjum^ici, ur., 404.

Jiiday, Daniel L>., oUo.

j^uiiieiu, 1 roi., ivz.

HiClison, (jrcorge M., oi4.

'i-'uiiicKJ, vxcorge, ooz.

Edmonds, James M.,64.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f \T A r\A
I/UIUMD, ill., 4U4.

Edmonds. Maria M., 254.

Dumphy, Wm., 411.

Edwards, Jonathan, 314.

Dunbar, Addison E., 146.

Edwards, Abram, 380.

Dutickel, 0. G., 60.

Edwards, Abraham, 484.

Duncan, L. A., 70.

Kdwards, Joseph, 220.

Duncan, David, 348.

Edwards, Ogden, 283.

Index of ]S'ames.

543

Edward, Maj., 445.
Egabroad, S. H., 72, 95.
Egabroad, H., 95.
Eggleston, 255.
Egnew, Samuel, 376.
Egnew, Lucy, 376.
:^:ichelsdoerfer, Wm., 83.
Ekstein, - — , 294.
Elderkin, James D., 19, 23.
:i:idred, Francis, 485.
Eldridge, Kobert P., 411.
Ellis, Edward D., 89.
Ellis, Daniel, 166.
Ellis, Sylvester, 342.
Ells, Frank A., 75.

Ell wood, . 140.

Ellsworth, Charles C, 23.
Ellsworth, John, 179.
Ely, Ralph, 11,281.
Ely, Alexander L., 67.
Ely, Elisha, 169.
Ely, Rev., 377.
Ely, Horace, 432.
Ely, Mrs. Horace, 432,
Ely, Wm.A., 480.
Emerson, J. D., 92.
Emer3% David, 163.
Emmert, John, 383.
Emmons, H.H., 411.
Emuly, Mrs. John, 341.
English, Edson,302, 306.
Engle, Col., 44.
Englemann, M., 324.
Erasmus, 31.
Errett, Isaac, 305.
Ersklne, Orin, 190.
Erwin, James S., 173.
Eslow, Isaac, 220.
Estabrook, Prof., 452.
.Etherington, Maj., 356.
Evans, Solomon, 179.

Evans, , 243, 350.

Evans, D. H., 393, 396.
Everett, Edward, 145.
Everett, Martin, 341.
Every, Mr., 283.
Ewing, Mr., 427.

Faenger, J., 336.
Failing, Henry, 252.
Fairbanks, Joseph P., 329.

Fairfield, Edmond B., 131, 147, 148, 150,

152, 154, 157, 159, 160, 162.
Fairfield, Miss J. S., 147.
Fairfield, Dr., 265.
Fairfield, Joseph K., 90, 92.
Falkenburg, John J., 411.
Fancher, I., 193.
Farnam, H. G., 77.
Farmer, Silas, 166.
Farnsworth, Elon, 28, 111.
Farran, J. W., 19.
Farrand, Bethuel,443.
Farrand, Lucius, 445.
Farrand, Helen W., 166.
Farrand, D. O., 519, 520.
Farrand, H. K., 421.
Farrington, Joseph, 376,377.
Farrington, Persis, 376.
Fedewa, Morris, 265, 267.
Fee, Jerome H., 85.

Felch, Alpheus, 89, 111, 291, 292, 366, 369,

381,447.
Felch, Alson, 154, 162.
Felch, Mrs. Alpheus, 376.
Felch, Lucretia W., 447.
Felt, Samuel, 374, 376-378.
Felt, Ann, 376.
Felt, Timothy E., 376.
Ferringtou, George W., 474.
Ferris, Benjamin, 425.
Ferris, C. VV.,150.
Ferris, Maria, 340.
Ferris, Reed, 214, 215.
Ferris, David, 340.
Ferry, Wm. M., 387-397.
Ferry, Aretas, 392.
Ferry, Heman, 392.
Ferry, Amanda W., 393, 397.
Ferry, Edward P., 397.
Ferry, Thomas W., 8, 66, 294, 352, 388-390.
Ferguson, James, 478.
Ferguson, Harcourt, 478.
Ferguson, John, 211.

Field, , 175.

Fillmore, Glazer, 17.
Fillmore, Emory W., 245.
Finn, Ed., 225, 236.
Finn, James, 306.
Finley, Mrs., 13.
Finley, Fiorus S., 10.
Finley, Jane M., 10.
Finlay, James W., 378.

544

Index of I^ames.

Finney, Noble H., S2.

Fisli, George W., 275.

Fisher, J. Emory, 225, 228, 237, 246.

Fisher, Pardon, 306.

Fisher, Daniel. 319.

Fisher, Mr., 409.

Fisk, Lewis R, 37, 121, 125, 128, 131,133,
135.

Fisk, Daniel M., 161.
Fisk, Alma II., 162.
Fisk, John S., 410.
Fiske, Clinton B., 144, 146.
Fitch, George A., 78, 81.
Fitch & Hosmer, 78.
Fitch, Ferris S., 283.
Fitch, Andrew M., 348, 379.
Fitch, Samuel, 421.
Fitzgerald, J. C, 323.
Fitzimmons, Thomas. 448.
Flagler, Eliza, 26b, 269.
Flagler, Daniel, 269.
Flannagan, Edward, 283.

Flanders, , 309.

Fleming, John S.,342.
Fletclier, George N., 171, 174, 176,179, 180,
181, 192.

Fletcher, A. F., 172, 173, 175, 181, 202, 203.
Fletclier, Addison, 173.
Fletcher, J. H., 197.
Fletcher, Wm. A., 223.
Fletcher, Seth, 312.

Fletcher, , 48.

Fletcher, Wm., 410.

Fletcher, J. W., 421.

Fletcher, Mrs., 425.

Flood, Capt., 177.

Fockler, J. C.,196.

Fogarty, Catharine, 448.

Foglesang, ?:mily, 266, 269.

Folkerts & Butterfield, 177, 180, 202, 203.

Follensbec, Daniel, 410.

Follensbec, Frank, 411.

Folger, M.,413.

Foote, E. A., 75.

Foote, Dr., 264.

Foote, Wni.,324.

Ford, , 48.

Ford, II. A. & Kate B , 81.
Ford, Caroline, 162.
Fordhanj, Mr., 83.
Forman, Catherine, 265, 206.
Forman, Samuel, 266.

Forsyth, Maj., 483.

Foster, D. N., 83.

Foster, George L., 148, 149.

Foster, Theodore, 78, 293.

Foster, Seymour. 293.

Foster, Fanny, 293.

Foster, Mrs. Lemuel, 449.

Foster, Samuel. 449.

Fowler, S. W., 88.

Fowler, Frederick, 134, 154, 162.

Fowler, Spencer J., 151, 158, 160, 162.

Fowler, Joseph H., 220.

Fowler, J. L., 305.

Fowler, Justus, 306.

Fowle, Wm., 324.

Fox, Jabez, 64.

Fox, T. B., 91.

Fox, Charles, 121, 513, 517.

Fox, George, 175.

Fox, Wm. H.,319, 513.

Fox, Wm., 379.

Fox, Mrs. Wm., 383.

Fox, Anne S., 513.

Fralick, Henry, 4, 6, 7, 9, 321, 323.

Fi-ancis, Mrs., 210.

Frank, Benjamin, 90.

Frankish, Daniel, 421.

Franguelin, , 350.

Eraser, Mr., 365,499.

F laser, A. D., 411,469, 472.

Frazier, Clark L., 98.

Freer, , 309.

Freeman, Daniel S., 274-276.
Freeman. Mrs. D. S., 276.
Fremont, John C, 151, 338.
French, S. S.,260, 262.
Friapeete, Father, 375.
Frieze, Heni-y S., 36.
Frieskie, Frederick, 430.
Frink, Jos i ah, 196.
Frisbie, Julia E., 266, 269.
Frisbie, J. W., 269.
Frost, Mrs. George S., 376.
Frost, Mrs. James, 383.
Frontis, Kev.,377.
Frontenac, Count de, 349.
Fuelerton, Charles R , 19.
Fuller, Ei^bon G., 223.
Fuller, S. L., 321.
Fuller, E. P., 321.
Fuller, Lucy, 329.
Fuller, Khoda, 448.

Index of Names.

545

Fuller, Charles L., 92.
Fulton, James, 406, 407, 410.

Gage, Justus, 125, 135.
Gage, Caroline, 295.
Gage, W., 378.
Gage, Gen., 405.
Galbraith & McCollum, 185.
Gale, James N., 219,
Gale, George L., 311.
Gallery, James, 271.
Gallager, Owen, 448.
Gallagher, Wm., 472.
Gallagher, F. R., 163.
Galileo, |247.
Gallup, C. H., 77.
Galpin, Philo, 448, 449.
Galpin, Jane, 449.
Gamble, George W., 220.
Gamble, Wm,, 348.
Gamberling, H. E., 67.
Gant, J. L., 73.
Garfield, James A., 151, 337.
Gardner, George B., 161.
Gardner, Mrs. T. C, 262, 379.
Gardner, Sarah, 307.
Gardner, Mary G., 340.
Gardner, Dr., 411.
Gardner, Mr., 427.

Gardner, , 450.

Garland, John, 481.
Garib, E. C, 378.
Garnsey, J. Brooks, 323.
Garnsey, E. S., 340.
Gaston, Job, 447.
Gaskill, Edwin C.,348.
Gas tin, Marj'', 341.
Gaubielle, Joseph, 500, 502.
Gavagan, John, 185.
Gay, Charlie, 88.
Gay, George W., 323.
Gay, Timothy, 340.
Gazley, Mrs. Ward, 277. "
Gebhart & Co., 203.

Geddes, , 13.

Geddes, Austris, 254.
Geiger & Scripps,64.
Gentner, Catherine, 384.
George, Mr., 244.
George, W. S., 78.
Gibbons, Eobert, 97.
69

Gibson, Isaac, 18, 19, 23, 24.

Gibson Bros., 68.

Gibson, Wm. K., 146.

Gibbs, Jeanette, 169.

Giddings, Marsh, 312.

Gier, H. W., 227.

Gierschke, Charles, 383.

Gieger & Gantt, 95.

Gifford, Emma, 146.

Gildard, Thomas, 474.

Gillett, Charles W., 80.

Gillett & Co., 18G.

Gillett, Jason, 211.

Gillett, Israel, 295.

Gillett, Orrin, 307.

Gillett, Mr. & Mrs., 446.

Gilbert & Chandler, 81.

Gilbert, H., 94.

Gilbert, William, 234.

Gilbert, Major, 261.

Gilbert, Mrs. Henry, 297.

Gilbert, Thomas D., 323.

Gilbert, Frank B., 323.

Gilbert, Henry C, 348.

Gilchrist, Frank, 181.

Gilchrist, F. W., 202,203.

Gilkey, John F., 313, 314.

Gilkey, Harriet, 313.

Gilkey, Charles, 313.

Gillespie, George D., 32G, 337, 338.

Gillety, Mrs., 341.

Gillmore, Susan, 340,

Oilman, Mary, 431,432.

Gillman, Rev. S., 432.

Gladwin, Maj., 356, 505-509.

Gleason, James, 19,

Glenn, Samuel P., 341.

Glenn, Samuel, 341.

Glynn, Alexander, 319.

Goadby, Henry, 132.

Goddard, Sophia, 255, 256.

Goddard, Josiah, 255, 256.

Goddard, S. Calhoun, 256.

Goddard, Elder, 378.

Godfrey, Frank, 83.

Godfrey, Morris, 202.

Godfrey, Freeman, 322.

Godfrey, Richard, 828, 331.

Godfrey, Gabriel, 332, 484, 488, 499.

Godfroy, James J., 369, 374.

Godfrey, Maria A, M., 497-499.

Godfroy, Peter, 499.

546

Index of ISTames.

Golling, Charles, 171, 185, 186, 19G.
Gonin, Charles, 486.
Good, Lawrence, 252.
Good, Margaretta, 252.
Goodale, Charles C, 94.
Goodale, VVm., 377.
Goodrich, M. H., 4, 6, 12.
Goodrich, F. S., 185, 186, 195.
Goodrich, Mary, 338.
Goodrich, Allen, 422.
Goodrich, Gen., 480.
Goodrich, Cornelius G., 449.
Goodman, John T., 10.
Goodman, Kev.,377.
Gooden, Frances, 421.
Goodenow & Dow, 186.
Goodenough, D. W., 432,
Goodenough, Lodema J., 432, 433.
Goodnow, W. E„ & Co., 234.
Goodhue, Charles, 495.
Goodwin, Daniel, 410, 411.
Goodwin, O. H., 88.
Goodspeed, Truman B,, 447.
Gorhani, Charles T., 66, 258.
Gordon, Michael, 19.
Gordon, A. K., 82.
Gordon, Rev., 478.
Gott, John N.,447.
Gott, James B., 448.
Grabill, E. F., 90.
Graffe, Richard, 19.
Graff,Peter, Jr., 321.
Graft" & Dennis, 331 , 322.
Graham, John, 19.
Graham, Jared B., 76, 84.
Graham, Daniel M., 143, 144, 147, 160, 161,
163.

Graham, Andrew J., 144, 146.
Graham, Mrs. Daniel, 254.
Grames, George VV., 86.
Grant, Charles, 10.
Grant, Gen., 256.
Grant, Cimrles W., 3.
Granger, I.epman, 411.
Granger, Sylvester, 82.
Graves, Benjamin F., 261, 263.
Graves, E. A., 73.
Graves, L., 514.
Gray, George, 77.
Gray, Abba, 333.
Gray, , 309.

Greeley, Horace, 131, 441.

Greeley & Erkstine, 206.

Greeley, Charles B., 206, 209, 211.

Greene, George H., 4, 6, 270.

Greene, Wm. M., 131, 132.

Green, Wesley A., 146.

Green, Dexter VY., 146.

Green, S. M., 193.

Green, Joshua, 265, 267.

Green, Samuel, 302, 303, 306.

Green, Nathan S., 341.

Green, Jane, 386.

Green, Sanford M., 4l6.

Green, Nelson, 3, 13.

Green, Joseph, 474.

Green, Benjamin, 474.

Greenly, Wm. L., 291.

Gregory, John M., 128, 129, 131-134.

Gregory, J. I., 241, 243, 245.

Gregory, Allen, 245.

Gregory, Samuel, 254.

Gresham, W. H., 95.

Griffin, Charles P., 163.

Griffin, Zocock, 215.

Griffin, Henry A., 98,396.

Griffin & Nellis, 98.

Griffith, Charles E.,73.

Griffith, Wesley, 90.

Griffiths, Edward B.,84.

Griffay, C. G.,88.

Grilley, Mary, 296.

Grinnell, Charles F., 322.

Grisson, Charles E., 265, 267, 268, 270.

Grisson, Addie J., 270.

Grisson, Ferdinand, 270.

Grisvvold, Olivia, 296.

Griswold, J. M., 294.

Grosvenor, E. 0.,3, 66, 162.

Grosvenor, Ira R., 368.

Grossley, Mrs. Christian, 383.

Grove, George, 294.

Guesel, Nicholas, 19.

Guernsey, H. W., 70.

Guile, James M., 220.

Guolding, Capt., 508.

Haddock, Mrs. John, 306.
Hadrian, 55.
Hadsell, O. D., 95.
Hagerman, Mrs. Frank, 166.
Haines, Mr., 244.

Index of Names.

547

Haight & Elvvood, 338.
Hale, D. B., 270, 271.
Hale, David B., 3.

Hale, , 312.

Hall, J. W., 185.
Hall, T. W., 261.
Hall, Moses, 261,
Hall, Rose, 265, 268.
Hall, Lorenzo, 271.
Hall, Mrs. G. B., 295.
Hall, Frederick, 304-306.
Hall, Burgess, 304.
Hall, Clark, 306.
Hall & Townsend, 304.
Hall, Tirza, 329.
Hall, Jonathan, 342.
Hall, Dr., 450.
Hallock, Moses, 392.
Halliday, Charles J., 495.
Halliday, Mrs. George A., 495.
Halsted, L. D., 234.
Hamblin & Samson, 86.
Hamilton, M. D., 89.
Hamilton, N. A., 213-5115.
Hamilton, Silas, 241, 242.

Hamilton, , 247, 309.

Hamilton, Reuben, 408.
Hammond, Allen, 162.
Hammond, Charles G., 111.
Ham, Mr., 340.
Hammill, Daniel, 431 , 438.
Hammill, John, 438.
Hanchet & Lyon, 94.
Hanchet, Joseph, 219, 239.
Hanchet, E. S., 220.
Hanchet, George, 220.
Hancock, Carrie L., 162.
Haning, I. Z., 163.
Hand, Edmond, 341.
Hannahs, Mrs., 253.
Hannahs, George, 253.
Harbaugh, David E.,469.
Harcourt, H. S., 84.
Harding, T. H., 69.
Harger, Mrs., 243.
Harrison, J., 19.
Harrison, J araes M., 146.
Harrison, Wm.H., 221, 357, 360, 465,469,

478, 499.
Harrison, Wm., 311,312.
Harrison, Bazil, 311.
Harrison, Eli, 319.

Harrison, Carter, 352.
Harrison, Marcus, 442.
Harris, Bishop, 51-53.
Harris, Theodore, 52.
Harris, C. H., 67.
Harris, Wm. O., 254.
Harris, Hannah, 255.
Harris, James, 311.
Harris, Wm., 380.
Harris, Israel N,, 387.
Harris, J. V., 388.

Harris, , 405.

Harris, Edward W., 410, 411.
Harris, P. H., 450,
Harrington, D. B., 73, 79, 412, 418.
Harrington, Mrs. D. B., 414.
Harrington, E. F., 83.
Harrington, Capt., 185.
Harrington & Emerson, 206.
Harrington, Charles H., 323.
Harrington, Elisha, 359.
Harrington, Jeremiah, 410-412.
Harrington, Ebenezer B., 411.
Harwood, Harvey, 172.
Harshaw, A,, 196,197.
Hartsough, Joseph, 241, 242.
Ilartsouph, Mr., 474.
Hart, Jonathan, 260,
Hart, A. N., 285, 293.
Hart, Benjamin, 293.
Hart, Charlotte, 336.
Hart, John S., 163.
Harper, Benjamin, 255.
Harriott, Finley, 342.
Harriott, John A., 342.
Haring, Samuel K., 348.
Harleston, George B.,369.
Harrow, Capt., 405.
Harson, Frank, 413.
Harvey, Luther, 374, 377.
Harvey, E. H., 257.
Harvey, D. M., 163.
Hascall, C. C, 75.
Hascall, Herman E., 78.
Haskins, Malinda, 302.
Hastings, E. P., 446.
Hathawaj", George A., 340.
Hathaway, Allen, 283.
Hathaway, Wm., 388.
Hatch, Young M., 252.
Hatch, A. D., 166.
Hatch, Thomas, 423.

548

Index of Names.

Haviland, Roger, 4.
Haven, Erastus O., 35-58.
Haven, Gilbert, 37.
Havens, Martha B., 162.
Hawks, Moses, 92.
Hawks, S.R., 154,162.
Hawkins, H. C, 146.
Hawkins, Mrs. W. R., 431.
Hawley & Runyon, 227.
Hawley, Mrs. H. B., 283.
Hawley, M., 245.
Hawley, Mrs. Chauncey, 307.

Hawver, , 309.

Hawey, Lyman, 378.

Havvey, Sarah, 378.

Hawey, Mary, 378.

Hayden, R., 162.

Haynes, Harvey, 71, 216.

Haynes, Arthur E., 161.

Haynes, Margaret, 283.

Haynes, John, 245,

Haynes, Elijah, 411.

Hayes, Laura E., 144, 146.

Hayes, Francis L., 161.

Hayes, Rutherford B., 256, 518.

Hay, James T., 421.

Haze, Wm. H., 8, 10, 78.

Hazeltine, Cliarles S.,324.

Hazard, Elisha E., 342.

Hazard, Chester, 342.

Hazard, Mrs. Elijah, 431, 436, 437.

Hazard, Elijah, 437.

Heal, Elizabeth, 277.

Heath, John S., 411.

Heath, Dr. 412.

Healy, J. P., 211.

Heald, Joseph, 322.

Heursey, Mason, 301, 306.

Heckewelder, , 4SQ,

I^elmick, J. S., 215.
Helmer, John, 300.
Henderson, Perry, 283.
Henderson, Don. C, 3, 6, 7, 168.
Henderson, H. P., 282.
Henderson, Mrs. David, 307.
Henry, Wm. G., 82.
Hennepin, 349-351, 404.
Herpolsheimer, Wm.G., 324, 335.
Herri ck, Moses, 220.
Herrick, Dr., 334,
Herron, A. H., 439.
Hess, Wm. J., 87. 92, 227.

Hess & Adams, 87.

Hewett, Cyrus, 11, 283,295, 296.

Hewett, L. K., 295.

Hewitt, Goldsmith W., 23.

Hewitt, Moses A., 243, 245.

Hewitt, Isaac, 253.

Hewitt, E. W., 312.

Hewley, Sarah, 340.

Hickey, Manasseh, 6, 8.

Hickman, Harris H., 348.

Hickman, George D., 255.

Hicks, A. S., 324.

Hicks, Mary E, 449.

Higgs, John W., 78.

Higgs & Chapin, 81.

Higgs & Van Antwerp, 81.

Higginson, T. W., 82.

Higgins & Pratt, 300.

Higbee, Jerome B., 163.

Higbee, J. F., 214, 215.

Higbee, E. H., 162.

Higby, Samuel, 514.

Hilliard, Churchill & Co., 181, 203.

Hill, J. R., 71.

Hill, A. H., 71.

Hill, Catharine, 446.

Hill, Marvin, 220.

Hill, Oliver C, 309, 319.

Hilton, Henry S., 74, 75.

Hilton, Robert, 3, 328.

Hilton, John, 411.

Hilton, Mrs. W. H., 437.

Hillyard, Harris W.,442.

Hillyard, Sarah A., 431, 442.

Hilbourn, Charles S., 90.

Himrod, John, 243, 244.

Hinchman, Felix, 480.

Hinchman, F., 349.

Hinchman, Guy, 480.

Hinchman, Joseph, 480.

Hinckley, Mrs. Jonathan, 431.

Hine, James W., 83.

Hinman, R. M., 19.

Hinsdale, Normau N., 390,391.

Hinish, David B., 215.

Hinebaugh, E,, 235.

Hines, Neil, 310.

Hines, Euphemia E., 310.

Hitchcock, Wm. D., 195,200.

Hitchcock, H. O., 264.

Hivin, Joseph, 375.

Hoard, E.H.,SO.

Index of Names. 549

tioag, , ouy.

Horton, VVm. H., 11, zoo, 295.

Jdoag, Ann, o4U.

Tl n » i- ^ TIT" 111*— TT c\r\^

Horton, Willis H., 297.

Hobbs, Charmes, 19.

Horner, Jolin, 293.

Hodges, Uiram, loU.

Horner, Mary, 293.

Hodges, Drusus, 145, 146.

Horner, Joseph, 322.

Hoegle, Creorge iL.,o41.

Horner, John S., oS2,

Honman, ueorge, d4o.

tr ^ 1 i ^ T^ « 'JO ■<

Hoskins, Ur, oo4.

Hogle, vvm., oUd.

Hoskins, Edwin 8., 75.

Hoit, Kilburn, 412.

Hoskins, ijr. w., <o.

HolconiD, AJirea, 425.

Hosiner & Kerr, 7S.

Helt, Henry H., o.

Hosmer, Mr., oy.

Holt, (jeorge li., Ibd.

Hosmer, Kurus, bcJ, b4, b8.

Holmes, bilas JM., o4.

Houghton, Douglass, 30, 48, 495.

Holmes OS (jrreenleaf, 76.

Houghtaling, Charles, 234.

Holmes, OooK &; xsoaner, oo.

Houghtaling, Mrs. JN. F., oUb.

Holmes, inomas, iszu.

House, George A., 146.

Holmes, Daupheneus, 220.

xlOUSe, ill. J., 44U.

Holmes, David, Jo4.

House, jL. o., o14.

Holmes, Jonn i ., J2b, dol, ooo.

Houseman, Julius, 323,

Jdolmes, Kev., o7o.

Houseman, Joseph, 324.

Holmes, J. U., 4-y, 12, llb-119, 122, 125, 128,

Howell, Jackson A., 14b.

TOO 10X Kr\r\ kio
io2-loO, OUU, Olb.

Howarcj, Vvm. h., bb.

noimes, Jonn br,, /u,

xiowaru, jacoD M., bb, 4ii,

Hollingwortn, Ji*. W., ly.

Jtiowaru, ksaniord, to.

Hoilister, Onailes L., lo2.

uowaici, ix, jj., ibo.

Hoilister, Harvey J., o22.

tiowaiti, Li. 15., lyb, ly/.

HoUoway, i^rederick M., 152, 154, 162.

Howard, Oapt, oob.

Holley, oamuel J., oby.

Howard, Cel., ohl, o82.

TT „ 1 „ T> TP ^ OO

Holy, -B. r ., IbJ.

Howard, Ur., 421.

Holbrook, (Jnarles, 2»o.

Howland, , 309.

Holden, John, dll, ol2.

Howland, 15., 312,

Holden oc nates, o21, d24.

Howlet, Oapt. K., o9o.

HolenDecK, Mrs. o., o41.

Howe, Charles, F., 215,

xionier, Zio,

rioxie, i^rton, zoo.

Hookensteger & U alder, 92.

TT ^ i -V TT „ _ ,1 O K O

Hoxie, x* red, o58.

Hooker, Onarles U., d24.

Hoyt,Jane V> ., Ibl;

Hope, (Jnarles, oi9.

Hoyt, Edwin, Jr., 324,

Hopkins, George H,, 7, 10.

Hoyt cc Urisbin, o24.

Hopkins, , 244.

rioyt, oarah M., Syy, 4vjl.

Hopkins & Darr, 88.

HUD Dell, J. A., ZD.

Hopkins, A., Ib^.

HUDDiii, iJenrietta, ooo.

Hopkins, uonn W., oo7, oyy, 402.

nuDUd.ru, jjeia, iiy, ouu, ouj.

TT 1 ^ ; ^ TT A O O T

Hopkins, H. A., oo7.

ouoDai a, ijruraon o., 044.

Hopkins, M. L., 387, dSS, o90.

riuDoaru, oiias, 400.

Hopkins, H. JN ., cJyO.

XlUDOtll U, Jl^ilZUr, O'ii.

Hopkins, Mark H., 410.

HuDnard, Abigail, 344.

Hopper, Abram, 175, 184, 211.

Hubbard, George, 344.

FTnbbai'd Tirnmnf'nn ^dA

lJl \^ kj kJ tit I VJ, JL* t it Hi t^^*x J

Hopper & Speedily, 203.

Hubbard, Eli, 375.

Horn, Andrew, 174.

Hubbard, George E., 396.

Horn & Hern, 70.

Hubbard, Thomas H., 502.

Horton, Herbert L.,162.

Hubbard, Samuel, 146,

550

Index op IsTames.

Hueber, Charles, 176, 196.
Huffman, B., 348.
Hull, Levi T., 94.

Hull, Gen., 357,360, 364-466, 468, 469,498.

Hull, John, 421, 422.

Hull, Wm,421.

Humboldt, 247.

Hume, Anna, 258.

Hume, Catharine, 254.

Humphrey, Wra., 85, 146.

Humphrey, L. S., 89, 368, 369, 374.

Humphrey & Campbell, 79.

Hunt, Henry J., 484.

Hunt, Mrs., 499.

Hunt, Edward H., 323.

Hunting:, Bruce S., 161.

Hunter, J. V., 215.

Hunter, Moses, 376, 377.

Huntoon, L. B., 282.

Hurlburt, Miss, 337.

Hurley, VVm., 70.

Hurley, Thomas, 70.

Hussey, Erastus, 72.

Hitchcock & George, 80.

Hitchcock, President, 125.

Hutchins, Aaron, 431.

Hyatt, George N., 254.

Hyde, A. O., 3, 251.

Ilgain fritz, 374,
Ingersoll, Robert, 54.
Ingersol], John N., 87, 94.
Ingersoll, Mrs. O. B., 166.
Ingersoll, Harley, 294,
Ingalls, R. W.,84, 85.
Ingalls, E. S., 88.
Ingoldsbee, Orson, 214, 215.
Ingrahara, John, 478.
Ingels, Wm., 340.
Innes, W. P., 330.
Irish, Mary N., 447.
Irvin, K. W., 77.
Irwin, Arthur, 179.
Jsbcll, Nelson G., 440.
Ishani, Warren, 74.
Isham,G. S., 304.
Ives, Alanson, 431, 436, 437.
IveP, L. H., 283.

Jackson, Andrew, 60,210,238,303,362,381.
Jackson, C. C, 89.

Jackson, Isaac P., 91.

Jackson, Prof., 246.

Jackson, Rudolph D,, 306.

Jacker, Father, 352.

Jacklin, J. E.,379.

Jacobs, Moses, 283.

Jacobs, David M.,377.

James, Richard H., 161.

James, Sarah L., 341

James, Horatio, 410, 412.

James, Amos, 411.

Jamette, Lieut., 356.

Janes, Bishop, 37, 53,275.

Jaynes, O. A., 163.

Jefferson, Thomas, 497.

Jennings, H. N., 76.

Jennings, Frank, 194.

Jenny, R. W., 75.

Jenney, Mrs. C. W., 274.

Jenkins, H., 91.

Jenison, 'N.F., 294.

Jerome, James H., 8.

Jerome, David H., 9, 10, 270, 457.

Jerome, George, 78.

Jermain Bros., 77.

Jermain, S.P. & T. D., 85.

Jewett, Azuhah L., 426.

Jewett, Eleazar, 427-429.

Jewell, Charles D., 74.

Johnstone, R. F. & Co., 64,97, 132;

Johnston, W., 74.

Johnson, J. V., 75.

Johnson, Simeon M.,82.

Johnson, A. H., 84.

Johnson, George, 114.

Johnson, George K., 134.

Johnson, H. D., 151.

Johnson, C. C, 162.

Johnson, Thomas, 170, 211.

Johnson, Henry, 220.

Johnson, Dr., 263-265, 334.

Johnson, , 309, 443.

Johnson Simeon, 320.
Johnson, C. H., 322.
Johnson, Wm., 348.
Johnson, Wm. M., 349.
Johnson, Oliver, 374-377.
Johnson, Eliza D., 376.
Johnson, J. Eastman, 42L
Johnson, James, 421,422.
Johnson, Olive A., 449.
Johnson, Mrs., 482.

Index of ]!S"ames.

551

Joliet, 352, 353.
Jones, X. B., 78.
Jones, Charles, 63.
Jones, L. L. G., 93.
Jones, Mrs. Whitney, 166.
Jones, Wm. J., 215.
Jones, Maj. B., 220.
Jones, Beriah, Jr., 220.
Jones, EdniontI, 220.
Jones, J. H., 225.

Jones, , 238.

Jones, Mrs. C. B., 274.
Jones, Whitney, 282, 294.
Jones, Henr)" P. 252.
Jones, Mrs. L. M., 307.
Jones, Henry, 340,
Jones, John, 386.
Jones, Hamilton, 396.
Jones, Horace, 421.
Jordan, Cyrus, 161.
Jordan, Julia M., 161.
Jordan, Edward A., 340.

Joshua, , 222.

Joseph, Luke, 225.
Joseph, John, 235.
Joslin, Daniel K., 67.
Joslin, Perry, 68,75.
Joutel, 349-351.
Joy, Mrs. H. M., 262.
Joy, Mrs. T. J., 263.
Joy, James F., 411.
Judd, F. W., 280.
Judd & Covert, 280.
Judson, Plorace D., 220.

Kanause, Wm., 449.
Katalibon, 461.
Kaufman, John, 175,179.
Kazarty, Dr., 264.
Kearney, Gen., 22.
Keeler, Miller & Co., 87.
Keep, Loren, 252.
Keith, David, 515.
Keith, Angus, 515.
Keith, Edward, 515.

Keith, ,309.

Keightly, Edwin W.,23.
Kellogg, P., 19.
Kellogg, John R., 126, 128.
♦ Kellogg, Rev., 421.
Kelly, E. J., 91.

Kelly, Mrs., 283.
Kelley, Mrs . ()., 342.

Kelper, , 247.

Kelsey, E., 197,
Kelton, Dwight H., 343, 344.
Kennedy, Wm. T., 69.
Kennedy, J. M., 162.
Kent, Joseph O., 255.
Kent, Mrs. T. J., 306.
Kent, John P., 378.
Kent, Ashel,399.
Kent, Chancellor, 479, 485.
Kendall, George, 323.
Kendall, John B., 411.
Kendall, Amos, 303.
Kerr, John A., 78.
Ketchum, George C, 348.
Ketchum, V. H.,413.
Kevan, P. C, 348.
Kibber & Wilson, 77.
Kibber, Edward P., 77.
Kidd, Wm. E., 80.
Kidd, James M., 303.
Kidder, Willard, 235.
Kilgore, Nathaniel, 319.
Killean, Ed., 396.
Kimball, C. F., 91.
Kimball, George T., 324.
Kimball, Charles, 410.
Kimball, Samuel H., 514.
Kinman, James K., 76.
King, J. W., 78.

King, Henry J., 151, 153, 154, 156.

King, Job, 215.

King, Mary Ann, 271.

King, Rufus H., 271.

King, Jonathan P., 348, 349.

King, May, 9.

Kingslej--, Joseph, 478.

Kingston, B. J., 77.

Kinsley, W. T., 79.

Kinner, R. R., 474.

Kinzie, John, 484.

Kioskance,417, 418.

Kipp, James, 478.

Kirby, Susan N., 254, 2D5.

Kirby, Caleb. 254.

Kirby, Wm. G., 317.

Kirby, Millie, 317.

Kirby, ,362.

Kirkiand, Mrs. Hugh, 317.
Kiskauko, 385,473.

552

Index of Names.

Kitchen, Jonathan, J bo.

juane, jo., liu.

ivi LLi ecjge, XV., io.

j-jane, oiias /v., loo.

TZ" no i-i o M 1\yf n c >T R 1 ^

j\.nappcii, ivxfisoii, o L'±,

ijanning, vjriueon, i<.

Knappen, A. A., 68.

ijannjan, vyiianes, oy, 044.

Xv 1 1 <1 p , XlX UlllO, OVJVJ,

j-/anvio, -T <ibiiei, ooo.

ijdnsing, u auo o j-'., ooy.

ivnapp, , ovj.

jjangiey, w m, jd., 4^1.

xvuapp, ^oni igub, o^i.

T Q Pi«no 947

Knapp, Julia A., 448.

Lappin, SaHnuel, 146,

Jvnapp, r>eJa, 4//.

Ijarwill, George W., 85,

Knaggs, Whitinore, 500,'502.

Larzelere, Frank, 227.

ixnaggs, »j«4.uies yv uuw, uu^.

T aftra T d 99Q

ijarge, d. 0., 000,

Knaggs, Josette, 5G2,

Larned, Charles, 484,

jn.naLin, ir eier, ouo.

ijarnea, vyOi., 4yy.

Knerr, Amos, 310.

Larue, Sarah A,, 449.

xi.nicKeruocKer, vv ., loi.

juasiey, xienry 0., o4n.

XJiHoJcy, UdlllCB,

Knickerbocker, Elder, 430.

x-zasseiie, J: 1 ancis, oio.

ivnignc, xiiiianaei, loo.

xjaioaiie, o^tj, oou.

XVUigllt, Zj. IVi., iai.

Latimer, 31.

ivnigiiL, onaries, ^04, zoo.

T of-Vivnri T^oni«l "W" 907

j_iatiirop, xJtLinGL vv ,, ou4.

x^nowiton, xLiDenezer^ 104, loJ.

T ri f/Mi I'Qf f o T^oTTi/l T ^09

juaLQureice, uslyiq. ozo.

ivnowjcori, —— , z4iu.

judwreiioc, Ainos, I'to,

TTtirkrirl TV/To Kvr A QCQ

ji.novvies, iviary 000.

ijawrence, jl nouiaa, zoo.

JxHOX, JQIin, OiO,

T Qwri-on/ip XVol/irkff 9R4 9AQ 974 97R 977

liawience, vvaicotc, 004, ooy, u<4, oio, u<<

980
Oou.

x\.ot/ii, xienry, ooo.

Lawrence, Caroline, 376.

"K"/->i-\n T? T IRQ OQPI

j\.oon, ill. iDd, zoo.

Lawrence, Jeremiah, 377.

ivOSst, J-T,, oO,

Law-be-was-i-kaw, 465.

'K"rutn<nr M y€r P Q7

xYrdiiier, ivi. oo x ., y/.

Ijaj', Hi. JJ., 4, D, 4-lD,

Kressback, Christina, 383.

T OTT 900

ijay, , ouy.

ivroencne, jdj., oy.

T oonVi Fi n 7ft 78 904 948
IjedCQ, xJ, 4O, 40, Zat^ O4o.

T oQ/iV» Paxmo Tf 19^

x^cdLxi, xTdyim xv,, L^Ot

T.nl^jir ATr A/lrc T Pi O'ift

XJdiUctl, XTXI . CO XtXIs, tl • ZuD*

T £1 0 /1V1 r^P/MTTP 977

i^eacii, Urcorge, zi i »

JUdUU, iTlla. uauics, ooo.

T aoi.np/1 w r^" 1 Qf;
ijeaineu, vv, vy., lyo.

Jjrtt/cy, XL/. O., /iOO,

T oPlnnn Toon 4^8 4fi9

ijeoianc, oean, 400— 41d«>.

xjtiLc^ , Otimuei io., /yo«

jueuydru, x xiiiip, zzv.

I^achance, Benoui, 348.

i^eayaru oc Aiciricn, o^si.

Lacroix, Hubert, 380.

jjeayara <» r raiicK, oJi. ,

Ladd, HertTion, 429.

Liedyarcl, vv. ±5., ozi>, OiJ4,

JLafontain, Lewis, 374,

LedyarU, Henry, o70.

j^a xioucon, oou.

IjCe, rl. A.,

ijaionue, i., loo.

T \V T Q7

j^auioic, win., lo.

ijce oc ivuiz, oy.

Jjauib, J anies, 303,

i^ee, r reu, vv.

i^amD, luai ma, 44y.

T r>/i Pr 1"^ /-V .1 r> 1 /-I QO

liCe iXi uonaiu, vz.

Ijainbert, Mrs. John, 340.

Lee, John (jr., 92.

JIJ III 1 J y JL IIVUV?, *T*iv.r«

T PP Phnrlpc IT 09
Ijcc, vy'Udi lea XI,, yo.

Lamothe, Sieur, 459, 462, 463.

Lee, George W,, 11, 348, 458.

Lamphere, Irvin A., 96,

Lee, M. D., 430.

Lancaster, Elizur, 220.

Lee, Wm. H., 431, 435.

Landon, K. W., 330,

Lee, Noah, 458.

Index of Names. 553

i-iOng, \jreorge jj„ 0^4.

Long, tJames W., 348.

T an- "\r

JLoomis, vv alter, z4i, ^440.

ijevjrros, loo.

IjOOnilS, L*. v^., ZJO.

T rw r\ n cf a \' Trkaot-\1» ^R9 ^7^1

ijOiangei, eJObepii, oo^, o<4.

T r>vrl r>air?rl TT 1 f^d. 1 fi9
IjOI U, LyaVlU XI., 104, lUJ.

Lemaist, Louis, 19.

ijOru, uavici Hi., 444.

T onn/-vn '^Pr\ m 997
J-itSIillUXi, XUIII,

T cwA T Ti d.nO

T /-I n r« -n /I ^T- l-> QOQ

ijeonarci oc oon, ozy.

Lord, Joseph L,, 253.

ije Jrasanii, 4oy— 40i, 4do.

ijOtnrop, vjT. V. IN., 11/.

Leroy, Catharine, 254.

T /-»fV>rrtr\ TT TT 117

ijocnrop, til, ri., 11 4 .

xjexvoy, u uage, 00 1.

juesLei, vjt. (3., i4o.

T f IT /1 117 0 r> rl T* 7/1

j-iOiL, Jcjawaru ir ., 44.

Tnnrlon TnVi n 9nf>

T oafof Wm ^QJ.

xjesuer, vv m,, ocs-j-.

JuOVeil, l/cWlo k3., OUO,

Lester, David, 413,

T r»Troll Dr 9R^

1-iOveii, i-T., ^00.

juewis, vriinin, ow.

T rw Troll TT T Qn

ijoveii. Hi. X., 01.1.

T ckixric QofVi 79
ijewis, oetn, tz.

T rwpll T W ^^11
LiOVeilj JL/. vv., Oil.

JLiewis, ijreorge r yo, y^.

T rvtroll Willrifcl <?11 ^10

jLiOveii, vv iiiarQ, on, oiiS.

T Qtiric n TT" 177 Ifti OHQ OHfi OHQ
IjeWlS, VT. J: ., i< lol, iiSUO, ZUO, iiUo.

ijOveii, oyrus, on.

T owrio TT P 9^4

ijovei«ice, 'jrov., 04o.

Jug WIS, vyDaney, /yo.

j^oveianw, — — , ouy.

T oxxria TP Ti ^74.

j^iOvveii, ^urdnaui, oui.

Xjewis, ± uomtiis, o io.

T /Mx7*»i<t\ A TT
IjOWlie, Ou,

T iVv»\xr TTclon M 1R9

juowiie ou xviigan, 00,

Xjiiiie, xiniouny xv., 4uo.

Lowe, Peter, 282,

jLiiiie. J oei, 4UO.

Loyola, 355.

Tim Knr>l^o y TTov> fir's IQtt l^fk IWO AK 1/«Q

ijimuocKer, xieni y o., ioo— i4i;, 14^5, 14o-I4o,

T nnoo ClfWT fiO (K\ ^RC\ ^89

ljucas, ijrov., ow, 01, ocsu— 00^,

lOU, lU^J, i04, IDZ, luO.

ijUce, i^auaoin v^., ozu.

xjincoin, Aoraiiam, 4o, io4, Joi, 40o.

Luce, Mr., 414,

i-iincojij, wm. I., oxji.

Lumsden, Wm,, 210,

juincoin, vv 111. is., oui, oUJ, ouo.

xjumsQeii, jyirs. vv m., ^iiy.

Lindsay, M.r., 486.

j^iitners, J onn, 440.

■ 1 T\ o nil Q t" i M T Q

Xjipe, iTidibiii, ly.

ijUcners, xvooert, 440,

T if-f-lo Tqkiioc 53 1ft

j-/Uiiiers, X iiomas, 44 0.

T ifflo '"iomiiol TT QQ

liiLVie, oauiuei ri., ao.

j^uiz, Vyiii iscopner, 004.

Xjiitie, r ranK, oio.

i^yon, 1. 1 ., 100.

Jul t tie, iienry, o^y, ,

Lty on, VjrllOei C JCi., 140.

XjitLie, ur., 4zy.

I^yon, Lellia, 254.

T 1 Tri n frc fTk n TciVk/illo QQ*-i

j-jiviugbi/Oij, x.sd. ueiia, uOi).

T .-loWidfl- T? W 71

J r\fAr^\rr\t\A T TT 171 17/1 1 CI 1 OR Oft7

jUOCKwOOU, d. Iv., i<l,i<4, lol, lyo, ,

T.vnn TTrprlpriplf 9,9.0

T xxrrirv /I Mr IV/TinQi* 17^% 1 7Q

j^ocKwoou Ou iviiner, iio— iiy.

T ./*\nl/'\Tirr\rk f1 A^ico 1 7Q

xjolkwuou, iviioo, 1 4 y.

T f\Acfa TT A Q7

JL/Oage, III. A., y/.

iviacKieiii, tiames, ^2^4.

iiXdOK, 1^01., 000.

TjOcan Oharlof.f.p 474

Mack, Andrew, 414.

Longyear, Ephraim,4, 6, 11.

Macfarlane, Kev., 337.

Longyear, J. W. and E,, 294.

Maconcib, Alexander, 481.

Longyear, S. E., 294.

Macomb, Mrs. Col,, 498.

Longstaflf & Eldredge, 87.

Madison, Wm., 348.

554

Index of Names.

Madison, James, 497.
Mahony, Sarah, 146, 147, 162.
Mahan, Asa, 131.
Maiden, Wm. P., 74, 185, 186.
3Iallony, Azanah, 154, 162.
Maltz, Geo. L., 185, 211.
Maltz & Co., 180.
Malsh, E., 196.
Manch, Joseph W., 161, 163.
Manwaring, Joshua, 10.
Mansfield, W. H., 73.
Mann, W. K., 340.
Man, H. V., 369.
Mapes, Mrs. Anson, 254.
Marantette, Dominique, 497.
Marest, Father, 464.
Marble, Ephraim, 19.
Marchand, Father, 499.
Marcy, Dr., 50.

Marks, David, 141-143, 151, 163.
Martin, Oliver M., 449.
Martin, George, 82, 83.
Martin, Duncan M., 162.
Martin, Thomas K., 215.
Martin, John R., 306.
Martin, J. H., 322.
Martin, Ellen, 449.
Marvin & Dunn, 68.
Marquette, 238, 349-354.
Marxhausen, August, 97.
Mars, Thomas, '213-215.
Marsac, Joseph F., 212.
Marsac, Medor, 212.
Marsh, F. E., 225.
Marsh, Harriet N., 254, 255.
Marsh, D. W., 230.
Marsh, Spencer PI., 254.
Marsh, Levi, 374.
Marsh, Will. 0., 227.
Marshall, S. R, 401.
Marshal, Benjamin, 478.
Marks, T. C, 293.
Mary, Queen, 298.
Mason, Luce & Co., 178, 203.
Mason, Stevens T., 59-61, 110, 380-382,

489, 499.
Mason, A. J., 93.
Mason, L. M. & Co., 181.

Mason, , 309.

Mason, Lorenzo M., 411.
Mason, Josiah, 478.
Mason, John W., 348.

Massey, G. J., 90.
Massey, Albert E., 94.
Maskeath, 357.
Mathew, Father, 45.
Matthews & Lamphere, 95.
Matthews, George W., 96.
Matthews, L. S., 213.
Matthews, Wm., 344.
Matthews, George, 423, 424.
Matthews, Mrs. George, 423.
Matthews, Selah, 479.
Maxfield, I. H., 390.
Maxwell, Thompson, 487.
May, F. W., 379.
Mayhew, Ira, 128.
Mayo, Wm., 307.
Maynard, Mrs. F. A., 333.
Maze, James H., 90.
McArthur, Duncan, 362, 379.
McCarty, James, 220.
McCarnly, Samuel, 271.
McCarthy, Gen , 360.

McClary, , 309.

McClelland, Robert, 111, 369.
McClintock, Dr., 50.
McCoUum, Joel, 154.
McCollum, Isaac H., 154, 162.
McComb, Sarah, 238.
McConnell, Daniel N"., 19.
McConnell, Elizabeth, 341.
McConoughey, A. K, 162.
McCormick, Wm. R., 3.
McCormick, Wm., 421.
McCoi-mick. Joseph, 211.
McCormick, James, 212.
McCullough, Capt., 466.
McCurdy, Hugh, 330.
McDade, P., 185.

McDonnell, , 60, 01.

McDonald, Alexander, 184, 185,187.
McDonald, A. R., 196, 197, 211.
McDonald, J. A., 196.
McDougall, George, 447.
McDougall, Capt.. 508. .

McDongal, , 13.

McFarlene, Miss, 294.
McGnffey, George, 421.
McGee, Melvin, 146.
McGinn is, H., 227, 244.
McGrath, John, 330.
Mcllvain, Bishop, 379.
Mclntire, Lemuel, 271.

Index of ISTames.

555

Mcintosh, Edward, 19.
McKay, C, 225.
McKee, S. M., 323.
McKenney, B. F., 163.
McKenney, T. L., 503, 504.
McKinney, John, 95, 440, 442.
McKinney, James, 340.

McKinstry, , 108, 109.

McKoon, Bela P., 161.
McLachlin, Dyckes, 383.
McLoLith, Lowis, 146.
McMartin, Duncan A., 11, 168, 169.
McMaster, Wm., 185.
McMath, John W.,348.
McMillan, Archy, 96.
McMillan, George, 160.
McMillan, Ebenezer, 116.
McMillan, Dr., 424.
McNanghton, Peter D., 399-401.
Mc^^aughtOH, Mrs. P. D., 400.
McNaughton, Duncan, 399.
McNaughton, Elizabeth, 399.
McN'aughton, Christie, 399.
McNaughton, John, 399.
McNaHghton, James, 399.
MclSraughton, Peter, 899.
MclSraughton, Donald, 399.
McNaughton, Janette, 399.
McNaughton, Alexander, 399,
McNaughton, Richard D., 400.
McN'aughton, Edwin J., 400.
McKefl, Robert, 360.
McNeil, John, 411,415.
McNett, Dr., 396, 402.
McOmber, Fred, 71.
McRae, Donald, 184, 211.
McRay, George, 382.
McReynolds, A. T., 18-20, 22-24.
McTavish, James, 184.
McTavish,H.,196.
McQuigg, Simon L., 386.
Meads, Alfred, 92.
Mead, Franklin, 163.
Mead, Peter, 266, 269.
Mead. James I., 293.
Mead, S. P., 294, 297.
Mears, Hiram J., 271.
Mechem, John, 254.
Melville, Geo. B., 173, 174.
Mellon, Mr. 241.
Meldrum & Park, 414.
Melocke, Madam, 487.

Melocke, , 508.

Membre, Father, 349-351.
Merchant, L. J., 70.
Merrihew, Benjamin, 268.
Merrihew. Sallie E., 265, 268.
Merrifield, E. R., 290, 293.
Merry, Mary, 341.
Meriam, Lydia, 492.
Meriam, Gen., 492.
Metty, Richard, 383.
Metcalf, Horace, 94.
Middlemist, Henry, 387, 388
Miles, Gen., 267.
Miles, Marcus H., 410, 411.
Miles, Manley, 133, 135.
Miller, Albert, 4, 6, 7, 426.
Miller, Henry B., 81, 95.
Miller, Henry, 387.
iMiller, V. S., 84.
Miller, Lewis M., 87.
Miller, James M., 97.
Miller, S. K., 97.
Miller, H.L., 126, 128.
Miller, Fletcher & Co., 174, 175.
Miller, J. K., 172, 173, 176.
Miller, Mr., 183.
Miller, Alexander, 283.
Miller, Col., 255, 466, 467.
Miller & DaTis, 290.
Miller, E.R., 308, 309, 313.
Miller, James, 320, 323.
Miller, G. B., 334, 335.
Miller, Andrew J., 341.
Miller, Dan. B., 362, 369.
Miller, Sidney, 379.
Miller, Harry, 396.
Miller, Jacob, 412.
Miller, John, 414.
Miller, Margaret J. E., 98.
Mills, George, 68.
Mills, Charles B., 151, 161-163,

Mills, , 309.

Mills, Simeon, 315.
Mills, Maria W., 431,433.
Mills, Samuel, 433.
Mills, Merritt J., 517-519.
Miner, James L., 306.
Minor & Co., 202,

Minor, J. S., 171, 174, 178, 202, 203, 207.
Minton,Mrs., 185.
Minnie, Joseph P., 407.

556

Index or Names.

Minnie, Joseph, 407, 408, 414.
Minnis, Paul, 448.
Minchley, Wrn., 478.
Miskouaki, 458, 463,464.

Mitchell, , 350.

Mitchell, John L., 310, 306.

Mitchell, Wra. T., 3, 403, 416, 410.

Mitchell, John H., 92.

Mitchell, Charles T., 154, 162.

Mitchell, John, 218, 238.

Mitchell, Margaret H., 271.

Mitchell, Wm., 378.

Mitchell, Joseph, 378.

Moe, Mrs. Perrin, 306.

Mohr, M., 383.

Montgomery, Dr., 264, 265.

Montgomery, Judge, 326.

Montgomery, Johnson, 271,

Montgomery, Martin V., 10.

Monteith, John, 376, 377, 480.

Montague, Joseph, 392.

Montague, Andrew, 478.

Monroe, Dr., 396.

Monroe, C. J., 116, 131, 132.

Monroe, Joseph, 497.

Moore, Julia, 161.

Moore, John, 216, 217, 220, 328, 329.

Moore & Nichols, 235.

Moore, Lovell, 328-331.

Moore, P. W.,329,

Moore, Julia A., 329.

Moore, Horace C, 329.

Moore, Charles F., 329.

Moore, Hiram, 328, 329.

Moore, Eeuben, 411, 414.

Moore, Mary, 376.

Moore, Stephen, 414.

Moore, A. Y.,125.

Moore, D. D. T., 97.

Moore, Thomas, 450.

Moore, George, 450.

Moody, , 139.

Morass, Ignace, 414.
More, Thomas, 31.
Morey, Samuel, 234.
Morey, Mr., 241.
Morgan, G. A., 67.
Morgan, J., 80.
Morgan, (Jhauncy, 220.
Morgan, Wui., 337.
Morgan, Harrison, 378.
Morgan, Elijah P., 446.

Morley, Frederick, 64.

Morley, Hiram & Co., 88.

Morley, E P., 214, 215.

Morrel, George, 410. ♦

Morrison, A. H., 0.

Morrison, W. A., 75.

Morrison, Horatio N., 411.

Morrison, Maj., 466.

Morris, Webster, 83.

Morris, Wayne E., 90.

Morris, S. L., 92.

Morris, John, 474.

Morris, Lucinda, 474.

Morse, James H., 82.

Morse, Allen B., 132.

Morse, H.K., 207,211.

Morse, John, 238.

Morse, John L., 305.

Morton & Spears, 89.

Morton, A. & Son, 89.

Morton, E. G,, 89, 369.

Morton, Lucius, 265, 267.

Mosher, Hersh, 236.

Moss, Isaac N., 14.

Mottram, Wm., 425.

Moulton, Albanus K., 154, 162, 163.

Mowry, Hathcott M., 499.

Mudge, M., 228.

Mudge, Ebenezer, 245.

Mudge, Melvin, 245.

Muir, Maj., 466.

Mulder, Wm., 265-267.

Mulheron, J. J., 97.

MuUett, John, 248-250.

Mulholland, Daniel, 374, 378.

Mulholland, Isabella, 376.

Munroe, Kev., 442.

Munroe Edmund, 488.

Murphy, W. W., 76, 77.

Murphy & Kinman, 77.

Murray, Mr,, 179.

Murray, Mrs., 185.

Murray, P. B., 195.

Murray, Dr., 278, 280.

Murray, George B., 253.

Murray, Mrs, G. B., 298.

Murray, Gen., 379.

Myers, , 175, 176.

Myers, Cornelia, 342.
Myers, Mr., 245.

Nash, Norman, 411.

IisTDEx OF Names.

557

Nash, S. M., 421.

Nash, Charles, G., 431, 433, 434,

Nash, Augustus W., 431, 435.

Navarre, Francis, 362.

Navarre, Mrs. Samuel P., 383.

Navarre, Xavier, 384.

Navarre, Kobert, 497, 498.

Navarre, Archange M. L., 498.

Navarre, Miss, 498.

Naylor, Eichard, 206.

Naylor, Mary A., 446.

Nearpass, C. P., 90.

Nelles, Mrs. George W., 302.

Nelson, James M., 323, 328, 332, 333.

Nelson, Ezra, 332.

Nelson, George, 332.

Nelson, Matter & Co.. 332.

Nelson, , 474.

Nelson, Ahbie R., 333.
Nelson, Mrs. Amasa, 474.
Nelson, Ezra T., 332.
Nelson, Amasa, 474.
Nellson, James, 383.
Nevins, John M.,6S.
Nevins, Alfred, 310.
Nevins, Cynthia, 310.
Newell, Thomas S., 19.
Newberry, E. D., 396.
Newberry, Oliver, 413.
Newberry, John S., 66.
Newberry, Mrs. Peter, 245,
Newberry, F. D., 234.
Newkirk, E., 69.
Newkirk, Octavia, 340.

Newton, , 247.

Nicholson, Ambrose, 220.

Nichols, C. D., 214, 215.

Nichols, Rev. A., 143.

Nichols, P. P., 234.

Nichols, John F., 448.

Niedemeier, Mrs. August, 383.

Nimekance, 417, 418.

Nims & Beach, 93.

Niskern, P. W., 68.

Nisbett, W. P., 91.

Niverson, Ed., 236.

Noble, Alonzo, 261.

Noble, Charles, 362, 364, 377, 380, 410.

Noble, D. A., 369.

Noble, H. S., 369.

Noble, Charies W.,377.

Noble, Norton, 478.

Nobles, Margaret, 447.
Norman, Wra., 411.
North, Townsend, 4, 6.
Norris, Charles P., 384.
Norris, George, 474.
Norris, John, 478.
Norris, Walter, 478.

Northrup, , 293.

Northrup, H. H., 278.
Northrup, Mrs. Enos, 283.
Norton, Amos N., 387, 390, 391.
Norton, G. L., 387, 388.
Norvell, Freeman, 19, 20, 23.
Norvell, John,60, 61.
Nourse, Mr., 337.
Nourse, Mrs,, 338.
Noyes, George W., 444, 445.

Oaks, David, 409.
O'Brien, James, 98.
O'Brien, John, 379.
O'Donnell, James, 80.
0'Flynn,C. I., 411.
O-ga-raantz, 499.
Ogeetie, Mrs., 413.
O'Hara, Daniel, 447.
O'Hare, Peter, 274.
O'Hare, P. W., 274.
O'Hare, Frank J., 274.
O'Hare, Patrick W., 274.
O'Hearn, Mary, 306.
O'Keefe, Judge, 15.
O'Keef, George A.. 409, 411.
Olcott, Thomas W., 369.
Oldfield, John, 171, 174, 178, 179.
Okies, Kingsley, 214, 215.
Olds, Mrs. Orson, 432, 439.
Olds, Lewis, 432.
Olin, President, 37.
Oliver, D. D., 172-174, 210.
Oliver, John, 166.
Olney, Leonard, 162,
Olney, Mrs. R. A., 431,432.
Olney, Burrell A., 432.
Olney, Davis, 432.
Olney, Horace M., 432, 433.
Olney, Mrs. H.M., 433.
O'Malley, Charles, 349.
Omsted, Philip, 220.
Omsted, Moses, 220.
Ousted, Peter, 341.
Osband, Melvin D., 166.

558 Index or Names.

USDOrn, /-i. Vjr,, Iio-k,

Park<? Gporffe 396

OsDorn, Wn).,4/b.

Pnrlr<5 W FT 39fi

X <ll JVS, »» • -till t»«/>J.

Osborn, u. D., oJ4.

Pqrkfr T A 66

X illlvt;i, X. iV», uu.

OsDorn, James, d4i.

Pirkpr Mr 242

Osgood, rneopailus, ood.

PavlrAi- Pnwpl 243
X cll Kcl , xii*JWCl, a'iiO,

Osterhout, S. W., 322.

X arKer, xiizrd, £iOo.

Owen, John, 66, 285, 478.

1: arKei , rsurcon, oo«».

Owen, Tubal C, 410.

X ai K«r, tiacoD, oio.

Owen, B. F., 413.

x arKer, tiacoo jj., 040.

X arK.ei,ivxary, oio.

X arKer, xj. x>., ^lo.

T^o fLri n c A n .Tr\lin 9.90
X dl IliSU 11, UUllll, £i£i\lt

Po viz man A/Tf 4S7
X^aiKlllall, XTH.,'t01.

"Pool-Qi'rl AT A O Idfi

Jl acKai u, ivi. a., v^., iho.

X armeiee, xjeiia, zyo.

iracKarci, Jjiro. uaaptji,

J: ai meiee, xj. o., lOiS.

T>« r»l,-o TnllQ 1/17

JraCKai u, ti uiid., 1^:4.

X arcriQge, i\.ian80u,oou.

A dUKcll u, JDcIIJ rt.111 1 1 1 «

Pofplion A KaI 47S

1: atciieu, /iuei, ^40,

X accnen, uames ivx., 004.

JraCKal U, 1) il J: '±£ii..

X atciien, v oiiiey, izi.

i^L'Q r»r1 ATra (^rcrvn

xace, A.iva, 444.

X uCKci, xiciiry, itiyt.

xaue, jii uenezer, 4^44.

X acKer, xienry, xv., lo^.

Poffon w TT iQ 99
X atien, vv . xi., ly, a<i.

Poi^L- A Rr Pa 1S^

X attee, x laiiK, u4.

J acK, , loo.

X aanoLK, vjriiiii!, iioa.

X aLieison, 0, i>x., oo.

x age, uaviu, 4^1,

t acieison, a. y*.

X age, JcjzeKiei, jo-t, 10.4.

1 atcerson, jonii o., lo/, loo.

Jraiuier, Jiiivin, 100,

Pq <■ for-crin W 9Q1

raLLerson, vv . vjt., zy4.

■Polmar. A R 9R^ 9R4

jrainier, ii.. x>., zoo, zo4.

Patterson, Orren, 319.

xajiner, i^/dviu, /oo.

xai/teison, x>i»nop, ozu.

X Hiiuei , u <ine JCi., aov.

X atceison, xydviu, oou.

xainiei, >v ui. ,o4u.

Patterson, Oliarles, 350.

Palmer, Marcus, 341.

L atterson, , odu.

"PolrYiriT' Afro "Philo

X aimer, iiira. 1. niid, ooo.

X aLLibon, vjcorge »v ,, o^.

X tinner, uoiiii, ^<o, lou.

Poffiorvn 4^ P Oft

X aiiison, \j. Xv., yo.

Palmer, James, 478.

rattison, ouiicieiianu vj., .ijo.

X tlltlllM , X UUIUdS TT ., XJ.

Ponl '^f- 4Q4

X aimer, . i\, ou v^o., yo.

raxton, \j, x., icjo.

Pn1mitf»r T 01
X<llIIllLcl, u., Oi. ,

raxton, jonn, ly-i.

X aisons, 1 niio, 4, /, y, loo, oi<.

1 axton, J. vv., 17U, 174.

Parsons, Geoi'ge I., 78.

Pa5'ne, Whitnej'' & Goodison, 81.

Parsons, Oavid, 219.

x'chtl, L/Ouisa, o4U.

Pot*c#\no T^OTfifl T 99rt

reaoody, Jonatnan, iby.

P/iOco Jir Poor! 7Q

X ease cc ixeeu 40.

Piri-sh T TT ^9n

X «ll loll, J. XX., o^u.

Peaslee, Mr., 474.

Por*ift1i 17^ t^rkc 1Q

X arisii, jiiUos, it/«

1 eak, L<emuel, oyU.

Porlr T P 155<;

X ecK, L^ara x/., 4, y.

Park, Joel, 306.

Peck, George W., 294.

Parks, George M., 10.

Peck, E. W., 386.

Parks, Truman, 162.

Peckins, Martin, 410.

Parks, J., 197.

Peebles, Elma, 255.

Parks, Mayor, 396.

Peeke, A. P., 422.

Index of Names.

559

Penland, Wm., 214.

xierce, o. v^., zo4.

Pennoyer, Henry, 3, 3S7-390, 399.

T-*io»'r*A TTiani«\r A 9ri55

Pennington, H. F., 166.

Pennington. John, 341.

Pennington, Israel, 341.

Piittfpp Tnm "M ^9^

Penny, Joseph, 322.

Pi#irr»<i Trkhn W ^9Q

JT lerce, uonri w., o^o.

Penticost, Mrs. Jesse, 340,

Pi prpp F, S ^94.

Perkins, Mr., 153.

Perkins, B., 163.

Pioraoll T/-vVir» ATA

Perkins, T., 340.

Pierson E. 390. '

Perkins, Mrs. A. D., 383.

Pikp Chnrlpts E S99

Perkins, Jedediah, 394.

Pilcher E H 7

X. 1XVX1.\^1^ JLLi* XJL«^ t •

Perkins, Almon 447.

Pillow, Gideon J.. 23.

Perkins, Cyrus E., 320.

Pinrkiipv .Tiidcrp 9Q4-

Perkins Mrs M T5 341

Pineda Don A A 34Q

Perry, D. S., 73.

Pine Emilv 383

Perry, James H., 86.

Pipe, Capt., 486.

Perrv T M 04

Pi tf" ma 11 .Tnmps P, IS 1Q

JL 1 u t 111 61*1 1, tictlXJCo -ELj., x-O, X^.

Perrv Frank

Pitohpr Zina 97 481

Perry, Clarinda, 272.

Piquette, Albert, 383.

Perrv Edward 243

Piatt, Alonzo, 328, 333, 334.

Plaft W P

X ci 1 j< , v/U 111 llJU vlUI t?, 'i^y.

Plfltf Sr, AfafhpvvQ QO

X i ct L u CX; X>l.ct C li V? W tJ\J%

T^prrinc AlhArf* 9,97

Plimnton Ti^ AT 9,1 n

T*prrin Fcraap 4.78

Plonfh David 170 17^ 1Q9

Pprrin J O S7Q

Polhemns J 201

X. V/X J.X LAI tX •dt/1*

T*prrin AV»roViQi-n A7ft

X CI X 111) xjL U 1 tl lid ill ^ ~r 4 0«

Pollok Mrs M .T 989

T^prri n Pi'ipn(>l 47S

Pnmnl^Anj^ 4nf)

■I. V/ ixictijvi-yiic*^ "XOC*

Perrine Wm R 146 147 14Q

Pomeroy, George E. & Co., 63,

X Cll lliC) i.TXl o« T f 111 • XX • ^ L'3:l)»

Pond Mrs 253

11- U 1 0> V/1 IJCtl tJiJtJ a

Pond, E. B., 71, 96, 131.

Per.it AnssPlm 412

JL V-UlVj XA.L10^1Lll« *X1^J«

Pond, Jared, 76.

Petit, Edward, 412.

Pond, Ashley, 77.

Petit, Simon, 412.

Pond, C. V. R., 225, 235. 246.

Phelps, Allie A., 258.

Pontiac, 503, 505-512.

Phelps, Rachel, 255. '

Pope, , 55.

Phelps, Isaac, 324,

Pope, F., 97.

Phelps, Norman A,, 448.

Popple, , 350.

Phillins D M 95

PoDoleton Mrs O 166

Phillins C D 96

Pod Die ton O 3 248

Phillins; nq

^ Illlll^/O) ^ X X t/«

X. \J X VS^X^ XX Lf O Li LIO ^-J^^ VtJs

Phillins? Mfirv "R Ifil

Porter Sfnart R 971

Phillins Snnhia 977

X Cl LtJX , ITXUOCO, O LO,

Pnrtpr Alrkn^n R ^99

Philhriok R R ^SR

X IXIlUi iClv^ XX* XI. • J oou«

X VJXLv^l, Xlil. rxXJ.

Philhriok Samiipl Ti 151 169

Porf.pr Gov 4nQ

JL V/ 1 LI 1 ^ VX V/V.j ^l/t/«

Phisfer A V 80

Porter, B. F., 64.

Piatt Bros., 290, 292.

Post, Anna, 393.

Pierce, John D., 9, 117, 130, 252.

Post, Hoyt G., 322.

Pierce, Franklin, 111.

Potts, Hy., 92.

Pierce, Charles, 152, 162.

Potter, Laurens B., 142., 145, 147, 148, 154,

Pierce, Marie C, 161.

156, 162, 165.

560

Index of DS'ames.

Potter, E. K., 175,176.

Potter, J. D., 179.

Potter, James J., 184, 187, 188, 196.

Potter Bros., 185.

Potter, Abiel, 220.

Potter, Edward, 411.

Powell, Milo, 421.

Powell, E. K., 79.

Powell, E. K. & Son, 90.

Pow'ers, Hazard, 411.

Powers, Capt., 493

Power, A. L., 183, 185, 197, 211,

Prange, C, 336.

Pratt, Frances D., 298, 299.

Pratt, Abigail K., 11,298-300.

Pratt, Daniel L., 149, 154, 162.

Pratt, F. S., 234.

Pratt, Foster, 438.

Pratt, Eliakira M., 298, 300.

Pratt, Noah M., 298.

Pratt, Hubert E., 299.

Pray, Alvira F., 271.

Prentiss, Albert N., 132.

Prentiss, Walter W., 369.

Preston, W. Wallace, 132.

Preston, Stephen H., 253.

Preston, Mrs. Wm., 307.

Preston, Wm. P., 348.

Price, Stephen, 265, 267.

Price, L. D., 17.

Price, J. R., 282, 283.

Prince, Rev., 377.

Prior, John, 446.

Pritchett, Kintzing, 108.

Proctor, A. F., 83.

Proctor, Gen., 374, 499.

Prouty, Leander S., 169.

Prudden, Theodore P., 299.

Prutzman, Abraham C, 135, 421.

Pullen, Wm., 169

Pulford, Wm., 179, 206.

Putnam, L. D., 323.

Putnam, Enos, 324.

Puthufl, Wm. H., 348, 351.

Quimby, Wm. E., 65.
Quian, Albert O,, 68.
Quinn & Winsor, 68.
Qureau, Eva, 227.

Rabbit, Thomas, 384.

Radcliff, John F., 84.
Radcliff, Charles K,, 84.
Rafter, W. W.,195.
Ragan, Rev. Z., 85.

Ralph, , 309.

Ramsdell, J. G., 3, 135.

Ramsdell, , 294.

Ramsdell, Nortow R., 445.

Ramsey, Virginia B., 161.

Randal], C. D.,3, 225.

Randall, L. H., 331,322,331.

Randall & Darragh, 321, 322.

Ransdell, Joshua, 220.

Ranne3% George E., 263, 264.

Raney, George W., 80.

Rankin, F. H., 75.

Ransom, John, 74.

Ransom, W. C, 106.

Ransom, Epaphroditus, 111, 291.

Ransom, Wyllys,291,242.

Rapp, Conrad, 242.

Rathbun, T. R., 234. '

Ratzel, F. W., 91.

Ranch, Anna M., 383.

Rawson,Duncklee & Co., 63.

Raymond, Wm., 500.

Raymond, Maria, 340.

Raymond, Johanna, 383.

Raymond, Dr., 411.

Recolet, Pere, 460.

Redden, John, 214.

Redfield, Herman J., 369.

Redpath, John, 317.

Reed, J. C, 185.

Reed, Seth, 271, 379.

Reed, Elenor, 255.

Reed, John S., 448.

Reed, Wm., 477.

Reed, Jacob, 478.

Reed, Robert, 478.

Reed, Adam, 478.

Reed, Dr., 337.

Reed, Mrs. Dr., 338.

Reed, Hiram A., 399, 403.

Reeves & Carrier, 74.

Reeves, C. E., 70.

Reese, Wm., 255.

Reese, Mrs. Wm , 256.

Reese, J. H., 435.

Regal, Isaac, 19.

Reid, E. C.,67.

Reiker, George H., 161.

IlSJ-DEX OP l^AMES.

561

Eeident, Alexander C.,161.
Reisi^:, John W., 383.
Resci, Fenelori B., ]61.
Reynolds, Theodore L., 96.
Reynolds, Chauncy, 142, 143, 145, 162, 162,
165.

Reynolds, Lorenzo D., 146.
Reynolds, Elon G., 161.

Reynolds, , 374.

Reynolds, N. A., 234, 236.

Reynolds, Dennis, 235.

Reynolds, Hiram, 342.

Rhiues, Levant C, 146.

Riekaby & Botham, 70.

Rickaby, Wm. & Son, 70.

Rich, Hampton, 3, 301.

Rich, Charles, 135.

Rich, A. D„ 146.

Richard & Baxter, 86.

Richard, Gabriel, 97, 376, 472, 484, 499.

Richards, R. R., 377.

Richards, Lyman, 386.

Richards, Chandler, 431,434.

Richards, Harry, 434.

Richardson, Avery & Co., 178, 202, 203.

Richardson, George, 184, 211.

Richardson, John G., 220.

Richardson, Jared L., 306.

Richardville, , 486.

Richer, Joseph, 326.
Richmond, Wm. A., 348.
Rice & Wentworth, 88.
Rice, David L., 151, 154, 162.
Rice, Charles, 211.
Rice, Randall S.,491.
Rice, Rebecca, 376.
Rice, John, 387, 399, 403.
Rice, Justin, 414.
Riddle, Nettie, 196.
Riggs, Alfred S., 220.
Riley, John, 412.
Riley, H. H.,4, 421,422.

Ringold, ,21.

Rindge, A., 75, 95.
Ripley, Volney A., 410.
Rix, Thomas, 81.
Roberts, Robert E., 9.
Roberts, Mrs., 200.
Roberts, Anna, 243, 245.
Roberts, George, 444.
Robert, James, 383.
Robson, John, 291.

Robertson, Adjutant General, 24.
Robertson, Lavina, 340.
Robinson, David G., 3.
Robinson, J. W., 70.
Robinson, E. A., 70.
Robinson, Bart, 283.
Robinson, Mrs., 243,
Robinson, Mrs. M.,0., 295.
Robinson, J. D., 324.
Robinson, Rix, 393, 394.

Robinson, , 405.

Robinson, Capt., 414.

Robinson, Stephen B., 431.

Roe, Willis, 173.

Rogers, J. F., 146.

Rogers, J. C, 227.

Rogers, John, 261,298, 348.

Rogers, Miss, 282.

Rogers, J. B. and Mrs. J. B., 282.

Rogers, Abigail C, 131, 284-288, 293.

Rogers, Delia, 131, 285-287.

Rogers, Israel, 447.

Rogers, David H.,307.

Rogers, Mrs. W. L., 340.

Rogers, Noah, 298.

Rolette, Laurent, 351.

Rominger, , 48.

Romeyn, Theodore, 108.
Ronan, Peter, 383.
Rood, John, 431.
Roof, Adam L.,304.
Root, Geo. P., 87.
Root, Esq., 444, 445.
Roost, Hoogesteger, 92.
Rorison, Sarah, 448.
Rose, Royelle, 75.
Rose, Eli as O., 88.
Rose, John, 220.
Rose, Mrs. Z. C, 226.
Rose & Graves, 224.
Rose, Edward H., 410.
Ross, Horatio, 479, 480.
Roth, J. R., 69.

Rowley, Norton B., 18, 19, 23,24.

Rowley, Eliza H., 255.

Rowland, Thomas, 63, 410, 469, 480, 481,

483,487
Rowlson, H. B., 77.
Rowe, Walter, 146.
Rowe, Laura, 161.
Rowe, Sarah, 374.
Royce & Grisson, 268.

562 Ii^DEx OP Names .

Royce, Misses, 499.

oawyei, /v. J., ooy.

Kucker, John A. 515.

odvvy ei , J? 1 auKim, DO.

Rncker, Anna IM., 515.

Sayer & Bennett, 350.

!Rucl\6r, Louis D., 515.

ocaiiiLL, u ames m,, oo.

Kug'g'les, Parson, 13.

Q-^OT'r'Qff T T /111

iocarreLt, j. j., 41.1,

xvllggies, IteaaC VV ooD,

ocnemernorn , w. x, ±>., 00.

JtvUn, jyi. Jr., Lav.

Schrader, Christina, 255.

X>-.i r../A ,(?T- T\i;r»1r/-v1 QO

xtunge tc LViicKei, ou. »

Schrader, George, 323.

T?iiii\r.in "V 491

xiunj'cin, L/. 1., ^^s.

ijLuiciin, -L'., 00.

xvupp, rsernnarut, ooo.

Schram, Mrs. David, 274.

Russell, Spencer B., 87.

DLMlLlimej 06 X>1()., &i.

ivu>seii, donn,o/.

Ot/llUlIip, iVlclllUJIl, Olv,

xiusseii, iv. VV ., Zoo.

lociioop, Jane, o'±i.

Jrtusseil, Ji(iiis, Zoy, zol, ZoZ,

ocnooicrait, nenry ±1., 040, 401,

jKusseJi, iuis. oingiey, zoo.

Schwab, Mrs, George, 403.

jnusseii, io. \J . , zoz, zoo.

C«f>nff Porif 9fiR

Russell, Samuel, 411.

loCOtL, Jliliza A,, lOo.

jKUSsCJ, L). VV . v^. i ., iyo.

iocoLi, vvaitei, i/u, iii, i/o, ouy, 441.

xiUSii, xvicnaio, zoi, zoz.

oLOtu, i-ZOUgiafeS, Zli.

jtiyan, tjoiin r>., ly.

OCO L L, »J , VV 0 < y.

xwyuu, v_/iid,i jeb, zoz, zoo, zoo.

Spntt "RnbAT't -111

SpoM- Mnrfin 487

kjV-'Vbl/, JLTA ell Ulli, rtO 4 .

Sflbin Peter 248

Scott Win field 20 495

Odiioi u, jTjiizd J., ozy.

ocoviiic, xienevv, 4oy.

Ddgei , , ^o.

ociiunei, udmefc), OO,

Sager, Prof,, 516.

oLiip{>b, u ames o4, do.

Salkeld, Joseph, 19,

^PT^ITM'^C! P!-0/^T»rVO RR

ijciippo, ijTcorge h,, dd.

Od/iisijuiy, j\, o., oj.

Spnrlrlpr VVm ^1 Q
kjcuLiuci , tv 111., oiy.

oaiisDiiiy, u. jgj ., z/o.

oeaDoit, Mrs. m., 44/.

Diii toubLaj i, ijru.1 cion, o4'±.

oeaouiy, J: lanii, zoo.

Silf-nnef-'ill RipItiitI "^AA
>JtllLv>U!5tclll, JTVlL/lltll U, O^u-.

oeage, xi, 0., 104, xai.

Sfniflfnrfl P W 1Q

OrtllLlULrl IJ, UUilM % It/.

S^o d I'^t'OQ CO A W 974

Ot; a Ul tJclOC, 2X. VV ^ I '±,

Sflnhnrn T W 6R

kJctll UUl 11^ ItJL 1 . ^ ^ •

Sonv« Win ^98

OcxlJUUlIl Oj X>liJo«^ 1

fto<iry^on

Occllllall, Jli/jltX V^ij riOO,

O n I J U Ll 1 11^ -LTJl 1 o , ^ O § \J,

^oV^i*iiif>* T 04'^
lOtJUllllg, v., tiirtOm

S *i n h H 1 r o I O 911

OtlllUUllIliv, 1« VJ »^ <J I i •

Kjccul CI, VV 111. VV ., t;u, I/O,

Sanfoi-fl (^oo 1* 78 90^

^Of*l 1 T'OV T^ V'^lllll^^R'^

kJCLlljvJl, X lllllip,OUO,

Siinford Kliy-i A lf!l

kJctlliwlLl, I'jil/itl J. \ • , 1 \J 1 •

oeeiev , o aujes vv ., yi.

Snnf'nrfl Mr* AVwim ^flfi

oeeiey, ui., zd4.

kJttllCJA, XUIIUJI Oo U . , O 1 O ■

Seib, Christopher, 384,

ortiiKcy, , Joy.

belkirk, JLorcl, 4uo,

Oiinhon, , o4y.

Sellman, George, 166.

kJcl^ij^J, J\lolll, Oil/.

oeiiiCK, JL'encon, i<y.

oeiieis, ij. jji., 00,

Sevison, George, 421,

Sarsfiekl, Mrs. S. J., 332.

Seward Wm H 134

Saunders, Sam, 487.

Sexton, C. C, 83,

Saunders, B. F., 75, 91.

Seymour, Horatio, 519.

Saundeis, Joseph, 75.

Seymour, H., 278, 293.

Savage, Rev., 396.

Seymour, Hattie, 293.

Index of ISTames.

503

Seymour, John A., 323.
Shade, Jennie, 227.
Shakespeare, A. J., 81.
Shaver, Mrs. J. V., 265, 266.
Shaver, Mrs. Sidney, 254.
Shaw, James, 17, 379.
Shaw, G. K., 69.
Shaw, Will. A., 73.
Shaw, E. O., 90.
Shaw, J. J., 174.
Shaw, Martha, 447.
Shauer, Alvin, 268.
Shaiier & Grisson, 268.
Shank, H. B., 7, 294.
Shank, Kush, 294.
Sharp, Lydia A., 307.
Shaler, Charles, 382.
Shea, John G., 349, 352.
Shears, Mrs. 402.
Shears, George, 402.
Shears, Cornelius, 244, 245.
Shearer, Jonathan, 9, 121.
Shearer, James M., 128, 293.
Shearer, Mr., 243.
Sheahy, J. D., 211.
Sheedy, John, 306.
Shedd, D. B., 324.
Sheldon, Mrs., 13.
Sheldon, Allen, 66.
Sheldon & Keed, 97.
Sheldon, Tom, 108, 109.
Sheldon, Mr., 245.
Sheldon, James, 491.
Sheldon, B. C, 436.
Sheldon, Thomas, 491.
Sheldon, Newton, 448.
Sheldon, John P., 491.
Sheldon, Charles A., 491.
Shelly, Mrs. David, 307.
Shelby, W. K., 322.
Sherman, Germond, 448.
Sherman, Florence B., 10.
Sherman, L. A., 94,
Sherman, E. L., 166.
Sherman, Wm., 173.
Sherman, Frank, 366.
Sherman, Joseph B., 386.
Sherman, Benjamin, 424.
Sherman, A. & Co., 440,
Sherman, F. W.121.
Sherwood, D. B., 90.
Sherwood, Asa, 214.

Sherwood, Mrs. J., 2! 5.

Sherwood. T. C, 324.

Shepard, Wm., 265, 266.

Shepard, Cyrus, 53.

Shepard, Charles W., 323, 333, 334.

Sheppard, Dr., 264.

Shields, James, 23.

Shier, W. H., 277, 379.

Shier, Charles, 448.

Shields, Gen., 22.

Shinevase, Peter, 383.

Shoemaker, Michael, 4, 6-8, 12, 149, 150, 361.

Shoemaker, Joseph P., 3.

Showerman, Timotliy, 449.

Sholes, L. G. & Co., 86.

Sholes, Elizabeth, 341.

Sholes, H. C. & Co., 90.

Shook, Charles P., 235.

Schurz, Carl, 66.

Shultz, Dr., 334.

Sibley, Sylvester, 248, 251.

Sibley, Joseph, 15, 258.

Sibley, Judge, 384, 385.

Sibley, Solomon, 469, 487, 488, 499.

Sibley, Mrs. Solomon, 488.

Sibley, Catherine, W., 487.

Sidnam, Mrs. Wm., 315.

Sigler, Hattie, 341.

Silliman, Prof., 514.

Simo, 251.

Simpson, Thomas, 91, 96.

Simmons, , 477.

Simmons, S. G., 103, 104,
Simmons, Joshua, 386.
Simmons, Isaac, 319.
Simons, B. F., 293, 294.
Simons, Mary A., 340.
Sinclair, Mrs. John, 339.
Sinclair, Gen., 405, 417.
Sinex, 349.
Sisley, Mrs. F. H., 72.
Skadan, Samuel, 282.
Skinner, Louise, 263.
Skinner, B. T., 254, 363.
Skinner, C. D., 227.
Slater, Kev. L., 325.
Sleigh, Dr., 334.
Slocum, Eliott T., 166.
Slocum, George W., 430.
Sloan, Beal, 342.
Smith, W. L., 8,9.
Smith, George A., 68.

564

Index of Names.

■Smith, W. A., 73.

Smith, Charles F., 75.

Smith, Robert, 75, 76.

Smith, W. H. H., 76.

Smith, D. W. C, 79.

Smith, C. H., 80.

Smith, V. C,,S1.

Smith, C.B., 83.

Smith, Fred H., 83.

Smith, H. & L. M., 87.

Smith, D. & Co.,87.

Smith, App M., 88.

Smith, L, M. S., 93.

Smith, Wm., 141, 147, 340, 478.

Smith, Ellen, 161.

Smith, S. F., 163.

Smith, I. B.,163.

Smith & Chamberlain, 177.

Smith, Obecl, 179.

Smith, Isaac, 214, 215, 220.

Smith, Peter, 215.

Smith, Samuel, 219, 370.

Smith, Benjamin H., 219, 220.

Smith, Daniel, 220.

Smith, Sarah A., 238.

Smith, G. F., 261.

Smith, Lovina R., 271.

Smith, Cornelia, 274, 283.

Smith, Silas, 274.

Smith, Almira, 274.

Smith, T. G., 278.

Smith, Eliza C, 284.

Smith, H, H., 285, 293.

Smith, Mr., 243.

Smith, Sidney, 252.

Smith, Albert D., 253.

Smith, K. G., 312.

Smith t& Evans, 320.

Smith, Stoddard, 334.

Smith, Laurella, 334.

Smith, Ann, 340.

Smith, Zediah,34I.

Smith, Eliza, 341.

Smith, Lorenzo E., 342, 343.

Smith, Richard M., 348.

Smitli, Capt., 361.

Smith, Lutlier, 377.

Smith, Ilenr}', 381.

Smith, Duty, 383.

Smith Benjamin, 387,389, 390.

Smitli, James M., 387.

Smith, M. L. S., 390,397.

Smith, John K., 406, 407, 411, 412.
Smith, Caroline, 431.
Smith, John B., 449.
Smith, Charles, 474.
Smith, Josiah, 478.

Smith, ,309,362.

Snelling", Capt., 467.
Snow, J. E., 151.
Snow, Joseph, 63.
Soica, Joseph, 500.
Soper, Cornelius, 306.
Sous, Quarante, 459, 461, 462.
Sous, Cletart, 461.
Southwell, Hiram, 431.
SpafFord, George S., 96.
Spalding, Dr., 264.
Spalding, 0. L., 330.
Spalding, George, 369.
Spalding, Mrs. Andrew, 383.
Spalding, Yoltaire, 481.
Sparhawk, A. G., 91.
Sparks, Levi, 214, 215.
Spencer, Michael, 261.
Spencer, James, 76.
Sperry, Wm., 340.
Sprague, R. A., 97, 98.
Sprague, Charles, 236.
Sprague, E. L., 67, 76.
Sprague, 1. H., 341.
Sprague, Wm., 348.
Spratt, Thomas G., 211.
Spring, Gardner, 392.
Sproat, Ebenezer, 488.
Sproat, Mrs. Ebenezer, 488.
Sprole, Rev., 520.
Squier, Capt. H., 396.
Stacy, C. A., 9, 338.
Stacy, C. S., 86.
Stagg, Mrs. S. S., 166.
Staples, W., 177.
Staples, John, 340.
Starkey, Henry, 19.
Starkweather, Esther A., 262.
Starkweather, John, 125, 448.
Stark, Harriet, 447.
Starbird, Frank, 'JU.
iStarr, Calvin A., 421.
Starring, G. H., 246.
Stanett, Catherine, 278.
Stannard, Col. 427, 428.
Stanton, Henry, 481.
Stanley, J. M., 324.

llsTDEX OF ]^AMES. 565

kj L tl tl 11 LU li^ l\ * tV 9^ Zi0^9

DiocKCon, doim, oo<, ooi, 4oi.

Out ii-LikMlJ^ VJTcl Iji i o J i, rtO i 9

o tocKLon, Jii s. jonn, ooi, oOo.

OU. ii-UOlli, iVll., ouy.

otocKton, VV.O., o/.

iotocKion, uoi., >iy/.

Sf /-i/->lrti7pn Alovfiii P 1 (^Q

ioLOLKweii, iMaiLin x ., loo.

Kt-nrlrltirrl Allan

ioLouucii ti, Alien, ijoo.

k5Le<illlls, v'ZOld Jr., 4lo,

iocone, jonn vv., zo.

ioLone x>ros., oi.

S ^' rk y*i p to ¥Y\ P.O t-T 0 A

otuiic, Otiiiitjo

otoiie Co xiyacc, zo4.

k5 Lclvt; Let/ J X tiui, o^'+.

SfniM-a P T ^Qfi
OLOllS, l^. JU., i>yD.

Sl-prlino- J M ^ R 7 RS^

OLcllllll^^ u. iiX., IJ, 1^ OOO.

aioirs, L/Oiuiai, 4Jo.

Rfprlino" Mr fiOQ

ijcoiy, >v iiuui jj ., 4 1?, ou.

DLypiiyuis, xiOt!, Va,

Storick, Isaac, 215.

RfoTTPnaon -Tqiti^c A 74
to lic V vJilSUU^ u ctinco ■"-•1 • ^»

SfjMif Tv€3 1S4 911

S ^" £1 \r £i n c; r\ n T/~iV»i'» TX 7/1

DCG vensoiij «j ojjii ix,, <4.

Dcouu, joyron vjr., /y4.

isfoTrononn T Hrv 70
O Lev cllbOIl. JL , Vj^., (X; v^O., <

G 4- /-\Txr£i1 1 X/^OPT^Ti 491

jj Loweii, u obepii , 4:^1.

Sf OTTO nark 11 T P QO

GfrviiT-pll A 1p-v-«ht<1pi* ft AQP,

ioLOweii, Aiexcinuei xi., 4yD,

ClfpTmnC! IVTvc! Q9

DLcVCMb, IVIIS., o^.

iotraigni/, x reeuoru vv i.04, loz.

Stevens, Andrew L., 478,

DLratioii, j-j ucass, ouy .

ill T7 o Tl c< "t^rv^ 1 7?\ 1 77

DLcvens, vviij.,i/o, i//.

iouration, jonaiiidii jp ,, 440.

Stevens, j. ii,, lo^.

oLiaiij, vi m., 440.

Slrp\7Pnc ^Pn rn l"knl 1 T,Q^
kJl/tJVcIib OO XUlllUUlJ, XOO,

OLlcllL, Zja(^Ud.Jl clll, '±10,

Stevens, Hernicin W^., 410,

DUllllL, V_ylld.llCl5, y:40.

D Levvcii c, vv ni. Jtii., yo.

0 LI ait, iVXclt LUlclS, y:i 0,

Dtevvaii, josepn Jti., 140,

m-vQil- Hnnipl 47S

lOLiaiL, X><rlIJlt!l, 'HO.

•ocewaii, 1. u,, loo.

iSLiiKei, x^aniei, oou.

ioLewaic, v^nanes Ji<., i<o.

kjLlUlJg, v/i iiu , uo.

PtcvVcllL, Jixris, xLi, IVx, o., oo/, oOy, oo4, 44o,

Strong, Mrs, G, W., 383.

471

Strono" .Tohn W 502

DtewaiL, , 4UO,

StvJno-pr ,Tnhn 47S

kJ Ll 1 iJ^ Cl ^ t» UlllJ, y;40.

Qf£mr01"f llIT>ri T> /IT Q

-oLewaiL, ^iLiiru x 4tio,

lO bl 1 1 J Cl , t/cilliCo, *± 4 U,

Stewart, Harvey, 413.

oLiingei,rianKiiii,4:4o,

Stewart, Duncan, 473.

•Stewart, James, 478.

Sfnart D M 163.

btewart. jKobert, 476.

Stunvt- John '261

ocewaru, , ouw.

Sf.nnrt TjUOv 254

^Steward, Adam D., oo4.

Stuart, Robert, 344, 393, 394.

oLict, josepn, 4ii,

StumDonhusen, Henrv, 448.

btillson, Onristine i>., 2o4, 2o5.

Sturgis, Thomas, 421.

oLlilSOn, , ZoL.

Sullivan, Nicholas, 80,

-Stillson, Leonard, 72.

Sullivan, W.,86,

Rtiilcon TTl ! T rj- 9n4
■KJUllhUiJ, X!j11 Xj. VJT., ^OI,

Sullivan, Gen,, 479.

DLiUfcon, xiaker, zoz.

Sutton, Clark, 341,

k5i. jgnaiius, ooz.

Sutton, Robert, 76,

Stimson, Tliom^s D., 324.

Snft«n J B 225.

Stickney, Maj., 382,

Sutton, G. B., 294.

Stickney, Q., 382.

Sutton, Julia A, 440.

St. John, Lucy, 147,

Sweeney, Charity, 341,

St. Martin, Mr. 509.

Sweet, C. P., 82.

Stoekbridge, Col., 354,

Sweet, Martin L., 321, 322,332.

566

Index of JSTames.

Svveedenbarger, Charles, 341.
Svvegles, John & Co., 268.
Swensburg, C. D., 324.
Swineford, A. P., 87.
Swift, Charlotte, 341.
Swift, Marcus, 478.
Sylvester & Flanders, 208.

Talbot, Thomas D., 92.
Talbot, John, 63.
Talbot & Sons, 94.
Tallman, W. H.,77.
Talon, , 352.

Tappan, Henry P., 7, 25, 38, 39, 121, 566.

Tappau, Mrs. H. P., 25.

Tarbox & Pierce, 83.

Taylor, George, 7, 9, 10, 15, 298.

Taylor, , 13, 248-251, 309.

Taylor, Wm., 17.

Taylor, Sarah, 17.

Taylor & Stevenson, 79.

Taylor, Charles H.,82.

Taylor & Barnes, 82.

Taylor, Seneca N., 132.

Taylor, Mr., 144.

Taylor, P. H.,300.

Taylor, John L., 303.

Taylor, David W., 306.

Taylor, Col., 374.

Taylor, James R., 396.

Taylor, Elisha, 494.

Tecuraseh,3UG, 465-469,499, 512.

Teeter, Elson, 298.

Teeter, Mary, 298.

Teft, Wm. J., 146.

Teft, W. II., 51 8.

Tefft, A. C, 67, 184, 196.

Temple, John F., 166.

Ten Eyck, J. B., 75.

Ten Eyck, Anthony, 495.

Ten Eyck, Conrad, 108, 474, 476.

Tenney, Harriet A., 4, 5, 6, 10, 12.

Tenney, Eugene, 131.

Terry, Osborn, 340.

Terry, H. D.,411.

Thayer, Rus^soll, 295.

Thayer,- Mrs. E., 401.

Thorn, Wm., 404, 405, 414.

Thorn, John, 404, 407, 409, 410.

'Jliomas, Ed. H., 19.

Thomas, D. E., 98.

Thomas, John, 147, 152, 154, 162.

Thomas, James, 173.
Thomas, Angeline G., 146.
Thomas, John & Co., 294.
Thomas, Abner D., 399, 400.
Thomas, Mrs. A. D., 400.
Thomas, Daniel, 244.
Thomas, N. E., 411.
Thomas, Thomas H., 261.
Thomson, E. H., 84.
Thompson, J. P., 82, 83.
Thompson, W m., 91.

Thompson, Lewis J., 142, 145, 147, 148, 154,
162.

Thompson, Michael, 147.
Thompson & Co., 181.
Thompson & Barnes, 227.
Thompson, Caleb S., 272, 273.
Thompson, Mrs. C. S., 272.
Thompson, Susan, 272.
Thompson, Rush, 272.
Thompson, Clara C, 273.
Thompson, C. O., 303, 411.
Thompson, J. H., 342.
Thompson, Wm., 361, 385.
Thompson, A. R., 411.
Thompson, Benjamin, 447.
Thompson, Edwin A., 431, 439-44^.
Thornton, T. F., 95.
Thrall, Sophronia, 436.
Throop Bros., 245.
Thurston, George, 421, 422.
Thurber, George, 133, 135.
Thwaits, Mr., 207.
Tibbits, Ilattie, 146.
Tibbits, Olive M., 146.
Tibbits, Allen, 219, 234, 238, 239.
Tibbits, B. S., 234.
Tiffany, A. R., 338.
Tilapan, Jonas, 220.
Tilden, Samuel J., 519.
Tillotson, Jeremiah, 218, 220.
Tilton, Caleb, 253.
Tillman, Elizabeth, 479.
Timms, James, 211.
Tingley, Reuben R., 19.
Tingley, Marshall, 146.
Tipton, Gen., 484.
Titus, P. S., 19.
Titus, Jonas H., 495.
Titus, D., 83.
Titus, Joseph T., 87.
Todd, Wm., 186, 197.

Index of Names.

567

Tocld, Augustus, 348.

Todd, II. A. IS , 348.

Todd, Joseph, 384, 385.

Todd, John, 427.

Toland, Wm., 309.

Tolford, M. D.,324,

Toll, Isaac D., 3, 19, 20, 24, 422.

Toll, Alexander, 348.

Tomlinson, Dr., 265.

Tomlinson, S. G., 84.

Tompkins, James B,, 219, 220.

Tompkins, Leonard P., 306, 340.

Tonty, 349, 350.

Tooker, John, 293.

Toole, John, 217.

Torrens, Samuel, 387.

Torry, Mr. 81.

Town, Wyman A., 377.

Tower, F. P., 52.

Tower, Osmond, 303.

Townsend, Goodnougli, 10.

Tracy, Calvin, 128.

Train, Geo., 340.

Traverse, Dr., 411.

Traverse, B. F., 312.

Traynor, W. J. H., 98.

Treat, L. L., 386.

Triggs, Eobert, 378.

Tripp, Jane E., 146.

Tripp, Abigail S., 146.

Tripp, Robert, 133, 134.

Trombley, Joseph, 211, 212.

Trombley, Elizabeth, 520.

Trotter, Alex. & Sons, 95.

Trowbridge, Charles C, 6, 379, 446,478-

480-490.
Trowbridge, L. H., 98.
Trowbridge, J. & Bros., 181.
Trowbridge, Luther, 479.
Trowbridge, Edmund, 479,
'Trowbridge, S. V. K., 479.

Truax, , 443.

Trumble, J. W., 270.
Trumbull, Benjamin, 260.
Trumbull, J. D., 197, 211.
Tryon, E., 282.
Tubbs, Lyman, 311.
Tubbs, Alpha, 311.
Tucker, Edward, 359.
Tucker, Wm., 359.
Tucker, Joseph, 359.
Tucker, Charles, 360.

Tucker, Raymond L., 411.
Tucker, True P., 411.
Turner, George B.,7.
Turner, Aaron B., 83, 333.
Turner, C. B., 91.
Turner, James, 285, 293.
Turner, Mrs., 244.
Turner & Case, 293.
Turner, Mrs. Charles, 265, 266.
Turner, Franklin D., 307.
Tuttle, J. B., 181.
Tuttle, Emma, 224.
Tuttle, J. J., 283.
Twadell, R. K., 225.
Twiggs, Gen., 22.
Tyler, Henry J., 85.

Uhl, Edwin F., 324.
Uhlman, J. J., 381.

Underwood, George W.,144, 150, 152.

Upjohn, Maria M., 315, 316.

Upjohn, Mary, 317.

Upjohn, Uriah, 316, 317.

Upjohn, Amelia, 317.

Upjohn, Helen M., 317.

Upjohn, Sarah, 317.

Upjohn, Mary N., 317.

Upjohn, Ida, 317.

Urjohn, Alice, 317.

Upjohn, Wm. E., 317.

Upjohn, Henry U.. 317.

Upjohn, Frederick L., 317.

Upjohn, Virginia, 317.

Upjohn, James, 317.

Upson, Charles, 66, 235.

Utley, Henry M., 7.

Valencourt, Joseph, 351.

Valier, Thomas, 343.

Van Antwerp, W. W., 80, 81.

Van Aiken, Lanson A., 476-478.

Van Aiken, John, 476.

Van Auken, Mr. & Mrs. D. W., 293.

Van Brunt, J. S., 68.

Van Buren, E. J., 84.

Van Buren, A. D. P., 10, 308, 310, 315.

Van Camp, 241, 243, 244.

Vandervene, Rev. C, 396.
Vander Sluis, James, 83.
Van Deventer, Jofin F., 421.
Van Doren, John B,, 430.

568

IlSTDEX OF ]S[AMES.

■\7'r>ii "rkni.-Qn T 1 Qft ODO

vv aiKei , vjcoi ge vv.,o<c5.

V fill uyue, jdiJiefci a., od, ooo, 4Hi,

walker, i ' ewi c t v^., 41 1 .

V illl X Icct, t> . xl., OOD,

waiKei, tJondLiiaii, 441.

Van Fossen, T. ^ ., 95.

W^alk-in-the-water, 465.

V Jin r (.tbfcr.ii, uouij, yo.

vv aicon, isaac, 0^.

"XT' o n tfv 1 im 1 y\ T Q?\

vdii vjTiiiiijp, xie V 1 yo.

waiuron, vvm., lou, ioi.

V Hii iioiiie, iviaj., 4}Oo.

Waiuron, xienry, loy, 102, ioo.

V^an HousGii, John, 26d, 266.

VV aiciron, ivjaiy r^., id/.

Van Ilyning, Ilervey, 220.

vv ailing, j^ucner, zoz.

Van Inwagen W., 185.'

VVajlGOll, jj ouy.

V an i>xui pny, , ^yi.

vv aiiace, jonn -d,, 4<i3.

V an uiLwick, isaac, ouo.

vv an us, ±1. r ., y4, 4iu.

van vjsiiana, xi., zo'i, zoo.

IVoTr! "ilomnQl A(\Q Al ^ A70 47^

Vv ai Q, Ksamuei, 4uy, 410, 4/ 4/0.

Van Kenselaer, Gen., 476, 479.

\S7oi.r1 TP "R Rft 9Q?i AIQ 171 /17Q
vv ai U, sLi. JO., Do, ^oO, 41o, 44 1— 4/£5 .

V cin DneiVcn, vr., y^.

VV dl U Oo tlUSU, 410.

van io II iGn, ±., c5o.

vv ara, vviti,,oo.

Van Valkenbiirg, Sarah, 255.

W^ard, Henry, 444.

"Von "\7"£in"h Al"»i»olTonT /(70

Wflv/1 TTI-iov A71
vv dl U, ll/Uei ,44 1.

\7"o n vV" TTV> £1 !• To/1/~lV» QZ-^O

Vein >voiint;i, «iacoD, ouy.

vv aro, oaiiy, 440.

Ward Ahhxr A7^

"XT'** n rlo t»\X"^/~4"r»l"^/iT T Q
V *inuc[ \\ OrivGl , J. il/., O.

Wovrl TTmilTr zt79 zl 7^

vv dl u, JiiUiiiy, 4/^, 440.

Van clerk arr, Joseph, 351.

VV ai Lib, v/guen, ^oo.

Vannosdale, Jacob, 236.

vv diien, ibddc, 041,

Vandyke, Mrs., 15,

W^arren, Dr., 57.

Vanvelser & Ford, 79.

vv ai 1 en, «j osepn, DO, 04.

V eniu^, J . oi y.

vv alien, jrt. Jj., oy.

Verbur^ & Van Liewin, 83.

Warren, Lucinda G., 162.

V idll^ ill. ivi.., 0<, Jou.

vv dl 1 en, Jj . vv 0 4 y.

Viciff T P ISA IQH Oil

TTcllUcl,w.»3.,J.4U.

"VT'ir-L'ovx?^ ATt- ^Af)

V icKaiy, ^>±r,, oyu.

XAT" o T n Q f J^r f^r\ 17^

vv dl ner oo v_/0., x t o.

Vi rlA<-Tr> rnno' Vion T 1/11 1/1^ 1/(K 1/1

V luebio, ondunan xj., 141, 140, 140, 140,

VV ill lici , LJ I . jtX.,^ ±00,

"\7"io1o A r 90^

V icje, A, J., /yo.

;'f dinei, iviib. 1-71 J, 400.

V iiieyai ci, in icnoias, id>;, luo.

TT filllCl, 0, xi. XJ., it/4.

Vining, Cornelius ^Y,, 307.

"Wavnor FToTM^PTr 91Q 99rt
VV dintji, xxdi vcy. zit^, .iZL/, ^c>-±.

V oignc. L ecei , ooo.

WovnPT MpTfiv 9^1
VV diiici 00 iTXLxvtiy , ZQ*.

Ar*^r\ I'll /-ir^c P\ lAr O'.?

V 001 nees, u, vv Ji>.

tV dl liei , vjrll Oei L, o41 ,

Voorliies, Francis, 342.

W"oi'T«?n£iV T> W '^77

vv ai 1 iner, XT . vv., 044.

V OS Uerk, J., 379.

Warring, Joshua, 341.

Voss, Josiah, 278.

vv ai 1 1 ngton, vvni., ouo.

Vree)and, , 443.

Vv ai is, iieni}'^ 0., o.>4.

VV asiiuurne, 0. 0., 00^.

W astiington, i^eorge, 2i, 4a, 400..

Wifl/i V 1? fill '^/Irt
vv atic, III, r ., 0,11, 04U.

AVaterbury, George A., 87.

VV <lj^uei , U, A,, 4\J,

Waters, D. 11., d^J, oZ4.

VVJIIL, J Jllllier, 4< 4.

Watkiiis, Walter H., 14b, 147.

Wnif T.nnr'i T. d.7d.

<T (11 J^clUicl 41:4 41:.

Watkins, Wm. W., 421.

Wait J O 0.5

Watkins, Andrew, 425.

Walbridge, Samuel E., 319.

Watson, Elknah, 479.

Walbridge, D. S., 319.

Watson, A. B. 322.

Walker. C. I., 4,5, 8, 82, 352.

Watson, George, 63.

Walker, Samuel S., 3.

Watson, Prof., 40.

Walker, , 13.

Watts, Robert, 306.

Index of ISTames. 569

waxman, ivev.,4zj.

White, Uliver K.,o.

vv ay, D. x . tx; uo., DO.

White, Wm. A.. 19.

Wayn6, Antliony, 366,

White, James, 72.

W^eaver, Jacob, 215.

White, Kev., 195.

w eooei , vv . ij , zo, oou.

w hite, JL., zOz.

w eDSter, j, i ., yo.

White, Mrs. Walter, o07.

weDD, MIS. ijreoi^e r>., zoo.

White, 1 . otevvart, o2o.

vveoD, Alice n., zoo.

w hite, JN athan 11., oo7, o9o.

vveoD, iJaines vv,, 4oi.

White, Andrew, lib.

weeQ, inui lo w , oo < .

vvnite, 1 nomas, oyo.

w eeivS, Jci., 0/ .

Wiiite, Mary A., o97.

ASi «^1to T? /~w Vw /-» 1. f T\ TOO TOO

w eeKS, rvODeic i/., izo, izy.

wmte, James ti., 4ii.

VV e6KS, , 411.

w nite, Aaron, 4yz.

weiLzei, iviaj. ir., loy.

wniiing, josepn, ou.

We-kan-iiis, 359.

wniting, iienry, 40 1.

w eicn,|i: ror., iiy, loi.

wnitney, i./. v^., loo, loo.

■|/l7'/->1l7-/-.». AT D 77

w elKer, jm . hs., / /.

Whitney, iaeorge l^., 00.

Weller, r .. yu.

Whitnej', w. A., 00.

Wells, Hezekiah U-., 4, 12, 12o, l^i4, loo, loo.

WhitnejT^, 0. J, tfc Oo., 9o.

Wells, r raiiK Jr., loo.

w iiitney, J. <b lo., yo.

Wells, r rancis, 2lo.

Whittmore, Giddings, 254.

Wells, Kavilla ri., oil.

Whittmore & Stevens, 98.

Wells, Wm. J., ozU.

w hitteaiore, Uliver, 44o.

Wellington, Horace, 147.

w nit more, J. A. cc u., 9o.

w eisn, ivii s. jonn,o4u.

wniccom, , ouy.

weiicieii, ADratiatn, o4o.

w nitcomD, oarauei, 100-142, 100.

Wendell, i^eorge i., o4o.

w nitcomD, 1j. j., 140.

weiicieiJ, J. A. 1., o4o.

TUTU ? f ^Vki.rl QHQ

Whitiorcl, , duy.

wencieii, itinis d., 4ou,

wnittiesej', Jijiisna, 001.

West, i^narles r., /l, < /.

wiiittiesey, mi. oc Mrs., 4yz.

West, liizan,o2y.

Whittlesey, t^harles, 4oo.

West, rnilura, o/o.

Whitman, David, 411.

Vvesigate, riSinei, o4i.

Whittier, John, i2o, 441.

Westcoot, Hiram, 341 .

Whipple, i* . o., oD.

wesiianci, vv. u., lo.

Whipple, — — , 111.

wesLurooK, iviis. »j. ijt., ioj.

VV nippie, oeniy xl;., 14i, iou, loz— 104, io» j

wescDiooK, jonn ±i., 4iz.

1 1 <?A 1 ft9

100, lou, ioz.

wesiDiooK, Anoirew, 4U0, 4u< .

v^nippie, ueiia u., 100, 101,

Weston, J. ivi., ozz, ozo.

A A7 K i »-i rv 1 /X \A7r>lf/-»»» Q/ll

w nippie, vvaitei,o4i.

Weston, John M., .jyy, 4Ui.

AA7 V. ; .-V w 1 A/I XT' T> Q /I 0

W nipple, MIS. r . ±1 , o42.

Westernian, Mrs. Anton, 383.

vv tiippie, vynariea, 004, 411.

Westiall, Margaret, 47o.

Whipple, Charles w., 40b.

Wetmore, Frederick, 519.

Whipple, ADranam, 4oo.

wetmore oc r aaciocK, ou.

w icRwire, James ri., /4, <y, yo.

Wnately, , lo4.

Widaicomb, Wm., o24.

Whalen, James, 179.

Wilbur, Havens, 240.

w neeier, i nomas, z4z.

Wilbur, Almericlf. 245.

Wheeler, Lycurgus J., 146.

W 1 1 Dur, W . J , OC 1^0., 2o4.

VV neat, o. r zzo, Z'±'*,

vv 1 1 Dur, A. vv ,, zoo.

Wheat, Edward S., 245.

Wilbur, W. G. & Co., 246.

Wheat, Mr., 246.

Wilcox, E. N., 20, 23.

White, Peter, 3.

Wilcox, Cyrus, 227.

570

Index of ]S[ames.

Wilcox, O. B., 63.

Wilcox, E.,197.

Wilcox, C. N., 245.

Wilcox, Alonzo, 242, 243.

Wilcox, Addie H., 434.

Willcox, Mrs., 494.

Willcox. Eben. 494.

Willcox, O. B., 496.

Wilde, Charles W., 401.

Wilder, Xathan P., 255.

Wilkins, Judge, 410.

Wilkins, W. D., 19, 22, 24.

Wilkinson, J. C, 19.

Wilkinson, Charles, 430.

Wilraarth, Alfred, 244.

Willard, Mrs. E., 299.

Willard, Abigail, 302.

Willard, George, 48, 49, 73, 124, 128, 130,

132, 263.
Williams, B. O., 7, 8,14.

Williams, . 22.

Williams, George P., 26-31.

Williams, Theodore, 64.

Williams, A. S.,03, 297.

Williams, J. E., 126-128, 130-132, 135.

Williams, Mrs. J. K., 128.

Williams, J. M., 282.

Williams, H. W., 245.

Williams, Geo., 341.

Williams, Wm., 341.

Williams, Mary E., 147.

Williams, Jacob, 413.

Williams, Matt., 365.

Williams, Ephraim, 427.

Williams, Gardiner, 427, 428.

Williams, Mrs. Gardiner, 428.

Williams, Charles W., 449.

Williams, Eleazar, 483.

Williamson, F. A., 93.

Williamson, O. S., 225.

Williamson & Jones, 227.

Wiley, Cutting B., 146.

Wilson, John B., 3, 472.

Wilson, Robert, 83.

Wilson, E. & G., 154, 162.

Wilson, Isaac, 173.

Wilson, E. D., 212,215.

Wilson, John, 220, 341.

Wilson, Morris, 238, 239, 241, 242.

Wilson, Mrs. M., 239, 240.

Wilson, Ermina C, 272.

Wilson, Mr., 242.

Wilson, Mrs. Thomas, 306.
Wilson, J. B., 322.
Wilson, Mrs. Francis, 340,
Wilson, Thomas. 374, 377.
Wilson, Judge, 382.
Winans,E. H.,340.
Winans. Mr., 282.

Winchell, Alexander, 35, 36, 125, 194.
Winchell, Jerome, 67.
Winchester. Gen., 362.

Winchester, , 478.

Wing. Talcott E. 4, 9, 12. 362, 370.
Wing, Austin E., 89, 365, 366, 368-370,380,
384.

Wing, ,111.

Wing, Warner, 369,410.
Winslow, C. M., 67.
Winsor, R., 77.
Winsor, J. W., 162.
Winters, Zina, 340.
Wiswell, Wm. J., 431.
Wise well, Mr., 361.
Wisner, George W., 63.
Wisner, Moses, 111, 124,173.
Wisner, Elizabeth, 341.
Withey, S. L., 320, 323, 326.
Withey, Mrs. S. L., 8.
Withington, Wm.,131.
Witherel, B. F. H.,409, 411.
Wolverton, James V., 472.
Wolverton, Dennis, 274.
Wolverton, Wm. C.,274.
Wolverton, John C, 274.
Wolverton, Thomas O., 274.
Woodcock, Mrs. D. F., 7.
Woodcock, C. & Son. 96.
Woodruff, Henry, 3.
Woodruff, Betsey, 265. 268.
Woodruff, Russel R., 173.
Woodworth, Benj., 367.
Woodvvorth, Thomas F., 78.
Woodworth, Mr., 242, 244.
Woodworth, Elijah, 282.
Woodworth & Field, 246.
Woodbridge, Wm., Ill, 362, 380, 410,411,
499.

Woolnough, W. W., 72, 73, 264.
Woolnough & Bordine, 73.
Woodman, .Julia A., 146.
Woodman, Sarah V., 146.
Woodman, W. W., 146.
Woodman, Jonathan, 154, 432-4371

Index of Names.

571

Woodman, John, 162.

Wright, S. W., 290, 295.

"Wnnrlmnn T npin«? D 4J?1 4J?7

f'UULllllclIJ, JLjIH^llln Vy., *3tt> 1 , rf tl 1 .

Wright, Mrs. E. W., 333.

W r» r» f1 \]i7' Q T" r1 JTf vAm i SI Vi 9,K^? 9.n8

Wright; Pierce G., 411.

Woodward, Jacob, 342.

Wurst, Charles, 196.

Wooflward A B 8G2 365 499

Wyllis, Joseph C, 93.

Wyman, Gas E., 396.

Wood A E 94

ITanson, Henry, 449.

Wood 175

Y ate!=, Dr., oyi.

T T W ^ 1.1 ^ AjA I ic» ♦'l./OV/^II^ Afxjy./ ^ ^\^*J»

Yax, Mr., 414.

WoftH Stpoh 269

Yeomans, o. A., dUU.

Wood Josenh 269

1 eornans, Jr neoe, ouu.

Wood & Rn^sell, 269.

J. eouians, H/rasLus, ouo, ouo.

Wood Son«? 269 '

Yeonians, Daniel, 303.

Wood Tlansom E 323

Yeomans, JLsther, oUo.

Wood, Ezra B.. 283.

Y eornans, jyir., oy i .

Wood, Dr., 334.

X erKes, ouas a., loo.

Wood fXeromp 342.

Y erKes, xLnzauein a. w., z/y.

Wood, Sheriff, 382.

i 01 K, o. o<y.

Wood, W. R, 515.

X UUUd.II, tittlllcB, .^u^, iSUiz.

Woods Arnna P .306

Young, Roscoe, 68.

WnrklvArfnn Ttinioc "R 407 JHO ATI

TT UUlVtJX tun, tlrlllUJb -O., 'iV 1 —'iW y '±1 1 ,

Toung, A. D. & Son, 227.

Wooster S It 332 .334

Young, xi. JJ.,

Worcester, J. C, 75.

Young, , 426.

Worden, I. G., 69.

Youngs, Wm.,313.

Worthingtcn. Henry, 215.

Wortley, J. C, 379.

Zeisberger, 486.

9T07

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